北京师范大学1998年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题：专业英语
1998年考研英语真题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2.As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3.I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4.Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7.There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8.I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ________ twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10.________ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’[A] ability for surviving [B] are[C] naturally selected and passed on to succeeding [D] generations.12.Neither rain nor snow keeps [A] the postman from delivering our letters which [B] we so much[C] look forward to receive [D].13.If they will not accept [A] a check, we shall have [B] to pay the cash [C], though it would be[D] much trouble for both sides.14.Having been [A] robbed off [B] economic importance, those states are not [C] likely to countfor very much [D] in international political terms.15.The message will be [A] that [B] neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their [C] uncontrollable practices [D].16.The logic of scientific development is such [A] that separates [B] groups of men working on[C] the same problem in far-scattered [D] laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to [A] the European races, and [B] some may even have a [C] freshness and vitality that can renew the energies [D] of more advanced races.18.The [A] more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than[B] ample destroying [C] every city in the world several times over [D].19.The universe works in a way so far remove [A] from what common sense would [B] allow that[C] words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it [D].20.The integration of independent states could best be [A] brought about by first [B] creating a central organization with authorities [C] over technical [D] economic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23.I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24.The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27.I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29.According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[D] prohibit32.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34.He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ________ at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ________ their prospect of promotion.[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40.In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They __41__ that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __42__ man. But they insisted that its __43__ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the __44__ of the English population. __45__ contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a __46__ agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, __47__, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists __48__ history and economics, have __49__ two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was __50__ by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42.[A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43.[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44.[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45.[A] On[B] With[C] For46.[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47.[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48.[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49.[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50.[A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headedNarmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companiesmake are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” whichassembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘antiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- hasenthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C. dropping out of the top 10. Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances --■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.。
1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题题解
理解错了,必然逻辑不通,这时不是把语言放在一边,从逻辑上去自圆其说,而是回头作语言分析,直到逻辑正确为止。
开始时不要计较速度,你的词汇量扩大,生词从少到无,语法分析熟练到成为下意识的行为,速度自然就快了。
本刊所登载的阅读材料,都附有注释或译文加注释,这表明本刊是主张阅读要仔细的。
喜爱本刊的读者想来也是有这种主张的。
有些读者仔细阅读本刊的译文,发现其中的错误,并向本刊编辑部指出,对这些读者的关心,本刊表示感谢。
本刊对来稿大多数是经过修改后再发表,我作为主编,担任着大多数稿件的终审,其中也包括多数译文,有些误译,我竟视而不见,这说明我工作还远不够认真,有时因图快而不仔细推敲,今后应改进。
我是一个从事英语工作共计40余年的人,审稿时不认真,还会放过一些错误,何况非英语专业的大学生。
因此,我希望鼓吹和实践/求快不求准0的同志们以我的失误为戒。
1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题题解PartÕWriting潘崇短文写作是测试考生运用英语表达思想的能力。
怎样才能在规定时间内写出能够正确表达思想、意义连贯、语法正确的作文呢?笔者打算就此问题,从写作的四个步骤入手,谈谈写好英语短文的方法,供考生参考:1.审题。
正确理解题目要求是保证文章内容切题的关键。
依据出题方式,研究生入学考试的英文写作大致分为三类:提纲式作文、规定情景式作文、图表式作文。
今年的作文属于最后一类。
作文题为一幅漫画,要求考生写出该画的主旨并就此阐述个人见解。
漫画多以人们日常生活中熟悉的情景为素材,或歌颂真善美,或针贬时弊。
尽管无法借助作文标题或英文提纲,但通过认真观察画中细节,体会画旁配诗的用意,其主题不难把握:即在当今/承诺0满天飞的情况下,一些/承诺0的内容不过是承诺者责无旁贷的份内事。
显然,这样的承诺无异于对消费者的欺骗。
2.构思。
明确了主题后,就该考虑内容的组织安排。
研究生入学考试的作文一般应根据题目要求划分自然段。
北京师范大学专业硕士英语教程答案
1 E.P. Torrance, a famous American psychologist, did an interesting survey in 1979. He asked 87 educationists to list out 5 behavioral features of creative students. The data was collected and analyzed. It was found that the top five behavioral features were: original and independent in thinking and action; full of imagination and fond of narration; not blind-followers, unaffected by the recognition of the community; curious, and constantly posing questions.2 What is happiness? I find no way to give it an exact definition. But I know it seems to have little to do with money. Though some people are very rich, they still often feel depressed and miserable. They are indifferent to things happening around. They are fed up with their life. On their face, even a ghost of genuine smile is hard to be found. On the contrary, some people are very poor, and all day long, they are busy with making a life. Yet, they are able to extract happiness from their simple life.3 The ozone layer absorbs most of the potentially dangerous ultraviolet radiation found in sunlight. Ultraviolet radiation is destructive in many ways. It causes skin cancer and cataracts; it suppresses the human immune system; it diminishes the yield of many crops; it disrupts the aquatic food chain by killing microorganisms on the ocean surface.4 Clear creeks flow slowly into the depth of mountain forests; bright larks chirp in the sky; brisk falls jump trippingly into the deep pools…These various sceneries are all the masterwork of nature. Surrounded by nature, people will feel relaxed and comfortable. Nature can make people enthusiastic and energetic, and the greenery in nature plays a positive role in fighting against negative emotions and fatigue and improving health. In such a speeding time with great pressure of work and life, we should come close to nature more often to enjoy the pleasure of nature.5 According to a recently released survey about the professional image and efficiency of workplace people, the Americans waste six weeks searching related materials in messy work environment and cluttered files. It is not rarely seen that in everyday workplace, people cannot find a file in the messy workstation.6 Social emphasis on selfishness and self-centeredness, and the achievement-oriented ethic of our business world, all encourage us to put family in second place. Marriage often represents the transition from selfishness to some kind of sacrifice，from willfulness to self-discipline and from stubbornness to compromise. Family life enables us to learn that a life filled with thinking about others instead of ourselves is the sure road to marital bliss. But largely ignorant of the mysteries of giving, too many people enter marriage with high expectations of unmet needs of childhood, and then senses inevitable disappointment followed by a yearning to escape.7 If to read a book as it should be read calls for the rarest qualities of imagination, insight, and judgment, you may perhaps, conclude that literature is a very complex art and that it is unlikely that we shall be able, even after a lifetime of reading, to make any valuable contribution to its criticism. We must remain readers; we shall not put on the further glory that belongs to those rare beings who are also critics. But still we have our responsibilities as readers and even our importance. The standards we raise and the judgments we pass steal into the air and become part of the atmosphere which writers breathe as they work.8 Teachers are just like the gardeners, and the students are the small trees. The gardener dedicates his heart and soul to caring the small trees, expecting them to grow up healthily and strongly. When the small trees grow up strongger enough to resist heavy winds and storms, the gardener will feel contented. However, his back is no longer as straight as before, nor do steps as steady as before, while his love and concern for the small trees never decrease.9 Books to the human kind are like memory to an individual. They record human history, all our discoveries, knowledge and experience accumulated from generation to generation. They guide us through obstacles, comfort our mind, and set us free from sorrow and pain. They can turn empty boring days into delightful time; they instill faiths and values into our mind，enriching us with noble thoughts and purifying our soul.。
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.B31.A 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D41.A 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.D 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.D51.C 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.D61.A 62.A 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.C 67.B 68.B 69.D 70.CPart Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary Section A1.the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught【句意】昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚，差一点儿没赶上最后一趟公交车。
【答案】B【考核知识点】非谓语动词【解析】动词不定式和分词都可作后置定语，动词不定式表示将来的动作；分词表示一般容易”。
故应该选B。
2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A. needn’t dress upB. did not need have dressed upC. did not need dress upD. needn’t have dressed up【句意】原来那只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们真没有必要穿戴得那么正式。
【答案】D【考核知识点】情态动词【解析】一般情况下，“do not need to do sth.”或“need not do sth.”意为“没有必要去做某事”，表示某事还没有做；“do not need to do sth.”中的“need”是行为动词，“need not do sth.”中的“need”是情态动词；“needn’t have done sth.”意为“原本没有必要做某事”，表示某事已经做了；根据“it turned out to be(原来是)”可知，我们已经参加了那个聚会，所以A、C不对；B的表达方式明显不对，应该为“did not need to have dressedup”。
1998年考研英语真题及解析
the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5
Q contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural
13. What is the myth concerning giant dams? [A] They bring in more fertile soil. [B] They help defend the country. [C] They strengthen international ties. [D] They have universal control of the waters.
Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far
学 12. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________. [A] areas short of electricity 供 [B] dams without power stations [C] poor countries around India [D] common people in the Narmada Dam area
1998年考研英语真题答案及解析
中时间状语 in the long run 形成对照。
4.[A] bulk（of） [B] host（of） [C] gross（of） [D] magnitude（of）
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：修饰名词的前置短语。难度：0.28
从结构上看，空格所在名词组成 the4of 短语，并修饰不可数名词 population。首先排除 host 和 gross，host 组成
仍持批判态度。而这句话指出这种观点被普遍认为是错误的，接着下文又介绍了一种完全相反的观点。因此空格处
应是一种表转折关系的逻辑词，答案只能选 however。
8.[A] at
[B] in
[C] about [D] for
[答案] B
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：习惯搭配。难度：0.74
本题考查哪个介词与名词 specialist 搭配，表示"某方面的专家"。能表达这个含义的介词只有 in，如：a specialist
14. C 18.A 22.A 26.C 30.C
Part A
Part Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation
31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是 150 亿年前宇宙云的形 状和结构。
32.巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是 20 年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位不可缺少的。 33.天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，正在越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测 结果。 34.假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论， 亦称宇宙膨胀说。 35.宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论产生的在科学上看来似乎可信的结 论。许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
北京师范大学专业硕士英语教程答案
专业硕士英语答案Unit 1Text A Creating Creative MindsI.Exploring the Texti. Comprehension of the Text1.1) D2) B3) A. 4) C5) D2.1) F2) T3) F4) F5) Tii. Critical ReadingOmittedII.Activating Your Vocabularyi. 1 –f; 2 –e; 3 –I; 4 –g; 5 –h;6–a;7 –j;8 –b;9 –c;10 –d.ii. 1. emphasis 2. inborn 3. entrenched 4.posed 5. perseverance6.prolonged7. retains8. entails9. surmounting10. implementationiii. 1. on 2. to 3. in, with 4. out 5.On6. For, to7. in, in8. At, upon, in9. to, at10. to, forIII. Enriching Your Word Poweri. 1. a. amazed; b. amazing2. a. threatened; b. threatening3. a. awarded; b. rewardingii. 1. 亨利是一个头脑简单的人。
2. 我的叔叔住在一个二十层高的大楼里。
3. 不管你在美国的任何地方打电话，三分钟以内的通话都不到一美元。
4. 人们将能够通过火箭形状的管道从一个星球飞到另一个星球。
5. 两个领导人之间有一次面对面的交谈。
IV.Challenging Your GrammarExercise1. with book in his/her hand2. with uniforms on3. with eyes wide open4. with rubbish everywhere5. with curtain closed6. With a lot of homework to doV. Practicing Your Translation Skillsi.创造力绝非天生。
英语考研之1991-1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
英语考研之1991-1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：1998年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked \[A\], \[B\], \[C\] and \[D\]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the2man. But they insisted that its3results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the4of the English population. 5contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years，from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a6agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists8history and economics, have9two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was10by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1.［A］admitted［B］believed［C］claimed［D］predicted2.［A］plain［B］average［D］normal3.［A］momentary［B］prompt［C］instant［D］immediate4.［A］bulk［B］host［C］gross［D］magnitude5.［A］On［B］With［C］For［D］By6.［A］broadly［B］thoroughly［C］generally［D］completely7.［A］however［B］meanwhile［C］therefore［D］moreover8.［A］at［B］in［C］about［D］for9.［A］manifested［B］approved［C］shown［D］speculated10.［A］noted［B］impressed ［C］labeled［D］markedPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked \[A\], \[B\], \[C\] and \[D\]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that.\[A\] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality\[B\] the blind could be happier than the sighted\[C\] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things\[D\] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In paragraph 5, "the powerless" probably refers to.\[A\] areas short of electricity\[B\] dams without power stations\[C\] poor countries around India\[D\] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?\[A\] They bring in more fertile soil.\[B\] They help defend the country.\[C\] They strengthen international ties.\[D\] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.\[A\] "It's no use crying over spilt milk"\[B\] "More haste, less speed"\[C\] "Look before you leap"\[D\] "He who laughs last laughs best"Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhatfaster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 averages. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a "disjunction" between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace-all that reengineering and downsizing-are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bon Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much "reengineering" has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleagues, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO's Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish-"the worst sort of ambulance-chasing".15. According to the author, the American economic situation is.\[A\] not as good as it seems\[B\] at its turning point\[C\] much better than it seems\[D\] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth.\[A\] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle\[B\] fall short of businessmen's anticipation\[C\] meet the expectation of business people\[D\] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question "what about pain without gain?" because.\[A\] he questions the truth of "no gain without pain"\[B\] he does not think the productivity revolution works\[C\] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading\[D\] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?\[A\] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.\[B\] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.\[C\] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.\[D\] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harshremarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics-but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked "antiscience" in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as "the Flight from Science and Reason," held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of （Mis）information," which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science's objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. "The term'antiscience' can lump together too many, quite different things, " notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. "They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened."19. The word "schism" (Line 3, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means.\[A\] confrontation\[B\] dissatisfaction\[C\] separation\[D\] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.\[A\] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power\[B\] show the author's sympathy with scientists\[C\] explain the way in which science develops\[D\] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?\[A\] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.\[B\] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.\[C\] The "more enlightened" tend to tag others as antiscience.\[D\] Tagging environmentalists as "antiscience" is justifiable.22. The author's attitude toward the issue of "science vs. antiscience" is.\[A\] impartial\[B\] subjective \[C\] biased\[D\] puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development-and its strong implication for US politics and economy in years ahead-has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people-numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states-Florida, Texas and California-together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th-with Cleveland and Washington, D.C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too-and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's "baby boom" generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate-37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people-about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose-and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18. 5 percent-little more than two thirds the 1960s' growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s.\[A\] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history\[B\] witnessed a southwestern shift of population\[C\] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth\[D\] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that .\[A\] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution\[B\] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants\[C\] it reveals the Americans' new pursuit of spacious living\[D\] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday's "baby boom"25. We can see from the available statistics that.\[A\] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US\[B\] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West\[C\] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration\[D\] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word "demographers" (Line 1, Paragraph 7) most probably means.\[A\] people in favor of the trend of democracy\[B\] advocates of migration between states\[C\] scientists engaged in the study of population\[D\] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate comes to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that.\[A\] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth's interior\[B\] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true\[C\] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions\[D\] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can he deduced from the fact that.\[A\] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions\[B\] they have been found to share certain geological features\[C\] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years\[D\] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot-spot theory may prove useful in explaining.\[A\] the structure of the African plates\[B\] the revival of dead volcanoes\[C\] the mobility of the continents\[D\] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about.\[A\] the features of volcanic activities\[B\] the importance of the theory about drifting plates\[C\] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies\[DJ the process of the formation of volcanoesPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31）But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite-Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang（the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy）.32）The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait.33）Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34）If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillionfold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35）Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation isa scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.Section ⅣWriting36.Directions:A. Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.B. Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirement below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your comments.1997年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked \[A\], \[B\], \[C\] and \[D\]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Manpower Inc, with 560 000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency. Every morning, its people1into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day's work for a day's pay，One day at a time. 2industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive3reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.4its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part- timers and temporary workers. This "5" work force is the most important6in American business today, and it is7changing the relationship between people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 8avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens9by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of 10 that came from being a loyal employee.1.［A］swarm［B］stride ［C］separate［D］slip2.［A］For［B］Because［C］As ［D］Since3.［A］from［B］in［C］on ［D］by4.［A］Even though［B］Now that ［C］If only［D］Provided that5.［A］durable［B］disposable［C］available［D］transferable6.［A］approach［B］flow ［C］fashion［D］trend7.［A］instantly ［B］reversely［C］fundamentally［D］sufficiently8.［A］but ［B］while［C］and［D］whereas9.［A］imposed［B］restricted［C］illustrated［D］confined10.［A］excitement［B］conviction［C］enthusiasm［D］importancePart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked \[A\], \[B\], \[C\] and \[D\]. Read the passages carefully and choose the bestanswer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1It was 3: 45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia-where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part-other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death-probably by a deadly injection or pill-to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks, " he says.11. From the second paragraph we learn that.\[A\] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries\[B\] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia\[C\] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law\[D\] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage12. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means.\[A\] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia\[B\] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries\[C\] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes\[D\] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop13. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will.\[A\] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia\[B\] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient\[C\] have an intense fear of terrible suffering。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题真题(附带详细答案解析)
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind‟s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn‟t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt‟s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey‟s bid for Firs t World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don‟t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It‟s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury sec retary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all thatre-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growi ng chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO‟s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen‟s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake‟s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociolog ists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science‟s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term …anti-science‟ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. Th e word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science‟s power[B] s how the author‟s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author‟s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America‟s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation‟s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday‟s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other partsof the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California‟s growth rat e dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s‟ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Ameri cans‟ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday‟s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world‟s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth‟s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth‟s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of thehot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth‟s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration‟s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn‟t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31. ________32. ________33. ________34. ________35. ________Section V WritingDirections:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your commentsn.1998年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
1998考研英语真题
1998考研英语真题In 1998, the English subject was included in the national postgraduate entrance examination (also known as the "考研" in Chinese) for the first time. This move not only raised the bar for postgraduate students but also became a landmark event in the history of the Chinese education system. In this article, we will explore the significance of the 1998 English subject inclusion and examine its implications.I. BackgroundBefore 1998, the postgraduate entrance examination in China mainly focused on subjects such as Chinese, math, and politics. The addition of the English subject marked a significant step towards embracing globalization and promoting international exchanges in education. It aimed to cultivate professionals with advanced English proficiency and a broader global perspective.II. Implications1. Academic AdvancementThe inclusion of the English subject in the postgraduate entrance examination prompted students to enhance their English language skills. It created an incentive for individuals to further their studies in English literature, linguistics, and other related fields. As a result, the overall academic level in these disciplines has been significantly uplifted.2. International OpportunitiesThrough testing candidates' ability to comprehend and express themselves in English, the examination provided a fair and impartial evaluation of students' language proficiency. This standardized evaluation enabled Chinese students to pursue further studies abroad, opening up doors to international universities and research institutions. The inclusion of English in the examination broadened students' horizons and connected them to a global academic community.3. Teaching ReformThe 1998 English subject inclusion also brought about reforms in English language teaching. It emphasized the importance of communicative competence, listening skills, and real-life language situations. This shift in teaching methods led to the adoption of more interactive and practical approaches, ultimately improving the overall English language education system in China.III. Challenges and Solutions1. Equality in ResourcesThe inclusion of English in the postgraduate entrance examination exposed the unequal distribution of educational resources across regions. Students from more developed areas, with better English language education, were at an advantage compared to their counterparts in less developed regions. To address this issue, the government has implemented policies to provide equal access to quality English education, bridging the gap between different regions.2. Curriculum AdaptationThe inclusion of the English subject required adjustments to the existing curriculum. English teachers had to adapt teaching materials and methods to meet the new requirements. Through professional development training and the sharing of best practices, teachers were able to align their teaching approaches with the examination's expectations.IV. ConclusionThe inclusion of the English subject in the 1998 postgraduate entrance examination marked a significant milestone in China's education system. It not only stimulated academic advancement, but also created international opportunities for students. Furthermore, it led to reforms in English language teaching, emphasizing practical skills and fostering communicative competence. While challenges such as resource inequality and curriculum adaptation emerged, the government has actively worked to ensure equal opportunities and support for all students.In conclusion, the 1998 English subject inclusion in the postgraduate entrance examination played a crucial role in shaping the education landscape in China. It has contributed to the development of a more internationally-oriented academic community, bringing Chinese students closer to global academic standards.。
1998年全国硕士研究生考试试题及答案英语
这篇关于1998年全国硕⼠研究⽣考试试题及答案英语，是特地为⼤家整理的，希望对⼤家有所帮助！Part ⅠStructure and Vocabulary(每题0.5分，共20分)Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked ［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points) Example: I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.［A］from［B］after［C］for［D］since The sentence should read, I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.”Therefore, you should choose ［D］. Sample Answer ［A］［B］［C］［D］ 1、I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time [] the last bus.（本题分值：0.5分）【正确答案】 B ［注释］本题考查⾮谓语动词的⽤法区别。
HARDLY HAVE TIME TO DO 需⽤不定式，不能⽤现在分词。
［A］项表⽰动作在主句动作之前发⽣，因此，也不对。
［A］to have caught ［B］to catch ［C］catching ［D］having caught2、As it turned out to be a small house party,we [] so formally.（本题分值：0.5分）【正确答案】 D ［注释］本题考查情态动词NEED的否定⽤法。
1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
[B] chargeable
[C] recoverable（A）
[D] payable
15.At the meeting, Roland argued ________ in favor of the proposal.
[A] severely
[B] heavily
[C] forcefully（C）
[D] warmly
Section
Each of the three passages below is followed by some questions. Foreachquestion there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and chose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
Reading is not one single activity. At least two important processes go on at the same time. As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately. But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you read. You have a kindof mental conversation with the author. If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree. That’s my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier. I’d better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered!” You don’t just sit there taking in ideas -- you do something else, and that something else is very important.
1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案Part One:l . Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery __ just around the corner was untrue.[A]wouLd be [B]to be [C]was [D]being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills __ people each year than automo- bile accidents.[A]seven more times [B]seven times more [C]over seven times [D]seven times3. It' s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes __ place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking [B]to take [C]take [D]taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one __ which new applications are being discov- ered almost daily.[A] from [B]by [C] in [D] through5 . __ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A]As [B]What [C]That [D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony , I was unable to attend __ such short notice.[A]to [B]in [C]with [D]on7. California has more light than it knows __ to do with but everything else is expensive.[A] how [ B] what [ C] which [D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don' t have small children and get along __ to spend most of their time together.[A]so well [B]too well [C]well as [D]well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about __ compliments to his political leaders .[A]paying [B]having paid [C]to pay [D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital informa- tion than __ in traditional media.[A]exist [B]exists [ C]existing [D]to exist11. Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examination[A]had you gone and explained that your parents had been ill at the time.[B] [C] [D]12. As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family fi-[A] [B] [C]nancial security will shift from protection to save for the retirement years.[D]13. Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt thatit[A]could dramatically transform a family-ran enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenues [B] [C] [D]from newspapers .14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects from overfishing to physical and[A] [B]environment factors that affect the populations of different species.[C] [D]15 . Convenation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one of listener , and[A] [B] [C]it calls for occasional ' digestive pauses' by both.[D]16. If two theories are equal to their ability to account for a body of data, the theory that[A] [B]does so with the smaller nomber of assumptions is to be preferred.[c] [D]17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring the seven automakers selling the most cars in[A] [B]the state making 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free by 1998.[C] [D]18. As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people, who in[A] [B]general are lighter skin, there' s going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.[C] [D]19 . All those left undone may sound greatly in theory, but even the trust believer has great dif-[A] [B] [C]ficulty when it comes to specifics.[D]20 . Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, the cars[A] [B] [C]won' t catch on in a big way when drivers can fill them up at the gas station.[D]21 . An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ___ further research and fur- ther thinking about a particular topic.[ A] stimulate [ B] renovate [ C] arouse [ D] advocate22 . Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of importantpracti-cal __.[ A] obligations [B] regulations [ C ] observations [ D] considerations23 . Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss __ the bread-winner' sdeath .[A]at the cost of [B]on the verge of [C]as a result of [D]for the sake of24. In education there should be a good __ among the branches of knowledge that con- tribute to effective thinking and wise judgment .[ A] distribution [ B] balance [ C] combination [ D] assignment25 . The American dream is most __ during the periods of productivity and wealth generat- ed by American capitalism.[A] plausible [B] patriotic [ C] primitive [D] partial26 . Poverty is not __ in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditions incertain areas, it is more visible there.[ A] rare [ B] temporary [ C] prevalent [ D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in __ popu- lated areas.[A] densely [ B] intensely [ C] abundantly [D] highly28. As a way of __ the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning lady to send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[A]picking up [B]coping with [C]passing out [D]getting across29 . Tom' s mother tried hard to persuade him to __ from his intention to invest his savings in stock market .[A]pull out [B]give up [C]draw in [D]back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical __ , will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[ A] interference [ B] interruption [ C] intervention [ D] interaction31 . These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the __ of high- er education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.[ A] branch [ B]category t C] domain [D] scope32 . Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the __ in the financial system will drag down the economy.[ A] shallowness [ B] shakiness [ C] scantiness [ D] stiffness33 . Crisis would be the right term to describe the __ in many animal species. .[ A] minimization [ B] restriction [ C] descent [ D] decline34 . The city is an important railroad __ and industrial and convention center.[A] conjunction [ B] network [ C]junction [D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to __ myself of every chance to improve my English.[ A] assure [ B] inform [ C] avail [D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that __ disease resistance in neighboring plants.[ A.] contracts [ B] activates [ C] maintains [ D] prescribe37 . Corporations and labor unions have __ great benefits upon their employees and mem- bers as well as upon the general pubtic.[A] conferred [ B]granted [ C] flung [D] submitted38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which was __ from one new moon to the next.[ A] measured [ B] reckoned [ C]judged [ D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was __ to the issue at hand.[ A] irrational [ B] unreasonable [ C] invalid [ D] irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases __ automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[ A] persuaded [ B] prompted [ C] imposed [ D] enlightenedPart two: Cloze TestIndustrial safety does not just panies _41__ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them,and continue working to keep them 42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established _44__ time lost due to injuriesis kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program.Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by _46__ rules or regulations._47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every progr8m if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financialstand-point alone, safety _48__. The fewer the injury 49,the better the workman's insurance rate. This may mean the diff-erence between operating at _50__or at a loss.41. [A]at [B]in [C]on [D]with42. [A]alive [B]vivid [ C]mobile [D] diverse43. [A]regulation [B]climate [C]circumstance [D]requirement44. [A]where [B]how [ C]what [D]unless45. [A]alter [B]differ [ C] shift [D] distinguish46. [A] constituting [ B] aggravating [ C]observing [D]justifying47. [A]Some [B]Many [C]Even [D]Still48. [A]comes off [B]turns up [C]pays off [D]holds up49. [A]claims [B]reports [ C] declarations [ D] proclamations50. [A]an advantage [B]a benefit [C]an interest [D]a profitPart three:Passage lIt's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your door- mat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Orso the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.Feeling threatened , companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possibLe accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn , among other things, that you might-surprise! --fall off. The label on a child ' s Batman capecautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly. "While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent ofthe companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May , Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wear- ing a Schutt helmet. "We' re really sorry he has become paralyzed , but helmets aren' t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries , " says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Insti- tute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight-issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of ob-vious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. " Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, " says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on prod- ucts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal lia- bility. .51 . What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C]Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D]Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to__[A]satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B]become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C]make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D]feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that__[A]some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B]helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C]product labels would eventually be discarded[D]some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author' s attitude towards the issue seems to be__[A] biased [ B] indifferent [ C] puzzling [D]objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its relia- bility. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier, " says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by con-ducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company ' s private internet .Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" cus- tomers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers , transmitting marketing messages di- rectly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continualiy updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Sub- scribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company ' s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push tech- nology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinkshighly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and se-curity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55 . We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business__[A] has been striving to expand its market[B]intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C]tried but in vain to control the market[D]has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that__[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B]businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C]there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net purists,__[A]there should be no marketing messages in online culture[ B]money making should be given priority to on the Web[C]the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that __[A]pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce[ B] interactivity , hospitality and security are important to online customers[ C]leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D]setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerPassage 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of stu- dents' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-in-deed, contradiction--which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put comput- ers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, jus- tified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone' s job prospects that all children are legally required toattend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is in- complete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, It was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized coun- tries , we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on theconfusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, com- puter-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achieve- ment .There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre- sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business- men, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well- developed skills, all other factors being equal , can be the difference between having a job and not.Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer , that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take--at the very longest-a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is__[ A] far-reaching [ B] dubiously oriented [ C] self-contradictory [ D] radically reformatory60. The belief that educalion is indispensable to all children__[A]is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B]came into being along with the arrival of computers[C]is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates[ D]originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61 . It could be inferred from the passage that in the author' s country the European model of pro-fessional training is__[A]dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B]worth trying in various social sections[C]of little practical value[D] attractive to every kind of professional62 . According to the author, basic computer skills should be__[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[ B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[ C]mastered through a life-long course[ D] equally emphasized by any school , vocational or otherwisePassage 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans , he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment- although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a na- tional policy on human cloning. That group--the National Bioethics Advisory Commission ( NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on anear-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton ' s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended in- definitely , and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recom- mendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNAor cells-routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial ques- tion, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapirosug- gested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to at- tempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. " Shapiro explained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions , although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of fed-eral funds to create embryos ( the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo' s life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation , but in aphone interview, he said this is- sue was still "up in the air. "63. We can learn from the first paragraph that__[A]federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C]NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D]the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that__[A]the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B]the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C]it is crimtnal to use private funding for human cloning[D]it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65 . NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because__[A]embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B]the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C]an embryo' s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D]the issue is expLicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that__[A]some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B]a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC' s appeal[D]the issue of human cloning will soon be settledPassage 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those lalger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is part of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scienlists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific melhod" a substitute for imaginative thought . I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still inconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has beenshocked at having even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writ- ings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them him- self, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indi- cate , then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know ex- actly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls a-mong researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[B] science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68 . The author asserts that sclentists __[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought[ B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[ C] should write more concise reports for technical journals[D]should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young scientists__[A]have a keen interest in prediction[B]often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D]stick to "scientific method"70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected[B]can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D]are mostly underestimated by managementPart IV: English-Chinese Translation71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and。
北师大研究生英语入学考试
北师大研究生英语入学考试1.引言1.1 考试的背景The entrance examination for the graduate program at Beijing Normal University (BNU) is an important assessment for prospective students seeking to further their academic pursuitsin English studies. This examination serves as a crucial evaluation of the candidates' English language proficiency, academic potential, and research capabilities. In recent years, with the increasing demand for high-quality graduate students in the field of English language and literature, the competition for admission to BNU's graduate program has become more intense.1.2 考试的重要性考试成绩也是评判研究生学习能力和潜力的重要指标之一。
研究生阶段对英语能力的要求更高，因此考生在考试中展现出的英语能力和学习态度可以为考官评估其未来在学术研究、教学工作中的表现提供重要线索。
研究生英语入学考试的重要性还体现在对学校教学质量的检验上。
考试结果可以反映学校的英语教学质量和学生的学习状况，为学校提供改进教学、加强学科建设的参考依据。
研究生英语入学考试的重要性不可忽视，它不仅是对考生英语能力的检测，也是对学校教学质量和学生学习能力的考量，对于促进研究生教育的发展和提升具有重要意义。
1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］, and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passage before making your choice. (10 points)①In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World. ②The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia. ③Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims. ④They were looking for a place where they could worship God 1 . ⑤Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its 2 . ⑥The brave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620. ⑦It was the middle of the stern northern winter. ⑧ 3 months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them. ⑨Only the strongest of the pilgrims 4 that winter. ⑩Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves. ○11Living 5 began to improve in the spring of 1621. ○12There were wild vegetables. ○13There were berries and fruit. ○14Fish and game were plentiful. ○15Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing. ○16The colonists‟health 6 with the warm weather and their better diet.○17In the fall, they look back 7 the past year. ○18They were both regretful and thankful. ○19Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained. ○20The price in human life and tragedy had been great. ○21On the other hand, they saw new hope for the future. ○22A splendid harvest was8 them. ○23They were ready for the second winter with confidence. ○24They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter. ○25Seven were for families, and four were for communal use. ○269 , they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.○27The woods and forests became safe. ○28When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists 10 . ○29At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday. ○30It was their first Thanks giving Day. [328 words]1. ［A］in their own style ［B］in their own way［C］on their own ［D］of their own2. ［A］course ［B］route ［C］passage ［D］channel3. ［A］Uncomfortable ［B］Bad ［C］Unfavourable ［D］Terrible4. ［A］passed ［B］sustained ［C］survived ［D］spent5. ［A］situations ［B］environments［C］conditions ［D］circumstances6. ［A］strengthened ［B］regained ［C］recovered ［D］improved7. ［A］in ［B］of ［C］over ［D］at8. ［A］on ［B］behind ［C］for ［D］beyond9. ［A］Best of all ［B］For the best ［C］To their best ［D］All in all10.［A］ashore ［B］around ［C］about ［D］aboard试题精解一、文章结构分析本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了“五月花号”抵达美洲新大陆的情况及感恩节的来历。
1998年北师大多科目试题
提供者：raulstar 、部分试题wilsonfang、上官青虫也有提供北师大考研试题（98年）专业方向：教育心理学；科目：社会心理学（一）概念与知识（1分×25题）1、印象管（impression management）2、近因效应（recency effect）3、自我服务（self-serving attribution）4、宣泄（catharsis）5、社会学习理论（social learning theory）6、归因理论（attribution theory）7、留面子效应（door-in-the- face technique）8、移情（empathy）9、挫折（frustration）10、内群体偏见（ingroup bias）11、基率缪误（base-rate fallacy）12、规范从众（normative conformity）13、随机抽样（random sample）14、社会交换论（social-exchange theory）15、自我监控（self-monitoring）16、角色（role）17、斯金纳（B.F.Skinner）18、津巴多（P.Zimbado）19、米尔格莱姆（gram）20、向下社会比较（downward social comparison）21、侵犯性刺激（aggressive stimulus）22、内省（introspection）23、自我肯定理论（self-affirmation theor）24、自我图式（self-schemas）25、行为遗传学（behavioral genetics）（二）简答题（10分×3题）1. 角色扮演技术已被证明是一种良好的行为改变技术，请分析这种技术发挥作用的心理机制。
2. 简述角色扮演理论的主要观点。
社会心理学的实验证明，人在实验条件下有着高度服从命令侵犯别人的危险倾向，请分析存在这种倾向的原因。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
北京师范大学1998年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题：专业英语
专业：英语语言文学
研究方向：语言与数学
I．Linguistics 40%
1. Imagine a language like this: it has 40 speech sounds, which may form 400 syllables, which may form 4000 morphemes. Can this language be something possible and useful? What is your reason for it ?
2. A construction means a kind of arrangement: a structure means a kind of relation. Try to elaborate this idea. You may cite examples. If necessary, to show how a construction (or structure) may have wh at
arrangement (s) (or relation (s)).
3. Explain the possible rules in English phonology. Give necessary examples.
4. Use either English or Chinese examples to classify some semantic relations within compound words.
5. Observe the following sentences in Chinese.
1)老王找到了老张，才找到了他的儿子。
2）老王找到了老张，才找到了儿子。
What are the possible relations between these two sentences? Are there any potential ways in English to express these relations? Discuss the crucial factor(s) that affect(s) the clarity of meaning in these cas es.
II. Language Teaching 40%
1. Please explain the following terms (10%)
1) Critical Period Hypothesis
第 1 页共 3 页。