搞定考试中的“what”和“that”

搞定考试中的“what”和“that”
一、“what”的用法
what在英语中是个很常用的词。

我们知道它能用作疑问词，引导特殊疑问句，在句中做主语﹑表语或宾语;又能用作连接代词(或复合关系代词)，引导主语从句﹑表语从句或宾语从句;还能用作疑问形容词，只作定语并可表示感叹。

对于这些常规的用法本文就不一一赘述，现就what在高中英语中的某些特殊用法归纳如下：
1. what = just as，意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词，引导比较状语从句。

⑴惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
①Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。

(介词to 表示两者的关系)
⑵也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。

例如：
②Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。

(介词for表示“供…使用”)
⑶what 引导的从句也可以放在句首，其句式是：What C is to D，that A is to
B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as…，so…”结构，意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
What blood vessel is to a man's body，that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ，so Railway is to transportation.)
铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。

2. what 与do with连用，意为“(怎样)处理﹑安排或对付等”。

what常有较灵活的翻译，常用结构是：“what …do with sth./sb.?”或“what to do with sth./sb.”例如：
①What will you do with the letter? 你将把那封信怎样处理?
②The kids do not know what to do with themselves on rainy days.
孩子们不知道雨天干什么好。

注意：do with 与deal with同义，但搭配不同：do with只能与what搭配，而deal with可与不同的疑问词搭配。

比较：
③How will you deal with the letter?你将那封信怎样处理?
④You may have some idea of what the astronauts have to deal with if you try to drink a glass of water while standing on your head or while just lying down.
如果你试着倒立着或仅以躺着的姿势去喝水，就能大致体会得到宇航员必须应付什么了。

3. 问价格﹑度量﹑速度、人口﹑面积﹑门牌(汽车﹑电话等)号码等时，只能用what提问，不能用how much提问。

例如：
①What is the cost(price)of the gold watch?这块金表多少钱?
②What is the speed of the car?车速是多少?
③What is the length(width﹑depth)of the lake?这湖有多长(宽、深)?
④What is the population(area)of China?中国的人口(面积)有多少(大)?
⑤What money(cash) have you got? 你有多少钱(现金)?
⑥What is your telephone (car、room)number?
你的电话(汽车﹑房间)号码是多少?
4.“What is …like?”的两种含义。

⑴表示“情况怎样”，多指天气或气候。

例如：
①What is the weather like today?今天天气怎样?
②What is the climate like there?那里的气候怎样?
⑵表示“像什么样，什么模样，怎样的”指人或事物。

例如：
③What is the camel like ?骆驼是什么样子的?
④—What is your teacher like?—She is very kind and beautiful.
“你老师是怎样一个人?”——“她既善良又美丽。

”
⑤What will life be like in the future ? 未来的生活是什么样子呢?
注意：“What is…like?”通常用于对某人、某地和某物的实际情况提问，包括对其内在的品质或外在的特征(或持久的特征)提问。

而“How is …like?”是就某人、某地和某物的外观询问对方的看法，可以用来询问变化的事物，如暂时的情况，情绪等，还常用来问候别人的健康。

如：
⑥How is your work these days?? 近来你的工作情况如何?
⑦How is he? 他近况如何?? (他身体近来怎么样?)
比较：What does she look like?她是什么模样?(What…look like?只能指外表)
5.“What do you think of…?”用于询问对方对……的看法或评价。

例如：
①What do you think of the idea?你认为这个主意怎样?
②What did you think of that film?你对那场电影评价如何?
注意：“What do you think of…?”是惯用搭配，不能改为“How do you think of…?”。

但我们可以说：How do you feel about the idea(that film)?或者How do you like the idea(that film)?
6.what 用作复合关系代词时，既可指代人又可指代物。

例如：
①China is no longer what it used to be? 中国已不是过去的中国。

②She is what you call a “bluestocking”。

她就是你说的“女才子”。

③She is not what she was five years ago. 她不再是5年前的她了。

7. what从句可用作宾语补足语或状语。

例如：
①We will make the factory twice what it is today. 我们将使工厂比现在规模增加一倍。

(句中的twice what it is today是动词make的宾语the factory的补足语)
②Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh. 地心吸引力使人称得现有的重量(句中的第一个what到句末为表语从句;句末的what you weigh 是说明前面的动词weigh，系回答how much 的问题，作状语)
8.像how和why一样，what可以用作名词。

例如：
①? Please explain to us how and why，since you know what. 既然你想出一个好办法，请给我们解释清楚解决这个问题的方法和理由。

②? By asking why，how and what if，curious minds find new ideas and solutions.
通过刨根问底，提出假设，富有求知欲的天才人物想出了新主意，找出了解决问题的新办法。

9.与what连用的常用句型和词组
⑴What if…?What will or would happen if…?如果(假如)…将会怎么样?例如：
①What if it is true?如果这是真的又怎么样?
②What if a storm should come up?万一发生暴风雨怎么办?
⑵what with：because of ;as a result of;因为;由于……的结果;例如：
③What with overwork and (what with)so little sleep，she fell ill.
一半由于工作过度的劳累，一半由于睡眠不足，她病倒了。

④She has been depressed，what with losing her job and having to move.
她由于丢了工作还要搬家而感到沮丧。

⑶and what not ：and so on ;etc;以及各种其它东西;诸如此类;等等;例如：
⑤I bought sugar，tea，eggs，and what not. 我买了食糖、茶叶、鸡蛋之类的东西。

⑷come what will(may)是固定搭配必须倒装，意为“不管发生什么事”“不管怎样”
⑥Come what will (may)，I will always stand by you.
不管发生什么事，我将永远支持你。

二、“that”的用法
“that”是英语中使用频率极高的一个词，兼有代词、副词和连词等几个词性，既发挥实词的作用，又担当架构复杂句式的重任。

在每年的高考试卷中，that 的考查几乎是不可或缺的。

一个that，不同“身份”
请看下面一组句子，你能够辨清that的词性、词义和作用吗?
1. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from that spoken in England.
2. —Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street?
—Victoria Street? That is where the Grand Theatre is.
3. The thought of going back home was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad.
4. A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
5. Pop music is such an important part of society that it has even influenced our language.
6. Roses need special care so that they can live through winter.
7. It was in New Zealand that Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.
8. Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasn’t always that much to do.
在上面的几句话中，that分别表示：
1.用作代词，替代前面提到的单数不可数名词或概念，本句中代指the English;
2.用作代词，说明上面刚刚提到的人、事物、想法等，本句中代指Victoria Street;
3.关系代词，在限定性定语从句中代替先行词all，在从句充当主语;
4.从属连词，引导名词性从句，只起连接作用，无具体意义，在本句中是thought的同位语;
5.引导结果状语从句;
6.引导目的状语从句;
7.用于强调句型中，起连接作用;
8.程度副词，等于so。

由于在多个语法结构中，都涉及that的使用，而that又容易与其他相关的词或结构发生混淆，所以要真正掌握that的用法，必须把握好几组词和结构的区别。

把握that，辨清区别
1.that和one，it
在使用作为代词的that时，要区别好它与one和it的区别。

请看下面三个题目：
1. The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than ___ in the newspaper.
A. it
B. those
C. one
D. that
2. I prefer a flat in Inveneas to _____in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom’s.
A. one
B. that
C. it
D. this
3. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ________.
A. that used to be
B. it is used to
C. it was used to
D. it used to be
答案DAD。

that，one和it的区别是：它们均代表前面说过的名词，但that 代指单数不可数名词或概念，同类但并非同一个;one代指单数可数名词，同名异物;it代指同名同物。

2.定语从句的that和名词从句的that
定语从句的关系代词that在从句中有语法作用(做主语、宾语等)，而名词从句中的从属连词that只是起连接名词从句的作用，本身没有词义，没有语法作用。

因此，区别that到底是引导定语从句还是名词从句，只要看其有没有语法作用即可。

例如下面两个题目：
1. Nobody believed the reason _______he explained for being absent from the class.
A. why B that
C. as
D. because
2. Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _______he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A. why B that
C. where
D. because
答案BB。

第一个句子是定语从句，that代替先行词reason，在从句中作宾语(he explained the reason);第二个句子是名词从句，that引导的从句做reason的同位语，是进一步说明reason的内容，that只起连接从句的作用，在从句中不担当任何成分。

3.高度警惕的几个陷阱
你不妨先试着回答下面几个题目：
1. Harry Potter is such an interesting book _____ everybody likes to read.
A. that
B. as
C. which
D. /
2. It was along the Mississippi River ____ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.
A. how
B. which
C. that
D. where
3. It was evening we reached the little town of Winchester.
A. that
B. until
C. since
D. before
4.——Where did you get to know her?
——It was on the farm______we worked.
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. there
5.——He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
——When was that?
——It was in 2000 ______he was still in college.
A. that
B. then
C. which
D. when
你的答案是不是ACAAA?如果是这样，那你只回答对了第二个题目，而另外的四个题都错了，因为它们都与that无关，这是最典型的陷阱题。

我们不妨来仔细分析一下：
第一题，你想选择that，那你一定是认为这是个结果状语从句，而that后面everybody likes to read少了“it”，因此，这不是状语从句，而是由as引导的限定性定语从句。

第二题选择that，是It was…that…的强调句。

因为去掉这个结构，所保留的是个完整语句，即：Mark Twain spent much of his childhood along the Mississippi River，只不过使用强调结构来突出地点“along the Mississippi River”。

但是，你如果还是以强调句的惯性思维来回答第三至第五题，你不免就犯了“经验主义”的错误，因为这三个，如果是强调句的话，在去掉强调结构后，都不是正确的、或不符合上下文语境的句子：即
3.We reached the little town of Winchester evening.(evening前少介词)
4.——Where did you get to know her?
——we worked on the farm.(答非所问)
5.——He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
——When was that?
——he was still in college in 2000. (答非所问)
从上面的分析不难看出，第三题是个时间状语从句选择before，第四第五都是定语从句，分别选择where(关系副词，地点)，when(关系副词，时间)。

上面五个题的正确答案应当是BCDBD。

英语中像that这样的高频用词和高考热点的词还有很多。

在复习中，要特别注意知识点的横向联系，把词在不同语法结构中的作用做一个集中梳理，对大家学习和巩固知识非常有用。