形容词比较级和最高级（初中阶段）

形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法：
形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的变化规律：
1. 单音节形容词或副词后面直接加-er或-est
tall—taller—tallest fast—faster—fastest
2. 以-e结尾的单音节形容词或副词直接加-r或-st
large—larger—largest nice—nicer—nicest
3. 以-y结尾的形容词或副词，改-y为-i再加-er或-est
busy—busier—busiest early—earlier—earliest
4. 形容词或副词是重读闭音节时，双写最后的辅音字母，再加-er或-est hot—hotter—hottest big—bigger—biggest
5. 多音节形容词或副词前面直接加more或most
delicious—more delicious—most delicious
beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful
6. 不规则变化
原级------比较级------最高级
Good、well------better------best bad------worse------worst
many、much------more------most little-----less-------least
far------farther, further------farthest, furthest old-----older,elder-----oldest,eldest
形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的句子公式：
1.同级比较
原级（同级）比较：as…as…; not as(so)…as…
Tom is as tall as Jim.
This question is not as easy as that one.
2.比较级
形容词物体 A + am / are / is + 形比+ than + 物体B.
I am taller than you.
Pasta is more delicious than pizza.
副词物体 A + 行为动词+ 副比+ than + 物体B.
Cheetahs run faster than goats.
He studies better than me.
3. 最高级
1）物体A + am / are / is + the + 形最高级+ 比较范围（of + 人/物，in +地方）.
I am the tallest in the class.
Pasta is the most delicious food of the three.
2）物体A + 行为动词+ 副词最高级+ 比较范围（of + 人/物，in + 地方）. Cheetahs run fastest in the world.
He studies best of us.
（副词最高级前面省略the）
The + 比较级，the + 比较级表示越。

越。

The more you eat, the fatter you will get.
More and more 表示越来越多Today,more and more people like online shopping.
比较级+比较级表示越来越。

The road is getting wider and wider.
一. 词形变换。

比较级最高级
large _________________ ___________________
fast _________________ ___________________
easy _________________ ___________________
wet _________________ ___________________
good _________________ ___________________
important _________________ ___________________
well __________________ ___________________
bad _________________ ___________________
many _________________ ___________________
little _________________ ___________________
far _________________ ___________________
strong _________________ ___________________
patient _________________ ___________________
safe _________________ ___________________
expensive _________________ ___________________
(二)用所给词的正确形式填空：
1. Of the two girls, I find Lucy is _________ (clever).
2. Lily’s parents have four daughters, and she is the _______ (young) child.
3. The _______ (cheap) bags are not usually the best ones.
4. The short one is by far __________ expensive of the five.
5. The boy is not so _________ (interesting) as his brother.
6. This dress is _____________________ that.( as…as…, expensive)
7. I am _____________ than my brother, but my little sister is the ______________ of us. (fat, fatter, fattest )
8. Which can swim ______________, fish or sharks? ( well,better, best )
9. The green book is a _______________ book, but the red one is much _____________ than
the green one. It’s the ______________ book in the bookshop. (nice, nicer, nicest )
10. Look, Janet is jumping ______________ (high, higher) than Mike.
11．Mr Hare runs much ______________ (fast, faster) than Mr Turtle. Mr Hare needn’t
run______________ (fast, faster) now.
12. In the gym, Tommy is playing table tennis ______________ (well, better) than Jimmy.
13. This book is very ______________ (interesting, more interesting) , but that one is
______________ (interesting, more interesting) than it.
14. The film is the ______________ (horrible, more horrible, most horrible) film of all.
15. It’s summer now. The weather is getting _______________. (hot and hot, hotter and hotter, hottest and hottest)
16. The U.S.A. is one of _________________ (richer, most rich, the richest) countries in the world.
(三)选择填空：
1．He feels _____ today than yesterday.
A. tired
B. more tired
C. more tireder
D. much tired
2. Which do you like _____, coffee, tea or milk?
A. the worst
B. worse
C. the worse
D. worst
3. Of the two toys, the child chose_____.
A. the more expensive one
B. one most expensive
C. a least expensive
D. the most expensive of them
4. The line is ____ than that one.
A. more longer
B. not longer
C. much longer
D. many more longer
5. The earth is _____ the moon.
A.as 49 times big as
B. 49 times as bigger as
C. 49 times as big as
D. as big as 49 times
6. The book is ____ of the two.
A. thinner
B. the thinner
C. more thinner
D. the thinnest
7. She looks _____ than she does.
A. the more older
B. very older
C. much older
D. more older
8. The garden is becoming ______.
A. more beautiful and more
B. more beautiful and beautiful
B.more and more beautiful D.more beautiful and beautifuler
9. They competed（比赛）to see who could work _____.
A. the fastest and best
B. the faster and the better
C. fastest and better
D. faster and better
10. This kind of coffee is different ______.
A. and it is also better
B. and better than the other
C. but also than others
D. from the other and better
(四)翻译句子：
1．本书跟那本书一样有趣。

This book is _______ ________ _____ that one.
2．你游泳没有你弟弟好。

You can’t swim _______ _______ _______ your brother.
3．今天比昨天冷的多。

It is ______ today______ it was yesterday.
4．他比我大两岁。

He is _____ ______ ______ than I.
5．她的身体状况一天天好起来。

He is getting _____ ______ ______ every day.
6. 他对英语越来越感兴趣。

He is becoming ______ _____ _______ _____ ______ English.
7. 他吃的越多，人越胖。

The more he eats, the _______ he gets.
8. 你的问题是两个中比较难的那个。

Your question is _______ ______ ______ of the two.
时态Tense
一. 一般现在时Simple Present
1. 一般现在时的基本用法。

(1) 表示习惯性的动作或存在的状态;常和always，usually，often，sometimes，everyday等词连用。

晚饭后他总是散步。

He always takes a walk after supper.
现在大家都情绪高涨。

Everyone is in high spirits now.
(2) 主语的特性，能力，职业或状态;
它含有自然保湿因子，能够平衡皮肤的水分。

（特性）
It contains natural moisture factor and balances the moisture of the skin.
我们的产品在国内外都享有名气。

(状态）Our products are well-known home and abroad.
(3) 客观事实或普遍真理等.
太阳从东方升起，在西方落下。

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
知识就是力量。

Knowledge is power.
(4)用于时间和条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去那里。

If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.
你下次来的时候给我带些杂志。

When you come next time, bring me some magazines.
2. 一般现在时的特殊用法
(1)用于报刊的新闻标题中.
中国宣布载人航天飞行圆满成功。

China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful.
(2表示瞬间的动作。

汽车来了Here comes the bus.
铃响了。

There goes the bell.
二. 一般过去时Past Simple
1. 表示过去某时间的动作或状态.常与then, at that time, just now, three days ago等词连用. 或用于由when, while等引导的表示过去的时间状语从句.
What did you say just now?
She died ten yeas ago.
2.在时间条件状语从句中，表示过去将要发生的动作。

她告诉我如果第二天下雨的话，她就不去了。

She told me she would not go if it rained the next day. 3.一般现在时和一般过去时的比较
His father is a film director. 他父亲是电影导演。

（现在还是）
His father was a film director. 他父亲曾是电影导演。

（现在不是）
三. 一般将来时Simple Future
1. 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态. 该时态通常跟有一个发生将来的时间状语,如soon, in a few minutes, next week( month/year), tomorrow, etc.
我今天下午有空。

I shall be free this afternoon.
我和你下周一都要到那里。

You and I will arrive there next Monday.
2. 一般将来时的常用结构
(1)用于I expect, I’m sure, I think, I wonder+宾语从句
我不知道将会发生什么。

I wonder what will happen.
(2)与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用。

如果不下雨，我们就去。

We shall go unless it rains.
他一到，我就通知你。

I will let you know as soon as he arrives.
(3)用于“祈使句+and+陈述句中
如果你努力了，就会成功。

Work hard and you will succeed.
3. 表示将来时间的其他形式
(1) be going to do 表示最近打算要做的事情；而will/shall既可表示不久的将来，也可表示长远的
将来或不确定的将来。

She is going to get better. 她的病要好了。

（有恢复健康的迹象）
She will get better. 她的病快好了。

（认为最终会恢复健康的）
有时也用于天气情况.例如: It is going to rain.
(2) be + V-ing 表示根据现在的计划或安排，预期将会发生某事。

其中，V-ing通常是是表示位置转移的动词，如：arrive，come，go，leave，move，star，stay，get，meet，die，see off等
那位老人快要死了。

The old man is dying.
飞机马上要起飞了。

The plane is taking off soon.
(4) be to do表示事先商定、安排或准备要发生或必然要做的事情
报告下周一得上交。

The report is to be handed in next Monday.
会议计划在周五早上开。

The meeting is to be held on Friday morning.
表示可能性，必要、责任、义务、禁止等。

如：
你不可以在阅览室里吸烟。

You are not to smoke in the reading-room.
看电视之前你得先做完作业。

You are to do your homework before you watch TV.
(5) be about to do 结构表示”即将(正要)做某事.在时间上指最近的将来。

当我要出去时，电话响了。

I was about to go out, when the telephone rang.
注：在含有be about to do的句子中，不能再加时间状语
Wrong: The medical team is about to start immediately.
Right: The medical team is about to start. 医疗队就要出发了。

四. 过去将来时Past Future
过去将来时表示在过去某一时刻之后要发生的动作或情况, 其形式由will/shall 的过去式would/ should +v构成
1.常用于间接引语中。

He said that he would get married soon. (结婚）
I asked him when he would come here again.
3.其他表达方式：
was/were going to
他们认为天要下雨了。

They thought it was going to rain.
was/were+v-ing
我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。

I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.
was/were+to do
据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。

It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtze River.
was/were about to
我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。

I felt something terrible was about to happen.
五. 现在进行时Present Continuous
现在进行时表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

基本结构：am/is/are+doing
1. 现在进行时的用法
（1）表示说话时, 或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况.可与now，at present, at this moment, these days 等连用。

苹果最近涨价了。

Apples are costing these days.
全世界的人们都在和污染作斗争。

The people all over the world are fighting against pollution.
（2）表示一个按计划即将发生的动作,但仅适用少数动词而且常常跟有一个时间状语.常见的这类
动词有:arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay等
你到广州后准备住在那里？Where are you staying in Guangzhou?
那位老人快要死了。

The old man is dying.
（3）注意事项:
1)不用进行时的动词
①表示状态：seem，look，appear，have，belong to，own，hold
这背包是我的。

This backpack belongs to me.
②表示知道know，信念believe，理解understand，推测think/suppose，怀疑doubt，希望hope 等含义的动词
我还记得我们一起学习的那些日子。

I still remember the days when we studied together.
③表示要求want/need，心愿wish/desire等意义的动词
你的衣服要洗了。

Your clothes need washing.
④表示继续或持续含义的动词。

continue, keep, last, go on等
她仍然身体很差。

She still continues in poor health.
⑤表示感觉的动词see, hear, smell, taste, feel等
这花闻起来很香。

This flower smells nice.
2) 现在进行时有时可与always ，forever，continually，constantly等词连用,带有感情色彩,表示厌恶，排斥，表扬，赞美等,并不表示动作正在进行。

如:
你总是在挑我的错误。

You are always finding fault with me.
约翰总是丢三落四的。

John is always losing things.
他总是在考虑如何为别人多做事情。

He is constantly thinking of how he could do more for others.
六. 过去进行时Past Continuous
表示过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作,由was/were+ doing构成, 通常有一个表示过去时间的状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语.
We were talking about you a moment ago.
I was playing the piano when she came in.
过去进行时与一般过去时的区别
1. 一般过去时一般表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。

She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给朋友写了封信（信写完了）
She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在给朋友写信（信不一定写完）
2.一般过去时表示只做一次动作，而过去进行时却表示动作反复地进行。

She waved to me.她朝我挥了挥手。

She was waving to me.她不断地朝我挥手。

七. 现在完成时Present Perfect
由have/has + 过去分词构成,主要由两个用法:
1.过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常见的时间状语有already, yet, never, before, recently, just, ever, once 等
I have been to Beijing many times.
They have already published the results of their experiments.
2. 表示从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态, 常用于含有延续意义的动词,并且一般要跟一个表示一段时间的状语,如since, for two years, so far, in recent years，etc
1949年以来，他一直居住在这里。

He has lived here since 1949.
我学习英语已经2年了。

I have studied English for two years.
注意事项:
1. 含有终止或短暂意义的动词如: begin, end, die, lose, find, fall, go, come, join, knock, jump等, 不能用于第二种用法:如:
×He has joined the army for ten years.
He has been an army man for ten years.
It is (has been) ten years since he joined the army.
He joined the army ten year ago.
2. it is (has been)… since 这一结构也常用于现在完成时.
It is (has been) a long time since they last met each other.
3. 在This is（It is）the first (second) time that 句型中,从句中常用完成时态,例如:
Is this the first time that you have visited Hong Kong?
This is the second time that I have broken a cup this year.
4. That (This, It)is+最高级修饰先行词+定语从句，从句常用完成时
这是我所看过的最好的电影。

This is the best film that I have ever seen.
八. 过去完成时Past Perfect
由had +过去分词构成，以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

这一时态，也常用于宾语或定语从句中。

John had learned some Chinese before he came to china.
By the end of last year, I had worked in this college for ten years.
He found the book that he had lost.
过去完成时也常用在No sooner… than 和hardly… when/before等句型的主句中，从句中常常用一般过去时。

“No sooner”“hardly （scarcely)”移至句首表示强调时，要求到装语序。

We had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.
No sooner had we reached home than it began to rain.
我们一到家就下雨了。

被动语态The Passive Voice
1.构成：系动词be+过去分词done
时态通过be表现出来。

2.一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
世界上的许多人都说英语　English is spoken by lots of people in the world.
每周四都举行班会Class meeting is held every Thursday.
3.一般过去时(was/ were +done)
茶杯被那个男孩打碎了。

The cup was broken by the boy.
我的自行车昨天被偷了。

My bike was stolen yesterday.
4. 一般将来时(will/ shall be +done)
今天下午有一个演讲。

A speech will be given this afternoon.
这条路什么时候会开通？When will the road be opened to traffic?
5. 过去将来时（would/should be +done）
我认为将有数千人得到帮助。

I thought thousands of people would be helped.
6. 现在进行时(am/ is/ are being +done ）
They are building a new railway.
---A new railway is being built
7. 过去进行时（was/ were being +done)
They were widening the roads.
---The roads were being widened.
8. 现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。

Two hundred trees have been planted by now.
飞机已经被重新设计了。

The airplane has been redesigned.
9. 过去完成时(had been + done)
生产成本已经被大大降低了。

The production costs has been greatly reduced.
她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。

She found the house had been destroyed by the storm.
10. 情态动词can/could/must/may/might be + done
你的表能被修好。

Your watch can be repaired.
这辆新车必须被检验。

This new car must be tested.
车不能停在这。

Cars must not be parked here.
我的包一定是被偷走了。

My bag must have been stolen.
must have done想必是，一定是（对发生完的事情比较有把握的判断）
注意：
1.被动语态除常用be+过去分词外，还可用get+过去分词（常用于口语中）
每年都有几百人死于道路交通事故。

Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the road.
那个男孩在上学的路上受伤了。

The boy got hurt on his way to school.
2.主+谓+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）变为被动结构时，只将主语结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的宾语，宾补不变。

They chose Harry captain.
---Harry was chosen captain.
We asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentence again.
---The teacher was asked to explain the difficult sentence again.
We found him lying on the floor.
---He was found lying on the floor.
3. 含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式：一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。

另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for，但多以间接
宾语作主语。

Jack told us the truth.
---We were told the truth by Jack.
---The truth was told (to) us by Jack.
Her father bought her a new bike.
---She was bought a new bike by her father.
---A new bike was bought for her by her father.
用to的常见词有：give, show, send, lend, pass, pay, teach, throw, take, bring etc.
用for的常见词有：make, choose, sing, draw, buy, get, cook etc.
4.以下情况中，主动句一般不能变为被动句
1）谓语动词是不及物动词
The dog died.
2) 谓语是及物动词，以下动词也很少变为被动语态。

leave, enter, reach, become, suit, benefit, lack 等
leave Beijing，enter the classroom
Exercise:
1. They are sending him abroad.
---He is being sent abroad.
2. He told me to wait for him.
---I was told to wait for him.
3. Everybody respected them at that time.
---They were respected by everybody at that time.
4. They have found your wallet.
---Your wallet has been found.
5. I will send a message immediately.
---A message will be sent immediately.
6. He has to deliver the letter by hand.
---The letter has to be delivered by hand.
7. The must have lost your letter in the post.
---Your letter must have been lost in the post.
定冠词the的用法：
定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。

定冠词的基本用法：
(1)表示特指的人或事物。

如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。

如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。

)
(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。

如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人, 那个人叫罗伯特。

)
(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。

如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。

)
(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。

如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地区将会刮大风。

)
(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。

如：Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。

如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。

如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。

如：He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)
(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。

如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
(11)same之前一般用the。

如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。

一些不用冠词的情况：
(1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。

如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
(2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。

如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
(1)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。

如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树) (4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。

如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
(5)三餐饭前不用。

如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
(6)节、假日前一般不用。

如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
(7)球类名词前不用。

如The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)
(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。

如：They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)
(9) 一些习惯用语中不用。

如：⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class;
⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
2.1 不定冠词的用法
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。

英语中的冠词有三种，一种是定冠词（the Definite Article），另一种是不定冠词（the Indefinite Article），还有一种是零冠词（Zero Article）。

不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源，是一个的意思。

a用于辅音音素前，一般读作[e]，而an则用于元音音素前，一般读做[en]。

　1) 表示一个，意为one；指某人或某物，意为a certain。

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
　2) 代表一类人或物。

A knife is a tool for cutting with.
Mr. Smith is an engineer.
　3) 词组或成语。

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule /
in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold /
have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden
名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加's来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。

名词所有格的规则如下：
1）单数名词词尾加's，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加's，
如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

　2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加'，如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。

　3）凡不能加's的名词，都可以用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系，、
如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

　4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。

　5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示分别有；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room（两间） John and Mary's room（一间）
　6）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。

如：a month or two's absence
不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数）　一个人 两个人
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese　two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人the　Australians an　Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人　the Italians an Italian　two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese　two Japanese
美国人 the Americans　an American　two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人　the Canadians a Canadian　two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman　two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。

　1) 用复数作定语。

如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室　
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
　2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
　3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。

如：goods train (货车) arms produce　武器生产 customs papers 海关文件
clothes brush衣刷
　4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。

如：two-dozen eggs　两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路　
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.　一个五年计划
个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child
不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较：　Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。

(不可数)
These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。

(可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

This factory produces steel.　(不可数) We need various steels.　(可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

2）抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由
the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice　一条建议
名词复数的规则变化
一般情况 加-s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps
2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/;　bag-bags car-cars
以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词 加-es　读/iz/ bus-buses watch-watches
以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读/iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词　变y 为i 再加es　读/z/ baby---babies
其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：　
　如：　two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys　holiday---holidays
　比较：层楼：storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如：photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes　
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如：belief---beliefs　roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs；
b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves
wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves；
c. 均可,如：　handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
名词复数的不规则变化
1）child---children　foot---feet　tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women　
注意：与man 和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men 和-women。

　如：an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。

2）单复同形　如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese　li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。

如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。

如：people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说
a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。

如：The Chinese are industries and brave.　中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。

b. news 是不可数名词。

c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。

The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。

d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。

The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. >是一本非常有趣的故事书。

5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼
不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较：　Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。

(不可数)
These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。

(可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

This factory produces steel.　(不可数) We need various steels.　(可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。

Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

2）抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice　一条建议。