The-Renaissance文艺复兴

• e. defeating the Spanish Invincible fleet “Armada” in 1588 and the establishment of the hegemony（霸权） on the seas.
• f. The geographical exploration and trade expansion brought about the growth of the cities and the development of the capitalist textile（织物）industry.
• While people learned to admire their works as models of literary form they also caught sth very different in spirit from the medieval Catholic dogma.
Renaissance(14th—mid 17th)
• It’s the rebirth of Greek and Roman cultures. It sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. One is the thirst for the classical literature and the other is the keen interest in life and human activities.
• (4) In the countryside the peasants were terribly exploited and they either rose in uprisings or ran away and flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat there;
• (2)The Catholic Church was either substituted by Protestantism as a result of the so-called Reformation (as in Germany and England) or weakened in its dictatorship over men’s minds (as in Italy and France and Spain);
Examples
• ① Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe； ② The passionate Petrarch produced
sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others； ③ Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm； ④ Marco Polo (马 可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China； ⑤ Michelangelo（米开 朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)， Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) created
• (3)Geographical discoveries opened up colonial expansion and trade routes to distant parts of the world and brought back gold and silver and other wealth and also broadened men’s mental horizons;
• (6) Culturally, as the interest in God and in the life after death was transformed into the exaltation of man and an absorption in earthly life and as materialistic philosophy and scientific thought gradually replaced the church dogmas and religious mysticism of the Middle Ages, a totally new culture rose out of the revival of the old culture of ancient Greece and Rome and out of the emergence of a new philosophy and science and art and literature through the exploration of the infinite capabilities of man .
• Humanism is the key note of the Renaissance. The humanists hold that man is the measure of all things. By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they believed that man had not only the right to enjoy the beauty of life, but the ability to perfect and perform wonders. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are representatives of English humanists.
------F. Engles
Here from Engels’ analysis we may see the chief characteristics of the Renaissance: (1)Politically the feudal nobility lost their power and with the establishment of the great monarchies there was the centralization of power necessary for the development of the bourgeoisie;
• The House of Tudor, one of the English ruling dynasties (1485-1603), including Henry VII and his descendants Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
paintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．
文艺复兴美术三杰
《最后的晚餐》 （意大利） 达 · 芬奇画 1495 - 1497年 米兰圣玛利亚·格拉契修道院藏
《西斯廷教堂天顶画》局部 壁画 36·54×13·14米 米开朗期罗 （意大利） 梵帝冈西斯廷教堂藏 （1475 - 1564年）
The Renaissance
A. A thirsty curiosity for classical literature. Old manuscripts were dug out. There arose a general revival of the study of Greek and Latin authors.
• (5) In the cities the merchants and the master artisans grew in wealth and in power and became the bourgeoisie while handicraft turned gradually into manufacture and the modern proletariat sprang up among the employed workers in the factories; and finally,
• So the love of classics was in fact also an expression of the general dissatisfaction with the Catholic and feudal ideas.
• B. The keen interest in life and human activities. People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world. Thinkers, artists, and poets showed their admiration for human beauty and human achievements. So arose humanism—the keynote of the Renaissance, reflecting the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Ideas: both man and the world are hindered from infinite improvement by external checks; man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of human intellect.
The Renaissance in England
• Some major historic events:
• a. The War of Roses (1455-1488) and the establishment of the dynasties of Henry VII and VIII—the centralized monarchy.
The Chief Characteristics of the
Background of the Renaissance
This is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced.
• b. The Enclosure movement (“sheep devoured Men”)
• c. The religious reformation, establishment of the Anglican Church
• d. Flourishing in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)
自画像
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×《Βιβλιοθήκη 53 厘 米蒙 娜 丽 莎
15 》
03 意
大 15 利 05 年达 巴
·
黎芬
卢奇
浮画
尔 宫 博 物 馆
木 板 油 画
藏
《椅中圣母》 （油画） （意大利） 拉斐尔
（1514 - 1516年）
In Praise of Folly ( Desiderius Erasmus )
Humanism