转换

春天没有语言，只有淅飒和低吟。春花怒放， 春叶茁发，春水奔流，春天欢腾地、无休止地 追逐着，这一切比言语要丰富的多。
2．英语中由名次派生的动词或名词转用的动 词转换成汉语名词
The novel satirizes the marriage of convenience. 这部小说是对建立在利害关系基础上的婚姻的讽刺。 3. 英语介词和副词转换成汉语动词 The sea thundered on, over and past, and as it roared by it revealed a hideous sight.
她现在可能意识到了这一点：那些过去使她羞 愧的无地自容的东西——人们对她处境的关 心——不过是建立在一种幻觉上。
3．从内容转换到形式 My supporters were mostly young, and newcomers to politics. 我的支持者大多是年轻人，政治上初出茅庐的人。 我的支持者大多是政治上初出茅庐的年轻人。 He wished to try his luck by inviting the beautiful, young lady to dance, but met with a rebuff. 他想试试运气，请那位年轻貌美的女士跳舞，结果 碰了一鼻子灰。
海浪狂啸着滚来，如泰山压顶一半，又怒吼着 滚远，巨浪过处，一片狼藉。 五、语态转换 英语中被动语态出现的频率远远多于汉语，在英 译汉时，常常将被动语态转换成汉语主动语态， 使译文更符合汉语的语言习惯。 英语句子的被动含义有两种表示方式，一种有 形式标志，主动词be+过去分词+by；另一种 没有形式标志，仅靠句子的语义逻辑，用主动 的形势表示被动的含义。
人们不久就认识到，这种办法提供了解决问题 的最佳框架。
2． 英译汉中仍保留被动形式也不少见 He had been fired for refusing to obey the order from the dean. 他因拒绝服从院长的命令而被解雇了。 3．英语被动句译成汉语“把”字句 The tall building has been practically leveled to the ground by the big fire. 大火几乎把这幢高大建筑夷为平地。
It is stipulated that foreign investment in a joint venture shall not be, in general, less than 25% of the authorized capital. 按照规定，合资企业中外资一般不得少于额定资本 总额的25%。 It was soon recognized that this approach offered the best framework for a solution.
汉语句子的被动含义也有两种表示方式，一是 用“被”（或其他如“受”、“挨”、“遭”、 “给”、“叫”、“为┄所”、“被┄锁”等） 字明显地表示被动含义，称为“被”字句。二 是仅靠句子的语义逻辑，用主动的形势表示被 动的含义。 英汉两种语言的上述共性，为主动形式和被动形式 之间的转换提供了方便。 1．英语被动句常常翻译成汉语主动句
2．汉语不具有英语那样多的时态变化形式，因此英 语汉译时，常常将英语时态所包含的内容译出来。 She might have seen that what had bowed her head so profoundly---the thought of the world’s concern at her situation—was founded on an illusion.
2．加强修辞效果 That’s a thing that might happen to anyone. 这种事情谁也难免。
Opportunity knocks but once.
机不可失，时不再来。
As I approve of a youth that has something of the old man in him, so I am no less pleased with an old man that has something of the youth. He that follows this rule may be old in body, but can never be so in mind. 我赞赏具有老人成熟风度的青年，也称颂具有青 年气息的老人。这样的人，只有躯体会衰老，可 思想永远年轻活跃。 3．尊重汉语表达习惯、保证译文通顺易懂
六、正反转换 不同的思维方式往往需要不同语言表达方式。正 说与反说的习惯表达不同，就反映了硬汉与使用 者思维方法的差异。正反转换的目的有三个： 1. 保证语义明确 Her conduct is above reproach. 她的行为无可指责。
Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom, but the want of it always leaves room for the suspicion of folly. 虽然有礼貌并不一定标志着有智慧，但是无 礼貌却会使人怀疑其愚蠢。 The mother gently disengaged her hand from that of her sleeping baby. 母亲小心翼翼地从熟睡的孩子手里抽出自己的手来。 I won’t keep you waiting long. 我一会儿就回来。
Class Ten
Transformation
一、静态动词和动态动词之间的转换 从修辞效果上来看，英语句子多呈静态，而汉语 多呈动态，因此，在英译汉翻译实践中，常常要 把英语静态词转换成汉语动态词。 1．将某些静态动词转换为动态动词
Presidential ambition is an addiction as powerful as sex or booze. Once they have gone through all those howling halls, with their banners and adoring supporters, they dream about it in the nights.
她并非是对任何别人的存在、体验、情绪和 知觉的体系，而是她自己。她在别人心里只 不过是一种转瞬既逝的念头，即使对亲朋好 友也不过如此。
How are you, my dear Ernest? What brings you up to town? Oh, pleasure, pleasure! What else should bring one anywhere? 哦，寻欢作乐呀！一个人出门，还为了别的吗？ Ernest has a strong upright nature. He is the very soul of truth and honor. Disloyalty would be as impossible to him as deception. 他绝对不会见异思迁，也不会作假骗人。
She was not an existence, an experience, a passion, a structure of sensations, to anybody but herself. To all humankind besides Tess, she was only a passing thought. Even to friends she was no mare than a frequently passing thought.
4．英语主动句译为汉语“被”字句 They all succumbed to temptation. 他们都被诱惑征服了。 The jeweler’s was robbed last night, and the Reagans are under suspicion. 昨夜，珠宝行遭抢劫，里根夫妇成了被怀疑的对 象。
His health and spirits picked up after a week at the seaside. 她在海滨带了一个星期，身体和精神有所恢复。
三、内容和形式的相互转换 1．从形式转换到内容 Nancy Reagan, and not George Gallop, may well have the final say.
二、抽象词语和具体词语的转换 1. 将某些抽象或概括性词语转换成比较具体的词语。 Look! You are wet through. 瞧！你淋成了落汤鸡。 She told her story in America with evident glee. 他显然以洋洋得意的口吻讲述她在美国的经历。
The function of the artists is to disturb. His duty is to arouse the sleepers, to shake the complacent pillars of the world. 艺术家的职能是打破平静，他的职责是唤醒那些 沉睡者，摇撼固步自封的社会栋梁。 2. 将某些具体性词语转换成抽象或概括性词语。 I would like to take my hat off to you when you help me out of the present difficulty. 你若帮助我摆脱当前的困境，我愿向你致敬。
Mary lay awake almost the whole night. 玛丽躺在那儿，几乎一夜没合眼。 A new dignity crept into his walk. 他走起路来，不觉平添了几分尊严。 I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death. 我不管别人采取什么行动，但就我而言，不自由， 毋宁死！ We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. 井枯方知水可贵。
觊觎总统宝座会叫人上瘾，其瘾头之大并不亚 于追求女人或开怀畅饮。一旦经过彩旗招展、 追随者呐喊助威的竞选大厅，必定梦寐以求。
2．将某些动态动词转换为静态动词 The paintings symbolize our efforts for over three months. 这些画是我们100个月日日夜夜辛勤劳动的结晶。
掌握最后决定权的，是南希·里根，而不是乔治·盖洛 普民意测验。
Whatever makes the candidate run, the main problem for the voters is to think about the coming years and find those who are coming rather பைடு நூலகம்han going. 无论竞选者动机如何，选民面临的首要问题是考 虑未来的岁月，选择那些年富力强的，而不是那 些行将就木的。
Spring has no speech, nothing but rustling and whispering. Spring has so much more than speech in its unfolding flowers and leaves, and the coursing of its streamers, and in its sweet restless seeking.
四、词类转换 由于汉语中的动词使用频率大大高于英语，因此英 汉翻译中，常把名词、介词等转换成动词。 1．英语名词转换成汉语动词 The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones. 数以百万计的非洲人已经逐渐意识到他们的生活状况 异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起采取坚决措施去创 造新的生活条件。