关于ACCA的考试回忆,和对COREPAPER内容的整理(二)
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我每天带上⼀门的书与讲义,摇摇晃晃的挤地铁,再挤电梯,⼀门⼀门KEY着,有同事路过总会惊讶的说,咦,你怎么还在写这个啊?
周围的每⼀个没有过CPA的⼈都在看书,特投⼊,特安静,除了我,鱼对我说,我觉得你还沉浸在ACCA过了的喜悦中,我说不是。
我在打这些的时候,倒是充满了回忆知识的痛苦呵呵,⾛上ACCA的路只是⼀个契机,这个契机给了我很多,也让我失去了很多,我想当青春背上⼀个重担时,脚步难免踯躅,只是在结束的那⼀刻,我总想留下些什么,给⾃⼰的这段路做个交代。
开始3.7吧,还是以REVISION上⾯的分类整理
这门初看的时候觉得很复杂,因为涉及到很多⾦融⼯具,投资融资及期货期权的问题,在⼯作中基本接触不到,⽽且这门基本上是CORE PAPER中做低的⼀门。
复习下来会发现,题⽬都会很典型,把题型摸透了,还是⽐较容易上⼿。
因为我在看题⽬的时候,会把当时看下来的感受写在题⽬旁边,所以我会把我当初看的时候觉得思路特清楚可以多看看的的⼏道题标出来,简称清楚题:)
⼏个重点理论:NPV,discount rates, free cash flows, CAPM, portfolio theory.
A Objectives and strategy formulation
清楚题 04/6 Wurrall:很清楚,蛮全的,可以多看⼏次
99/6 Hanme: APPENDIX的计算可以再看看,⽤来练⼿
01/12 Wickern:挺清楚的,可以再看
03/12 Snowwell: 挺清楚的,可以再看
关于财务战略的题,以前的考试也都考过,但现在多些⽂字,再多些RATE的计算,拿下:)
Turnover
(operating costs before depreciation)
Balance
(Tax allowable depreciation)
Earning before interest and tax
(Net interest payable)
Profit on ordinary activities before tax
(Tax on ordinary activities)
Profit after tax
(Dividends)
Amount transferred to reserves
会要求写假设
再写假设的局限
其实这样的题型⽐较完整的应该是出现在PART E⾥,我再后⾯会再提及,这个部分还是⽐较侧重于财务管理的⼀些常规公式:profitability, gearing, liquidity ,working capital, stock market
B Investment decisions and risk analysis
清楚题 99/6 Tovell: APPENDIX的计算可以再看看
00/12 Fuelit:挺好的,弄明⽩了,看看
04/6 Zendeck:纯关于WACC
03/6 Hasder: 多看看,与98/6Phantom放在⼀起看,理解公式
04/12 Trosoft:挺好,多看看,APV
简单整理:
⑴Time value of money: FV=PV*(1+n)n
⑵Discount factor:题⽬给,或者(1+r)-n
⑶Annuities:
PV of deferred annuity=annual cash flow*annuity factor*PV factor
⑷Perpetuities:
PV of a perpeturity=P0=annual cash flow/discount rate
⑸NPV:
时间1 时间2 时间3时间4
Receipts:
Payments:
(wages)
(materials)
(variable/fixed overheads)
(administration/distribution expenses)
(capital allowances/tax allowable depreciation)
Taxable profits(EBIT)
(Tax)
Add back: capital allowances/tax allowable depreciation
(initial outlay)
NRV
Working capital 0-/n+
Net cash flow
Discount rate
PV
NPV
Free cash flows=EBIT(1-t)+capital investment+/-change in WC
可考虑的factor: social responsibility, risk, technical, economic, fiscal, CAPM limitation, reliability, sensitivity analysis, 未来的现⾦流不包括沉没成本,⾮现⾦⽀出(折旧等),在做决定前已经发⽣的费⽤⽀出等。
⑹Fisher equation: (1+money rate)=(1+real rate)*(1+general inflation rate)
⑺WACC= Ke*E+ Kd(1-t)*D
E+D E+D
注意其他的相关公式如Ke \Kd \real rate的计算及相关的assumption: inflation rate 等等
⑻EVA=NOPAT-capital employed*cost of capital
注意EVA的优缺点
⑼Dividend valuation model: P0=D0(1+g)
Ke-g
注意相关的assumption
⑽the returns on a two-asset portfolio: Rp=RaXa+ RbXb
the risk on a two-asset portfolio:δp=√δ2aX2+δ2b(1-x)2+2x(1-x)Pabδaδb
correlation coefficient=COVab/δaδb
⑾Modigliani and Miller’s theory: MVg= MVu + Dt
⑿CAPM: required return=risk free return+ systematic risk premium
注意assumption/limitation
⒀the arbitrage price model
⒁APV:Base case NPV
(Issue costs)
PV of the tax shield
PV of interest savings on subsidized loan
APV
C Corporate expansion and reorganization
清楚题 03/12 Megasal: APPENDIX可以看看
01/6 Laceto
00/6 Romage
03/6 Evertalk
Advantage/disadvantage/who benefits/financial aspects
The max sum pay for a target company: PV of target company cash flow+ synergy\ Synergy: economies of
scale/scope/vertical integration, operating, head office,
management, financial tax shield, market power
Problem to achieve Synergy
Methods: cash/equity shares/preference shares/loan stock
Regulation of takeovers
Defend against a takeover bid: pre-bid/post bid
P/E ratio/dividend valuation model\
D Foreign exchange and interest rate risk
清楚题 00/6 Retilon: 此题后附解题思路(helping hand),蛮清楚的,掌握⽅法
02/6 NTC:结合上题所附⽅法,多做⼏遍
02/12 与上题同理,结合看
99/12 HYK 思路很清楚,⽤来加强巩固
01/12 Shawter 三种避险⼯具的利弊,挺好的
Foreign exchange risk: transaction risk/economic risk/translation risk
Hedge避险⼯具: Forward market/ Money market/Futures/currency options
这部分题型⽐较固定,但也⽐较容易记乱了,多练练就好,就把每个类型中我复习时觉得⽐较特别的点拎出来
Forward market:payment:找最⼩的rate/receipts:找的rate
左买右卖
Money market:
payment: invest foreign currency
invested amount + interest on investment =payment required
receipt: borrow foreign currency
borrowed amount + interest on borrowing =receipt expected
Futures/option这个就是传说中的期货期权拉:
Buy for payment ,sell for receipt
Unhedged
Tick size: contract size*0.0001
Basis
时间系数
Futures⼤致步骤:buy or sell
Number of contracts
Choose a date
Calculate profit or loss
Conclusion
option⼤致步骤:Number of contracts
Calls or puts?
Contracts costs
Hedge outcome
interest rate risk: fixed rate loan/variable rate loan
Hedge: forward rate agreement/interest rate
guarantees/interest rate futures/exchange traded interest rate options
Futures: buy a future—deposit money
sell a future—borrow money
basis risk
options: buy: buy the right to buy or buy the right to sell
call: right to buy the futures
put: right to sell the futures
deposits-- buy the futures—buy calls
loan-- sell the futures—buy puts
每种避险⼯具的advantage/disadvantage
SWAP: interest SWAP/currency SWAP
Advantage/risk
这部分我⼀直也不太明⽩,但也会⼀直考到,找些典型题,硬着头⽪做吧~
Black scholes option pricing model:去年REVISION上52-55题都与此有关
E The global environment
清楚题 pilot Novoroast:此题关于limitation,other factor蛮完整的
03/12 Avto: 后⾯的分析好好看看,架构,格式,结尾
02/12 Intergrand:看看,模式蛮不⼀样,⽐较怪
DCF appraisal基本格式:
YEAR
Total contribution需要计算的
(Fixed costs(with inflation))
(Tax allowable depreciation)
Taxable profit
(Tax)
Add back depreciation
Net after-tax cash flow from operations
Investment cash flows
(Land and buildings)关注末年的回转
(Plant and machinery)
(Working capital)掌握计算
Cash remittable from/to **
Exchange rate 掌握计算
**cash remittable
Contribution from sale
(Tax on contribution)
(additional tax)
Net cash flow
Discount factor掌握计算
PV
NPV
注意PPPT,real option,两国所得税差额的补⾜等
注意分析的assumption, limitation
⽂字题结合案例,主要关注的为海外投资各种⽅法的优缺点,可⾏性,限制,对策等,有套路可循,思路开阔些。
F Corporate dividend policy
01/02年考过,考的不多
3.7基本上就到这⾥了,打的⼀⾝汗。
在回忆的这三天⾥,我脑海⾥出现⽆数的画⾯,曾经为复习,爬到图书馆顶楼抢位⼦,看着从外⾯射进来的阳光⼀点点暗
下去⼼也⼀点点的沉下去;复习到⼀半偷偷跑出去打球,然后买杯绿⾖汤在球场⼀坐两个⼩时,看着还有从ACCA书⾥逃出来的姐妹在场⼦上叫喊;和鸣还有钰上⾃习到10:30然后⼀起回宿舍,也许还会绕到饮亭买⾹肠或者鸡汁卤⼲;考试前两星期发消息问淮哥⼀个名词的意思,然后被他狂鄙视;不会做的题⽬,把茂哥招到教室⾥来让他⼀道⼀道的说给我听,然后再鄙视他把题⽬挖的那么深;在毕业最后的⽇⼦⾥,⾝边所有的⼈疯了般过着颓废的⽣活,我拿着⼀把荔枝找到⾃⼰的⾃习教室再去找也在上⾃习的庆伟兄还有⾼华兄,10:30后回宿舍拿个苹果再奔到通宵教室。
我考1.1的时候,紧张到给洲打长途电话,是她给了我最初的信⼼,最后三门,⼜发现了最初的那种紧张,发狂多消息给钰,她给的信⼼⼜伴我⾛到了最后。
每次的考试,⽆论在哪⾥,⽼妈都在⾝边;鱼在每天蹭饭的同时每天给我个⼤⼤的温暖拥抱;苯苯的⼩书桌全天候available;茂哥⽆限友情赞助着教材;淮哥,⼩叶⼦,哈姐,哪怕他们⼀个在忙出国,⼀个出国回来在忙找⼯作,⼀个⼯作忙到只有考试的三天有三天假,他们仍然耐⼼的给我讲每⼀道题。
⼀直不想翻开新⼀轮考试的书,也许天性使然,我得承认,我不是喜爱如此消耗和持久的学习,从踏上这条路开始,我不⽌⼀次的憎恨过。
但当回忆起这些的时候,我就在想,我算是幸福的吧,⾝边这么多的朋友还有亲⼈,拥有这样⼀段⽇⼦。
⼜要开始新的征途了,⼜是⼀段很难的路,昨天给⾃⼰买了⽜⾁⼲和猕猴桃⼲,买了两份报纸⼀份杂志,开着电视看报纸,给⾃⼰最后的放纵,明天开始,好好看书。
最近在听吴克群的“泛泛之辈”,张feifei同学很认真的对我说这⾸歌是吃饭饭的时候唱的吧,我想我们是这样的⼀群泛泛之辈,⽆论⾛多远,路有多长,对⼼⾥的那⼀点点可以闪亮信念的东西,从来没有放弃过。
祝福我的亲⼈,还有所有朋友。