浅谈《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默毕业论文[管理资料]

The Black Humor in Catch-22
Bian Liping
Abstract:Catch-22 is a typical representative book of black humor. It was born in a special context: People began to doubt and deny their own traditional values, and were eager to find spiritual relief from the literature of satire and humor. Joseph Heller, the author of this novel, described in a symbolic way of many ridiculous images. In this novel, many words, phrases and dialogue are confusing, duplicate, suspicious and contradicting. “Catch 22”, through the whole novel, is a magic weapon of officers to govern and make fun of soldiers under the capitalist system, which like a net is always bound the little people and makes them be trapped in it.
The paper mainly analyzed black humor in Catch-22through several aspects, including deepen the theme of black humor, depicting characters, arrangement structure and language use. In a word, Catch -22is one of the most important works of black humor and the readers are made to have a better understanding of the novel Catch-22 by the paper.
Key Words：Black Humor; Absurd; Catch 22; Ridiculous
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浅谈《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默
边丽萍
【摘要】《第二十二条军规》是一部典型的黑色幽默的代表作，它诞生于特殊的时代背景：人们开始怀疑并否定自己的传统价值观念，渴望讽刺、幽默的文学作品中寻找精神上的解脱。

小说的作者约瑟夫·海勒用象征的手法描绘了一幅幅荒谬的图像。

小说中有许多单词、短语以及对话是迷惑的、重复的、怀疑的和矛盾的。

贯穿全文的“第二十二条军规”总是束缚着那些小人物，像一张网把他们困在其中，成为资本主义制度下军规管辖和捉弄士兵的法宝。

本文主要通过主题的深化、人物的塑造、结构的安排以及语言的运用方面分析了《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默。

总而言之，《第二十二条军规》是黑色幽默作品中最重要的一部。

本文旨在帮助读者更好的理解《第二十二条军规》这部小说。

【关键词】黑色幽默; 悖论; 第二十二条军规; 荒谬
The Black Humor in Catch-22
1. Introduction
Catch-22, published in 1961, because its powerful flogging to the war, the capitalist free enterprise competition and the American decadent way of life, making Joseph Heller became a well-known writer of literary. Catch-22is a farce full of irony and black humor.
Black humor as an artistic technique most commonly appear in two types of literary form: the antiwar-novel and the theater of the absurd. This means of artistic sometimes is considered morbid (sick), because it contains an alternative and critical attitude of its own to modern society. As many of his contemporary novels of the United States after World War, Catch-22 was born in a particular period of history, the cold war between the superpowers has prompted by the optimism accompanied the post-World War II economic prosperity lost. An absurd feeling of life rooted in the living circumstances of ordinary people. The destruction of rational normal order has almost become a common phenomenon in society. In the 1950s, American life has been fundamentally polluted and destructed the hysteria McCarthy by anti-communist, on this point in Chapter 21 of the Catch-22, it has related to this. United States civil rights movement and the Vietnam War have further exacerbated the turbulent situation, moreover, more and more people began to doubt everything and lose faith to everything.
In addition, due to the development and breakthroughs of new science and technology, it gives the people a sense of gaining in strength. But it deprives the last mysterious of the life itself, and makes more and more people alienate from human nature. All of these have fundamentally shaken the firm belief of the people to God and the universe, people no longer looking for spiritual solace from Christianity. Catch-22was born in this special context: God and Christianity increasingly lost cornerstone function which in the past been widely recognized and play the role of the moral and spirit. Therefore, it is an absurd fiction on irrational theme.
2. Literature Review
Catch-22not only takes a household name in the United States but also its inception has a vast audience in the world. Critics concern Catch-22 mainly in three aspects: artistic techniques, characters and themes. Among them, the black humor of the novel, the anti-hero and absurd theme in the novel are repeated, excavated, and novel structure and language features are also involved.
In 1961, Catch-22 has been published lead to a sensation in the literary world. Literature in foreign countries, Catch-22 is too numerous to count, there is some authen tic works, such as Robert Merrill’s Joseph Heller in 1987, David Seed’s The Fiction of Joseph Heller: Against the Grain in 1989, Sanford Pinsker’s Understanding Joseph Heller in 1991.
In China, Li Junsheng (2011) gave interpretation of the black humor and symbolism of Catch-22through to analysis the characters in the novel. Zhang Ling (2010) from the perspective of textual analysis discussed the generation mechanism of black humor. Zhang Hao (2007), based on the examples of a lot of black humor in the text language, from paradox, parallel antithesis, repetition, mutatis mutandis, and the juxtaposition of rhetorical level, revealed the author’s means of using black humor to deepen the irrational theme of the novel and pointed out that the language features of black humor is surreal characterization of its showing of the irrational world. Jin Haiyun (2005) made an interpretation of hero Yossarian from the point of view of the anti-hero. Gao Yu (2006), through description and depiction of various characters sketched all living creatures of contemporary American society. Xiang Lin (2001) elaborated Catch-22’s writing style. The content of the novel also produced a number of reviews from innovative angle; such as Huang Wenjing (2008) based on the novel content came up with "Catch 22" was not symbol of eternal ultra-words, not "Heller’s myth ", and was just a uncertain metaphor of, no certainty. Wu Xiaoyun, Xiong Wanqiong (2008) summed up the narrative technique of Joseph Heller’s Catch-22. In addition to these, there are many analysis works from a new perspective.
Yang Hong (2007) gave an interpretation of the alienation of the characters in
Catch-22; put forward the most important theme of the novel: the alienation of the soul reflects the absurdity of the social reality. Zhang Nana (2008) revealed the conversational implicate in the Catch-22and proposed to apply the pragmatics session meaning theory to the novel analysis. Liu Yujuan (2009) from the art described the features of the "black humor", the novel uses exactly scattered form that same with the performance of the absurd content, put the fragment of the real plot and a lot of ridiculous plot blend together which shows disordered logical and complex content. From the point of view of the human spirit, Xiang Shimin (2000) analyzed the works of black humor, affirmed the value of the Catch-22. Peng Peng (2010) analyzed the military’s internal conflicts embodied in Catch-22. Zhang Wen (2007), according to the basic strategy of deconstruction philosophy, deconstructed the Catch-22.
Du Huiying (2008), praised Joseph Heller through superb character shape, wonderful irony, incredible paradox and absurdity of the creative, successfully blend the humor and horror, comedy and tragedy, thus revealing the ruthless and cruel of the war. Cha Ming (2011) brought forward that the most outstanding artistic attainments was achieve "black humor" this modern aesthetic form, which showed the language features of black humor literature.
Although the book was published nearly 50 years of history, but this work is still has a big space to study. Whether it is based on the current form of research or my own expectations, I believe, as a typical representative work of black humor, the research of Catch-22 will be more and more systems, in-depth, and innovative.
3. Understanding and Definition of Black Humor in Catch-22
Unlike traditional humor, black humor is a special kind of humor; it is desperate, crazy, deep and cynical humor, which is an important characteristic of "black humor". "Black" is opposed to the light and joy, is in pathological features an ideological and emotional aspect, which is gloomy and depressed, is despair, sorrow and pain, and is an objective reality. However, "humor" is a satire and to ridicule the objective reality. It reflects the emotions of spicy, grief, anger and cynicism when the morbid mood
combined with traditional humor. The so-called "black humor" refers to the kind of "sick and absurd humor" in "seeking pleasure from cruel". "Black humor" is a literary form that uses comedy form to express the tragedy content. It is a comedy tied together with pain and laughter, cruel and tenderness, facts and absurd. Therefore, it is also known as "black comedy", "desperate comedy", "humor under gallows" and "humor faced with imminent disaster".
The main features of the "black humor" in the create tendency is that find humor from the "black" (dark), and use humor to deal with the "black". The former refers to the writer's view of the world and the content of the work, and the latter refers to the writer's attitudes of conduct themselves in society and creative attitude. In other words, the writer of "black humor" hold that universe, society and life are not only ridiculous, ugly, cold and dark, but also grotesquerie, mysterious and hard to guess. So, everyone is living in an absurd, morbid situation, and this situation is closely linked to the suffering, anxiety and death. In order to highlight describe the absurdity of the People around the world and social oppression to the individual, they use a magnifying glass and distorting mirror to make the absurdity and oppression be enlarged, twisted, distorted, which makes the absurdity and oppression become more absurd, ridiculous, and more abnormal unreasonable, ugly and hateful. But it also pinned the mood of pessimism and suffering that they have no alternative. Therefore, some people said that "black humor" is a literary form in desperate conditions to use comedy to perform the tragedy content, it is reasonable. In short, we can completely look it as a "desperate humor".
4.Joseph Heller and Catch-22
Joseph Heller
Joseph Heller (1923-1999), the representative of American black humor and absurd writer, was born in Brooklyn, New York City, a Russian-Jewish family. During World War II, he served as an Air Force lieutenant. After the war he studied in the college, and graduated from New York University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1948. After graduated from Columbia University with Bachelor of Arts degree in
1949, Heller got the Fulbright Research Fund and went to the University of Oxford in England for a year of advanced studies. From 1950 to 1952, Heller taught at the Pennsylvania State University and other schools. Since then he left school to work in "Time" and "Outlook" magazine editorial office. In 1961, his long novel Catch-22 was come out and got the fame, and that year Heller gave up his duties, and worked specialized in writing.
In addition to the Catch-22, Heller had published two novels: Something Happened (1974) and Good as Gold (1979). The former through describing the daily life of the American middle class managers to reflect their anguish, loss of the spiritual world; the latter with a witty and sarcastic stroke painted a caricature of American politics and social life by the life experiences of a Jewish intellectual who attempted to get involved in officialdom. Heller had ever written the script; such as We Bombed in New Haven, etc, but had little impact.
Heller's novel is based on the real life. It was reflecting some aspects of American life with a certain degree of understanding and aesthetic value through the distorting mirror and the magnifying glass of art. Of course, his work has some common mistakes of black humor literature, such as showing the helpless feeling to social reality.
Catch-22
Catch-22’s Writing Background
Catch-22 was created in the 1960s, after World War II, various American social conflicts intensified, people began to feel uneasy and disappointed to present situation, "McCarthyism" made people doubt the capitalism that they always believed, especially after they witnessed the brutality of war and bloody, people were forced to face a world that traditional concepts and value concepts were lost and people began to doubt and deny their own traditional values, and anxiously to the existence of their own. At the same time, they felt the absurdity in the everywhere of materialism society. The special background made the "black humor" come into being. People were eager to find spiritual relief from the literature of humor and satire. Black
humorists had influenced by existentialism and anti-novel, and they have carried out a bold innovation from either the subject or writing skills, and have depicted an ironically world by absurdity.
The writer of this genre had focused on the description of the absurdity of the world around the characters, the social oppression to individual and alienation of human nature. They use magnifying glass and distorting mirror of art to put the absurd and oppression in this life as well as alienation of human nature to be amplified, distorted, and thus made that more absurd and hideous abomination And also pinned their own dissatisfaction and resistance to social reality. Joseph Heller was the representative of the writer of black humor literature in the United States, his novel Catch-22was created out under this social background. "Catch" was a pun, refers to both "require" and the "trap", it had no written basis, but existed everywhere, while people could not get rid of. Catch 22 was always bound the little people to make them into a state of alienation and unable to extricate themselves, like a faint network that both all-inclusive and unpredictable. It became a magic weapon of officers to govern and made fun of soldiers under the capitalist system.
Catch-22’s Synopsis
During World War II, a flying brigade in the United States stationed on the island of the "Pianosa” in the Mediterranean. This was a strange "world". The brigade commander Colonel Cathcart wanted to be a general which was his only goal and in order to achieve his own purpose; he did everything possible to win the hearts and minds of his superiors. He increased the bombing mission to soldiers at will again and again, intended to use the soldiers’ life barter for his own promotion. In addition, there were two "outstanding" figures in this army. One was seriousness and ambitious Scheisskopf lieutenant, who graduated from the Reserve Officers Training Corps. He was quite pleased to the World War broke out, because the war gave him the opportunity to put on the officer's uniform every day, and shout password with a crisp, majestic voice to the young man who were going to die. While, there was no opportunity to he himself on the front lines because of poor eyesight and fistula disease. In order to pleased superiors and fine to his future, he was crazy to
concentrate on training his own squadron to seek to win in the Review. Due to his development of th e queue that did not need to wave soldiers’ hands, he was known as the "well-deserved reputation of military genius", from then on, he had the rapidly rise in the ranks, and finally became a lieutenant commander. Another was canteen administrator Milo; he looked like "honest", but good at making money. He made the aggressive pursuit of speculation by the name of food procurement, and built multinational company. He used a large number of aircraft smuggling, and even employed enemy aircraft to transport for company, contracted for defending the bridge to the enemy, and so on. He was actually become an internationally renowned figures and to be mayors of many cities in Europe and the lieutenant governor of Malta.
Book master Yossarian even lived in this bizarre world that rotated around the war. He was the captain of the flight brigade belongs to a squadron bombardiers. He was full of enthusiasm to save the justice into the war, and was promoted to captain because of military exploits. Gradually, however, after he witnessed the entire false, absurd, crazy and cruel phenomenon in the conflicts with dangerous surroundings, he came to understand that he was deceived. He changed serious and sincere to cynicism, disgust to war from the love of war. He did not want to get a higher level, did not want a meaningless sacrifice, and his only hope was to go home alive. Seeing companions batch after batch of the dead, he felt very scared, and he was afraid that people around him would against him, and would kill him. He repeatedly told that each of them wanted to kill him. He eagered to keep his life, and determined to escape from this "world". Therefore, he pretended to be sick and wanted to spend the rest of the war years in the hospital, but was unable to do so. According to Catch 22, only could the madman be allowed to exempt from the flight, but must make an application by himself; and also required that people who realized the danger and handed in fly-free application was a clear-headed, so he should continue to perform flight tasks. Catch 22 also stated that the number of pilots flying over the previous provisions by higher level would be able to return home, but it also said that, you had to obey orders absolutely, or to be not allowed to return home. So, the superior could continue to add
the number of flights to the pilots, and pilots should not defy. So this was rapidly, and endless. Finally, Yossarian understood that the Catch 22 turned out to be a hoax, a trap, and an insurmountable obstacle. This world was full ruled by the Catch 22, like a dragnet that you could not get rid of. He believed that the people of the world were taking advantage of the so-called "act of justice" for their own hook or by crook. At last, he had to find chance to flee to Sweden.
5. Black Humor Embodied in the Catch-22
Black Humor in the Novel's Theme
Catch-22 from content to form focuses on embodied a theme: the absurdity of war and its bureaucratic machine, crazy and unreasonable; and through symbol of "Catch 22", created a both based on reality and over the reality of realm of art, which expresses confusion of Western to the human condition.
Although in the novel, the author rejected the traditional realism creative approach, so that the whole work had not a complete plot development clues, and there were no outstanding characters, and full of confusing, noisy, crazy atmosphere, but what Heller emphasized was a "serious and absurd". Catch-22’s central theme by writing the absurdity and madness of the war and military bureaucracy revealed the prevalence of absurdity and confusion of contemporary American society and even the whole Western society. Heller in 1962 in response to reporters' questions acknowledged that the main content of the novel was to write "the world's chaos and madness", the entire barracks were filled with chaos, fear. Soldiers feared the death, because death was alonged them with every flight. To die or not to die, that was the issue to be considered. Due to the fear of death and psychological pressure was too great, everyone seemed to have become madman, become frantic.
The pilot Hungry Joe feared an increase in the number of flight, nightmares night after night, and last “died" in a dream. Made came to the troops first time and died in an air combat. However, because no report to the squadron office, his die would not be officially recognized, what’ more, they thought he was still "alive". And Doc Daneeka was planning to take a plane (but in fact did not go) out of the accident, his
name appeared in the list of victims, the official asserted that he "died", therefore they published an obituary, and sent his wife pension gold. But no matter how he explained the Crown did not admit that he was still alive. The dead as the living, the living as dead, it completely lost mind, and showed confusion in the army (social) to what extent.
Black Humor in Characterization
Catch-22includes many people, and events are complex, plots are messy. Joseph Heller has shaped the character of a group people full of anger, clamor ridiculous, but after ridiculous it let us desolation, be up a stump.
As we all know, the central figure of the novel is bombardier Yossarisn. Yossarisn in the eyes of most readers is a victim of "Catch 22", a victim of the absurd world. Just joined the army, Yossarisn was a patriot full of justice. But when he realized the absurd of the Catch 22 and could not get rid of, he felt lonely in pain that everyone was drunk and I alone sober. He became very rebellious, crazy, and he began to hate war, and survival was his only goal in life. With the dramatic increase of the mission and the number of deaths, Yossarisn felt in despair that the honor, dignity and justice he had always believed was a victim of great expectations in the eyes of the higher level. In his view, "Catch 22" in people’s doubly faith was an out-and-out of the trap, a pitfall, and it gave people believe in hope, but let people disillusioned. It used contradictory language to make fun of people, to laugh at people, so that people were willing to sacrifice their lives for the ruling class. Wars were no longer his hero road, but on the verge of the road to death. Where there is oppression, there is resistance. After he realized that he was just a victim of rising high of someone else, Yossarian pretended to be sick to hide in the hospital most of the time, because he found that it was a good refuge. His naked acceptance of the medal to the later refused to accept the task and such series movements madness made he become an out-and-out "anti-hero" character in everybody's eyes. Unable to resist the tyrannical military regulations, what he could do just negative and downcast, and desperate to flee.
On the contrary to the "anti-hero" people Yossarian, Orr is a "hidden" anti-hero. From other’s eyes, it seemed that he was as crazy as Yossarian, because Yossarian was crazy to want to escape from the war, but Orr was actively in hostilities without any complaint. Seemingly insignificant Orr was successful to flee the "hell" to complete the process of "anti-hero” by great wisdom that often appears slow-witted. As a roommate of Yossarian, Yossarian witnessed the weird behavior of Orr. Orr daily chewed crab apples because of boring, he took apart and repaired electrical equipment in the bedroom, and the maintenance man of genius Orr was always able to fix. Orr was hit by enemy each execution of the mission, but every time he could let the aircraft under control floating in the sea, and survived. The seemingly absurd unreasonable man seems lucky. Orr's plane was hit in the last flight, and never to return. People all thought that he was dead, but when Yossarian got to know that Orr did not die, but plan to Sweden (neutral), clever Orr gave despaired Yossarian a trace of live hope. Orr's wisdom can not help but admire, besides, what he had done seemingly meaningless, but in fact significant.
Another typical character Heller tried to portray is Milo; he was a typical representative of the Western capitalist society, money and power. He took the place, but did not do the duty. Milo used all of available resources, even if it was harmful to the safety of his comrades and even national interests, he was not to hesitate to, to grab the wealth continue. Under the banner in the name of the collective interest, he took the parachutes and drugs which used to save the lives of soldiers diverted to other uses, and engaged in speculation. In order to chase the interests, he frenzied signed a treaty with the German bombing of their own barracks. He was a humble soldier, but got the fame, status and wealth that many people dream of through the war. The design of the aircraft he was driving is sarcasm for him and the ruling class, the body says the words "courage, justice, freedom and patriotism". As the ruling class they took the financial as whole life, deprived the life and freedom of soldiers, and put the war as a stepping stone for their personal power and money. The ruling class and the ruled class, one positive one evil, one black and one white, form a strong sense of irony. Let the people in derision, and at the same time, can not help signing with the
feeling of the darkness of society. Similar black humor characters be great in number, each character with a different degree of ridicule scenes.
Black Humor in Novel Structure
Catch-22 not in accordance with the novel structure of the conventional mode "beginning, development, climax, ending" develop narrate, but use small plots and several small stories to scrape together. The text does not have a complete story. The whole novel consists of 42 chapters, there is no obvious logical relationship and inter-relate between the 42 chapters. Seemingly they are independent; and there is no connection factors between the each chapter also can not see the cause and effect relationship. Moreover, there are many characters in the novel, and not the main story, thus it likely to create a feeling of confusion.
Because the author attempted to show madness and absurdity of the whole world in the Pianosa Island, and in the narrative structure of the novel, he was also trying to give confusion, fragmented feeling, however, only scattered structure could reflect the crazy and absurd of the outside world, and inner world of senseless characters. In fact, these seemingly independent, debris-like chapters were not haphazard, but established ties with a series clues through the full text, and this line was Catch 22. It is not a provision, but existed everywhere; no one knew what it was in the end, but felt its presence all the time. It was like a mysterious force, hero Yossarian and his comrades always were bounded by the power of ubiquitous. It was a trap, no matter how hard you can not escape from this trap. This army regulation like a line, took the scattered fragments into a string, form a whole. And the fragmented narrative structure made the book like a chaotic collage, which were stringed as a whole by Catch 22. This seemingly scattered structure allows us understand profoundly that absurd world in Heller's novel. Heller used scattered debris to show the real world. Therefore, we could see from Catch-22that how Heller to show to the people by fragmented structure of this art form of black humor.
Black Humor in Language Use
Looking at the use of language in the novel, it is not difficult for readers to
find that "sophistry dialogue" can be seen everywhere, where the truth is said to be wrong in purpose, and the error is said to be the sophistry of truth. In Chapter 36, the Colonel spent brains to chaplain with coercion in an attempt to make chaplain admit that he was the official helpless mysterious "Washington·Irving" or "Irving· Washington".
"You can read, though, can't you?" The colonel persevered sarcastically. "The author signed his name."
"That's my name there."
"Then you wrote it. ."
"But I didn't write it. That isn't my handwriting, either."
"Then you signed your name in somebody else's handwriting again," the colonel retorted with a shrug. "That's all that means."
"Oh, this is ridiculous!" The chaplain shouted, suddenly losing all patience. He jumped to his feet in a blazing fury, both fists clenched. [2]
According to Hegel's view, the word "sophistry" usually means that in any way, with false based on, or a real reason was made negative, confused shaken; or a false sense became very appealing, and seemed to really like a truth. Here the sophistry Colonel attempted to use "disguised replacement of concept" trick, and put the two independent real propositions bond to each other out of context, to achieve stealing change of the concept, and unconsciously distorted the facts before you know.
Repeat humor is a kind of release and freedom. Black humor often inspires a special kind of laughter, and behind the laughter is irony, despair, weird and surreal. The connotation of black humor is often sordid present world and its true state. Due to the black humor is always trying to trigger jokes, so witty humor is often used many times. Overall, appreciate this humorous effect should be good at discovering something of novel figures, such as various manifestations of speech, behavior, characters’ self-contradictory, inconsistent. However, the language odds to be achieved with repeatedly appearance of some opposition words. In "Catch-22", the hero Yossarian, during the hospitalization period, when the priest asked him how it feels, however, he was wrong to take the priest as a doctor, then had the following。