新概念英语第三册笔记 第21课

Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza 丹尼尔.门多萨
New words and expression 生词和短语
Boxing n.拳击
box v 拳击
match （有输赢结果的）比赛game （有规则的）比赛the Olympic games
contest （有评委评出结果的）比赛 a beauty contest 选美大赛English speech contest
competition 竞赛，竞争competition for job 工作竞争
race （与速度有关的）比赛 a boat race a swimming race
tournament （一系列的比赛）联赛，大型锦标赛
WWE:World Wrestling Entertainment [‘reslɪŋ]
UFC Ultimate Fighting Championship 终极格斗冠军赛自由搏击
Boxer n.拳击手
Bare adj.赤裸的，光秃的（= uncovered adj.无盖的）（某个部位）（多指身体没有衣服覆盖的，也指土地荒芜的或树木没有叶子的）
Fisted adj.握成拳头的bare mountain 光秃秃的山
bare fist = bare fisted adj.赤手空拳的adv.赤手空拳地
bare foot = barefooted adj.光着脚的adv.未戴帽地
barehanded（adj.赤手空拳的）barelegged（adj.露腿的adv.光着腿的）
bare-necked（adj.露出脖子的）bareheaded（adj.不戴帽子的）
naked adj.全裸, 赤裸的, 裸体的（指人没有穿衣服的，也指动物尚未长出皮毛或羽毛的。

）
-- He's walking in bare feet. 他光着双脚走路。

-- He is naked. = he has nothing no 他什么也没穿。

Nude （指人体全裸的，尤用于形容模特儿，比naked 委婉）
adj.裸体的, 光秃秃的n.裸体画, 裸体, 裸体雕像-- Nudes are art. 裸体画是一种艺术。

nudity [‘nju:dəti] n.裸体;裸露Are you ok with full-frontal nudity full nudity 全裸
prizefighter n.职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）
crude adj.粗野的（人或行为方式) 冒犯的，粗俗的，粗鲁的（尤其有关性的））
be crude to somebody -- He is crude to the girl. crude jokes/language/manners
Rude adj.粗鲁的, 无礼的（比crude的语气要弱）rough 粗糙的
2、粗略的；简略的；大概的In crude terms , the causes of mental illness seem to be of three main kinds.
3、物体或艺术品) 粗糙的；粗制的（指制作水平不高、细节欠雕琢打磨的。

）He can only provide a crude drawing of the thief's face.
4、（油和其他自然物质) 天然的；自然的（主要指石油、橡胶等未经化学加工、尚处于自然状态的，只作定语）Gasoline is made from crude oil crude rubber a crude fact 赤裸裸的事实，事实真相
副词：crudely
名词：crudeness
Marquis n.侯爵
duke 公爵earl 伯爵viscount 子爵baron 男爵
Technically adv.严格根据….地= strictly（技术上;学术上;专业上;严格说来）严格限定到某方面来说
1、根据确切意义地；严格按照事实地Technically (speaking) , the two countries are still at war
2、在专业上；学术上Technically (speaking)==strictly speaking , a tomato is a stems not a fruit.
3、在技术上；在技能上；在工艺上 a technically advanced society
literally
1、按字面；字面上If you tell a person to 'step on it' or 'throw on your coat,' they may take you literally
2、（强调事实可能令人惊讶）真正地，确实地（不加夸张地）There are literally hundreds of prizes to win.
3、（加强即使字面意义并不真实的词语）简直I literally jumped out of my skin 吓了一大跳
Science n.科学scientist scientific
conscience [‘kɒnʃəns] 良心
conscious [‘kɒnʃəs] 有意识的，神志清醒的; unconscious 失去知觉的，无意识的;无意的，subconscious adj. 潜意识的;下意识的
Popularity n.名望（n.普及, 流行, 声望）
in popularity 受欢迎的
-- Instant foods are getting in popularity. Instant adj.立即的, 即时的, (食品)速溶的, 方便的
-- enjoy great popularity 享有盛名gain / ruin / lose / build up enjoy==possess, have 享有
Popular adj.通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的
-- Be popular with sb 受某人喜爱
-- The famous actor is popular with young people.
Fame n.名声, 名望, 传说famous adj.著名的, 出名的
Reputation n.声誉, 名誉, 名声
adore v.崇拜, 爱戴（= worship vi.敬神, 拜神vt.崇拜,尊敬）
-- More and more people adore the famous actress.
adorable 讨人喜爱的，可爱的
admire 钦佩，崇拜，欣赏，羡慕admire sb for sth 钦佩admire the view 欣赏
alike adv.一样地
= similarly adv.同样地, 类似于
= equally adv.同样地, 相等地, 平等地
= as well 也, 又, 同样
= in the same way adv.同样地
I learned a lot from teachers and students alike we think alike the sun shines all alike
2、adj相似的，相同的（一般做表语）
their opinion are very alike the two brothers look very much alike look alike be alike
likely 什么意思？可能的be likely to do….很有可能
Fame n.名声（famous的名词）一般是褒义的
come to fame==win fame 成名gain / ruin / lose / build up
he devoted all his life to Maths and won a great fame for our country.
rather than love, than money, than faith, than fame, than fairness, give me the truth. 信仰，名誉，公平reputation 名声，名望（中性词）
live up to one’s reputation 名不虚传，不负众望
have a good/ bad/ high reputation for/ as…jew hunter
Eminent adj.著名的，杰出的
= distinguished adj.卓越的；杰出的；超群的；出众的；著名的
-- eminent scientist / eminent physicist（n.物理学家）
名词：eminence 显赫
bitterly adv.厉害地（苦苦地、强烈地）
-- It is blowing bitterly.
Bitter adj.苦的, 辛酸的, 刺骨的-- During cold winter, it is really bitter. / bitter fruit 苦果bitter sweet
五种味道：sour酸vinegar醋sweet甜sugar糖bitter hot辣pepper辣椒;胡椒chilli 红辣椒salty咸
bet v.打赌vi&vt
bet on something 以…打赌-- The public bet on Tom. 公众把赌注押在汤姆的身上。

bet money on sth with sb
bet somebody that 和某人打赌-- I bet her I would win the march.
bet sb/sth on sth I bet 10 yuan on that horse I bet that he won’t come back.
bet one's bottom dollar on…孤注一掷在…上-- He bet his bottom dollar on his last attempt.
bet on the wrong horse [口]判断或估计错误
I bet. 我打赌, 我肯定。

You bet. [俗]当然, 真的, 的确（你说的太对了！）（= certainly）
n. 打赌，赌注（“我打赌”引申出猜测）
make a bet with sb you wanna make a bet?
take(accept) a bet 同意，接受别人的赌注win/lose a bet with/against sb 和某人打赌赌赢/输
that horse looks like a good bet 值得下注my bet is that he won’t come back
Academy n.专业学校（专科学校；（艺术、文学、科学等某一领域的）研究院，学会学院）
a police/military academy The Academy Awards，简称学院奖the Oscars The 91th Academy Awards
the Royal Academy of Arts 皇家艺术学会The Chinese Academy of Science 中科院
institution n. 研究所，理工学院MIT the Massachusetts Institution of Technology
colloge （规模较小的）院校university （综合性）院校
在英国英语和北美英语中，college均指中学后的教育机构。

在英国，college提供高等或专职教育。

在美国，college开设初级学位课程。

university除开设初级学位课程外还有更高学位的课程。

school （高等院校的）学院the law school 法学院the medical school 医学院
Extravagant [ɪk’strævəgənt] adj.浪费的，奢移的（wasteful adj.浪费的, 不经济的）
-- extravagant habit 反义词：thrifty, frugal [‘fru:gl], economical
he was so extravagant that he was always in debt 经常负债
be extravagant with sth 浪费什么东西用with don’t be extravagant with water.
名词extravagance [ɪk’strævəgəns]
luxurious 奢侈的，奢华的luxury 奢侈奢华lux 力士live a luxurious life==live a life of luxury luxuriant 生长茂密的（植物或头发）茂盛的；浓密的
poverty n.贫困（in poverty 在贫困中）below the poverty line 低于贫困线
live in poverty 生活贫困die in poverty 在穷困潦倒中死去fall/sink into poverty 陷入贫困
a poverty of imagination 缺乏想象力，注意活用
destitution n.赤贫（穷得一无所有）[‘destɪ'tju:ʃn]
penury n.拮据, 贫穷, 穷困[‘penjəri]
poverty compelled him to sell his house, clothes and all that. 迫使
几个句子：
his fame was bought at the cost/expense of his health and happiness
it is clear that the electric car is technically possible
she has always been desirous of fame [dɪ’zaɪərəs] <正>渴望…的，想得到…的
unsuccessful adj.不成功的, 失败的champion n.冠军, 战士
injure vt.损害, 伤害v.伤害injured adj.受伤的,受损害的
figure n.人物, 尤其是著名人物glove n.手套vt.戴手套
draw vt., vi.(drew, drawn, drawing)拉, 拖, 绘制
swift adj.迅速的, 敏捷的adv.迅速地, 敏捷地
swiftly adv.很快地, 即刻settled adj.确立的, 定下的, 决定的
quarrel vi.吵架, 争论, 挑剔argument n.争论, 辩论
finally adv.最後, 最终ring n.拳击场
later adj.更迟的,更后的adv.稍后,随后
lose vi. 失败, 受损失debt n.债；债务
Text 课文
How many unsuccessful attempts did Mendoza make before becoming Champion of all England? Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago.
be popular = be in popularity
In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.
in those day==at that time
in one’s young days in one’s old days
fought with bare fists 赤手空拳的打斗with在这里可以换成by
fight 1、作战、斗争fight against 2、奋斗fight for==struggle for
Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'.
due to this; owing to this; thanks to（幸亏，由于）; on account of this（一般只用于书面语）
as a result of this.
be known as（状态）== come to be known to sb as sth（变化，动作，过程）被人称作
However, boxing was very crude, for these were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.
for连词，引导原因状语从句
injure 受外伤（比hurt 正式，主要指在意外事故中受伤）
wound 刀剑刺伤，也可指使人在精神上受到伤害
hurt 指肉体上受到伤害时，其程度弱于injure 和wound；也可指精神、感情方面受到伤害harm 对…有害，伤害（用于人、动物或环境，也可用于名誉或形象，程度较轻。

）
kill time 消磨时间==chew the fat you are killing me! 你笑死我了！road-killer 马路杀手
One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza, who was born in
1764.
One of the most colourful figures = one of the most famous people legendary figure 传奇人物
figure n.人物;数字;身材;算术vt.计算在内;估计;推测;认为
(绘画作品中的)人物;雕像;塑像；知名人士;重要人物（公共人物）； (某种)人物，形象；体形;身材
The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860, when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up
the first set of rules.
高阶英语的两个方向：the use of sth 名词化was not introduced 使用被动
gloves 五指分开的手套mitten 四指合并的手套
Introduce（vt.传入, 引进）into/ from= bring in（介绍引进）
-- Potatoes were introduced into Europe from South America.
when引导非限制性定语从句
in 1860, Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules and the use of gloves was introduced
注意和原文对比，not…until…对于因果关系的准确抓取，原文结果在前，此句原因在前。

阅读理解
the computer was not bought until 2010 when I earned a lot of money.
draw up vt.制定、起草（-- draw up a plan）
draw up a contract 起草一份合同draw up a declaration 宣言draw up a list of candidates 候选人名单
a set of rules 一套规格 a set of 一套;一组;（成套事物的量词）（类似的东西或配套使用的东西）
a set of six chairs 类似的 a set of Harry Potter novels 类似的 a chess set 配套a set of furniture 配套
Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting
into a sport, for he brought science to the game.
tough引导让步状语从句
注意整个句子的句式，在作文写作时，是否支持某种观点，或者是阅读理解中抓作者的观点。

tough虽然（前提）….（逗号）但是（想表达的观点）….（逗号）因为（for的原因状从）….
注意但是没有but，因为整体是though的让步状语从句
tough it is found that computers can simplify students’ study, whether they will replace teachers is very unlikely, for computer are just a teaching tool.
do much to （做很多事情）为….有很大的贡献
God does not do much to determine the outcome of my life
we should do much to protect our health
do little to 几乎没做；几乎不造成影响
his arrival did little to solve the problem
make a great/ an outstanding contribution to/towards 对什么…做出很大贡献
change… into…1、使变成2、换衣服change desert into farmland change into his overalls bring…to…引入，带入bring sb to fame 成功bring sb to one’s attention 引起某人的注意
In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.
In his day = in his full time = in his good day 在他的全盛时期
enjoy 享有==possess==have for it enjoyed a high level of civilization
He was adored by rich and poor alike.
= He was not only adored by the rich but adored by the poor as well.==both A and B.
Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old.
rise to fame = become famous 一举成名win fame 赢得名声come to fame 名声鹊起fame and fortune名利rise to the top of one’s profession
This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in
England.
attract somebody's attention = attract the attention of somebody
draw/ occupy/ capture/ win/ arrest/ come to one’s attention
He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn.
pupil只用于英国英语，学生；（尤指）小学生。

并已开始过时。

现在，尤其是教师和教育工作者，较常用student，多指较大的学生。

be quick to learn
be slow to learn
fast既是形容词，也是副词。

quick是形容词，它的副词形式是quickly。

1）fast表示物体的运动速度很快，强调的是“速度”。

比如：一辆汽车在快速行驶；一个人在快速奔跑。

在此时，我们不能使用quick来表达。

It is a fast train. 它是一辆速度很快的火车。

（强调的是“速度快”）
You walk very fast. 你走的很快。

（强调的是“速度快”）
She loves fast cars. 她喜欢时速很快的车。

（强调的是“速度快”）
2）quick，quickly表示动作需要在很短的时间内，甚至是比计划时间更短的时间内，快速完成。

也就是说，quick强调的是“时间”，因为时间来不及了，所以动作要以“比正常快的速度”来完成（有一种被催促的感觉在里面）。

We need to have a quick chat before the meeting .在之前，我们需要抓紧时间聊一下。

（强调的是“时间紧迫”）We just need a quick answer .（强调的是“短时间内给出回答”）(Not: We just need a fast answer.)
In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him.
turn against… 1、变得对…不满（轻）2、变成和...敌对，背叛（有一个变化的过程，turn）（重）
turn against one’s motherland turn against one’s old friends. turn against one’s principles
The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by
a fight.
quarrel n 口角；争吵；拌嘴v 争吵；吵嘴；吵架quarrel with sb about/over sth
bitter（adv.非常, 剧烈, 厉害）= Severely（adv.严格地, 激烈地）
settle 1、结束纷争end argument 结束（争论、争端等）；解决（分歧、纠纷等）
2、决定；安排decide/arrange （最终）决定，确定，安排好It's all settled
3、选择永久住地（通常不接具体的住所）[V + adv./prep.] 定居settle in this country/city
A match was held at Stilton, where both men fought for an hour.
The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated.
Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time.
meet 遇见，这里翻译为作战，交手，较量
versus （介词）对抗;（表示两队或双方对阵）对；与…相对;与…相比（非体育运动时，如概念，行为）in the case of the State versus Ford在州政府诉福特公司的案件中
It is France versus Brazil in the final. 决赛是法国队对巴西队
on a later occasion 还有一次
on one occasion 有一次on this occasion 这一次on several occasions 有几回
on occasion==from time to time 偶尔，时不时的
he lost for a second time = he lost again
It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became
Champion of England.
It is/was not until 先说因再说果，上文手套是先说果在说因，只是这里结合了强调句
the computer was not bought until 2010 when I earned a lot of money.
it was not until I earned a lot of money in 2010 that I finally bought the computer.
强调句：1、it is/was…that/who…是对that/who之后句子中的某一成分表示强调，把他们去掉，句子完整。

2、如果被强调部分是原因，只能用because，不能用其他表示原因的连词。

it was because the water had risen that they could not cross the river.
3、not until强调句型的变化
it is not until+时间+that….==not until+时间+组动词+主语（部分倒装）
it was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor.
not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor.
4、that做宾语时，可以省略it was a new dictionary father bought me. was it her you talked about.
5、如果是特殊疑问句，则为“特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that…结构”表示“究竟…到底….”
…..? why is it that…..?
champion 冠军runner-up 亚军3rd-place 季军gold/ silver/ bronze medal
Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his
pupils.
found 创办，成立，建立
fund基金；专款foundation n. 地基；基础；基金（会）；粉底。

highly （多用于抽象的概念）think highly of sb a highly skilled worker a highly developed society
high （多用于具体的概念）fly high aim high climb high
He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as $100 for a single appearance.
as much as 多达
single 1、[only before noun] 仅有一个的；单一的；单个的2、单身的;未婚的3、供一个人使用单人的single有加强语气的作用，I can’t see a single soul in the whole building I miss you every single day.
I agree with every single word you’ve just said.
Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt.
be in debt 欠债, 负债
owe sb sth 欠某人某物owe sth to sb 欠某人某物；把…归功于
After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten.
He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836.
Multiple choice questions 多项选择
1...D grasp vt.抓住, 掌握, 领会n.抓住, 掌握, 领会
establish vt.建立, 设立, 确定, 证实
2...D in favor of adv.赞同, 有利于
3...C apart from 除什么之外还有supplement vt.补足, 补充
4...A
5...A
6...B
7...B owe people money = owe money to people
8...B vivid adj.生动的, 鲜明的, 鲜艳的, 活泼的, 逼真的
personality n.个性, 人格, 人物, 名人
character n.特性, 性质, 特征, 人物
image n.图象, 肖像, 偶像
imaginative adj.想象的, 虚构的adj.富于想象的, 有想象力的
9...C
exceptionally（adj.例外的, 异常的） unusually（adv.显著地, 不同寻常的）
-- An exceptionally beautiful girl.
marvelously（adj.不可思议的, 非凡的）= wonderfully（adv.奇妙的, 奇异的）
singly [‘sɪŋgli]adv.单独的unequally adv.不相等地, 不公平地, 独一无二的
10...A rise vi.n.
11...A jealous adj.妒忌的, 猜疑的, 警惕的, 嫉妒的
disinterested [dɪs’ɪntrəstɪd] adj.无私心的, 廉洁的, 公正的adj.[美口]不关心的, 不感兴趣的
revolt [rɪ’vəʊlt] v.反抗, 起义, 反叛
revolted adj.起来反抗的, 起义的, 厌恶的
12...D
beat = defeat conquer vt.征服, 战胜, 占领, 克服gain vt.vi.赢得, 获得win v.赢得（比赛）。