新世纪大学英语Iunit7教案

Electronic Teaching Portfolio
Book One
Unit Seven: Interpersonal Relationship
Part I Get Started
Section A Discussion
▇Sit in groups of threes or fours and discuss the following questions.
1How easy is it for you to make friends with a total stranger? Do you think that interpersonal skills are very important at school and at work? Please explain.
2Have you ever encountered a very impolite person? If so, share your experience with your group members. 3How can we build good relationships with people we’re familiar with, such as our peers and our family?
4What do you think are some of the common causes of misunderstanding between people and what do you think we should do to clear up misunderstanding?
▆Answers for reference:
1Hints for the importance of interpersonal skills both at school and at work: Good interpersonal skills enhance relationships with fellow students or colleagues and help build a pleasant environment for all to work in. Conversely, poor interpersonal skills can often lead to coldness and even hostility between one another and may lead to inefficiency in study or at work.
2Open.
3Hints: loving others sincerely, being considerate, and being ready to help others unselfishly.
4Hints on common causes of misunderstanding: differences in expectations, backgrounds, attitudes and ways of saying and doing things, etc.
Hints on how to clear up misunderstanding: putting ourselves in other people’s shoes, trying to see things from different perspectives, being non-judgmental about other people’s ways of doing things, etc. Section B Quotes
▇Study the following three quotes. Do you agree with Earnest Hemingway, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Epictetus? State your reasons.
Ernest Hemingway
⊙I like to listen. I have learned a great deal from listening carefully. Most people never listen.
— Ernest Hemingway
Interpretation:
Hemingway emphasizes the importance of listening to others. According to him, one can learn a lot by paying attention to what others have to say. But most people do not really like to listen.
About Ernest Hemingway (1899 – 1961): Ernest Hemingway was a great US writer of the 20th century, who
won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. He wrote many novels and short stories in a simple and direct style, and his books are often about typically male activities like war and hunting. Among his well-known novels are A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls,and The Old Man and the Sea.He died by shooting himself.
Martin Luther King
⊙We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.
— Martin Luther King, Jr. Interpretation:
King emphasizes the importance of peaceful and loving relationships with one another in a society. If we treat one another as brothers, we can live together peacefully. But if we foolishly fight with one another, we will all die together.
About Martin Luther King, Jr.(1929 – 1968): Martin Luther King, Jr. was a black US religious leader who became the most important leader of the Civil Rights Movement and worked hard to achieve social changes for black people. He was known for being a great public speaker and many people remember his famous speech that starts with the words ―I have a dream‖. He encouraged people to try to achieve changes without using violence, and in 1964 he won the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1968 he was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee. In the US there is a national holiday in January to celebrate his birthday.
Epictetus
⊙We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen twice as much as we speak.
— Epictetus
Interpretation:
Epictetus emphasizes the importance of listening and paying more attention to those who talk to us.
About Epictetus (c.55–c.135): Epictetus was a Greek Stoic (禁欲主义的) philosopher. He lived and worked, first as a student in Rome, and then as a teacher with his own school in Nicopolis in Greece. Our knowledge of his philosophy and his method as a teacher comes to us via two works composed by one of his students: Discourses and Handbook.
Section C Watching and Discussion
▇Watch the following video clip Why Interpersonal Communication Skills and do the tasks that follow:
插入视频片段：―Why interpersonal communication skills.wma‖
1Answer the following questions.
1)What three things are important for you to climb up the corporate ladder?
Answers: The ability to work, the work ethic, and the interpersonal communication skills.
2)Why could someone get a day off when everybody else had to work?
Answers: Because of their strong interpersonal communication skills.
3)Someone always believes they deserve a promotion but never gets one. What might be the reason?
Answers: Probably because they don’t have a good relationship with the manager, good communication and good interpersonal communication skills.
2To what extent do you agree or disagree with what the speaker says?
Answers: Open.
▇Script：
Hi, I’m Caroline from blue moon communications. Interpersonal communication skills are probably the single biggest tool that you can employ to move you along the corporate ladder. Now, obviously, your interpersonal communication skills should go hand in hand with your ability to do a really great job and also a strong work ethic. But sometimes your ability to do the job and the strong work ethic aren’t enough just on their own. I mean how often have you stood in an office where the boss said, ―O K, everybody, it’s all hands on deck for the next three weeks. No days off.‖ And then, suddenly, somebody manages to get a day off. A very nice day. That’s strong interpersonal communication skills at play. And it’s not for your benefit, but it is to the ben efit of the person who employed them. Or, I know a number of people who said, ―Well, I’ve stood in the corner of the room, and I’ve watched somebody get a promotion that was my promotion. Well, everybody in the room knew that I was the one who would take o ur company pass the line. I deserved that promotion.‖ But he didn’t get the promotion. Because, obviously, the person who got the promotion had better relationship with the manager, a better communication, better interpersonal communication skills. And tha t’s why it’s so important. So if there was only one thing that you could do to improve your interpersonal communication skills today, well, I would say, remember the old adage, i.e. that you always catch more bees with honey than you will with vinegar.
Part II Listen and Respond
Section A Word Bank
Section B Task One: Focusing on the Main Ideas
▇Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences according to the information contained in the listening passage.
1The listening passage mainly shows that ________.
A)it is necessary to tell white lies in life
B)it is important to be truthful to your friend
C)most people tell white lies now and then
D)telling white lies is a way to keep friendship
2Jim was angry with Kimberly because________.
A)she won the scholarship, but he didn’t
B)she told him not to apply for scholarship
C)she won the scholarship, but told him that she didn’t
D)she hurt him by saying that she won the scholarship
3Jim and Kimberly resolved their misunderstanding by ________.
A)allowing for communication and explanation
B)refusing to talk with the person who told a lie
C)apologizing sincerely to each other
D)clarifying to each other the actual situation
4According to Kimberly, __________.
A)i t’s fine to tell white lies out of good intentions
B)white lies shouldn’t be told to good friends
C)Jim is a more honest person than herself
D)white lies need to be more clearly defined
5The study conducted by Reader’s Digest reveals that most Asian people _________.
A)may not be honest on certain occasions
B)may not be honest when money is involved
C)may not be honest when nobody is watching
D)may speak highly of their own honesty when asked
▇Key:
1 B
2 C
3 A
4 A
5 A
Section C Task Two: Zooming In on the Details
▇Listen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks according to what you have heard.
1Kimberly is _____________ that she _____________ to Jim.
2She wants a _____________ to explain to Jim. She now knows that she was _____________ to think that Jim might not find out the truth.
3Jim thinks that it is better for the scholarship to _____________ than _____________ .
4In 2004, Reader’s Digest tried to find out from _____________ people in _____________ about how _____________ . They asked _____________ questions about _____________ .
5There were two situations in which people were most honest. They were:
(1) _____________ to the supermarket cashier if given too much change; and
(2) _____________ to the owner.
6There were two situations in which most people were dishonest. They were:
(1) _____________ and ____________ software illegally; and
(2) _____________ at a co-worker’s bankbook.
▇Answers:
1Kimberly is sorry that she lied to Jim.
2She wants a chance to explain to Jim. She now knows that she was wrong to think that Jim might not find out the truth.
3Jim thinks that it is better for the scholarship to go to her than to other people.
4In 2004, Reader’s Digest tried to find out from 1,600 people in Asia about how honest they were. They asked ten questions about their everyday life.
5There were two situations in which people were most honest. They were:
(1) returning money to the supermarket cashier if given too much change; and
(2) returning a wallet to the owner.
6There were two situations in which people were most dishonest. They were:
(1) downloading and using software illegally; and
(2) taking a look at a co-worker’s bankb ook.
▇Script:
Narrator:One afternoon after school.
Kimberly: Hey, Jim! Wait for me!
Jim: (Silent.)
Kimberly: Jim! Jim! Please stop for a while. I would like to talk to you.
Jim: I have nothing to say to you, Kimberly. You lied to me and I am still very a ngry with you. I can’t believe my best friend lied to me.
Kimberly: I can explain, Jim. Please let me have the chance to explain to you.
Jim: Okay. I’ll give you two minutes, only two minutes to explain yourself.
Kimberly: Alright, Jim. I told you I did n’t win the scholarship because I thought you might be hurt.
Jim: Well, you hurt me by not telling me the truth.
Kimberly: I’m sorry, Jim.I really am. I thought that I could hide the truth from you. I just didn’t want you to feel hurt.
Jim: I would ha ve been happy for you, Kimberly, although I didn’t win the scholarship. I may be a bit sad not getting the scholarship but I am happy that you got it. It’s better that the scholarship goes
to you than to other people.
Kimberly: Thanks, Jim. I am really, really sorry. Would you forgive me, please?
Narrator: What you have just heard is a dialogue on how two good friends, Kimberly and Jim, tried to settle their misunderstanding. Kimberly told Jim a white lie because she didn’t want to hurt him.
How many of you do not tell lies at all, not even white lies? How honest are you? Can you really
say that you are an honest person? Well, in 2004, Reader’s Digest tried to find out how honest
1600 people in different parts of Asia were. They asked these people to answer ten questions
about their everyday life. Two situations where people were most honest were returning money
to the supermarket cashier if he/she was given more change and returning a wallet to the owner.
However, most people would download and use software illegally or take a look at a
co-worker’s bankbook if he or she left it open on the desk.
What would you do in each of these situations? Tell yourself the answers honestly and you will
find out how honest a person you are.
Part III Read and Explore
Text A
Section A Discovering the Main Ideas
Exercise 1 Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text A.
(1)What went wrong with the author and his family at Christmas time last year?
(2)What did the author think of the restaurant they went into?
(3)What do you think the mood of most people in the restaurant was like at the beginning? How do you
know?
(4)In what ways was the American sailor different from the other people in the restaurant?
(5)Describe in your own words the scene at the restaurant at the end of the story. What made everybody
so happy?
▇Answers for reference:
(1)Quite a few things went wrong: Their hotels were tourist traps. Their car broke down and they checked
into a shabby hotel in Nice on Christmas Eve. They had had five bad days and felt very unhappy.
(2)He thought it was boring and had an unpleasant smell. Apparently not many customers were around.
(3)Most of the people in the restaurant did not look happy as they were all eating in stony silence.
(4)He was the only one who was smiling and looked cheerful. He was eating alone and writing a letter as he
was eating.
(5)The diners were singing and people from the streets walked in and joined them. People were sharing food
and wine with each other. The walls of the restaurant shook with the joyous celebration. Everyone’s mood lifted and all this started because of the American sailor’s kind act of giving 20 francs to the French flower woman and presenting a flower to the writer’s wife. His Christmas spirit was contagious and brought cheer to everybody’s heart.
Exercise 2: Text A can be divided into three parts. Now write down the paragraph numbers of each part and then give the main idea of each in one sentence.
Section B In-depth Study
A string of bad things kept the writer’s family from thinking positive ly. However, a flower from an American sailor in a far from ideal restaurant brought cheers and joy to their hearts, and led to a chain reaction which warmed the hearts of all those present on Christmas Eve. Read the following text to find out more about how a positive small gesture can start a benevolent circle of a warm relationship even among strangers.
A Sailor’s Christmas Gift
By William J. Lederer
1 Last year at Christmas time my wife, three boys, and I were in France, on our way from Paris to Nice. For five wretched days everything had gone wrong. Our hotels were ―tourist traps‖; our rented car broke down; we were all restless and irritable in the crowded car. On Christmas Eve, when we checked into a shabby hotel in Nice, there was no Christmas spirit in our hearts.
2 It was raining and cold when we went out to eat. We found a boring looking little joint carelessly decorated for the holiday. It smelled greasy. Only five tables in the restaurant were occupied. There were two German couples, two French families, and an American sailor, by himself. In the corner a piano player monotonously played Christmas music.
3 I was too stubborn and too tired and miserable to leave. I looked around and noticed that the other customers were eating in stony silence. The only person who seemed happy was the American sailor. While eating, he was writing a letter, and a half-smile lighted his face.
4 My wife ordered our meal in French. The waiter brought us the wrong thing. I scolded my wife for being stupid. She began to cry. The boys defended her, and I felt even worse.
5 Then, at the table with the French family on our left, the father slapped one of his children for some minor fault, and the boy began to cry. On our right, the German wife began scolding her husband.
6 All of us were interrupted by an unpleasant blast of cold air. Through the front door came an old French flower woman. She wore a dripping, ragged overcoat, and dragged herself in on wet, rundown shoes. Carrying her basket of flowers, she went from one table to another.
7 ―Flowers, monsieur? Only one franc.‖
8 No one bought any.
9 Wearily she sat down at a table between the sailor and us. To the waiter she said, ―A bowl of soup. I haven’t sold a flower all afternoon.‖To the piano player she said hoarsely, ―Can you imagine, Jo seph, soup on Christmas Eve?‖
10 He pointed to his empty ―tipping plate‖. The young sailor finished his meal and got up to leave. Putting on his coat, he walked over to the flower woman’s table.
11 ―Happy Christmas,‖ he said, smiling and picking out two flowers. ―How much are they?‖
12 ―Two francs, monsieur.‖
13 Pressing one of the small flowers flat, he put it into the letter he had written, then handed the woman a twenty-franc note.
14 ―I don’t have change, monsieur,‖ she said. ―I’ll get some from the waiter.‖
15 ―No, ma’am,‖ said the sailor, leaning over and kissing the ancient cheek. ―This is my Christmas present to you.‖
16 Straightening up, he came to our table, holding the other flower in front of him. ―Sir,‖ he said to me, ―may
I have permission to present this flower to your beautiful daughter?‖ In one quick motion he gave my wife the flower, wished us a Merry Christmas, and departed.
17 Everyone had stopped eating. Everyone had been watching the sailor. Everyone was silent. A few seconds later, Christmas exploded throughout the restaurant like a bomb. The old flower woman jumped up, waving the twenty-franc note. Hobbling to the middle of the floor she did a lively folk dance and shouted to the piano player, ―Joseph, my Christmas present! And you shall have half, so you can have a feast, too.‖
18 The piano player began to sing loudly ―Good King Wenceslaus,‖beating the keys with magic hands, nodding his head in rhythm.
19 My wife waved her flower in time to the music. She was radiant and appeared twenty years younger. The tears had left her eyes, and the corners of her mouth turned up in laughter. She began to sing, and our three sons joined her, bellowing the song with uninhibited enthusiasm.
20 ―Gut! Gut! ‖ shouted the Germans. They jumped on their chairs and began singing the words in German. The waiter embraced the flower woman. Waving their arms, they sang in French. The Frenchman who had slapped the boy beat rhythm with his fork against a bottle. The lad climbed on his lap, singing merrily too.
21 The Germans ordered wine for everyone. They delivered it themselves, hugging the other customers. One of the French families called for champagne—made the rounds, kissing each of us on both cheeks. The owner of the restaurant started ―The First Noel‖, and we all joined in, half of us crying.
22 People crowded in from the street until many customers were standing. The walls shook as hands and feet kept time to the Christmas carols.
23 The miserable evening in a dull restaurant ended up being the very best Christmas Eve we had ever experienced just because of a young sailor who had Christmas spirit in his soul. He released the love and joy
that had been smothered within us by anger and disappointment.He gave us Christmas.
旧课文不需新配图
▇课文参考译文
水手的圣诞礼物
威廉·J·莱德勒
1 去年圣诞期间，我、妻子和三个儿子在法国，从巴黎前往尼斯。

一连五天都很倒霉，没有一件事顺心。

入住的旅馆尽是些“宰客的黑店”，租用的汽车也坏了，一家人挤在车上，个个显得烦躁不安。

圣诞节前夜，我们住进了尼斯一家邋遢的旅店，心里没有半点圣诞感觉。

2 我们外出就餐时，天正下着雨，天气寒冷。

我们找到了一家小餐馆，这小店看着很乏味，只是随便装饰了一下来应节。

餐馆散发着一股油腻的味道。

里面只有五张桌子坐了人：两对德国夫妇，两户法国家庭和一名独自用餐的美国水手。

在餐厅的一个角落里，钢琴师在无精打采地弹奏着圣诞乐曲。

3 我情绪低落，加之疲惫不堪，执意不愿离开这儿去找别的餐馆了。

我环顾四周，只见顾客们都默默地在吃着饭，唯一一个显得开心的是那位美国水手。

他一边吃着，一边写信，脸上闪耀着淡淡的微笑。

4 妻子用法语点了菜，服务员给我们端来的却是别的东西。

我骂妻子愚蠢，她哭了起来。

孩子们护着妈妈，我的情绪变得更加糟糕。

5 继而，坐在我们左侧餐桌上的那位法国父亲因为一点小事打了其中一个孩子一记耳光，小男孩大哭起来。

我们的右边，那个德国妇女开始喋喋不休地数落她的丈夫。

6 一阵令人不快的寒风吹了进来。

从前门进来一个卖花的法国老太太。

她穿着一件湿淋淋的破旧大衣，穿一双水淋淋的旧鞋拖着腿进来。

她提着花篮，沿桌叫卖。

7 “买花吗，先生？只要一个法郎哩。

”
8 谁也没有买。

9 她疲惫不堪，在水手和我们之间的那张餐桌旁边坐了下来，对服务员说：“请来碗汤吧。

一下午连一朵花也没卖掉。

”接着，她用嘶哑的声音对钢琴师说，“你能想象吗，约瑟夫，圣诞节前夜就喝点汤？”
10 钢琴师指了指身旁的那只空空如也的“小费盘”。

年轻的海员已吃完，起身准备离开。

他穿上外套，走到卖花老太太的桌前。

11 他笑着说了声“圣诞快乐！”，一边挑出两朵小小的花，“多少钱？”
12 “两个法郎，先生。

”
13 他把其中的一朵花压平，放进已经写好的信里，然后将一张20法郎面额的钞票递给了老妇。

14 “我没有零钱找您，先生。

”她说，“我去跟服务员换一点来。

”
15 “不用了，夫人。

”说着，水手俯身吻了吻那张老迈的脸，“这是我送给您的圣诞礼物。

”
16 他直起身，朝我们的餐桌走来，那另一朵鲜花举在他的胸前。

“先生，”他对我说，“我可以将这花作为礼物送给您漂亮的女儿吗？”说着，他迅速地将那朵花塞到我妻子的手中，道了声“圣诞快乐”，就离去了。

17 人们都停止吃饭，大家一直关注着水手的一举一动，整个餐厅鸦雀无声。

几秒钟后，圣诞的欢乐激情像炸弹似地爆炸开来。

卖花老妇腾身站起，挥动着她手中的那张20法郎的钞票。

她蹒跚着走到餐厅的中央，欢快地踏起了舞步，冲着钢琴师嚷道：“约瑟夫，我收到圣诞礼物了！我也让你分享一半，让你也能吃上一顿丰盛的圣诞晚餐。

”
18 钢琴师急速地弹起了《好国王温西斯劳斯》舞曲，魔力十足的双手敲击着琴键，头和着乐曲的旋律频频点动。

19 我的妻子也随着音乐的节奏挥动着那朵鲜花。

她容光焕发，仿佛一下子年轻了20岁。

泪水不见了，嘴角上绽出笑容。

她启动歌喉，放声歌唱，我们的三个儿子随声和了起来，纵情高歌。

20 “好！好！”德国人高声喝彩。

他们跳到椅子上，并用德语唱起这支歌。

服务员上前拥抱着卖花的老太太，两人挥舞手臂，用法语唱了起来。

那个打了儿子一巴掌的法国男子用餐叉敲击着酒瓶打起了拍子，那男孩爬上他爸爸的膝盖，欢快地唱起歌来。

21 德国人请在场的每个人喝酒。

人们自斟自饮，相互拥抱。

其中的一家法国人要来了香槟---到每张桌上给人敬酒，亲吻每个人的双颊。

饭馆老板带头唱起《第一个圣诞节》，我们大家都跟着唱，其中有半数人是含泪唱的。

22 人们络绎不绝地从街上向餐馆涌来，后来连位子都不够了，一些顾客只好站着。

人们和着圣诞歌的节奏手舞足蹈，声音震动了餐厅的四壁。

23 原本是在一家简陋的小餐馆里的一个凄凉的夜晚，结果竟变成我们一生中最最美好的圣诞前夜。

这全亏那位灵魂中闪烁着圣诞精神的年轻海员。

是他释放了我们心中那被愤懑和失望压抑的爱心和快乐。

他赐给了我们圣诞的欢乐。

Good Usage (Para. 1)
on our way from Paris to Nice
everything had gone wrong
broke down
on Christmas Eve
we checked into a shabby hotel
no Christmas spirit in our hearts
Good Usage (Paras. 2-3)
carelessly decorated for the holiday
five tables in the restaurant were occupied
by himself
in the corner
monotonously played Christmas music
Good Usage (Paras. 4-6)
ordered our meal in French
I scolded my wife for being stupid.
defended her
felt even worse
on our left
slapped one of his children for some minor fault
were interrupted by
an unpleasant blast of cold air
dragged herself in
went from one table to another
Good Usage (Paras.7-9)
sit down at a table
Can you imagine…?
Good Usage (Paras.10-12)
pointed to
got up to leave
walked over to the flower woman’s table
Good Usage (Paras.13-16)
pressing one of the small flowers flat
handed the woman a twenty-franc note
leaning over
straightening up
may I have permission to
to present this flower to your beautiful daughter
in one quick motion
Good Usage (Paras.17-18)
Christmas exploded throughout the restaurant like a bomb jumped up
hobbling to the middle of the floor
shouted to the piano player
beating the keys with magic hands
nodding his head in rhythm
Good Usage (Paras.19-20)
in time to the music
the corners of her mouth turned up
in laughter
jumped on their chairs
embraced the flower woman
beat rhythm with his fork against a bottle
climbed on his lap
singing merrily
Good Usage (Paras.21-22)
ordered wind for everyone
called for champagne
made the rounds
kissing each of us on both cheeks
joined in
people crowded in from the street
kept time to the Christmas carols
Good Usage (Para.23)
ended up being the very best Christmas Eve
a young sailor who had Christmas spirit in his soul
released the love and joy
smothered within us by anger
Key Words and Expressions for Text A
on one’s way to
in the process of coming, going, or traveling to去…的途中
e.g. 1. I’ll buy some bread on my way home.
2. We were already on the way to the airport when we realized we’d forgotten our passports.
我们已经在去机场途中了，突然意识到忘记带护照了。

Usage: phrases with ―way‖
all the way
一路上；彻底地by the way
顺便说一下
by way of
途经
in a way; in one way; in some ways
某种程度上in a big (small) way
大（小）规模
in the way
造成不便或障碍
one way or another 考虑到各个方面the other way round
相反
out of the way
偏远
to my way of thinking 在我看来under way
已经开始并进行着
go wrong
1. experience problems or difficulties 不如意，不对头；遇到麻烦
e.g. 1. The party was going well until my parents arrived; then everything went wrong.
2. Their marriage started to go wrong when he got a job abroad.
他得到一份在国外的工作, 他们的婚姻就在那时开始出现问题。

2. make mistakes at a particular stage in a process 犯错
e.g. Check your work again and see if you can spot where you went wrong.
trap n.
a plan for deceiving and tricking a person（人的）计谋，策略，陷阱
e.g. 1. His pleasant conversation was just a trap to make her say more than she should.
他愉快的谈话不过是个策略，诱使她多说些她本不该说的话。

2. It is easy to fall into the trap of taking out a loan you cannot afford.
很容易就钻进陷阱，背上你偿还不起的贷款。

collocations:
lay/set a trap be/get caught in a trap fall into/walk into a trap
rent vt.
esp. AmE pay money for the use of (a car, boat, etc.) for a short time 〖尤美〗租用（汽车、船只等）
e.g. 1. Hong Kong is one of the most expensive cities in the world to rent space in.
2. Will you rent a car while you’re in Spain?
你在西班牙期间会租辆车吗？
word choice: rent, hire, lease
租房子用rent，如: We rented an apartment together.
在美式英语里，租车,租电器产品也可以用rent，如: The TV is rented.
而在英式英语里，虽然也可以说rent a car，但是经常说的是hire a car，如: You can hire a car at the airport. 长时间地租房子，租车或租设备，尤其是用于商业目的，可以用lease，如: If you upgrade computers regularly, it may work out cheaper to lease them.
break down
1. (esp. of machinery) stop working; fail （机器）停止运转；坏掉
e.g. 1. We’re sorry to arrive late, but the bus broke down soon after we set of
f.
2. The telephone system has broken down.
电话系统失灵了。

2. fail; collapse 失败；崩溃；瓦解；垮
e.g. Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.
双方谈判已经破裂。

3. (of sb’s health) become very bad; collapse （指某人健康状况）变得恶劣；垮
e.g. Her health broke down under the pressure of work.
工作的压力把她的身体弄垮了。

4. lose control of one’s feelings 感情失去控制
e.g. He broke down and wept when he heard the news.
他听到这个消息时不禁痛哭起来。

irritable a.
tending to get angry at small things; easily annoyed易怒的，急躁的
e.g. 1. The long drive home from work left him feeling tired and irritable.
下班回家长长的车程让他感到又累又急。

2. He had been waiting for over an hour and was beginning to feel irritable.
已经等了一个多小时他开始急了。

occupy vt.
use a place 占用
e.g. 1. Many patients who are occupying hospital beds could be transferred to other places.
许多现在正占用床位的病人可以转到其他地方。

2. The bathroom’s occupied. I think John’s in there.
厕所有人。

我想约翰正在里面。

(all) by oneself
alone, without help 单独地，独自地
e.g. 1. He was sitting by himself, looking very sad.
2. David spent Christmas all by himself.
戴维一个人过的圣诞节。

miserable a.
very unhappy 极不愉快的，痛苦的
e.g. 1. The child is cold, hungry, and tired; of course he’s feeling miserable.
2. I spent a miserable weekend alone at home.
单独一个人呆在家里，我过了一个很不开心的周末。

scold vt.
old-fash speak angrily and complainingly to (someone who has done something wrong) 〖过时〗责骂；斥责（做错事的人）
e.g. 1. Later she scolded her daughter for having talked to her father like that.
2. He never raised his voice or scolded me unfairly.
他从来不提高嗓门或不分青红皂白地责骂我。

defend vt.
use arguments to support, protect, or show the rightness of 为…辩护
e.g. 1. How can you defend the killing of animals for scientific research?
2. Students should be ready to explain and defend their views.
学生应该勇于解释自己的观点并为之辩护。

minor a.
lesser or smaller in degree, size, number, or importance when compared with others 较少（小）的；低级的，次要的
e.g. 1. He left most of his money to his sons; his daughter received only a minor share of
his wealth.
2. There may be some minor changes to the schedule.
时间表可能有些小的改动。

antonym: major
interrupt vt.
break the flow of speech or action of (someone) by saying or doing something 打断（某人的）讲话；中断（某人的）行动；打扰
e.g. 1. She’s studying for an exam tomorrow, so you’d better not interrupt her.
2. Will you stop interrupting me when I’m talking!
我说话的时候请不要打断我！
straighten up
get up from a bent-over position 直起身来，挺起身来
e.g. 1. He straightens up, combs his hair, and walks into the meeting.
2. Straighten up slowly, then repeat the exercise ten times.
慢慢直起身，然后重复这个练习10次。

permission n.
[U] an esp. formal text of allowing, written or spoken agreement 许可，准许；批准
e.g. 1. They can not leave the country without permission.
2. You must ask permission before taking any photographs inside the church.
你必须取得同意才能在教堂里拍照。

collocations:
ask/request/apply for permission
give/grant permission
get/obtain/receive permission
have permission (to do something)
refuse/deny (somebody) permission
with/without (somebody’s) permission
special/written permission
注意:
不能说a permission或者the permission。

depart vi.
fml or lit leave; go away, esp. when starting a journey〖正式或文〗离开
e.g. 1. The 12.15 train to Atlanta will depart from Platform 16.
12点15分去亚特兰大的列车在16号站台乘车。

2. The ship was due to depart at any moment.
船随时都会出发的。

lean vi.(leant/lent/, leant or leaned, leaned)。