2021年上半年初高级英语教资真题试卷

上半
( 时间120 分钟满分150 分)
一、单项选择题( 本大题共30 小题,每小题 2 分,共60 分)
在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案。

1.Walnut trees environment stresses such as drought by producing significant
amounts of a substance similar to aspirin.
A.turn to
B. confirm to
C. contribute to
D. respond to
2.J o hn f e l t gr e a t a b o u t h i s u p co m i n g t r i p t o S i d n e y;i n d ee d, h e co u l d h a r d l y
contain his enthusiasm.
A.unrest
B. uncertainty
C. anxiety
D. excitement
3.T h e p r o f e ss o r’s c l a ss r oo m m a nn e r wa s q u i t e, n e v e r r e v e a li n g t h e wa r m t h
and playfulness she showed in private.
A.lively
B. amiable
C. formal
D. cheerful
4.A g a i n a s i n t h i s e x p e r i m e n t, h e d i d n’t l o s e h e a r t.
A.he failed
B. did he fail
C. he did fail
D. had he failed
5.Taiwan lies the east of Fujian and is larger than island in China.
A.t o;a n y
B.i n;a n y
C.t o;a n y o t h e r
D.i n;a n y o t h e r
6.J o hn s o n i s a m a n o f gr e a t e x p e r i e n ce,mu c h c a n b e l e a r n e d.
A.for whom
B. for which
C. from that
D. from whom
7.Which of the following shows the correct sentence stress in normal cases?
A.H i s’b r o t h e r i s m y’b e s t f r i e n d.
B.T h e y’h e l p o n e’a n o t h e r i n t h e i r w o r k.
C.T h e y h av e’b ee n i n t h e’co un t r y s i d e r ece n t l y.
D.S h e’t h o u g h t h e r s e l f’b e tt e r’t h a n ’a n y o n e e l s e.
8.The phrase“” exemplifies the incomplete plosion at the junction of words.
A.good morning
B. black shirt
C. delicious cherry
D. beautiful jacket
9.The synonymous pair “” differ in degree of formality.
A.pass away and pop off
B.accuse and charge
C.prison and jail
D.tap and faucet
10.W h e n u s i n g t h e i m p e r a t i v e“T u r n i t o ff”t o g i v e a n o r d e r,t h e s p e a k e r h i g h li g h t s
the of the utterance.
A.locutionary act
B. illocutionary act
C. perlocutionary act
D. indirect speech act
11.Fluent and appropriate language use requires knowledge of and this sug-
gests that we should teach lexical chunks rather than single words.
A.connotation
B. denotation
C. morphology
D. collocation
12.“U nderlining all the past form verbs in the dialogue”i s a typical exercise focusing
on .
e
B. form
C. meaning
D. function
13.Which of the following activities may be more appropriate to help students practice a
new structure immediately after presentation in class?
A.Role play.
B. Group discussion.
C. Pattern drill.
D. Written homework.
14.When teaching students how to give appropriate responses to a congratulation or an
a p o l o g y,t h e t e a c h e r i s p r o
b a b l y t e a
c h i n g a t.
A.lexical level
B.sentence level
C.grammatical level
D.discourse level
15.Which of the following activities can help develop the skill of listening for gist?
A.Listen and find out where Jim lives.
B.Listen and decide on the best title for the passage.
C.Listen and underline the words the speaker stresses.
D.Listen to pairs of words and tell if they are the same.
16.When an EFL teacher asks his students“H ow do you know that the author liked the
place since he did not tell us explicitly?”,he / she is helping students to reach comprehension.
A.literal
B. evaluative
C. inferential
D. appreciative
17.Which of the following types of questions are mostly used for checking literal com-
prehension of the text?
A.Display questions.
B.Rhetorical questions.
C.Evaluation questions.
D.Referential questions.
18.Which of the following is a typical feature of informal writing?
A. A well-organized structure is preferred.
B.Short and incomplete sentences are common.
C.Technical terms and definitions are required.
D. A wide range of vocabulary and structural patterns are used.
19.Peer-editing during class is an important step o f the approach to teaching.
A.genre-based
B. content-based
C. process-oriented
D. product-oriented
20.P o r t f o li o s,d a il y r e p o r t s a n d s p eec h d e li v e r i n g a r e t y p i c a l m e a n s o f.
A.norm-referenced test
B.criterion-referenced test
C.summative assessment
D.formative assessment
阅读P a ss a g e 1,完成第21 ~25 小题。

Passage 1
S a n t e F e,N e w M e x i co mu l t i m illi o n a i r e F o rr e s t F e nn h a s a l way s l o v e d a g oo d a d- v e n t u r e.A s a s m a ll c h il d b e f o r e e i g h t, h e a n d h i s b r o t h e r,S k i pp y s p e n t s umm e r va c a- tions making exploration in Yellowstone National Park.
A s a t ee n,F e nn i d o li z e d t h e d eco r a t e d W o r l d W a rⅡf i g h t e r p il o t,c a ll e d R o b i n Olds and latter emulated his hero during the Vietnam War as an Air fighter pilot to go to N e w M e x i co a n d s e tt l e d t h e r e a s a n a r t s a n d a n t i q u e s d e a l e r, hun t i n g d o w n va l u a b l e p a i n t i n g s,r u g s,wa r m e m o r a b ili a,a n d o t h e r a n t i q u e t o s e ll.
I n 1998,F e nn wa s d i a g n o s e d w i t h t e r m i n a l k i d n e y c a n ce r.A s h e h a d a l way s b ee n d o i n g, h e co n ce i v e d a gr a n d a d v e n t u r e t h a t h e a ss um e d w o u l d b e h i s l a s t o n e.“I wa n- t e d t o c r e a t e s o m e e x c i t e m e n t,s o m e h o p e,b e f o r e I d i e d,”s ay s F e nn, 82,a dd i n g t h a t he also wanted to “get kids out of the game room and off the couch. ” With those ideas i n h i s m i n d, h e s t a r t e d t o d e v i s e a t r e a s u r e hun t.
L i tt l e b y li tt l e,F e nn b e g a n s t oc k i n g a s m a ll b r o n z e c h e s t w i t h g o l d co i n s,p r e h i s- t o r i c b r a ce l e t s a n d o t h e r va l u a b l e t h i n g s.W h e n h i s c a n ce r w e n t i n t o r e m i ss i o n i n 1993, he decided he would carry out his plan anyway.
I n 2010,F e nn t o pp e d o ff t h e c h e s t w i t h j e w e l s a n d va l u a b l e s t o n e s a n d h i d i t s o m e- w h e r e d ee p i n t h e R oc k y M o un t a i n s, n o r t h o f S a n t e F e.L a t e r t h a t y e a r, h e w r o t e a p oe m f o r h i s s e l f-p u b li s h e d m e m o i r,Th e Th r ill o f th e C ha s e.I t co n t a i n e d n i n e c l u e s a- b o u t t h e t r e a s u r e b o x’s w h e r e a b o u t s.O n e s t a n z a r e a d s li k e t h i s:B e g i n i t w h e r e wa r m wa- t e r s h a l t/A n d t a k e i t i n t h e c a n y o n d o w n /N o t f a r,b u t t oo f a r t o wa l k/P u t i n b e l o w t h e
home of Brown.
A f e w m o n t h s l a t e r,a s t o r y a b o u t t h e t r e a s u r e a pp e a r e d i n a m a g a z i n e.S i n ce t h e n, Fenn has received thousands of e-mails from treasure hunters. Some request more clues t o t h e b o x.
B u t m o s t l y“p eo p l e t h a n k e d m e f o r b r i n g i n g t h e i r f a m il y t o g e t h e r,”h e s ay s with a self-comforting smile on his face.
I n A p r il,F e nn t o l d a c r o w d a t a n A l b u q u e r q u e b oo k s t o r e t h a t t w o gr o u p s o f t r e a s- u r e hun t e r s h a d g o tt e n w i t h i n 500 f ee t o f t h e c h e s t.“T h e y wa l k e d r i g h t b y i t,” h e s a i d.
Fenn is confident that the treasure will be unearthed eventually and says it will take the right combination of cunning and perseverance. “It will be discovered by someone who has read the clues carefully and successfully. But nobody is going to happen upon i t,”h e p r e d i c t s.
He hopes that whoever finds the loot will relish the riches and the adventure of finding them.
21.Who was a fighter pilot during the Vietnam War according to the passage?
A.Skippy.
B. Robin Olds.
C. Sante Fe.
D. Forrest Fenn.
22.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase “t opped off”
in Paragraph Five?
A.Filled.
B. Covered.
C. Fixed.
D. Decorated.
23.Why did Fenn design a treasure hunt after he was diagnosed with cancer?
A.H e e n j o y e d a d v e n t u r e s a n d co u l d n’t h e l p d o i n g i t.
B.He wanted to help himself and game- and telly-addicted kids.
C.He wanted to get the kids out of the game room to play with him.
D.H e t h o u g h t i t co u l d b r i n g h i m h o p e,e x c i t e m e n t a n d a l o n g e r li f e.
24.What did Fenn enjoy most from treasure hunters according to the passage?
A.Their requests about more clues.
B.Their tremendous interest in the game.
C.Their news about getting their family closer.
D.Their numerous emails about their perseverance.
25.What does the underlined word “ it” in the last but two paragraph refer to?
A.The riches.
B.The treasure.
C.The adventure.
D.The treasure discovery.
阅读P a ss a g e 2,完成第26 ~30 小题。

Passage 2
The Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras is best known today for his mathematical t h eo r e m,w h i c h h a un t s t h e d r e a m s o f m a n y g eo m e t r y s t u d e n t s,b u t f o r ce n t u r i e s h e wa s also celebrated as the father of vegetarianism. A meatless diet was referred to as a “Py- t h a g o r e a n d i e t”f o r y e a r s,u p un t il t h e m o d e r n v e g e t a r i a n m o v e m e n t b e g a n i n t h e m i d- 1800s.
W h il e P y t h a g o r a s wa s a n e a r l y p r o p o n e n t o f a m e a t l e ss d i e t, hum a n s h av e b ee n vegetarians since well before recorded history. Most anthropologists agree that early hu- m a n s w o u l d h av e e a t e n a p r e d o m i n a n t l y p l a n t-b a s e d d i e t;a f t e r a ll,p l a n t s c a n’t r un away.A dd i t i o n a ll y,o u r d i g e s t i v e s y s t e m s r e s e m b l e t h o s e o f h e r b i v o r e s c l o s e r t h a n c a r-
n i v o r o u s a n i m a l s.P r e h i s t o r i c m a n a t e m e a t,o f co u r s e,b u t p l a n t s f o r m e d t h e b a s i s o f
his diet.
P y t h a g o r a s a n d h i s m a n y f o ll o w e r s p r a c t i ce d v e g e t a r i a n i s m f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s, mainly due to religious and ethical objections. Pythagoras believed all living beings had s o u l s.A n i m a l s w e r e n o e x ce p t i o n,s o m e a t a n d f i s h w e r e b a n i s h e d f r o m h i s t a b l e. S t r a n g e l y e n o u g h, h e a l s o b a n i s h e d a v e g e t a b l e t h a t h a s a p l a ce o f h o n o r o n m o s t v e g e- t a r i a n m e nu s t o d ay,t h e hum b l e b e a n.H i s f o ll o w e r s w e r e f o r b i dd e n t o e a t o r e v e n t o u c h b e a n s,b ec a u s e h e t h o u g h t b e a n s a n d hum a n s w e r e c r e a t e d f r o m t h e s a m e m a t e r i a l.
F ava b e a n s w e r e e s p ec i a ll y b a d,a s t h e y h av e h o ll o w s t e a m s t h a t co u l d a ll o w t h e s o u l s of the dead to travel up from the soil into the growing beans.
W h il e t h e e d i c t a g a i n s t b e a n s wa s li f t e d n o t l o n g a f t e r P y t h a g o r a s’d e a t h, h i s followers continued to eat a meatless diet. His principles influenced generations of aca- d e m i c s a n d r e li g i o u s t h i n k e r s,a n d i t wa s a gr o u p o f t h e s e li k e-m i n d e d i n d i v i d u a l s w h o founded the Vegetarian Society in English in the mid-1800s. The virtues of temper- a n ce,a b s t i n e n ce a n d s e l f-co n t r o l w e r e a ll t i e d t o v e g e t a r i a n i d e a l s,w h il e l u s t,d r un k e n- ness and general hooliganism all resulted from a diet too rich in meat products. Notable e a r l y v e g e t a r i a n s i n c l u d e d L eo T o l s t o y, G eo rg e B e r n a r d S h aw,M a h a t m a G a n d h i a n d A- m e r i c a n Br o n s o n A l co tt,a t r a n s ce n d e n t a li s t t e a c h e r,r e f o r m e r a n d t h e f a t h e r o f“L ittl e Women” author Louisa May Alcott.
I t wa s n’t un t il t h e1960s t h a t v e g e t a r i a n i s m m o v e d i n t o m a i n s t r e a m A m e r i c a n li f e
a n d t h e m o v e m e n t’s gr o w t h p i c k e d u p s p ee d i n t h e 1970s w h e n a y o un g gr a d u a t e s t u d e n t n a m e d F r a n c i s M oo r e L a pp e w r o t e a
b oo k
c a ll e
d D i
e t
f o r a Small Plan e t.I n i t,s h e a d- v oc a t e d a m e a t l e ss d i e t n o t f o r e t h i c a l o r m o r a l r e a s o n s,b u t b ec a u s e p l a n t-b a s e d f oo d s
h av e mu c h l e ss i m p a c t o n t h e e n v i r o nm e n t t h a n m e a t d oe s.T o d ay,m a n y v e g e t a r i a n s r e f u s e m e a t b ec a u s e o f a n i m a l r i g h t s i ss u e s,o r co n ce r n s o v e r a n i m a l t r e a t m e n t,a p r i n-
c i p l e f i r s t e s p o u s e
d i n P
e t e r S i n g e r’s 1975 w o r k A nimal L i b e r ati o n.
26.Which of the following statements fails to be inferred from the passage?
A. A meatless diet was supported and practiced by Pythagoras.
B.A f t e r h i s d e a t h,P y t h a g o r a s’f o ll o w e r s co n t i nu e d t o e a t b e a n s.
C.Pythagoras influenced a lot of people who chose not to eat meat.
D.Pythagoras refused to eat any meat for religious and ethical reasons.
27.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in Paragraph
Three?
A.Evil.
B. Palatable.
C. Plain.
D. Notorious.
28.What issue were vegetarians in the mid-1800s in England primary reason with when
refusing to eat meat?
A.Environmental protection.
B.Animal rights.
C.Religious belief.
D.Moral purity.
29.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.Pythagoras made a great contributing to biology.
B.P y t h a g o r a s t h o u g h t b e a n s,li k e hum a n s, h a d s o u l s.
C.Francis Moore Lappe is a contemporary vegetarian.
D.Both Bronson Alcott and his daughter were vegetarians.
30.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A.The History of Vegetarianism
B.The Father of Vegetarianism
C.The Advocates of Vegetarianism
D.The Benefits of Vegetarianism
二、简答题( 本大题 1 小题,20 分)
根据题目要求完成下列任务,用中文作答。

31.反馈是教学中的重要环节之一。

简述外语教学中反馈的两种主要类型(8
分),列举教师了解学生学习情况的三种途径,以便及时给予反馈(12 分)。

三、教学情境分析题( 本大题 1 小题,30 分)
根据题目要求完成下列任务,用中文作答。

32.下面是某初中课堂教学片段。

T:(r e f e rr i n g t o a p i c t u r e)W h e r e i s J o hn,L i L e i?
S1:H e h a s g o n e t o S h a n g h a i.
T:(r e f e rr i n g t o a n o t h e r p i c t u r e)W h e r e i s M a r y,W a n g W e i?
S2:S h e h a s g o n e t o t h e li b r a r y.
根据上面所提供的信息,从下面四个方面作答:
(1) 此教学片段的教学目标是什么? (5 分)
(2) 教师采用了何种教学方法? (5 分)
(3) 该教学方法有何优缺点? (10 分)
(4) 提出两条主要建议,解决该教学方法可能带来的问题。

(10 分)
四、教学设计题( 本大题 1 小题,40 分)
根据提供的信息和语言素材设计教学方案,用英文作答。

33.设计任务:请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材,设计20 分钟的英语阅读教学方
案。

该方案没有固定的格式,但须包含下列要点:
●teaching objectives
●teaching contents
●key and difficult points
●
●activities and justifications
教学时间:20 分钟
学生情况:某城镇普通中学初中二年级( 八年级) 学生,班级人数40 人。

多数学生已经达到《义务教育英语课程标准(2011 年版)》三级水平。

学生课堂积极性一般。

语言素材:
I f y o u g o t o a f a s t f oo d r e s t a u r a n t o r a s n a k e b a r,y o u w ill p r o b a b l y s ee a l o t o f
t ee n a g e r s.T o d ay,m a n y t ee n a g e r s a r e o v e r w e i g h t,a n d s o m e o f t h i s i s b ec a u s e o f t h e i r b a d e a t i n g h a b i t s.M o s t t ee n a g e r s l o v e f oo d w i t h a l o t o f f a t,o il,a n d s u g a r.
People often call this type of food “ junk food” .
But food eating habits go beyond fast food. Many teenagers find it difficult to
e a t h e a l t h y.S o m e d o n’t h av e b r e a k
f a s t b e f o r e t h e y
g o t o s c
h oo l.D u r
i n g t h e d ay,
s o m e d o n’t h av e a p r o p e r m e a l f o r l un c h.I n a r ece n t s u r v e y a t o n e s c h oo l,s c i e n- t i s t s f o un d t h a t o v e r t w o-t h i r d s o f t h e s t u d e n t s d i d n’t f o ll o w a h e a l t h y d i e t.N e a r l y
h a l f o f t h e s t u d e n t s d i d n’t li k e v e g e t a b l e s,a n d m a n y o f t h e m d o n’t li k e t o e a t f r u i t s.
T h e y p r e f e rr e d t o e a t f oo d w i t h a l o t o f s a l t,s u g a r,o r f a t.
P a r e n t s t o d ay a l s o w o rr y a b o u t t h e i r c h il d r e n’s d i e t.S o m e d oc t o r s g i v e t h e f o l- l o w i n g a d v i ce:
●T ee n a g e r s s h o u l d n’t e a t t oo mu c h j un k f oo d.
●T ee n a g e r s s h o u l d n’t e a t f oo d w i t h t oo mu c h s a l t.S a l t c a n c a u s e h i g h b l oo d pressure in the future.
●T ee n a g e r s s h o u l d e a t f oo d w i t h l e ss f a t,o il,a n d s u g a r.
●Teenagers need to eat some fruit and vegetables every day. Fruit and vegeta- bles are rich in vitamins and have little fat.
●Teenagers need to drink more milk. Milk will help their bones grow.
●Teenagers need to eat breakfast every day. This is good for their body and mind.
2016 年上半年《英语学科知识与教学能力·高级中学》
真题试卷
( 时间120 分钟满分150 分)
—、单项选择题( 本大题共30 小题,每小题 2 分,共60 分)
在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案。

1.Excellent novels are those which national and cultural barriers.
A.transcend
B. traverse
C. suppress
D. surpass
2.A s A li ce b e li e v e d h i m t o b e a m a n o f i n t e gr i t y,s h e r e f u s e d t o co n s i d e r t h e p o ss i b ili t y
that his statement was .
A.irrelevant
B. facetious
C. fictitious
D. illogical
3.The girls are afraid that being friendly to strangers could be misinterpreted by their
neighbours.
A.ever-present
B. ever-presented
C. ever-presenting
D. ever-presently
4.His presentation will s how you can be used in other contexts.
A.that you have observed
B.that how you have observed
C.how that you have observed
D.how what you have observed
5.
A.lives
B. lived
C. was lived
D. has lived
6.Which of the following is correct in its use of punctuation?
A.T h e t e a c h e r a s k e d,“W h o s a i d,‘G i v e m e li b e r t y o r g i v e m e d e a t h’?”
B.T h e t e a c h e r a s k e d,“W h o s a i d,‘G i v e m e li b e r t y o r g i v e m e d e a t h?’”
C.T h e t e a c h e r a s k e d,“W h o s a i d‘G i v e m e li b e r t y o r g i v e m e d e a t h’”?
D.T h e t e a c h e r a s k e d,“W h o s a i d‘G i v e m e li b e r t y o r g i v e m e d e a t h’?”
7.The pair of English phonemes differ in the place of articulation.
A./ ʃ / and / ʒ/
B. / θ / and / ð/
C. / d / and / z /
D. / m / and / n /
8.T h e r e a r e co n s o n a n t c l u s t e r s i n t h e s e n t e n ce“Br i a n,I a pp r ec i a t e b e a u t i f u l
scarf you brought me. ”
A.two
B. three
C. four
D. five
9.W h e n s ay i n g“I t’s n o i s y o u t s i d e”t o g e t s o m eo n e t o c l o s e t h e w i n d o w,t h e s p e a k e r i n-
tends to perform a( n) .
A.direct speech act
B. locutionary act
C. indirect speech act
D. perlocutionary act
10.That a Japanese child adopted at birth by an American couple will grow up speaking
English indicates of human language.
A.duality
B. cultural transmission
C. arbitrariness
D. cognitive creativity
11.Fluent and appropriate language use requires knowledge of and this sug-
gests that we should teach lexical chunks rather than single words.
A.denotation
B. connotation
C. morphology
D. collocation
12.“U nderlining all the past form verbs in the dialogue” is a typical exercise focusing
on .
e
B. form
C. meaning
D. function
13.Which of the following activities may be more appropriate to help students practice a
new structure immediately after presentation in class?
A.Role play.
B. Group discussion.
C. Pattern drill.
D. Written homework.
14.When teaching students how to give appropriate responses to a congratulation or an
a p o l o g y,t h e t e a c h e r i s p r o
b a b l y t e a
c h i n g a t.
A.lexical level
B. sentence level
C. grammatical level
D. discourse level
15.Which of the following activities can help develop the skill of listening for gist?
A.Listen and find out where Jim lives.
B.Listen and decide on the best title for the passage.
C.Listen and underline the words the speaker stresses.
D.Listen to pairs of words and tell if they are the same.
16.When an EFL teacher asks his student “ How do you know that the author liked the
place since he did not tell us explicitly?”,he / she is helping students to reach
comprehension.
A.literal
B. appreciative
C. inferential
D. evaluative
17.Which of the following types of questions are mostly used for checking literal com-
prehension of the text?
A.Display questions.
B.Rhetorical questions.
C.Evaluation questions.
D.Referential questions.
18.Which of the following is a typical feature of informal writing?
A. A well-organized structure is preferred.
B.Short and incomplete sentences are common.
C.Technical terms and definitions are required.
D. A wide range of vocabulary and structural patterns are used.
19.Peer-editing during class is an important step of the approach to teaching
writing.
A.genre-based
B.content-based
C.process-oriented
D.product-oriented
20.P o r t f o li o s,d a il y r e p o r t s a n d s p eec h d e li v e r i n g a r e t y p i c a l m e a n s o f.
A.norm-referenced test
B.criterion-referenced test
C.summative assessment
D.formative assessment
请阅读Passage l,完成第21 ~ 25 小题。

Passage l
W h e n t h e V i a d u c t d e M ill a u o p e n e d i n t h e s o u t h o f F r a n ce i n 2004,t h i s t a ll e s t bridge in the world won worldwide accolades. German newspapers described how it “ floated above the clouds” with “ elegance and lightness” and “ breathtaking” beauty.
I n F r a n ce,p a p e r s p r a i s e d t h e“i mm e n s e”“co n c r e t e g i a n t.”W a s i t m e r e co i n c i d e n ce that the Germans saw beauty where the French saw heft and power? Lera Borodisky thinks not.
I n a s e r i e s o f c l e v e r e x p e r i m e n t s g u i d e d b y p o i n t e d q u e s t i o n s,B o r o d i t s k y i s a m a ss- i n g e v i d e n ce t h a t,y e s,l a n g u a g e s h a p e s t h o u g h t.T h e e ff ec t i s p o w e r f u l e n o u g h,s h e s ay s,t h a t“t h e p r i va t e m e n t a l li v e s o f s p e a k e r s o f d i ff e r e n t l a n g u a g e s m ay d i ff e r d r a m a t- i c a ll y,” n o t o n l y w h e n t h e y a r e t h i n k i n g i n o r d e r t o s p e a k,“b u t i n a ll m a nn e r o f co g n i- t i v e t a s k s,”i n c l u d i n g b a s i c s e n s o r y p e r ce p t i o n.“E v e n a s m a ll f l u k e o f gr a mm a r”—t h e g e n d e r o f n o un s—“c a n h av e a n e ff ec t o n h o w p eo p l e t h i n k a b o u t t h i n g s i n t h e w o r l d,” she says.
A s i n t h a t b r i d g e,i n G e r m a n,t h e n o un f o r b r i d g e,Br u c k e,i s f e m i n i n e.I n F r e n c h,p o n t i s m a s c u li n e. G e r m a n s p e a k e r s s aw p r o t o t y p i c a ll y f e m a l e f e a t u r e s;F r e n c h s p e a k e r s, m a s c u li n e o n e s.S i m il a r l y, G e r m a n s d e s c r i b e k e y s(S c h l u ss e l)w i t h w o r d s s u c h a s h a r d, h e avy,j a gg e d,a n d m e t a l,w h il e t o S p a n i a r d s k e y s(ll av e s)a r e g o l d e n, i n t r i c a t e,li tt l e,a n d l o v e l y. Gu e ss w h i c h l a n g u a g e co n s t r u e s k e y a s m a s c u li n e a n d which as feminine? Grammatical gender also shapes how we construe abstractions. In 85 p e r ce n t o f a r t i s t i c d e p i c t i o n s o f d e a t h a n d v i c t o r y,f o r i n s t a n ce,t h e i d e a i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y a m a n i f t h e n o un i s m a s c u li n e a n d a w o m a n i f i t i s f e m i n i n e,s ay s
B o r o d i t s k y. G e r-
m a n s t e n d t o p a i n t d e a t h a s m a l e,a n d R u ss i a n s t e n d t o p a i n t i t a s f e m a l e.
Language even shapes what we see. People have a better memory for colors if dif- f e r e n t s h a d e s h av e d i s t i n c t n a m e s—n o t E n g li s h’s li g h t b l u e a n d d a r k b l u e,f o r i n s t a n ce, b u t R u ss i a n’s g o lu bo y and s inly.S k e p t i c s o f t h e l a n g u a g e-s h a p e s-t h o u g h t c l a i m h av e a r- g u e d t h a t t h a t’s a t r i v i a l f i n d i n g,s h o w i n g o n l y t h a t p eo p l e r e m e m b e r w h a t t h e y s aw i n b o t h a v i s u a l f o r m a n d a v e r b a l o n e,b u t n o t p r o v i n g t h a t t h e y a c t u a ll y s ee t h e hu e s d i f- f e r e n t l y.I n a n i n g e n i o u s e x p e r i m e n t,h o w e v e r,B o r o d i t s k y a n d co ll e a g u e s s h o w e d v o l- unteers three color swatches and asked them which of the bottom two was the same as the top one. Native Russian speakers were faster than English speakers when the colors h a d d i s t i n c t n a m e s,s u gg e s t i n g t h a t h av i n g a n a m e f o r s o m e t h i n g a ll o w s y o u t o p e r ce i v e i t m o r e s h a r p l y.S i m il a r l y,K o r e a n u s e s o n e w o r d f o r“i n”w h e n o n e o b j ec t i s i n a n o t h e r s nu g l y,a n d a d i ff e r e n t o n e w h e n a n o b j ec t i s i n s o m e t h i n g l oo s e l y.S u r e e n o u g h,K o r e- an adults are better than English speakers at distinguishing tight fit from loose fit.
S c i e n ce h a s o n l y s c r a t c h e d t h e s u r f a ce o f h o w l a n g u a g e a ff ec t s t h o u g h t.I n R u ss i a n, verb forms indicate whether the action was completed or not—as in “she ate [ and fin- i s h e d]t h e p i zz a.”I n T u r k i s h,v e r b s i n d i c a t e w h e t h e r t h e a c t i o n wa s o b s e r v e d o r m e r e l y rumored. Boroditsky would love to run an experiment testing whether native Russian s p e a k e r s a r e b e tt e r t h a n o t h e r s a t n o t i c i n g i f a n a c t i o n i s co m p l e t e d,a n d i f T u r k s h av e a h e i g h t e n e d s e n s i t i v i t y t o f a c t v e r s u s h e a r s ay.S i m il a r l y,w h il e E n g li s h s ay s“s h e b r o k e t h e b o w l”e v e n i f i t s m a s h e d a cc i d e n t a ll y,S p a n i s h a n d J a p a n e s e d e s c r i b e t h e s a m e event more like “the bowl broke itself. ”“When we show people video of the same e- v e n t,”s ay s B o r o d i t s k y,“E n g li s h s p e a k e r s r e m e m b e r w h o wa s t o b l a m e e v e n i n a n a cc i- d e n t,b u t S p a n i s h a n d J a p a n e s e s p e a k e r s r e m e m b e r i t l e ss w e ll t h a n t h e y d o i n t e n t i o n a l actions. It raises questions about whether language affects even something as basic as
how we construct our ideas of causality. ”
21.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “a ccolades” in
PARAGRAPH ONE?
A.Praises.
B. Awards.
C. Support.
D. Gratitude.
22.What can be inferred from PARAGRAPH TWO?
nguage does not shape thoughts in any significant way.
B.The relationship between language and thought is an age-old issue.
C.The language we speak determines how we think and see the world.
D.Whether language shapes thought needs to be empirically supported.
23.What is the role of the underlined part “ As in that bridge ” in PARAGRAPH
THREE?
A.Reflecting on topics that appeal to the author and readers.
B.Introducing new evidence to what has been confirmed before.
C.Identifying the kinds of questions supported by the experiments.
D.Claiming that speakers of different languages differ dramatically.
24.Which of the following has nothing to do with the relationship between language and
thought?
A.People remember what they saw both visually and verbally.
nguage helps to shape what and how we perceive the world.
C.Grammar has an effect on how people think about things around us.
D.Science has only scratched the surface of how language affects thought.
25.W h i c h o f t h e f o ll o w i n g b e s t r e p r e s e n t s t h e a u t h o r’s a rg um e n t i n t h e p a ss a g e?
A.The gender of nouns affects how people think about things in the world.。