4-First-Language-Acquisition语言习得

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2.1.2.3 Systematicity and Variability
Most data gathered so far point to the systematic nature of the language learning process. From two or threeword utterances to full sentences, children exhibit a remarkable ability to infer the phonological, structural, lexical, and semantic system of language.
Chapter 2 First Language
Acquisition
By 郭小宁、李黎、刘洪艳、王媛
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Outline of Chapter 2
Theories of First Language Acquisition
Behavioristic Approaches Nativist Approaches Functional Approaches
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The Continuum of First Language Acquisition Theory
Extreme
Behaviro-istic
Position
Behavioritic Approaches
Functional Approaches
Nativist Approach
Verbal Behavior, like other behavior, is controlled by its consequences:
--when consequences are rewarding, behavior is maintained and is increased in strength and perhaps frequency.
However, there is an equally remarkable amount of variability in the process of learning. Researchers are not agree on how to define various “stages” of language acquisition.
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2.1.1.3 Mediation Theory— Neobehaviorism
Mediation theory (传递理论), in which meaning was accounted for by the claim that the linguistic stimulus (a word or sentence) elicits a “mediating” response that is self-stimulating.
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Limitation of the Synthetic Notion
Not account satisfactorily for the generalization process that is inferred in the theory.
Not account for the creativity evident in even a young child’s ability to comprehend and produce novel utterances.
外显刺激
隐含刺激
…
隐含反应
外显反应
Mediation System
An example by O.H.Mowrer
Tom is a thief.
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有关小偷 性质的联想
看管好自 己的钱包
听到Tom就 联想到小偷
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Limitation of Mediation Theory
A cognitive-rational theory masquerading as behavioristic.
~12 months imitate words and speech sounds
~18 months two or three words “sentences”
~3-year-old non-stop chattering and incessant conversation
6-year-old~ not only what to say but also what not to say
--When consequences are punishing, or when there is lack of reinforcement entirely, the behavior is weakened and eventually extinguished.
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Limitation of Operant Conditioning
S-R Model: Stimuli Response
Reinforced habitual/conditional weakened and finally extinguished
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2.1.1.2 Operant Conditioning- by Skinner
Operant Conditioning refers to conditioning in which the organism (human being) emits a response, or operant (a sentence or utterance), without necessarily observable stimuli; that operant is maintained (learned) by reinforcement.
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2.1.2Related Issues
2.1.2.1Imitation 2.1.2.2Nurture
2.1.2.3Systematicity and Variability
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2.1.1.1What is the Behavioristic Approach?
The Behavioristic Approach focuses on the immediately perceptible aspects of linguistic behavior—the publicly observable responses—and the relationships or associations between those responses and events in the world surrounding them.
2.1.1Behavioristic Approaches
2.1.1.1What is Behavioristic Approach?
2.1.1.2Operant Conditioning 2.1.1.3Mediation Theory 2.1.1.4Synthetic Notion by
Jenkins and Palermo
Animals’ behavior is not equal to human’s. The effect of reinforcement is not so optimistic! Fail to account for countless novel utterances.
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Constructivist Social interaction Cognition and language Functions of language Discourse
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First Language Acquisition Process
Infant~
babble, coo, cry……
semantic level.
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2.1.2.2 Nurture
First language ——nurture? What are the behaviors that are, by environment
exposure—by “nurture”, by teaching—learned and internalized? How is the efficiency and success of that learning determined by the environment the child is in? Can children be “taught” their first language?
Extreme Innateness
How can we explain this fantastic journey from
that first cry to adult fluency?
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2.1 Behavioristic Approaches and Related Issues
FLA.
Types of imitation:
Surface-structure Imitation: attend to a phonological code rather than a semantic code.
Deep-structure Imitation: attend to a meaningful
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2.2Nativist Approaches and Related issues
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Behaviorist Mediation Theory
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Nativist
Fuctional
Tabula rasa Stimuli: linguistic responses Conditioning Reinforcement
Mediating response (RM)
Innate predispositions (LAD/UG) Systematic, rulegoverned acquisition Creative construction “pivot” grammar Parallel distributed processing
They claim that
--the child may acquire frames of a phrasestructure grammar and learn the S-R equivalences that can be substituted within each frame;
--imitation was an important if not essential aspect of establishing S-R associations.
Abstract nature of language, integral relationship between meaning and utterance, deep structures of sentences are still unresolved.
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2.1.1.4 Synthetic Notion -By Jenkins and Palermo
Fail to account for the abstract nature of language.
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2.1.2.1 Imitation
？ Children are good imitators! So imitation is one
of the important strategies used by a child in
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Key Issues
Competence and Performance Comprehension and Production Nature and Nurture Universals Systematicity and Variability Language and Thought Imitation Practice Input Discourse