职称英语卫生类A级-53_真题-无答案

职称英语卫生类A级-53
(总分100,考试时间90分钟)
第1部分：词汇选项
下面每个句子中均匀1个词或短语画有底横线，请为每处画线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. They agreed to modify their policy.A. clarify B. change C. define D. develop
2. As a writer, he turned out three novels that year.A. refused B. read C. produced D. accepted
3. Tears of anguish filled her eyes.A. annoyance B. anger C. distress D. depression
4. God is believed to be omnipotent.A. all-powerful B. everlasting C. important D. extraordinary
5. **pany recommended that a new gas station be built here.A. ordered B. insisted C. suggested D. demanded
6. It is absurd to predict that the sun will not rise tomorrow.A. ridiculous B. funny C. odd D. foolish
7. Doctors are required to keep patients' **pletely confidential.A. detailed B. secret C. accurate D. confident
8. We consume a lot more than we are able to produce.A. waste B. buy C. use D. sell
9. You have to be patient if you want to sustain your position.A. maintain B. establish C. acquire D. support
10. She gave us an ambiguous answer.A. apparent B. unclear C.
appalling D. indifferent
11. It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life.A. calm B. upset C. steady D. severe
12. It was very thoughtful of you to make all the necessary arrangements for us.A. conservative B. considerate C. romantic D. independent
13. A good employer gives hints to his or her employees without interfering with their creativity.A. freedom B. assistance C. clues D. funds
14. The accident has not done any permanent damage.A. temporary B. lasting C. mobile D. sticky
15. If wool is put into hot water, it tends to shrink.A. disappear B. expand C. break D. contract
第2部分：阅读判断
Sleep Problems Plague the Older Set
Older Americans often have difficulty getting a good night's rest. It's a huge quality-of-life problem, experts say, because contrary to popular belief, seniors require about the same amount of sleep as younger adults.
"Sleep problems and sleep disorders are not an inherent (固有的) part of aging," said Dr. Harrison G. Bloom, an associate clinical professor of geriatrics (老年病学) and medicine at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. "It's pretty much of a myth that older people need less sleep than younger people."
Yet in a study published recently in The American Journal of Medicine, researchers found that more than half of older Americans have problems getting the sleep they need.
Older people tend to have "sleep fragmentation", meaning they wake up more often during the night, said study author Dr. Julie Gammck, an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Geriatric Medicine at St. Louis University.
They also seem to get less "REM" sleep, the type of sleep during which rapid eye movement occurs, Bloom added.
It's unclear what role these naturally occurring changes in sleep patterns have on a person's quality of life, Bloom said. "What is important, though, is that older people often have actual sleep disorders and problems with sleep," he said.
And, experts say, there is usually more than one cause.
"Sleep trouble in older adults is typically associated with acute and chronic illnesses, including specific sleep disorders like sleep apnea (呼吸暂停) and restless leg syndrome that appear with
greater frequency in older populations," said Michael V. Vitiello, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and associate director of the University of Washington's Northwest Geriatric Education Center.
Taking multiple medications, as many older people do, can also lead to fatigue and "hypersomnia", or being tired all the time, Bloom added.
Another big problem, he noted, is depression and anxiety. "Those are **monly associated with sleep problems."
Despite the prevalence (流行) of sleep difficulties in older adults, many patients aren't getting the help they need. As a result, problems like insomnia (失眠), restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea are underdiagnosed and undertreated, Bloom said.
16. Sleep problems can seriously affect one's quality of life.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. It is true that older people need less sleep than younger people.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Younger people in America **plain of sleep disorders.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. The number of older Americans with sleep problems is not small.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. "Sleep fragmentation" refers to a marked lack of "REM" sleep.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. The causes of sleep problems in older people remain unidentified.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. Actions will soon be taken in America to better help people with sleep problems.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子
Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 4
2 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the **munity and around the world for her ability to use American sign language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who
experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.
3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fours is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.
4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of **munication. Yet, one thing is sure—Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.
23. A. Reason why not many scientists carry out this research nowadays B. Report about Washoe's progress in learning sign language C. General information about Washoe D. The Gardners' contributions recognized E. Debate on chimps' intelligence F. Washoe's love for three young chimps Paragraph 1 ______
24. Paragraph 2 ______
25. Paragraph 3 ______
26. Paragraph 4 ______
27. A. if the Gardners' argument was sound B. because she was cleverer than other chimps
C. when she wanted to eat
D. while she was at a research center in Ellensburg
E. because she could use sign language to ask for fruits
F. while Washoe was learning sign language Washoe could make signs to communicate ______.
28. Some scientists doubted ______.
29. Washoe taught three younger chimps sign language ______.
30. The experimenters thought Washoe was intelligent ______.
第4部分：阅读理解
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。

请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇
IQ-gene
In the angry debate over how much of IQ comes from the genes that children inherit from parents and how **es from experiences, one little fact gets overlooked: no one has identified any genes (other than those that cause retardation) that affect intelligence. So researchers led by Robert Plomin of London's Institute of Psychiatry decided to look for some. They figured that if you want to find a "smart gene", you should look in smart kids. They therefore examined the DNA of students like those who are so bright that they take college entrance exams four years early—and
still score at Princeton-caliber levels. The scientists found what they sought. "We have," says Plomin, "the first specific gene ever associated with general intelligence."
Plomin's colleagues drew blood from two groups of 51 children each, all 6 to 15 years old and living in six counties around Cleveland. In one group, the average IQ is 103. All the children are white. Isolating the blood cells, the researchers then examined each child's chromosome 6. Of the 37 landmarks on chromosome 6 that the researchers looked for, one jumped out: a form of gene called IGF2R occurred in twice as many children in the high-IQ group as in the average group—32 percent versus 16 percent. The study, in the May issue of the journal Psychological Science, concludes that it is this form of the IGF2R gene that contributes to intelligence.
Some geneticists see major problems with the IQ-gene study. One is the possibility that Plomin's group fell for "chopsticks fallacy". Geneticists might think they've found a gene for chopsticks flexibility, but all they've really found is a gene **mon in Asians than, say, Africans. Similarly, Plomin's IQ gene might simply be one that is **mon in groups that emphasize academic achievement. "What is the gene that they've found reflects ethnicity?" asks geneticist Andrew Feinberg of Johns Hopkins University. "That alone might explain the link to intelligence, since IQ tests are known for being culturally sensitive and affected by a child's environment." And Neil Risch of Standford University points out that if you look for 37 genes on a chromosome, as the researchers did, and find that one is **mon in smarter kids, that might reflect pure chance rather than a causal link between the gene and intelligence. Warns Feinberg: "I would take these findings with a whole box of salt."
31. In the beginning of Paragraph 1 we are told that scientists can not agree ______.A. how much of IQ comes from intelligence B. how many children inherit genes from parents C. how much of IQ comes from genes D. how many children learn by experience
32. What does "some" in the second sentence of Paragraph 1 stand for?A. Parents. B. Children. C. Experiences. D. Genes.
33. A gene for chopsticks flexibility is found to be ______.A. unrelated to the ability to use chopsticks B. related to the ability to use chopsticks C. unrelated to the ability to use forks D. related to the ability to use forks
34. Plomin's IQ-gene study is similar to the chopsticks gene finding in that ______.A. there may not be a causal link between gene and intelligence B. there is a close correlation between gene and intelligence C. there may be a close relation between chopsticks flexibility and children's academic score D. there is not a close relation between chopsticks flexibility and children's academic score
35. What does Feinberg mean by saying "I would take these findings with a whole box of salt"?A. He would consider them while eating his meals. B. He definitely believes the findings. C. He would consider them while shopping for salt. D. He doubts the findings very much.
第二篇
Liver Disease
The liver is the second largest organ in your body. The liver performs many jobs in your body. It processes what you eat and drink into energy and nutrients your body can use. The liver also removes harmful substances from your blood.
One out of every 10 Americans is affected by liver disease. Liver disease is one of the top 10 causes of death in the United States. There are more than 100 liver diseases. Viruses cause some of them, like hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Others can be the result of drugs, poisons or drinking too much alcohol. If the liver forms scar tissue because of an illness, it's called cirrhosis. Cancer can affect the liver. You should also inherit a liver disease such as hemochromatosis.
Liver disease can manifest in many ways. Characteristic manifestations include jaundice, liver enlargement, portal hypertension and etc. Sometimes the manifestations of liver disease are not obvious. For example, symptoms may include fatigue, a general feeling of illness, loss of appetite, and mild weight loss. However, people may not notice these symptoms, and these symptoms are also typical of many other diseases. Thus, liver disease can easily be overlooked, particularly in its early stages.
Hepatitis A vaccination is the best way to prevent HA V (hepatitis A virus). Hepatitis B vaccination is the best way to prevent HBV. Other ways to stop the spread of HBV are: not sharing needles; practicing safe sex; not Sharing razors, toothbrushes, or other personal items; using only clean needles for fattoos and body piercings. There is no vaccine to prevent HCV. The only way to prevent HCV is to avoid direct contact with infected blood.
Eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly help the liver to work well. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink. When medicines are taken incorrectly, the liver can be harmed. So follow dosing instructions and talk to a doctor or pharmacist about the medicines you are taking. Mixing alcohol and medicines can harm your liver, even if they are not taken at the same time. Toxins can injure liver cells. So limit direct contact with toxins from cleaning and aerosol products, insecticides, chemicals, and additives in cigarettes. Do not smoke.
36. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Top ten causes of death in the US include liver disease. B. 10% of Americans die of liver disease. C. 10% of Americans suffer from liver disease. D. Over 100 liver diseases exist.
37. The word "manifest" in Paragraph 3 can be best replaced by ______.A. cause B. happen C. show D. disappear
38. Unobvious symptoms of liver diseases may include the following signs EXCEPT ______.A. tiredness B. loss of appetite C. nauseous feeling D. slight weight loss
39. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. It is not harmful when alcohol and medicines are not taken at the same time. B. It is wise not to share personal items so as to stop the spread of HBV. C. Hepatitis C vaccination is the best way to prevent HCV. D. We cannot use products with toxins like insecticides.
40. The main purpose of this passage is to let people know ______.A. liver is a very important organ in our body B. liver disease is wide spread in the US C. there are many types of liver diseases and some are easily overlooked D. the cause, symptoms of liver diseases and some tips
on prevention
第三篇
Iron Deficiencies
Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women.
"We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss," says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. Her study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. "Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back," she notes. "But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a significant decrease in iron levels."
Iron deficiency is **mon among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. But the ratio is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. This means, Lyle says, that "too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in".
Women of childbearing age are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. And because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency.
"The average woman takes in only two thirds of the recommended daily allowance for iron," notes another expert. "For a woman who already has a poor iron status, any additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency," notes the expert. Exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms. Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system.
The best sources of iron, and the only sources of the form of iron most readily absorbed by the body, are meat, chicken, and fish. Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables.
41. According to experts, who will possibly have iron deficiencies?A. Sprinters. B. Marathoners. C. Weight-lifters. D. High jump athletes.
42. Who will show evidence of iron loss?A. Active women. B. Inactive women. C. Women who do a program of moderate exercise regularly. D. Women who are inactive and start to do moderate exercise.
43. Who will have a significant decrease in iron levels?A. All the women. B. All the inactive women. C. Women who start to do moderate exercise and follow their normal diet. D. Women who start to do moderate exercise and consume additional meat or take iron supplements.
44. Which group of women will possibly have iron loss?A. 80 percent of active women. B. 80 percent of female endurance athletes. C. One in four women aged 18 to 45. D. One in five female teenagers.
45. Who will have the least risk of having iron loss?A. Women who reject red meat. B. Women of childbearing age. C. Women who take dates and beans often. D. Women who control their weight by taking less meat and vegetables.
第5部分：补全短文
Acupuncture—Old Chinese Medicine
For more than 4,000 years people in Asia have used acupuncture to treat illnesses. 1 Today acupuncture is also very popular in Europe, America and Australia.
Acupuncture can control pain and sickness. It cab also be used if you have a headache or back pain. Some doctors use acupuncture along with regular treatments for asthma, high blood pressure or stress. 2 Some people think that acupuncture can treat depression and even help people to stop smoking. Many patients feel more energy after a treatment, while others may feel more relaxed.
People who practice acupuncture must take courses to learn how to do it correctly. 3 During treatment the patient lies down and needles are stuck into certain points of the body. There are hundreds of possible points and each one has a certain effect on the body. 4 For example, you stick a needle into the hand to treat problems with your stomach.
Acupuncture needles are made of metal and about as thick as a human hair. They normally go less than one centimeter into the skin. When they are in the skin the acupuncturist may twist them or send electricity through them. The patients rest for a short time and then the needles are removed.
Acupuncture normally doesn't hurt. There is also a milder form of acupuncture called acupressure where you don't need needles. Doctors use their fingers to press the points of the body.
Chinese medicine teaches us that all acupuncture points are located along pathways called meridians. Each of these meridians carries energy, which the Chinese call "qi" to certain points of the body. If this "qi" gets blocked from an area the person will get sick or feel pain. Sticking needles into the correct points can help "qi" flow again and make the person well.
Doctors today are not sure how acupuncture really works. They have not found any proof that these pathways of energy really exist. Some think that needles cause the body to produce pain killing substances. 5 Some also say that acupuncture only works because patients believe in it.
A. Doctors have even used acupuncture to stop pain during an operation.
B. Others think that the needles block pain signals that travel along the nerves to the brain.
C. It is an old Chinese form of healing in which your skin is pierced with thin needles to relieve pain.
D. In many places, especially outside of Asia, only doctors are allowed to perform
acupuncture.
E. The earliest written record of acupuncture is found in the Huangdi Neijing.
F. The points can also be very far away from the place of pain.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
第6部分：完形填空
A Memory Drug?
It's difficult to imagine many things that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug. A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease. Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more 1 and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about 2 ,we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.
Some of the most exciting **es from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA receptor, which plays an important 3 in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP. Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors, more LTP, and 4 performance on several different memory tasks—learning a spatial layout, recognizing familiar objects, and recalling a fear-inducing shock.
If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be 5 to people-and that remains to be seen—they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. 6 steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory. As exciting as this may 7 , it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children 8 used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in 9 than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don't have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school—and as a result handicapped later in life?
What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace? Imagine that you are 10 for a job that requires a good memory, such as a manager at a **pany or a sales position that requires remembering customers' names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? 11 people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?
Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget 12 can't. The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom 13 the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing
events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can 14 them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can't forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual's ability to assimilate **e to terms with a difficult experience? We may find ourselves 15 these kinds of questions in the not-to-distant future.
51. A. awfully B. clearly C. personally D. gladly
52. A. information B. drug C. memory D. science
53. A. game B. card C. role D. trick
54. A. improved B. completed C. lowered D. determined
55. A. trusted B. made C. contracted D. translated
56. A. After B. With C. Like D. Since
57. A. look B. sound C. watch D. hear
58. A. who B. what C. when D. why
59. A. home B. hospital C. school D. society
60. A. asking B. applying C. offering D. supplying
61. A. Could B. Must C. Should D. Would
62. A. and B. but C. thus D. though
63. A. from B. with C. against D.
at
64. A. avoid B. burden C. wonder D. neglect
65. A. resulting from B. adjusting to C. struggling with D. competing with。