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提升专业技能的必备书籍推荐

提升专业技能的必备书籍推荐1. 引言1.1 概述在当今快速变化的职业环境中，持续提升专业技能是一个不可忽视的重要任务。

通过阅读相关书籍，我们可以深入了解不同领域的知识和技巧，从而增强自己在工作中的竞争力和适应性。

本文旨在为读者介绍一些值得推荐的书籍，这些书籍涵盖了不同领域的专业知识、领导力与管理以及个人成长等方面。

1.2 文章结构本文将分为五个主要部分。

首先，在引言中我们将对文章的整体内容进行概述，并介绍撰写目的。

其次，第二部分将重点推荐一些与技术领域相关的书籍，包括选择标准和方法以及一个推荐书籍列表。

第三部分将介绍与领导力与管理相关的书籍，分别包括提升团队合作能力、培养领导才能以及提高管理技巧等方面的推荐。

接下来，在第四部分中，我们将推荐一些有助于职业发展与个人成长的书籍，包括发现激发潜力、增强自我意识和情商，以及推动个人成长与进步等方面的推荐。

最后，在结论部分，我们将总结文章的主要观点和建议，并强调学习持续发展的重要性，鼓励读者积极选择适合自己的书籍来提升专业技能。

1.3 目的本文的目标是为读者提供一份可靠且有价值的书籍推荐清单，帮助他们在不同方面提升专业技能。

我们希望通过介绍这些书籍，激发读者对于持续学习和发展自己的兴趣，并鼓励他们根据自身需求选择适合自己的书籍。

同时，通过阅读这些书籍所提供的理论和实践指导，读者将能够更好地应对职业挑战，提高工作表现，并取得个人成长与职业发展上更加积极和长远的成果。

2. 子章节一：技术领域相关书籍推荐2.1 重要性和价值在现代社会，随着科技的快速发展和不断更新，提升专业技能成为了个人职业发展的必然选择。

阅读与学习相关的专业书籍可以使我们跟上行业的最新发展趋势、掌握先进的工具和技术，从而取得竞争优势，并且更好地应对挑战。

2.2 选择标准和方法选择适合自己的技术书籍并不容易。

首先，我们需要了解自己的专业需求以及期望达到的目标。

其次，在选择书籍时考虑以下几个标准：作者的资质和经验、书籍内容是否系统全面、深度浅度是否适合自己、评价和口碑等。

2952020-ISTQB-sample-question-paperspart-1

ISTQB CertificationSample Question PapersCopyright © Abhishek Kumar TiwariAll rights reserved. No part of this material may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission from the owner. Contact the owner for the information on foreign rights.Question Paper 1:1.An input field takes the year of birth between 1900 and 2004The boundary values for testing this field area.0,1900,2004,2005b.1900, 2004c.1899,1900,2004,2005d.1899, 1900, 1901,2003,2004,20052.Which one of the following are non-functional testing methods?a.System testingability testingc.Performance testingd.Both b & c3.Which of the following tools would be involved in the automation of regressiontest?a.Data testerb.Boundary testerc.Capture/Playbackd.Output comparator.4.Incorrect form of Logic coverage is:a.Statement Coverageb.Pole Coveragec.Condition Coveraged.Path Coverage5.Which of the following is not a quality characteristic listed in ISO 9126 Standard?a.Functionalityabilityc.Supportabilityd.Maintainability6.To test a function, the programmer has to write a _________, which calls thefunction to be tested and passes it test data.a.Stubb.Driverc.Proxyd.None of the above7.Boundary value testinga.Is the same as equivalence partitioning testsb.Test boundary conditions on, below and above the edges of input andoutput equivalence classesc.Tests combinations of input circumstancesd.Is used in white box testing strategy8.Pick the best definition of qualitya.Quality is job oneb.Zero defectsc.Conformance to requirementsd.Work as designed9.Fault Masking isa.Error condition hiding another error conditionb.Creating a test case which does not reveal a faultc.Masking a fault by developerd.Masking a fault by a tester10.One Key reason why developers have difficulty testing their own work is :ck of technical documentationck of test tools on the market for developersck of trainingck of Objectivity11.During the software development process, at what point can the test process start?a.When the code is complete.b.When the design is complete.c.When the software requirements have been approved.d.When the first code module is ready for unit testing12.In a review meeting a moderator is a person whoa.Takes minutes of the meetingb.Mediates between peoplec.Takes telephone callsd.Writes the documents to be reviewed13.Given the Following programIF X < YTHEN Statement 1;ELSE IF Y >= ZTHEN Statement 2;ENDMcCabe’s Cyclomatic Complexity is :a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 514.How many test cases are necessary to cover all the possible sequences ofstatements (paths) for the following program fragment? Assume that the twoconditions are independent of each other : -…………if (Condition 1)then statement 1else statement 2fiif (Condition 2)then statement 3fi…………a.Test Casesb. 3 Test Casesc. 4 Test Casesd.Not achievable15. Acceptance test cases are based on what?a.Requirementsb.Designc.Coded.Decision table16. “How much testing is enough?”a.This question is impossible to answerb.This question is easy to answerc.The answer depends on the risk for your industry, contract and specialrequirementsd.This answer depends on the maturity of your developers17. A common test technique during component test isa.Statement and branch testingability testingc.Security testingd.Performance testing18.Statement Coverage will not check for the following.a.Missing Statementsb.Unused Branchesc.Dead Coded.Unused Statement19.Independent Verification & Validation isa.Done by the Developerb.Done by the Test Engineersc.Done By Managementd.Done by an Entity Outside the Project’s sphere of influence20.Code Coverage is used as a measure of what ?a.Defectsb.Trends analysisc.Test Effectivenessd.Time Spent TestingQuestion Paper 2:Q2Regression testing should be performed:v) every week w) after the software has changed x) as often as possible y) when the environment has changed z) when the project manager says NOTE: Only one answer per question Q1A deviation from the specified or expected behaviour that is visible to end-users is called:a) an error b) a faulta) v & w are true, x, y & z are false b) w, x & y are true, v & z are false c) w & y are true, v, x & z are false d) w is true, v, x, y & z are falseQ3IEEE 829 test plan documentation standard contains all of the following except c) a failure d) a defecta) test items b) test deliverables c) test tasks d) test specificationsQ4When should testing be stopped?a) when all the planned tests have been run b) when time has run outc) when all faults have been fixed correctlyd) it depends on the risks for the system being testedQ5Order numbers on a stock control system can range between 10000 and 99999 inclusive. Which of the following inputs might be a result of designing tests for only valid equivalence classes and valid boundaries?a) 1000, 50000, 99999 b) 9999, 50000, 100000 c) 10000, 50000, 99999 d) 10000, 99999, 100000Q6 Consider the following statements about early test design:i. early test design can prevent fault multiplicationii. faults found during early test design are more expensive to fixiii. early test design can find faultsiv. early test design can cause changes to the requirementsv. early test design normally takes more efforta) i, iii & iv are true; ii & v are falseb) iii & iv are true; i, ii & v are falsec) i, iii, iv & v are true; ii is falsed) i & ii are true; iii, iv & v are falseQ7 Non-functional system testing includes:a) testing to see where the system does not function correctlyb) testing quality attributes of the system including performance and usabilityc) testing a system function using only the software required for that functiond) testing for functions that should not existQ8 Which of the following is NOT part of configuration management?a) auditing conformance to ISO 9000b) status accounting of configuration itemsc) identification of test versionsd) controlled library accessQ9Which of the following is the main purpose of the integration strategy for integration testing in the small?a) to ensure that all of the small modules are tested adequatelyb) to ensure that the system interfaces to other systems and networksc) to specify which modules to combine when, and how many at onced) to specify how the software should be divided into modulesQ10 What is the purpose of a test completion criterion?a) to know when a specific test has finished its executionb) to ensure that the test case specification is completec) to set the criteria used in generating test inputsd) to determine when to stop testingQ11 Consider the following statements:i. an incident may be closed without being fixed.ii. incidents may not be raised against documentation.iii. the final stage of incident tracking is fixing.iv. the incident record does not include information on test environments.a) ii is true, i, iii and iv are falseb) i is true, ii, iii and iv are falsec) i and iv are true, ii and iii are falsed) i and ii are true, iii and iv are falseQ12 Given the following code, which statement is true about the minimum number of test cases required for full statement and branch coverage?Read pRead qIF p+q > 100 THENPrint"Large"ENDIFIF p > 50 THENPrint "p Large"ENDIFa) 1 test for statement coverage, 3 for branch coverageb) 1 test for statement coverage, 2 for branch coveragec) 1 test for statement coverage, 1 for branch coveraged) 2 tests for statement coverage, 2 for branch coverageQ13 Consider the following statements:i. 100% statement coverage guarantees 100% branch coverage.ii. 100% branch coverage guarantees 100% statement coverage.iii. 100% branch coverage guarantees 100% decision coverage.iv. 100% decision coverage guarantees 100% branch coverage.v. 100% statement coverage guarantees 100% decision coverage.a) ii is True; i, iii, iv & v are Falseb) i & v are True; ii, iii & iv are Falsec) ii & iii are True; i, iv & v are Falsed) ii, iii & iv are True; i & v are FalseQ14 Functional system testing is:a) testing that the system functions with other systemsb) testing that the components that comprise the system function togetherc) testing the end to end functionality of the system as a wholed) testing the system performs functions within specified response timesQ15 Incidents would not be raised against:a) requirementsb) documentationc) test casesd) improvements suggested by usersQ16 Which of the following items would not come under Configuration Management?a) operating systemsb) test documentationc) live datad) user requirement documentsQ17 Maintenance testing is:a) updating tests when the software has changedb) testing a released system that has been changedc) testing by users to ensure that the system meets a business needd) testing to maintain business advantageQ18 What can static analysis NOT find?a) the use of a variable before it has been definedb) unreachable (“dead”) codec) memory leaksd) array bound violationsQ19 Which of the following techniques is NOT a black box technique?a) state transition testingb) LCSAJc) syntax testingd) boundary value analysisQ20 Beta testing is:a) performed by customers at their own siteb) performed by customers at the software developer's sitec) performed by an Independent Test Teamd) performed as early as possible in the lifecycleQ21 Given the following types of tool, which tools would typically be used by developers, and which by an independent system test team?analysisi. statictestingii. performancemanagementiii. testanalysisiv. dynamica) developers would typically use i and iv; test team ii and iiib) developers would typically use i and iii; test team ii and ivc) developers would typically use ii and iv; test team i and iiid) developers would typically use i, iii and iv; test team iiQ22 The main focus of acceptance testing is:a) finding faults in the systemb) ensuring that the system is acceptable to all usersc) testing the system with other systemsd) testing from a business perspectiveQ23 Which of the following statements about component testing is FALSE?a) black box test design techniques all have an associated test measurement techniqueb) white box test design techniques all have an associated test measurement techniquec) cyclomatic complexity is not a test measurement techniqued) black box test measurement techniques all have an associated test design techniqueQ24 Which of the following statements is NOT true?a) inspection is the most formal review processb) inspections should be led by a trained leaderc) managers can perform inspections on management documentsd) inspection is appropriate even when there are no written documentsQ25 A typical commercial test execution tool would be able to perform all of the following, EXCEPT:a) calculating expected outputsb) comparison of expected outcomes with actual outcomesc) recording test inputsd) reading test values from a data fileQ26 The difference between re-testing and regression testing is:a) re-testing ensures the original fault has been removed; regression testing looks forunexpected side-effectsb) re-testing looks for unexpected side-effects; regression testing ensures the original fault hasbeen removedc) re-testing is done after faults are fixed; regression testing is done earlierd) re-testing is done by developers; regression testing is done by independent testersQ27 Expected results are:a) only important in system testingb) only used in component testingc) most useful when specified in advanced) derived from the codeQ28 What type of review requires formal entry and exit criteria, including metrics:a) walkthroughb) inspectionc) management reviewd) post project reviewQ29 Which of the following uses Impact Analysis most?a) component testingb) non-functional system testingc) user acceptance testingd) maintenance testingQ30 What is NOT included in typical costs for an inspection process?a) setting up forms and databasesb) analysing metrics and improving processesc) writing the documents to be inspectedd) time spent on the document outside the meetingQ31 Which of the following is NOT a reasonable test objective:a) to find faults in the softwareb) to prove that the software has no faultsc) to give confidence in the softwared) to find performance problemsQ32 Which expression best matches the following characteristics of the review processes:1. led by the author2. undocumented3. no management participation4. led by a moderator or leader5. uses entry and exit criterias) inspectiont) peer reviewu) informal reviewv) walkthrougha) s = 4 and 5, t = 3, u = 2, v = 1b) s = 4, t = 3, u = 2 and 5, v = 1c) s = 1 and 5, t = 3, u = 2, v = 4d) s = 4 and 5, t = 1, u= 2, v = 3Q33 Which of the following is NOT part of system testing?a) business process-based testingb) performance, load and stress testingc) usability testingd) top-down integration testingQ34 Which statement about expected outcomes is FALSE?a) expected outcomes are defined by the software's behaviourb) expected outcomes are derived from a specification, not from the codec) expected outcomes should be predicted before a test is rund) expected outcomes may include timing constraints such as response timesQ35 The standard that gives definitions of testing terms is:a) ISO/IEC 12207b) BS 7925-1c) ANSI/IEEE 829d) ANSI/IEEE 729Q36 The cost of fixing a fault:a) is not importantb) increases the later a fault is foundc) decreases the later a fault is foundd) can never be determinedQ37 Which of the following is NOT included in the Test Plan document of the Test Documentation Standard?a) what is not to be testedb) test environment propertiesc) quality plansd) schedules and deadlinesQ38 Could reviews or inspections be considered part of testing?a) no, because they apply to development documentationb) no, because they are normally applied before testingc) yes, because both help detect faults and improve qualityd) yes, because testing includes all non-constructive activitiesQ39 Which of the following is not part of performance testing?a) measuring response timesb) recovery testingc) simulating many usersd) generating many transactionsQ40 Error guessing is best used:a) after more formal techniques have been appliedb) as the first approach to deriving test casesc) by inexperienced testersd) after the system has gone liveQuestion Paper 3:1. What is failure?A. Deviation from expected result to actual resultB. Defect in the software.C. Error in the program code.D. Fault in the system.2. People who don’t participate in technical reviewsA. AnalystsB. ManagementC. DevelopersD. Testers3. What type of testing is done to supplement the rigorous testing?A. Regression testing.B. Integration testing.C. Error GuessingD. System testing.4. Capture and replay facilities are least likely to be used to ….A. Performance testingB. Recovery testingC. GUI testingD. User requirements.5. What is the smallest number of test cases required toProvide 100% branch coverage?If(x>y) x=x+1; else y=y+1;while(x>y){y=x*y; x=x+1;}A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 46. Cyclomatic complexity is used to calculateA. number of independent paths in the basis set of a programB. number of binary decisions + 1C. upper bound for the number of tests that must be conducted to ensure that all statements have been executed at least onceD. number of branches and decisions7. If a candidate is given an exam of 40 questions, should get 25 marks to pass (61%) and should get 80% for distinction, what is equivalence class.A. 23, 24, 25B. 0, 12, 25C. 30, 36, 39D. 32,37,408. Match the following:1. Test estimation2. Test control3. Test monitoringa. measures of tracking processb. effort required to perform activitiesc. reallocation of resourcesA. 1-b, 2-c, 3-aB. 1-b, 2-a, 3-cC. 1-c, 2-a, 3-bD. 1-a, 2-b, 3-c9. One of the following is not a part of white box testing asper BS7925-II standards.A. Random testingB. Data Flow testing.C. Statement testing.D. Syntax testing.10. Exclusive use of white box testing in a test-phase will:A. Ensure the test item is adequately tested.B. Make the need for black-box testing redundant.C. Run the risk that the requirements are not satisfied.D. Suffices for the unit testing phase.11. Match the following.1. Configuration identification2. Configuration control3. Status reporting4. Configuration auditinga. Maintains of CI’s in a libraryb. Checks on the contents of the libraryc. Function recording and tracking problems.d. Requires the all CI’s and their versions in the systemare knownA. 1-d, 2-c, 3-d, 4-a.B. 1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-b.C. 1-a, 2-b, 3-d, 4-c.D. 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d.12. Cost of the reviews will not include.A. Review process itselfB. Metrics analysisC. Tool support.D. Process improvement.13. What type of testing will you perform on internet banking solution?A. System integrationB. Functional testingC. Non-functional testing.D. Requirements testing14. Which tool will be used to test the flag memory leaks and unassigned pointersA. Dynamic analysis toolB. Static Analysis tool.C. Maintenance tool.D. Configuration tool.15. Which of the following is not included in Test Plan.A. Features to be tested.B. Environmental needs.C. Suspension criteria.D. Expected results.16. A piece of software has been given….what tests in the Following will you perform?1) Test the areas most critical to business processes2) Test the areas where faults will be maximum3) Test the easiest functionalitiesA. 1&2 are true and 3 is false.B. 1,2&3 are true.C. 1 is true, 2&3 are false.D. 1&2 are false, 3 is true.17. Amount of testing performed will not depend onA. Risks involvedB. Contractual requirementsC. Legal requirementsD. Test data.18. Which of the following provides the biggest potential cost saving from use of CAST?A. Test managementB. Test designC. Test planningD. Test execution19. Testing is not done to ….A. Find faultsB. Improve qualityC. Check user friendliness.D. Improve software accuracy20. Software quality is not relevant to …A. CorrectnessB. UsabilityC. ViabilityD. Reusability.21. Which of the following are false?A. Incidents should always be investigated and resolved.B. Incidents occur when expected and actual results differ.C. Incidents can be analyzed to assist in test process improvement.D. An incident can be raised against documentation.22. Which of the following is a type of non-functional testing?A. Usability testing.B. Statement Coverage.C. Dataflow testing.D. Cause-effect graphing.23. To make a test effective it is most important that:A. It is easy to execute.B. It is designed to detect faults if present.C. The expected outcome is specified before execution.D. It is unlikely to delay progress.24. Error guessing is:A. An appropriate way of deriving system tests.B. Only used if good requirements are not available.C. Only used when good requirements are available.D. The most appropriate way of deriving system tests.25. A standard for software testing terminology is:A. IEEE 802.11B. ISO 9001C. BS 7925-1D. BS 7925-226. Which of the following is true of V-model?A. It includes the verification of designs.B. It states that modules are tested against user requirements.C. It specifies the test techniques to be used.D. It only models the testing phase.27. Which of the following is NOT part of a high level test plan?A. Functions not to be tested.B. Environmental requirements.C. Analysis of Specifications.D. Entry and Exit criteria.28. When do you stop testing?A. When the specified number of faults are found.B. When the test completion criteria are met.C. When all high and medium priority tests are complete.D. When all statements have been executed.29. Which of the following is least important in test management?A. Estimating test duration.B. Incident Management.C. Configuration Management.D. De-bugging.30. How would you estimate the amount of re-testing likely to be required?A. Metrics from previous similar projects.B. Discussions with the development team.C. Time allocated for regression testing.D. Both A & B.31. Which of the following statements is true of static analysis:A. Compiling code is not a form of static analysis.B. Static analysis need not be performed before imperative code is executed.C. Static analysis can find faults that are hard to find withdynamic testing.D. Extensive statistic analysis will not be needed if white-Box testing is to be performed.32. Regression testing always involvesA. Testing whether a known software fault been fixed.B. Executing a large number of different tests.C. Testing whether modifications have introduced adverseside effects.D. Using a test automation tool.33. A field failure occurs when multiple users access a system.Which of the following is true?A. This is an acceptable risk of a multi-user system.B. Insufficient functional testing has been performed.C. This indicates an important non-functional requirement was not specified and tested.D. It is not possible to test against such events prior to release.34. Integration testing in the large involves:A. Testing the system when combined with other systems.B. Testing a sub-system using stubs and drivers.C. Testing a system with a large number of users.D. Combing software components and testing them in onego.35. Data flow analysis studies:A. How rapidly data is transferred through a program.B. The rate of change of data values as a program executes.C. The use of data on paths through the code.D. The intrinsic complexity of the code.36. The oracle assumption is that:A. There is some existing system against which test outputmay be checked.B. The tester knows everything about the software undertest.C. The tester can routinely identify the correct outcome ofa test.D. Tools are used to check the results of testing.36 The following text will be used in Q.37 and Q.38. In a system designed to work out the tax to be paid:An employee has $4000 of salary tax freeThe next $1500 is taxed at 10%The next $28000 is taxed at 22%Any further amount is taxed at 40%37. To the nearest $ which of these is a valid Boundary Value Analysis test case?A. $1500B. $32001C. $28000D. $3350138. Which of these groups of numbers would fall into the same equivalence class?A. $5800; $28000; $32000B. $0; $200; $4200C. $5200; $5500; $28000D. $28001; $32000; $3500039. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of User Acceptance Testing?A. Use of automated test execution tools.B. Testing performed by users.C. Testing against acceptance test criteria.D. Integration of system with user documentation.40. For software to be reliable it must:A. Be easy to maintain.B. Be unlikely to cause a failure.C. Never fail under any circumstances.D. Be written according to coding standardsQuestion Paper 4:1 We split testing into distinct stages primarily because:a) Each test stage has a different purpose.b) It is easier to manage testing in stages.c) We can run different tests in different environments.d) The more stages we have, the better the testing.2 Which of the following is likely to benefit most from the use of test tools providing test capture and replay facilities?a) Regression testingb) Integration testingc) System testingd) User acceptance testing3 Which of the following statements is NOT correct?a) A minimal test set that achieves 100% LCSAJ coverage will also achieve 100% branch coverage.b) A minimal test set that achieves 100% path coverage will also achieve 100% statement coverage.c) A minimal test set that achieves 100% path coverage will generally detect more faults than one that achieves 100% statement coverage.d) A minimal test set that achieves 100% statement coverage will generally detect more faults than one that achieves 100% branch coverage.4 Which of the following requirements is testable?a) The system shall be user friendly.b) The safety-critical parts of the system shall contain 0 faults.c) The response time shall be less than one second for the specified design load.d) The system shall be built to be portable.5 Analyse the following highly simplified procedure:Ask: “What type of ticket do you require, single or return?”IF the customer wants ‘return’Ask: “What rate, Standard or Cheap-day?”IF the customer replies ‘Cheap-day’Say: “That will be £11:20”ELSESay: “That will be £19:50”ENDIFELSESay: “That will be £9:75”ENDIFNow decide the minimum number of tests that are needed to ensure that allthe questions have been asked, all combinations have occurred and allreplies given.a) 3b) 4c) 5d) 66 Error guessing:a) supplements formal test design techniques.b) can only be used in component, integration and system testing.c) is only performed in user acceptance testing.d) is not repeatable and should not be used.7 Which of the following is NOT true of test coverage criteria?a) Test coverage criteria can be measured in terms of items exercised by a test suite.b) A measure of test coverage criteria is the percentage of user requirements covered.c) A measure of test coverage criteria is the percentage of faults found.d) Test coverage criteria are often used when specifying test completion criteria.8 In prioritising what to test, the most important objective is to:a) find as many faults as possible.b) test high risk areas.c) obtain good test coverage.d) test whatever is easiest to test.9 Given the following sets of test management terms (v-z), and activity descriptions (1-5), which one of the following best pairs the two sets?v – test controlw – test monitoringx - test estimationy - incident managementz - configuration control1 - calculation of required test resources2 - maintenance of record of test results3 - re-allocation of resources when tests overrun4 - report on deviation from test plan5 - tracking of anomalous test resultsa) v-3,w-2,x-1,y-5,z-4b) v-2,w-5,x-1,y-4,z-3c) v-3,w-4,x-1,y-5,z-2d) v-2,w-1,x-4,y-3,z-510 Which one of the following statements about system testing is NOT true?a) System tests are often performed by independent teams.b) Functional testing is used more than structural testing.c) Faults found during system tests can be very expensive to fix.d) End-users should be involved in system tests.11 Which of the following is false?。

上古卷轴4属性技能升级加点指南

上古卷轴4 属性技能升级加点指南上古卷轴4属性技能升级加点指南2011-01-10 18：23角色养成系统的结构：由21种人物技能(含7种主要技能和14种次要技能)+11种人物属性(含8种基础属性和3种状态属性)所构成的轴心躯干，造就了现在上古卷轴4独有的角色养成系统，如下图所示：图中除了囊括部分如负重、回魔速度等这一类没提到的属性外，还分别通过红、绿、蓝三种颜色把21种人物技能框分出三类带有"战斗倾向"加成的技能。

◆技能篇：战斗倾向型技能：图中带有"战斗倾向"加成的技能分别是指"战斗型技能"、"潜行型技能"和"魔法型技能"，三种类型的倾向同时各自支配7种角色技能：战斗型技能：钝器技巧、剑术、徒手格斗、运动、格挡、装备修理、重甲技能；潜行型技能：潜行、弓术、开锁术、杂技、轻甲技能、商业技巧、口才；魔法型技能：炼金术、召唤系、神秘系、变化系、毁灭系、恢复系、幻觉系。

选择任意的战斗倾向也就等于选择了与之相对应的技能，这7个技能除了能获得+5点的技能等级提升外(+5的bonus不具备升级的条件，请注意)，它们的技能提升速度也比其它的技能要快，获得的经验也多。

在角色离开"下水道"前，选择职业的时候就已经决定了角色今后的战斗倾向，关于这一方面大家不必顾虑太多，可以根据个人的喜好自行选择，不过在下还是建议大家选择"战斗"。

主要技能和次要技能：21个人物技能最终会被划分为7个主要技能和14个次要技能，当选择出7个技能为主要技能时，这7个技能即获得+20点的技能等级提升(+20的bonus同样也不具备升级的条件，请注意)。

剩余的14个技能则为次要技能，次要技能不具有等级提升的奖励和提升速度，但是我们却会把最实用最常用的技能都放在"次要持能"里。

相反，"主要技能"却不能用字面去分析，"主要技能"不等于"实用技能"，这一点大家一定要记住！因为一旦把自已的常用技都加进"主要技能"的范畴里.那么在人物今后的升级过程中，这类技能会经常性的失控升级，技能的失控升级绝对会打乱你今后的属性配点计划。

trados 新手必读和常见问题解决方法

TRADOS新手必读石滴水Trados的字典里面没有菜鸟这个词汇，如果你是新手，看了这篇文章，请说自己是个“三八”，就是完全知道下面三大纪律八项注意的Trados爱好者。

才会在网上和QQ群里面得到Trados 爱好者的真情帮助。

我不是Trados 的工作人员，因此不会有时间给你答疑，敬请原谅。

这是我转载的其他人的文章。

需要注意下面几个问题：*三大纪律你Trados 的版本可能和这个版本不一样，所以不要刻舟求剑。

菜单是给菜鸟准备的，尽可能把菜单熟悉了，自己琢磨，就会看明白90％以上的，否则给你答案你也不知道在哪里操作的。

如果你刚刚下载了软件，请把本文看完，自己琢磨3天，动手试一试，软件没有那么娇气，不会让你搞坏的。

制作句库和词库的软件haha 的宏里面有说明，最好是严格遵守里面的说明，尽可能使用英文目录，英文文件名。

这个软件，请到翻译中国下载另外导入.xml 文件时，需要定义文件MT 的定义文件，.xdt，在haha 的宏里面有，要不然可能不能导入词库文件八项注意：1. Trados是翻译的辅助工具，不是和金山快译一样的东西，里面原来没有句库和词库，需要自己添加。

如果翻译业务量不大，没有必要学。

2. Trados没有MT也是可以翻译的，用起来还可以，如果是新手，先会Trados就可以了，慢慢熟悉以后加上MT。

3. MT里面的词汇不是越多越好，多了选择困难。

*4. 新手最好是先熟悉Word的操作，对于制表符，文本文件，查找替换等需要特别熟悉。

5. 翻译公司要求使用这个软件的，必须首先提供MT，和TM，如果不能提供，请先预付这些部分的费用。

而且根据国际惯例，100％相同的，也要至少支付翻译30％的翻译费，90％以下的按照平常的价格支付。

6. 如果是纯粹的英语和中文之间的翻译，雅信，也都还可以，翻译的基本任务的做文本，格式和图片的翻译公司排版校对人员的业务，请互相尊重各自的专业技术知识。

7.除了trados之外，还有很多的翻译软件可以用，也都不错。

Rhee radiculopathy and herniated lumbar disc

The PDF of the article you requested follows this cover page.This is an enhanced PDF from The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery2006;88:2070-2080.J Bone Joint Surg Am.John M. Rhee, Michael Schaufele and William A. AbduRegarding Pathophysiology and Management Radiculopathy and the Herniated Lumbar Disc. Controversies This information is current as of March 22, 2008Reprints and Permissions Permissions] link.and click on the [Reprints and article, or locate the article citation on to use material from this order reprints or request permission Click here toPublisher Information 20 Pickering Street, Needham, MA 02492-3157The Journal of Bone and Joint SurgerySelected InstructionalCourseLecturesThe American Academy of Orthopaedic SurgeonsPrinted with permission of theAmerican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. This article, as well as other lectures presented at the Academy’s Annual Meeting, will be available in February 2007 in Instructional Course Lectures,Volume 56. The complete volume can be ordered onlineat , or bycalling 800-626-6726(8 A.M.-5 P.M., Central time).J. L AWRENCE M ARSHE DITOR, V OL. 56C OMMITTEEJ. L AWRENCE M ARSHC HAIRMANF REDERICK M. A ZARP AUL J. D UWELIUST ERRY R. L IGHTM ARY I. O’C ONNORE X-O FFICIOD EMPSEY S. S PRINGFIELDD EPUTYE DITOR OF T HE J OURNAL OF B ONE AND J OINT S URGERY FOR I NSTRUCTIONAL C OURSE L ECTURESJ AMES D. H ECKMANE DITOR-IN-C HIEF,T HE J OURNAL OF B ONE AND J OINT S URGERYRadiculopathy and the Herniated Lumbar Disc C ONTROVERSIES R EGARDING P ATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND M ANAGEMENTB Y J OHN M. R HEE, MD, M ICHAEL S CHAUFELE, MD, AND W ILLIAM A. A BDU, MDAn Instructional Course Lecture, American Academy of Orthopaedic SurgeonsLumbar disc herniations remain among the most common diagnoses encountered in clinical spine practice. The incidence of symptomatic lum-bar disc herniations in the American population has been estimated to be 1% to 2%1, for which approximately 200,000 lumbar discectomies are performed annually2. Yet despite the frequency with which lumbar disc herniation occurs, there is substantial controversy regarding its pathophysi-ology and treatment. For example, from the standpoint of basic science, mounting evidence suggests that bio-chemical factors—in addition to the mechanical effects of the disc material on the nerve root—underlie the devel-opment of symptomatic radiculopa-thy, but those factors remain to be clearly elucidated. On the clinical end of the spectrum, large (five-to-fifteen-fold) variations3 in the rates of lum-bar surgery in geographically adjacent areas suggest radical heterogeneity in the application of surgical criteria to this diagnosis. In this lecture, we examine the available basic science regarding the anatomy and patho-physiology of lumbar disc herniations as well as the clinical evidence sup-porting nonoperative compared with surgical management of this com-mon, yet surprisingly poorly under-stood, orthopaedic disorder.Anatomy of LumbarDisc HerniationStructurally, the lumbar disc has threecomponents: the anulus fibrosus, whichforms the circumferential rim of thedisc; the nucleus pulposus, which com-poses its central core; and the cartila-ginous end plates on the adjacentvertebral bodies. The anulus has a mul-tilayer lamellar architecture made of col-lagen fibers. Within each layer, thecollagen is oriented at approximately 30°to the horizontal. Each successive layer isoriented at 30° to the horizontal in theopposite direction, leading to a “criss-cross” type pattern. This compositionallows the anulus, and in particular theouter anulus, which has the highest ten-sile modulus, to resist torsional, axial,and tensile loads. The nucleus pulposusprovides resistance to axial compressionand is the principal determinant of discheight because of its unique composi-tion consisting of large, highly chargedproteoglycan macromolecules within acollagen matrix. These macromoleculesare hydrophilic and are containedwithin the confines of the anulus pe-ripherally and the end plates above andbelow. Thus, imbibed water causes thenucleus to swell and to generate largehydrostatic pressures within the disc. Ahealthy nucleus consists of approxi-mately 70% water. The nucleus alsocontains a cellular component of bothfibroblast-like and chondrocyte-likecells. These cells maintain the matrix inwhich they exist, and they also receivemetabolic nutrients that diffuse throughthe matrix.The intervertebral disc is anatom-ically unique for several reasons. First, itis mostly avascular—it is the largestavascular structure in the body. Bloodvessels lie on the surface of the anulusbut penetrate only a very short distanceinto the outer portions of the anulus.Similarly, blood vessels from the verte-bral body lie against the cartilaginousend plates but do not enter the centralregions of the disc. As a result, disc cellsderive their nutrition from diffusionthrough the end plates and connective-tissue transport from one part of thematrix to the other. Second, the disc isonly minimally innervated. Nerve end-ings are present only on the surface ofthe disc, and they penetrate a very shortdistance into the outer anulus. The nor-mal inner anulus and nucleus com-pletely lack innervation. In contrast, theposterior and anterior longitudinal liga-ments are innervated. The anterior lon-gitudinal ligament receives nervebranches from the segmental ventral ra-mus and sympathetic trunk. The poste-rior longitudinal ligament is innervatedby a branch of the dorsal root ganglionknown as the sinuvertebral nerve. Ex-perimental studies of patients undergo-ing discectomy with local anesthetic have demonstrated that surgical stimu-lation of the posterior longitudinal liga-ment can cause low-back pain4. Thus, stimulation of the sinuvertebral nerve may be one mediator of the low-back-pain component associated with lum-bar disc herniations and anular tears.The terminology used to describe the spectrum of lumbar disc hernia-tions varies and is often confusing; however, when properly applied, it pro-vides useful descriptive information. One useful method of classifying disc herniations is according to whether the herniated fragments are “contained” or “noncontained” by the anulus5. A pro-trusion is a focal bulging of nuclear ma-terial contained by the anulus (i.e., the anular fibers remain continuous and at-tached to the vertebral bodies). Suban-ular extrusions occur when the anulus remains intact but the fragment has mi-grated behind the body either above or below the disc while maintaining conti-nuity with the disc. Transanular ex-truded disc herniations occur when the fragments have ruptured through the anulus but maintain continuity with the disc space of origin. A sequestration arises when the material has not only broken through the anulus but has also migrated away from the disc space of origin and is no longer in contact with it. Any of the three components of the intervertebral disc (the nucleus, anulus, or end plate), alone or in combination, may be the offending material when a disc herniates.Pathophysiology ofLumbar Disc HerniationThe origins of the modern era of lum-bar disc surgery can be traced to the seminal work of Mixter and Barr6, sev-enty years ago. Those authors found that sciatic pain could be relieved by re-moving herniated disc material com-pressing a nerve root. Logically, the association was made between lumbar disc herniation and the clinical entity of sciatica. That finding led to the general assumption that mechanical compres-sion of the nerve root is the primary pathogenic factor inducing radiculopa-thy. Several lines of evidence support this notion. First, the structure of thenerve root renders it relatively poorlyresistant to compression. Like periph-eral nerves, nerve roots have an en-doneurium. However, the layersequivalent to the perineurium andepineurium are cerebrospinal fluid anddural lining, respectively. Thus, thenerve root is a comparatively delicatestructure that is not well insulated to re-sist compressive forces. Second, be-cause nerve roots are tethered to thevertebral body at their takeoff from thecommon dural sac and to the subjacentpedicle within the foramen by ligamen-tous attachments, a disc herniation ven-tral to the root is poised to generatehigh tensile forces. The situation isanalogous to the tension generated in abowstring by the pull of an archer’shand. Third, animal models of caudaequina compression have demon-strated that compression of a nerve rootimpairs its nutrition. In a series of ex-periments, Olmarker et al. showed thatmechanical compression on nerve rootswithin the porcine cauda equina led todecreased nutrient delivery by reducingboth blood flow and nutrient diffusionfrom cerebrospinal fluid7,8. Histologi-cally, compressed nerve roots demon-strate evidence of intraneural edema,which can directly lead to nerve fibrosisand injury. Alternatively, intraneuraledema can secondarily lead to an intra-neural “compartment syndrome,” aspressures within the nerve root over-come perfusion pressures, resulting innerve root ischemia and injury9.Although the above and otherstudies suggest that the mechanical ef-fect of a herniated disc is the main fac-tor in the genesis of radiculopathy,other lines of evidence indicate that me-chanical compression alone may not bea sufficient cause for the radiculopathyassociated with herniated discs. First,magnetic resonance imaging studieshave shown that nerve root compres-sion is often asymptomatic (Figs. 1-Aand 1-B). Boden et al.10 found that, in agroup of people who had never hadradicular pain, 20% of those under theage of sixty years and 36% of those overthe age of sixty years had evidence of aherniated disc on magnetic resonanceimaging. Second, other reports havesuggested that, while irritated nerveroots demonstrate susceptibility to me-chanical compression, normal (non-sensitized) roots do not. Smyth andWright11 found that, when suturesplaced around nerve roots at the time ofsurgery were tugged postoperatively,only those roots that had been noted atsurgery to be compressed by a herniateddisc generated a radicular pain re-sponse. When there had been no intra-operative evidence of root compressionby a herniated disc, tugging on the su-ture and creating tension in the rootpostoperatively did not elicit radicularsymptoms. Kuslich et al.4 performedlumbar discectomy, using local anesthe-sia, on awake patients and found thatsurgical stimulation of compressedroots caused pain 90% of the time,whereas manipulation of normal rootsprovoked pain only 9% of the time.These observations suggest that a nerveroot needs to be sensitized in order tobe mechanically susceptible and thatmechanical compression alone is notthe sine qua non of radiculopathy.A growing body of evidence hasimplicated bioactive molecules withinthe disc as important in sensitizingnerve roots and participating in thepathogenesis of radiculopathy. Ol-marker et al.12 reported that, when au-togenous nucleus pulposus was appliedto the porcine cauda equina, physio-logic and anatomic evidence suggestiveof radiculopathy was noted, even in theabsence of any nerve root compression.Compared with control animals inwhich autologous fat had been appliedepidurally, those in which nucleus pul-posus had been applied demonstrated adecrease in nerve conduction velocityand histologic evidence of nerve fiberdegeneration (axonal swelling and de-myelination). This study suggested thatnuclear material could itself lead toneural injury in the absence of mechan-ical compression. Authors of later stud-ies attempted to determine whether theobserved changes in nerve structureand electrophysiology correlated with aclinical syndrome of radiculopathy. Inone such study, rats underwent lami-nectomy and were randomized to oneof three groups: (1) incision of the discsuch that nuclear contents could come into contact with, but not displace, the nerve root; (2) displacement of the nerve root by placement of a pin into the vertebral body that deflected the course of the root but no incision of the disc; or (3) incision of the disc and dis-placement of the nerve root with the vertebral body pin 13. Only the animals that had both disc incision and root dis-placement displayed behaviors consis-tent with pain and radiculopathy.The picture emerging is that disc herniation-associated radiculopathy is both a biochemical and a mechanical disorder. A number of bioactive mole-cules known to be present in the nu-cleus pulposus, including interleukins and other inflammatory factors 14-16, have been purported to be biochemical “sen-sitizers” capable of making nerve roots susceptible to the mechanical effect ofthe herniated mass. Tumor necrosis fac-tor-alpha (TNF-α) has received consid-erable attention in this regard. In the porcine model, TNF-α caused reduc-tions in nerve conduction velocity simi-lar to those seen with autologousnucleus pulposus, whereas interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and interferon gamma (INF-γ) did not 17. Furthermore, TNF-α inhibition with infliximab (a mono-clonal antibody to TNF-α) blocked the pain behaviors noted above after the performance of disc incision and root displacement in rats 18. Overall, the roles of TNF-α and other bioactive agents in herniated-disc-associated radiculopa-thy remain poorly undiagnosed.Epidemiology and Natural HistoryVarious studies have shown that the lifetime prevalence of a major episode of low back pain ranges from 60% to 80%, but only 10% of these episodes are accompanied by sciatica. Sciatica lasting longer than two weeks is even less com-mon, with a lifetime prevalence of1.6%19. The highest prevalence (23.7 per 100 persons) is in individuals between the ages of forty-five and sixty-four years old 20. A sedentary lifestyle, fre-quent driving, chronic cough, preg-nancy, smoking, and frequent lifting of heavy objects are considered risk factors 19,21,22.It is commonly agreed that lum-bar disc herniation has a favorable nat-ural history (i.e., the clinical course of the disease without therapeutic inter-vention). Hakelius examined essen-tially a natural history cohort, in that the patients were treated with only bed rest and a corset for two months, and he observed a marked reduction in pain and improvement in function over time: 80% of the patients had major im-Asymptomatic posterolateral disc herniation in a forty-five-year-old woman with pain in the right leg. She had absolutely no symptoms in the left leg, despite the axial (Fig. 1-A) and sagittal (Fig. 1-B) T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrating an extruded left L5-S1 disc herniation. Asymptomatic disc herniations are not uncommon, underlying the need to treat symptoms rather than magnetic resonance imaging findings per se.Fig. 1-AFig. 1-Bprovements after six weeks; 90%, after twelve weeks; and 93%, after twenty-four weeks23. Other studies have re-vealed less favorable results in that, al-though most patients without surgical treatment had improvement, 30% had persistent pain and restrictions at work and leisure activities after one year24. The majority of disc herniations dimin-ish in size over time, with 80% decreas-ing by >50% in one study25. Larger disc herniations tend to regress more, most likely because of their higher water con-tent. A positive correlation has been noted between regression of lumbar disc herniations and resolution of symptoms25,26, and regression is thought to occur as the herniated tissue dehy-drates and immunological responses help to resorb the disc material. In terms of motor function, Hakelius did not find a significant advantage to sur-gical treatment of patients with stable motor deficits (excluding those with cauda equina syndrome): 45% of such patients had improvement with nonop-erative treatment, and 53% had im-provement after surgery.Evidence Regarding Nonoperative TreatmentCurrently accepted indications for non-operative treatment of lumbar disc her-niations include the absence of a progressive neurological deficit or cauda equina syndrome. Thus, nonop-erative treatment is the initial “default” pathway for the majority of patients with lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation. It is not clear, however, whether nonoperative treatment offers improvement over the natural history of the disorder. Although there have been numerous studies of nonopera-tive treatments for low-back pain, there have been few randomized controlled trials specifically comparing the vari-ous nonoperative regimens (e.g., physi-cal therapy, medications, traction, manipulation, immobilization, and spi-nal injections) with the natural history (no treatment at all). However, predic-tors of favorable outcomes of nonoper-ative care have been reported to include a negative result on the crossed straight-leg-raising test, absence of leg pain with spinal extension, absence of stenosis onimaging studies, favorable response tosteroids, return of neurological deficitswithin twelve weeks, a motivated physi-cally fit patient with more than twelveyears of education, no Workers’ Com-pensation claim, and a normal psy-chological profile27. Nonoperativetreatment of noncontained disc her-niations may also have a favorableoutcome28.MedicationsCommonly used medications for painassociated with lumbar disc hernia-tions include nonsteroidal anti-inflam-matory drugs, corticosteroids, musclerelaxants, and opioid pain medications.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugshave been shown to be helpful for themanagement of acute low-back pain29,but a meta-analysis of the literaturedemonstrated that they had no benefitin the treatment of radiculopathy com-pared with controls (odds ratio =0.99)30. Corticosteroids are adminis-tered orally or by injection. While oralsteroids are commonly prescribed inclinical practice, we found only onestudy on their use for the treatment oflumbosacral radicular pain31. In thatstudy, dexamethasone was not superiorto a placebo for either early or long-term relief of lumbosacral radicularpain, but it helped patients who hadpresented with a positive result on thestraight-leg-raise test. The use of intra-muscular corticosteroid injections foracute sciatica was examined in two ran-domized controlled trials. One trialshowed no benefit (odds ratio = 0.8)32,and the other trial showed a modestbenefit (odds ratio = 2.0)33. We are notaware of any randomized clinical trialsthat tested the effectiveness of opioidanalgesics for patients with lumbar discherniations, although such analgesicsare commonly used in clinical practicefor the treatment of acute and chronicradiculopathies. Muscle relaxants havebeen shown to be effective for the treat-ment of acute low-back pain34, but wefound no data from well-controlledstudies of their use for pain associatedwith lumbar disc herniations. Antiepi-leptics such as gabapentin and tricyclicantidepressants such as amitriptylineare commonly used to treat the neuro-pathic pain component associated withlumbar disc herniations. Again, we arenot aware of any controlled trials of theuse of those medications for patientswho have lumbar disc herniation withradiculopathy, but one open, uncon-trolled trial of lamotrigine showed asignificant improvement in patientswith chronic sciatica (p < 0.05)35.Physical MedicineWhen a patient has incapacitating pain,a period of bed rest is often unavoid-able. Immobilization presumably di-minishes inflammation around anirritated nerve root. However, there areno data to suggest that bed rest altersthe natural history of lumbar disc her-niations or improves outcomes. Be-cause of the potentially harmful effectsof prolonged bed rest, it is best to advisepatients to limit bed rest to a short termonly and to resume activities as soon aspossible36. Bracing is another method ofimmobilizing the lumbar spine, butthere is a lack of good evidence to sup-port the use of braces and corsets forpatients with lumbar disc herniations.These devices have not been shown tobe effective for primary or secondaryprevention of low-back pain; however,the Cochrane review found “limited”evidence favoring lumbar supportscompared with no treatment37.Traction remains of unprovenbenefit in the treatment of lumbar discherniations. A meta-analysis of pooleddata from four randomized controlledtrials showed some benefit of tractiontherapy compared with a placebo (oddsratio = 1.2)38. In one controlled trial,traction with physical therapy resultedin a greater reduction in the sizes of discherniations than did physical therapyalone39. Vertebral axial decompressiontherapy (V AX-D) was developed ac-cording to the principles of traction andis popular among chiropractors. Onerandomized clinical trial, in which oneof the authors was the medical directorfor a VAX-D manufacturer, demon-strated >50% relief of chronic low-backpain in 68.4% of patients treated withvertebral axial decompression therapycompared with 0% of patients treated with transcutaneous electrical stimulation40. However, we are not aware of any studies of vertebral axial decompression therapy for patients with isolated lumbar disc herniation. The Cochrane Review in 2005 con-cluded that “traction is probably not ef-fective” on the basis of the finding that neither continuous nor intermittent traction was more effective for decreas-ing pain, disability, or work absence than were placebo, sham, or other treat-ments for patients with low-back pain, with or without sciatica41.Physical therapy in general has not been proven to be beneficial for pa-tients with acute low-back pain, but it may be helpful for those with chronic low-back pain42. We are not aware of any randomized trials examining the outcomes of physical therapy alone for the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy. Active exercises are more appropriate than passive modalities, particularly for patients with subacute or chronic pain27. Hofstee et al. showed that bed rest and physiotherapy are not more ef-fective for the treatment of acute sciat-ica than is continuation of activities of daily living43. McKenzie therapy is com-monly advocated for treatment of lum-bar disc herniations. However, in one study on the management of low-back pain, there was no difference among the results of McKenzie therapy, manipula-tion, and providing the patient with an educational booklet44. Another com-mon physical therapy technique in-volves the spectrum of lumbar stabilization exercises. Although ran-domized trials have not been per-formed, to our knowledge, outcomes of nonoperative treatment have been bet-ter in studies employing active lumbar stabilization exercises45 than they were in older controlled trials that employed passive treatment modalities46.Acupuncture is another physical medicine modality that might be ap-plied to the treatment of lumbar disc herniations. Although anecdotal stories of success are extant in popular culture, the available literature has not demon-strated the efficacy of acupuncture in treating low-back pain47. Manipulation and chiropractic are similarly un-proven. Burton et al. compared chemo-nucleolysis with manipulation in thetreatment of symptomatic lumbar discherniations in a controlled trial48. Aftertwelve months, there was no significantdifference in overall outcome betweenthe treatments, but manipulation didresult in a greater decrease in back painand disability during the first weeks. Ata minimum, manipulation is relativelyunlikely to cause harm: it has been esti-mated that less than one in 3.7 milliontreatments with spinal manipulationresults in clinical worsening of discherniation49. Other modalities that arecommonly used in clinical practice in-clude massage therapy, transcutaneouselectrical stimulation, and biofeedback.These methods have not been evalu-ated for the treatment of lumbar discherniations and radiculopathy in well-controlled trials. Cognitive behavioraltherapy has shown efficacy for the treat-ment of chronic low-back pain50 , butwe are not aware of any studies of its ef-fectiveness for patients with lumbardisc herniation.Epidural Steroid InjectionsEpidural steroid injections have beenused for decades for the treatment ofspinal pain, particularly radiculopathy.In a review of four older randomizedtrials, epidural steroid injections werefound to be more beneficial than thecontrol treatment, especially with re-spect to short-term outcomes, for thetreatment of acute radiculopathy (oddsratio = 2.2)38. A more recent study of in-terlaminar epidural steroid injectionsdemonstrated a transient decrease insciatic symptoms at three weeks but nosustained benefits in terms of pain re-lief, function, or avoidance of surgery51.Epidural steroid injections also do notappear to change the rate at which lum-bar disc herniations regress52.Fluoroscopically guided transfo-raminal injection techniques, whichhave the theoretical advantage of deliv-ering the injectate to the site of the discherniation in the anterior epiduralspace, have been more commonly usedin modern studies. Although the tradi-tional, more dorsal interlaminar ap-proaches may allow the injectate to flowto the site of the lesion by seepingaround the thecal sac and into the ven-tral epidural space, a transforaminalroute is presumably more reliable fordelivering the steroid to the affectedarea, where the herniated disc comesinto contact with the nerve root. Onestudy showed transforaminal injectionsto be superior to trigger-point injec-tions, with “successful” outcomes fol-lowing 84% of the former proceduresand 48% of the latter53. Other studieshave suggested that transforaminal epi-dural steroid injections may actuallychange the natural history of radiculop-athy by decreasing the need for surgery.In one study of fifty-five patients withlumbar radiculopathy who were all con-sidered surgical candidates, 71% ofthose who received a steroid nerve-rootinjection and 33% of those who re-ceived a control injection of localanesthetic only decided not to havesurgery54. Another study compared painscores on a visual analog scale and theneed for surgery between patients whohad received transforaminal steroid in-jections and those who had received in-terlaminar epidural steroid injections55.The patients treated with the trans-forminal injections had a 46% reduc-tion in the pain score, and 10% went onto need surgery. In contrast, the pa-tients treated with the interlaminar in-jections had a 19% reduction in thepain score, and 25% required surgery.These findings indicated that the short-term outcomes were better followingtransforaminal injections.It is impossible to directly com-pare the literature on outcomes of sur-gical discectomy with reports onoutcomes of epidural injections becauseof the numerous differences in surgicaltechnique (e.g., open, “minimally inva-sive,” microdiscectomy, and aggressivedisc-space curettage); injection tech-nique (e.g., transforaminal or interlam-inar, fluoroscopically guided or not);dose, timing, and type of steroid deliv-ered; and patient selection criteria (e.g.,in many studies, those with severe painor progressive neurological deficits werenot considered candidates for nonoper-ative treatment). In a recent study that。

管理咨询工具-SME实用手册中英文版107P

最新资料，WORD文档，可下载编辑！SME实用手册SME Manual本手册指在帮助中小企业所有人在自己企业内建立操作手册。

The manual is designed to assist SME owners to implement an operations amnaul within their business.目录TABLE OF CONTENTS概述OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................................................... 经营手册Operations Manual ........................................................................................................................................................ 企业概述Business Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 人力资源管理HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................ 雇佣政策Employment Policies .................................................................................................................................................... 员工记录Team Member Records ................................................................................................................................................. 招聘和选拔Recruitment and Selection ........................................................................................................................................ 业绩管理Performance Management ............................................................................................................................................ 培训Training ................................................................................................................................................................................. 沟通和激励Communication and Motivation................................................................................................................................ 职业健康和安全Occupational Health and Safety ........................................................................................................................ 客户服务CUSTOMER SERVICE ............................................................................................................................................... 服务标准Service Standards .......................................................................................................................................................... 顾客选择Customer Selection ....................................................................................................................................................... 顾客反馈Customer Feedback ....................................................................................................................................................... 市场营销MARKETING ............................................................................................................................................................... 企业识别Corporate Identity ......................................................................................................................................................... 战略营销Strategic Marketing ....................................................................................................................................................... 公共关系Public Relations ............................................................................................................................................................ 采购和存货管理PURCHASING AND STOCK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................ 采购Purchasing ............................................................................................................................................................................. 存货管理Stock Management ........................................................................................................................................................ 行政管理ADMINISTRATION .................................................................................................................................................... 电话、信息和电子邮件Telephone, Messages and Email ........................................................................................................... 邮件和重要信函Mail and Couriers .............................................................................................................................................. 计算机和互联网Computers and the Internet ............................................................................................................................... 安全Security ................................................................................................................................................................................. 会计ACCOUNTING ................................................................................................................................................................ 应付账款Creditors ........................................................................................................................................................................ 应收账款Debtors .......................................................................................................................................................................... 银行往来账Bank Accounts .......................................................................................................................................................... 固定资产Fixed Assets .................................................................................................................................................................. 领导能力LEADERSHIP ..............................................................................................................................................................概述OVERVIEW经营手册Operations Manual经营手册的目的Purpose of the Operations Manual本经营手册旨在提供必要的资源, 以帮助员工改进工作表现, 并帮助企业达成目标。

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1.4
Forward-declared interfaces
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2 -Idir -E -Ycmd -N -T -Wparg[,arg. . . ] -bback-end -Wbarg[,arg. . . ] -nf -k -K -Cdir -i -d -pdir -V -u -v
1
INTRODUCTION
Include dir in the preprocessor search path. Only run the preprocessor, sending its output to stdout. Use cmd as the preprocessor, rather than the normal C preprocessor. Do not run the preprocessor. Use a temporary ﬁle, not a pipe, for preprocessor output. Send arguments to the preprocessor. Run the speciﬁed back-end. For the C++ ORB, use -bcxx. Send arguments to the back-end. Do not warn about unresolved forward declarations. Keep comments after declarations, to be used by some back-ends. Keep comments before declarations, to be used by some back-ends. Change directory to dir before writing output ﬁles. Run the front end and back-ends, then enter the interactive loop. Dump the parsed IDL then exit, without running a back-end. Use dir as a path to ﬁnd omniidl back-ends. Print version information then exit. Print usage information. Verbose: trace compilation stages.

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Trados术语库教程

Trados术语库教程上次说到可以随意下载的正版T rados，相信你已经安装成功了。

让我们一起看看有些什么值得欣赏的内容。

在桌面上点击“开始”-“所有程序”-“T rados 6.5 Freelance”之后你会看到有一组项目，其中包括：1．“文件（document ation）”，里面是pdf格式的各种用户手册，对Trados的主要模块进行了十分详尽的说明，可惜都是英文版。

但既然大家都是干翻译的，直接看原版手册应当是个良好的习惯（没有什么疑难长句，而且多有重复）。

2．“过滤模块（Filters）”，这些模块可以理解为是某种专用的转换工具，把一些特殊软件的字体或格式转换为翻译平台可以接受的文件，以便进行后续工作。

这些软件在国内不常遇到，至少目前你可以不用管它。

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7．“标识符编辑器（T agEditor）”，对于各种需要保护其内在格式，但又要翻译其文字的文件需要借助这个模块进行处理。

2021 展商手册说明书

2021 展商手册2021国际件杂货运输展览会亲爱的参展商,感谢您参加2021国际件杂货运输展览会。

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期待数周后与您在上海相见！顾芸项目总监国际件杂货运输展览会目录(A)主办方联系方式Page 03(B)场馆技术参数Page 04(C)展会日程表Page 05(D)展商注意事项&订单截止时间表Page 06(E)特装展位搭建管理Page 08(F)健康与安全/紧急措施Page 12(G)标准展位规格参数Page 13(H)国内展品运输指南Page 16(A)主办方联系人列表主办单位：上海浩成展览有限公司地址：上海市浦东新区国展路1099号(B) 展馆技术参数世博展览馆3号馆南入口：国展路1099号北入口：博成路850号电话: ***********/20893638传真: 021 2089 3615(C) 展会日程表(重要的日期和时间)(D) 展商注意事项&订单截止时间表(E) 特装展位搭建管理如果参展商指定搭建商或展商自行搭建其展台（参展商自行搭建，在布/撤展期间将被视为外部承建商），参展商和其搭建商必须完全理解以下信息和规章。

1-s2.0-S0927775715303460-main

Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Contents lists available at ScienceDirectColloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical andEngineeringAspectsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c o l s u r faEvaluation of oil-in-water emulsions with cationic–anionic surfactants mixtures for potential use in the oil industryEduardo N.Schulz a ,∗,Rubén E.Ambrusi a ,Daniela B.Miraglia b ,Erica P.Schulz b ,Silvana G.García a ,JoséL.Rodriguez b ,Pablo C.Schulz ba Instituto de Ingeniería Electroquímica y Corrosión,CONICET—Departamento de Ingeniería Química,Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca,Argentina bInstituto de Química del Sur,CONICET,Departamento de Química,Universidad Nacional del Sur,Bahía Blanca,Argentinah i g h l i g h t s•Theemulsiﬁer proper-ties of sodium oleate(NaOl)–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB)aqueous mixtures were studied.•The formation of O/W and W/O emulsions was explored and their properties were determined.•It was found that all emulsions were stable on ageing and to temperature rise.•The emulsions were destroyed by contact with quartzite stones.•These mixtures have high potential applicability in the asphalt emulsi-ﬁcation for pavement production or sand ﬁxation.g r a p h i c a la b s t r a c tLeft:stones with crude oil emulsion.×100,Crossed polaroids and 1␭retardation plate intercalated,show-ing interference colours in the quartzite stones and sensitive pink of non-birefringent (water)medium.The black zones correspond to stones covered by hydrocarbon.Right:crude oil emulsion,unpolarised light.The emulsion used in both photos was diluted to improvevisualization.a r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 8September 2015Received in revised form 9November 2015Accepted 13November 2015Available online 18November 2015Keywords:Petroleum emulsions Catanionic emulsiﬁer Sodium oleateHexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide Mixed surfactantsa b s t r a c tThe emulsiﬁer properties of sodium oleate (NaOl)-hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB)aque-ous mixtures were studied using different proportions of the surfactants.The formation of O/W and W/O emulsions was explored and their properties (viscosity,stability and droplets size distribution)were determined.The mixture with 0.75mole fraction of HTAB without considering the solvent formed very stable and concentrated O/W emulsions,which were destroyed via heterocoagulation by quartzite sand.Thus,these mixtures have high potential applicability in the asphalt emulsiﬁcation for pavement production or sand ﬁxation.©2015Published by Elsevier B.V.∗Corresponding author.E-mail address:nschulz@.ar (E.N.Schulz)./10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11.0230927-7757/©2015Published by Elsevier B.V.146 E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–1541.IntroductionStable emulsions of heavy oils or bitumen in water are widely used to extract,transport and store petroleum.These emulsions are an alternative to the increase of temperature for the mixing of asphalt with light oils,which involve high costs and technical complexity[1,2].O/W bitumen emulsions have been also employed as combustible in electricity power plants[3].Desire features of these emulsions are high stability and low viscosity.Other applications of asphalt emulsions are road construction and roof water-prooﬁng.In particular,these emulsions have many advantages for road reparation compared to melted asphalt:easier implementation,fewer precautions and no need of special equip-ment,as well as their applicability to wet surfaces,a very attractive characteristic.The speed of rupture of the asphalt emulsion on the mineral substrate is of primary importance.On the one hand, enough time must be allowed for proper mixing of the various com-ponents of the system but,on the other hand,the breaking time must be short enough to permit a rapid re-opening of the road to trafﬁc[4].Bitumen is a high viscosity mixture of hydrocarbons(>104 cP).“Synthetic”bitumen is best known as asphalt and is a petroleum-like material obtained as a residue from the distillation of petroleum[5]with a consistency varying from viscous liquid to glassy solid.Asphalt is commonly employed as a binder of aggre-gates for road pavement[6].Asphalt emulsions are commonly either anionic or cationic. Their rupture in contact with stones is caused by the destabiliza-tion of the emulsiﬁer.Polyvalent cations,such as Ca+2and Mg+2(in basic stones such as calcareous ones),react with anionic surfactants producing uncharged insoluble soaps while the negative charge of acid siliceous surfaces reacts with cationic surfactants causing elec-trostatic adsorption.The adsorbed cationic surfactants show their hydrocarbon chains out of the stones’surface,causing its hydropho-bization and thus increasing the tendency of asphalt to adsorb on the stones,promoting the adhesion between the hydrocarbon and the mineral surfaces.Moreover,the surfactant monolayer reduces the afﬁnity of the stones’surface towards water,thus reducing its tendency to destroy the pavement.Water penetration causes strip-ping of the bitumen from the aggregate particles,consequently endangering the subgrade layer as well as the base course[7].A catanionic(anionic–cationic surfactant mixture)emulsiﬁer will have both the advantages of cationic and anionic emulsions. However,in general cationic–anionic surfactant mixtures tend to precipitate in some proportions.We have previously studied a catanionic mixture which does not precipitate in any proportion [8–10].Sodium oleate(NaOl)–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bro-mide(HTAB)mixtures form soluble systems at all NaOl–HTAB proportions.This mixture does not precipitate at any composition because to steric hindrances,which were attributed to the afﬁnity of the NaOl double bond to water via hydrogen bonding.Thus NaOl acts as a surfactant having two hydrophilic groups,the carboxylate and the double bond.This causes a curvature of the aggregate/water surface which favours the O/W emulsiﬁcation[6–8].NaOl is a nat-ural,biodegradable soap which is innocuous for the environment. HTAB has bactericide capacity but it is not dispersed in the environ-ment because it is strongly adsorbed by the negative stones’surface and remains below the asphalt layer.Thus,the system NaOl–HTAB seems to have interesting features that makes it attractive for prac-tical applications,especially in the petroleum industry.In the present work the emulsiﬁer capability of different mix-tures of NaOl–HTAB with Argentine crude oil(CO)and with model liquid parafﬁn(LP)has been studied.The behaviour of the emul-sions in contact with a petrous substrate has been also studied in order to evaluate their possible use in pavement production.Our ﬁndings are of practical and theoretical interest in the oil emulsions ﬁeld and set the basis for the future study of the emulsiﬁcation properties for heavy oil.2.Experimental2.1.MaterialsFor parafﬁn emulsions,extra dense liquid parafﬁn(LP)EWE with viscosity Seyboldt340s and75centi-Stokes was used as purchased.Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide(HTAB, C16H32N(CH3)3Br>99%)was from Fluka.Sodium oleate(NaOL, C18H33O2Na>99%)was from Aldrich.Both chemicals were of ana-lytical grade and were used as purchased.The crude oil(CO)of35◦API(0.870g cm−3)has kinematic vis-cosity10.7mm2s−1and dynamic viscosity96.7cp(both at20◦C) and does not contain aromatic compounds,asphaltenes or other chemicals[11].It has been kindly supplied by the Petrobras Bahia Blanca reﬁnery and is from the Neuquen oilﬁeld(Argentina).The stones were from the Pigüéquarry(Argentina)and were selected because of their poor performance to produce pavements with commercial asphalt emulsions.Their treatment with a com-mercial asphalt emulsion achieved only an incomplete coverage of the stones’surface,which leaves the pavement vulnerable to water penetration[12].LP and CO were selected because of their easier manipulation than heavy oils and bitumen.Once the possibility of using the mix-ture for emulsifying hydrocarbons is stated,it is possible to study the formation of bitumen emulsions.We used Argentinian crude oil,which is free of asphaltenes,due to a matter of availability.Tri-distillated water was used and the measurements were per-formed twice.2.2.EmulsionsAqueous emulsiﬁer solutions of HTAB and NaOL with0.1M were prepared at the mole fractions of HTAB in the surfactant mixture without considering the solvent(˛HTAB)0.1;0.25;0.3;0.50;0.7;0.75;0.9and1.Each emulsion was stirred for15min with a steel helix stirring electric device at800rpm after the addition of the second phase.Emulsions of Argentine petroleum were prepared according to two procedures:a)The aqueous surfactant solution(50mL)was added in aliquotsof2mL to50mL of CO under stirring.Then,15mL of each sam-ple was put in a graduate tube and stoppered.The volume of the emulsion was determined immediately,after24h and after a week’s time.The emulsions were observed by means of a micro-scope.b)The CO(50mL)was added to50mL of the aqueous surfactantsolution in aliquots of2mL under stirring and the emulsions were observed as in procedure a.An additional observation was made after14months.Since the Argentine petroleum was parafﬁnic(see below),we used for the main determinations a model emulsion with liquid parafﬁn which facilitates the observation because it is colourless. The model emulsions were prepared with surfactant mixture(0.1M in water)with˛HTAB=0.1;0.25;0.50and0.75.Then,60mL of liquid parafﬁn was added to40mL of the aqueous surfactant solutions and stirred during15min.The systems were transferred to graduated tubes and the volumes of emulsion,remnant water and remainder parafﬁn were recorded.Samples of the freshly prepared emulsions for microscopic observation were kept in separated sealed vials.Samples with˛HTAB=0.25;0.50and0.75were observed in a microscope Nikon Eclipse E-200POL Polarizing,Tokyo,Japan.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154147Table1Volumes of W/O emulsion and remnant(non-emulsiﬁed)water in10mL samples as a function of the surfactant composition.A week old samples after centrifugation.␣HTAB00.10.30.50.70.91V W/Oemulsion/mL 2.9 1.20.3 3.30.20.50.2V water/mL7.18.89.7* 6.79.8**9.59.8****W/O/W emulsion.**O/W emulsion.***Multiple emulsion.Unless stated otherwise,all observations were made with×100 magniﬁcation.Nonetheless,scale bars were added to the photos. As both phases are transparent and colourless,a drop of aqueous solution of methylene blue was added to determine the nature of the emulsion.In all cases the dye diffused amongst the emulsion droplets,thus all emulsions were O/W.The emulsions remained stable during the microscope observations although no stabilizer was added(such as a gelatine solution)[13].The viscosity(Á)of emulsions was measured with a Vibro Viscometer SV-10/SV100calibrated with tri-distilled water (Á=0.89cP at25◦C).The hydrocarbon/water volume ratio in the emulsions was mea-sured using a modiﬁed Dean-Stark apparatus[2].To evaluate the effectiveness of stones in destructing the emul-sion and the hydrocarbon deposition on the stones’surface,a powder of the stones was put in contact with the different emul-sions and observed under the microscope.In order to reproduce the procedure in real working conditions,the mineral substrate was used as received,without any pre-treatment.The X-ray diffraction spectrum of the stones employed in the test of stability of emulsion was made in a Phillips PW1710 diffractometer with Cu anode and curved graphite monocromator operated at54kW and30mA.FT-IR measurements were performed with an Infrared Spec-trophotometer(Nicolet FT-IR,Model Nexus470)to test the CO structure.The size distribution of droplets was determined with a com-puter program(Pixcavator IA).As a size reference,the width of the hair in Fig.3a was used(a similar method was used for other magniﬁcations).Averages and variances values were computed by the minimum variance linear unbiased method[14]and the Student t function was employed to compute the error intervals.Conﬁdence level was 0.90.Errors of derived data were computed with the error expan-sion method.3.ResultsThe X-ray diffractogram(Fig.1in Supplementary information, SI)indicates that the stones’nature is clastic sedimentary rock—S0, formed by silica(ortho-quartzite).The petroleum FT-IR spectrum(not shown)showed only parafﬁnic hydrocarbon peaks(CH3;CH2stretching vibra-tions at3000–2850cm−1and CH3;CH2bending vibrations at 1480–1350cm−1).3.1.Petroleum emulsionsChanging the order of addition of the components while stir-ring produced two different kinds of emulsions.The addition of the surfactant aqueous solution to crude oil produced a W/O emul-sion(see Fig.1).Freshly prepared samples did not show signiﬁcant phase separation.The emulsion could be separated by centrifuga-tion at2000rpm only after a week from preparation.Due to the petroleum colour,a Cole-Palmer Iluminator41720-series was used. Table1shows the relative volumes of emulsion as a function of the mixture composition.Pure NaOl(˛HTAB=0)had poor emulsifying capacity,but the addition of a small amount of HTAB(˛HTAB=0.1) produced a good W/O emulsion with small polydisperse droplets (Fig.1a).Further addition of HTAB produced a very polydisperse W/O emulsion(Fig.1b and c).With˛HTAB=0.3two kinds of emul-sions appeared:the W/O and a multiple emulsion O/W/O,and with ˛HTAB=0.7there coexist W/O and O/W emulsions.As we desired O/W emulsions we employed procedure b:addi-tion of the crude oil to the surfactant solution under stirring.Fig.2 shows microscopic images of two of the emulsions obtained with ˛HTAB=0.75.The concentrated emulsion was diluted with water to improve the observation.3.2.Parafﬁn emulsionsOwing to the difﬁculty caused by the strong colour of the crude oil to the visual examination and microphotographs analysis,we decided to make model emulsions with liquid parafﬁn,which is colourless and whose composition and viscosity are similar to that of the crude oil.Since the amount of surfactant affects the size of the droplets,we have used the same amount of surfactant in all the emulsions to compare the effect of the mixture composition.On the basis of the preceding results,we used only surfactant solutions having˛HTAB=0.1;0.25;0.5and0.75.Since we were interested in O/W emulsions,these were prepared by dropping the parafﬁn to the aqueous emulgent solution under stirring.The nature of the emulsion(O/W)was determined by diffusion of a drop of a methylene blue aqueous solution in the continuous phase, viewed through the microscope(Fig.2in the SI).Fig.3shows the emulsions obtained with different surfactant compositions.The size distribution of droplets was graphically determined using a computer program(Pixcavator IA)on the pho-tomicrographs.The freshly prepared emulsions did not show remnant water or parafﬁn.The viscosity(Á)of the emulsion at25◦C were13.20cP for ˛HTAB=0.25;47.00cP for˛HTAB=0.5and382.00cP for˛HTAB=0.75. The droplets size distribution is shown in Fig.4.The particle size of an emulsion is one of the most important characteristics[13].Droplets size and droplets size distribution can be used as indexes of state of an emulsion and are intimately related to their stability,resistance to creaming,rheology,and chemical reactivity[15].Two emulsions may have the same average droplet diameter and yet exhibit quite dissimilar behaviours because of differences in their distribution of diameters.The droplet size distribution for˛HTAB=0.25is unimodal and broad while that for˛HTAB=0.50is multimodal with lower maxima. When˛HTAB is0.75the distribution is a narrow,unimodal and cen-tred in the smaller size.Emulsions with a droplet-size distribution with a maximum of low diameter droplets and with this maximum sharply deﬁned represent a situation of maximum stability[16].To study the stability of the emulsions,these were aged in sealed graduated tubes.The separation of emulsion and water when the systems were aged can be seen in Fig.5.The emulsions still remained stable after14months.(Fig.3in SI).The aged emulsion with˛HTAB=0.75had a LP content73%V/V. Natural bitumen emulsions contain between70and80%V/V of bitumen separated by tiny layer of water,while asphaltic emulsions usually contain about60%V/V[9].The size distribution is shifted towards smaller droplets when aged,as shown in Fig.6for˛HTAB=0.25(the other surfactant com-positions showed similar behaviour).To determine the efﬁciency of the surfactant mixtures to emul-sify LP,20mL of emulsion having˛HTAB=0.25was completed to 100mL with liquid parafﬁn and stirred.After a day,there was1mL of supernatant parafﬁn,i.e.1.412g of surfactant mixture was capa-ble of emulsifying91mL of parafﬁn.The size distribution of droplets148E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Fig.1.W/O emulsions produced by dropping aqueous surfactant solution to crude oil under stirring.×100.(a)˛HTAB =0.1,(b)˛HTAB =0.7,(c)˛HTAB =1.The bar corresponds to 0.2mm.Fig.2.O/W emulsion obtained by dropping crude oil to the aqueous surfactant solution under stirring.˛HTAB =0.75,×100.(a)emulsion diluted with 25%water,(b)emulsion diluted with 50%water.The bar corresponds to 0.2mm.was almost unimodal and is shown in Fig.7.After one year only 20mL of parafﬁn was separated while the remaining emulsion was stable (see Fig.3in SI)with the separation of the remnant water (below)and parafﬁn (above).Similar results were obtained with the other compositions.No agglomeration or coalescence was observed during the microscope observations,even after one hour of preparing the sam-ples.To test the temperature stability of emulsions,samples of the three emulsions (with ˛HTAB =0.25,0.5,and 0.75)were placed between slides and heated with a temperature-controlled stage at the microscope.Photos were taken at different temperatures up to the ebullition of water (Fig.8).Vapour bubbles and LP droplets differentiate by the aspect of their borders as a consequence of the different refractive index:the borders are black and thick in the vapour bubbles and light grey in the LP droplets.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.25became more ﬂuid at 83◦C and the larger droplets disappeared but the smaller ones were retained.At 111.5◦C the emulsion ﬂowed and the water started to boil.Fig.8band c shows the vapour bubbles that grew with increasing temper-ature.The oil droplets are smaller.At a temperature of 118◦C the emulsion started to break,to be almost completely broken at 119◦C.Fig.9shows the evolution of the droplets size with the raising tem-perature:the multimodal distribution of larger droplets trends to form a bimodal distribution of smaller droplets.Emulsions with ˛HTAB =0.5remained stable up to 103◦C,when vapour bubbles appeared.At 115◦C the system ﬂowed and at 124.5◦C it collapsed.Fig.10shows the evolution of the size distribu-tion of droplets with raising temperature:it remained multimodal but shifted towards smaller droplets.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75became ﬂuid at 83.6◦C and the excess of water was separated forming small domains that started to disappear at 104◦C.Some bubbles of vapour appeared and grew with the increasing temperature.Some emulsion was remained up to 122◦C.The size of oil droplets was reduced when the temper-ature was increased from 37.5◦C to 67.5◦C,and the distribution became narrower.Further increase of temperature did not affectE.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154149Fig.3.microscope photos of fresh emulsions having˛HTAB=0.25(a)×100,0.5(b)×100,0.75(c)×100and0.75(d)×400.The line in photo(a)is a hair,having0.090mm in width,and used to calibrate the size of droplets.Bars in photos a–c correspond to0.2mm,in photo d,to0.1mm.Fig.4.size distribution of freshly prepared emulsion having˛HTAB=0.25,˛HTAB=0.50and˛HTAB=0.75.Distribution parameters: :number average, standard deviation, Max:maximum.the size distribution.Fig.11shows the size distribution of droplets as a function of temperature.The stability of the emulsions was not affected by two freeze–thaw cycles between−5and25◦C,with8h in each tem-perature.In conclusion,the three compositions gave emulsions stable up to the temperature of water boiling.The size distribution in all cases is shifted to smaller droplets when temperature is increased.The size behaviour on ageing and heating of emulsions is rather unusual.A possible explanation may be creaming of large oil droplets and therefore shifting the size distribution of the remain-ing emulsion down.Since samples were taken from different parts of the emulsion,the large droplets probably collapse giving rise to the narrow non-emulsiﬁed oil layer.Another possible explanation may be a rearrangement of the surfactant molecules in the droplets interface.Oleate molecules can fold to expose the double bond at the interface,since they tend to form hydrogen bonds with water with their␲electrons[17].This may lead to an average packing parameter of the mixture of surfactants that favours the formation of a hydrocarbon droplet with a given curvature generating a nar-150E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154Fig.5.Dependence on time of the volume percent of remnant emulsion (full symbols)and water (open symbols),᭿ᮀ:˛HTAB =0.75; :˛HTAB =0.50;᭹ :˛HTAB =0.25.010********60708000.050.10.150.20.250.3D / mmf / %Fig.6.Evolution with time of emulsion prepared with ˛HTAB =0.25.rower size distribution.This mechanism needs some time,and willbe accelerated with temperature.As suggested by Anton et al.[18]mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants may be considered as 1:1complexes and the remain-der molecules of the surfactant in excess.The Ol.HTA complex has a large hydrophilic part formed by one N(CH 3)3+group from HTA +ion,and the COO −and CH CH groups of Ol −ion.As previously mentioned it has been found that the double bond has afﬁnity to water,forming H-bonds with the ␲electrons [19–21].The tail of the oleate ion is thus folded to put the CH CH group in contact with water in aggregates such as micelles or air/water monolayers [6–8].This produces a structure of the complex like a cone with the hydrophilic part at the basis,i.e.favouring a curved surface convex to the water.The behaviour of another cationic–anionic surfactant mixture which does not precipitate at any proportion (although it forms a coacervate in some proportions),sodium 10-undecenoate-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide [19,22,23],was explained by the same phenomenon.This explains why the O/W emulsion isfavoured and why the system does not precipitate even at the 1:1proportion.Similar reasons have been proposed in literature for other cationic/anionic surfactant mixtures which do not precipitate [24].The mixture with ˛HTAB =0.75is the best to produce O/W emulsions,i.e.once the 1:1complex was formed,two thirds of the hydrophilic HTAB molecules remain free.Then,the system is formed by an excess of hydrophilic surfactant which promotes O/W emulsion formation,and the complex which has a structure that accommodates to the same oil/water interface geometry.The droplets size decreases with time and with increasing tem-perature probably due to that part of the surfactant that remained in the aqueous phase and migrate by diffusion to the droplets sur-face.This takes time but is accelerated by the temperature rise.The molecules and 1:1complexes arriving to the oil/water inter-face must accommodate increasing the surface area,what may only occur with a diminution of the droplets’size when the total oil volume is constant.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–1541511020304050607080900.0000.020 0.040 0.060 0.080 0.100 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.1800.200D / mmf / %Max 0.035 mm = 0.039 mm = 0.025 mmFig.7.size distribution of droplets for ˛HTAB =0.25saturated withparafﬁn.Fig.8.Evolution of emulsions with temperature,microscope photos ×100of emulsion width ˛HTAB =0.25(a)at 48◦C,(b)102◦C,(c)at 111.5◦C.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.5(d)at 38◦C,(e)at 100◦C,(f)at 103◦C.Emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75(g)at 37.7◦C,(h)at 83.5◦C,(i)at 109◦C.The bars correspond to 0.2mm.3.3.Destruction of emulsion by stonesThe emulsions were put in contact with powdered stones and observed under microscope to determine their applicability in the production of pavements.The emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75showed the best performance in the previous experiments so it was theonly one evaluated for this purpose.The droplets were clustered on the stones’surface and were subsequently destroyed.The destruc-tion of the emulsion was very rapid and ﬁnished in 15min.Fig.12shows the evolution of the CO emulsion with ˛HTAB =0.75in contact with the powdered stones which were almost completely covered.152E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects 490(2016)145–154010203040506000.0050.010.0150.020.025D / mmf / %Fig.9.Evolution of the size distribution of droplets with temperature for ˛HTAB =0.2505101520250.0050.010.0150.020.0250.030.0350.040.045D / mmf / %Fig.10.Evolution of the size distribution of droplets with temperature for ˛HTAB =0.50.Fig.11.Size distribution of droplets having ˛HTAB =0.75as a function of temperature.E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–154153Fig.12.Photomicrographs of the emulsion destruction in contact with stones.×100,˛HTAB=0.75.(a)Diluted CO emulsion just added to the stones,(b)after5min,droplets were aggregated close to the stones,(c)after10min,(d)after30min,(e)after24h,(f)commercial cationic emulsion after30min.Photos a,b and f with polarized light and 1␭retardation plate intercalated.The other photos are with unpolarised light.Bars indicate0.2mm.The crude oil emulsion was previously diluted with20%water to improve visualization.The clear regions are water between stones.The destruction of the emulsion by stones seems to follow the mechanism called heteroﬂocculation[25],i.e.the oil droplets clus-ter together around the stones followed by their coalescence on the solid surface.In this sense,some HTAB molecules dissolved in the aqueous phase may hydrophobize the rock surface improving the adherence of the oil.The breaking time of emulsions is known to be affected by the nature of the aggregate and its speciﬁc area,humidity,surfactant concentration,pH,and temperature[4],therefore the speed of breaking in roads industry may be different to that found in our lab-oratory conditions.Due to the short time of breaking,this emulsion may be useful as an imprinting irrigation,i.e.irrigation of surfaces to produce a transition surface with the new asphaltic layer ensuring the anchoring of this layer,or to stabilize sands[26].154 E.N.Schulz et al./Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochem.Eng.Aspects490(2016)145–1544.ConclusionsNaOl–HTAB mixtures revealed to be good O/W emulsiﬁers.The system having˛HTAB=0.75gave the largest volume of emulsion having a narrow unimodal size distribution with smaller droplets. This emulsion has a relatively high viscosity.All emulsions were stable on ageing and to temperature rise.The emulsions were destroyed by contact with quartzite stones.These properties may be useful for different applications in petroleum industry such as their use as fuels,transport and pavement production.AknowledgementsENS is an assistant researcher of the Argentine National Council of Scientiﬁc and Technical Researches(CONICET),EPS is an adjunct researcher of CONICET.REA has a post-doctoral fellowship of CON-ICET.This research was supported by a grant of the Universidad Nacional del Sur.Appendix A.Supplementary dataSupplementary data associated with this article can be found,in the online version,at /10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.11. 023.References[1]N.Delgado,F.Ysambertt,C.Montiel,G.Chávez,A.Cáceres,B.Bravo,N.Márquez,Evaluation of oil-in-water emulsions with non-ionic and anionicsurfactants mixtures for potential use in the oil industry,Rev.Téc.Ing.Univ.Zulia30(2)(2007)118–127(in Spanish).[2]L.Schramm,Surfactants:Fundamentals and Applications in the PetroleumIndustry,Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,2000.[3]H.Rivas,X.Gutiérrez,Surfactants:behavior and some of their applications inthe petroleum industry,Acta Cient.Venez.50(Suppl.No.1)(1999)54–65. [4]M.Bourrel,C.Chambu,Cationic asphalt emulsions:breaking on mineralsubstrates,in:Proceedings2nd World Surfactant Congress1988,IV,Paris,1988,pp.145–161.[5]G.Urbina-Villalba,M.García-Sucre,Effect of non-homogeneous spatialdistributions of surfactants on the stability of high-content bitumen-in-water emulsions,Interciencia25(9)(2000)415–422.[6]M.Chappat,Some applications of emulsions,Colloids Surf.A Phys.Eng.Aspects91(1994)57–77.[7]W.S.Abdulla,M.T.Obaidat,N.M.Abu-Sa’da,Inﬂuence of aggregate type andgradation on voids of asphalt concrete pavements,J.Mater.Civil Eng.1988 (1988)76–85.[8]N.El-Kadi,F.Martins,D.Clausse,P.C.Schulz,Critical micelle concentration ofaqueous hexadecyltrimetylammonium bromide–sodium oleate mixtures,Colloid Polym.Sci.281(2003)353–362.[9]D.B.Miraglia,E.N.Schulz,J.L.M.Rodriguez,P.C.Schulz,D.Salinas,Sodiumoleate–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide mixtures,J.Colloid Interface Sci.351(2010)197–202.[10]D.B.Miraglia,J.L.M.Rodríguez,R.M.Minardi,P.C.Schulz,Critical micelleconcentration and hlb of the sodium oleate–hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide mixed system,J.Surfactants Deterg.14(2011)401–408.[11]P.V.Messina,O.Pieroni,V.Verdinelli,P.C.Schulz,Regarding the effect thatdifferent twin tailed surfactants have on a solid stabilized petroleumemulsion,Colloid Polym.Sci.286(2008)191–199.[12]V.Verdinelli,M.A.Morini,P.V.Messina,P.C.Schulz,S.Alvarez,Study ofcompatibility of quartzite stones–Pigüéquarry–with asphalt emulsions,in: Proceedings of the XXXIV Reunión del Asfalto Dr.Alfredo Pinilla,Mar delPlata,Argentina,2006(in Spanish).[13]B.H.Bishop,J.L.Wulﬁnghoff,Practical Emulsions,vol.1,3rd ed.,ChemicalPublishing Co.,Inc.,New York,1968.[14]J.Mandel,Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data,Interscience,New York,1964,pp.134–137.[15]P.Becher,Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology,vol.1,Dekker,New York andBasel,1983,pp.369.[16]P.Becher,Emulsions Theory and Practice,American Chemical SocietyMonograph Series No.162,2nd ed.,R.E.Krieger Pub.Co.,New York,1977. [17]P.Messina,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,Aqueous sodium oleate-sodiumdehydrocholate mixtures at low concentration,Colloid Polym.Sci.281(11) (2003)1082–1091.[18]R.E.Anton,D.Gomez,A.Graciaa,chaise,J.L.Salaguer,Surfactant–oil–water systems near the afﬁnity inversion part ix:optimumformulation and phase behavior of mixed anionic–cationic systems,J.Dispersion Sci.Technol.14(4)(1993)401–416.[19]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,The catanionic system sodiumundecenoate-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide at low concentration,Colloid Polym.Sci.282(6)(2004)633–641,and references therein.[20]M.L.Ferreira,M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,A computational study ofthe structure and behaviour of the aqueous mixed system sodiumunsaturated carboxylate–dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,J.Phys.Chem.110(2006)17600–17606.[21]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,E.Junquera,E.Aicart,Effect of doublebonds in the formation of sodium dodecanoate and sodium10-undecenoate mixed micelles in water,J.Phys.Chem.B111(2007)11692–11699.[22]M.B.Sierra,M.A.Morini,P.C.Schulz,M.L.Ferreira,Unusual volumetric andhydration behavior of the catanionic system sodium undecenoate—dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide,Colloid Polym.Sci.283(2005)1016–1024.[23]M.B.Sierra,P.V.Messina,M.A.Morini,J.M.Ruso,G.Prieto,P.C.Schulz,F.Sarmiento,The nature of the coacervate formed in the aqueousdodecyltrimethylammonium bromide–sodium10-undecenoate mixtures,Colloids Surf.A:Phys.Eng.Aspects277(2006)75–82.[24]G.Kume,M.Gallotti,G.Nunes,Review on anionic/cationic surfactantmixtures,J.Surfactants Deterg.11(2008)1–11.[25]R.A.Mercado,V.Sadtler,P.Marchal,L.Chopin,J.L.Salager,Heteroﬂocculationof a cationic oil-in-water emulsion resulting from Fontainebleau’sandstone powder addition as a model for asphalt emulsion breakup,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.51(2012)11688–11694.[26]K.P.George,Stabilization of sands by asphalt emulsion,Transp.Res.Rec.1976(1976)51–56.。

新目标八年级下册英语Unit3能力提升达标测试卷及答案

新目标八年级下册英语Unit3能力提升达标测试卷及答案时间：60分钟分值：100分姓名：得分;第一部分读(共三节，满分40分)第一节完形填空(共10小题；每小题2分，满分20分)阅读下面短文，从各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Henry Bond was about seven years old when his father died. His mother found it 1 to support the large family. However, she tried her best to do so. Also, she 2 Henry, the eldest son, to school.At one time, Henry needed a grammar book for his study. His family was so 3 that his mother could not afford one.One morning, Henry found that a deep snow had fallen, and the 4 wind was blowing.“Ah,”he said, “it is an ill wind that blows nobody good.”With these words, he ran to the house of a neighbor, and offered his 5 to move away the snow around it. The offer was accepted. When he finished the work, he received(收到) his 6 . Then he went to another place for the 7 purpose(目标), and then to another, 8 he had earned(挣得) enough to buy a grammar book.From that time, Henry was 9 the first in all his classes. He knew no such word as“ 10 ”, and he succeeded in all he tried to do. Having the will(毅力), he always found the way.( )1. A. easy B. fun C. difficult D. possible( )2. A. returned B. sent C. followed D. lent( )3. A. large B. small C. rich D. poor( )4. A. cold B. warm C. cool D. hot( )5. A. service B. choice C. money D. interest( )6. A. book B. pay C. letter D. study( )7. A. last B. strange C. same D. boring( )8. A. if B. because C. since D. until( )9. A. always B. never C. already D. seldom( )10. A. help B. fail C. try D. give第二节阅读理解(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

FEATURES...................................................................................

D O C-0332-010,RE V ECSM12C32 Educational Module for Freescale MC9S12C321CONTENTSCAUTIONARY NOTES (4)FEATURES (5)REFERENCES (6)INTRODUCTION (6)GETTING STARTED (6)OPERATION (7)POWER (7)PWR (7)CONNECTOR J1 (7)PWR_SEL JUMPER (8)RESET SWITCH (8)LOW-VOLTAGE DETECT (8)TIMING (8)COMMUNICATIONS (9)COM CONNECTOR (9)CONNECTOR J1 (9)USER OPTIONS (10)SWITCHES (10)LED’S (10)DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT (11)ASCII MONITOR OPERATION (11)MONITOR COMMANDS (11)MONITOR MEMORY MAP (11)INTERRUPT SUPPORT (12)INTERRUPT VECTOR TABLE (12)SERIAL MONITOR OPERATION (14)SERIAL MONITOR MEMORY MAP (14)BDM_PORT HEADER (14)MECHANICAL DETAILS...............................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. APPENDIX A..................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.BILL OF MATERIALS................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.FIGURESFigure 1: PWR_SEL (8)Figure 2: COM Connector (9)Figure 3: MCU_PORT Connector (10)Figure 4: BDM_PORT (15)TABLESTable 1: Serial COM Signals (9)Table 2: User Option Jumper Settings (10)Table 4: Monitor Commands (11)Table 5: Monitor Memory Map (11)Table 6: MON12 Interrupt Vector Table (12)Table 7: Serial Monitor Memory Map (14)REVISIONFebruary 22, 2005B Update initial releaseApril 7, 2005C Updated monitor information. Differentiated betweenserial monitor and debug monitor. Updated docu-ment format. Removed BOM and Schematic.June 8, 2005D Updated installed monitor information. Added BOMto appendixJune 8, 2006E Removed BOM and Mechanical Dwg. Updated boardpart numberCAUTIONARY NOTES1) Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) prevention measures should be used when handling thisproduct. ESD damage is not a warranty repair item.2) Axiom Manufacturing does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use ofany product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey any license under patent rights or the rights of others.3) EMC Information on the CSM12C32 module:a) This product as shipped from the factory with associated power supplies and cables, hasbeen verified to meet with requirements of CE and the FCC as a CLASS B product.b) This product is designed and intended for use as a development platform for hardwareor software in an educational or professional laboratory.c) In a domestic environment, this product may cause radio interference in which case theuser may be required to take adequate prevention measures.d) Attaching additional wiring to this product or modifying the products operation from thefactory default as shipped may effect its performance and cause interference with nearby electronic equipment. If such interference is detected, suitable mitigating measures should be taken.TERMINOLOGYThis module uses option selection jumpers and cut-traces to setup default configuration. Ter-minology for application of the option jumpers is as follows:Jumper – a plastic shunt that connects 2 terminals electricallyJumper on, in, or installed - jumper is installed such that 2 pins are connected together Jumper off, out, or idle - jumper is installed on 1 pin only. It is recommended that jump-ers be idled by installing on 1 pin so they will not be lost.Cut-Trace – a circuit trace connection between component pads. The circuit trace may be cut using a razor knife to break the default connection. To reconnect the circuit, simply install a suitably sized 0-ohm resistor or attach a wire across the pads.FEATURESThe CSM12C32 is an educational module for the FREESCALE MC9S12C32 microcontroller. The included wall plug, DB9 serial cable, sample software tools, examples, and debug monitor makes application development quick and easy. A background DEBUG port is provided for development tool use and is compatible with HCS12 BDM interface cables and software. A monitor has also been preloaded into MCU Flash to provide the user with a simple develop-ment platform. The monitor is accessible through the COM connector. A 40-pin connector al-lows the CSM12C32 module to be connected to an expanded evaluation environment such as the Axiom Manufacturing, MCU Project Board - 2.Features:♦MC9S12C32 MCU, 48 QFP♦32K Byte Flash EEPROM♦2K Bytes RAM♦31 I/O lines♦ Timer/PWM♦SCI and SPI Communications Ports♦Key Wake-up Port♦BDM DEBUG Port♦CAN 2.0 Module♦ Analog Comparator♦8 MHz Internal Bus Operation Default♦25 MHz Bus Operation using internal PLL♦+3.3VDC to +5VDC operation♦40 pin connector provides access to most MCU I/O signals♦Power Input Selection Jumper♦On-board, regulated +5V power supply♦Optional power input from Connector J1♦Optional power output through Connector J1♦16 MHz Ceramic Resonator♦RS-232 Serial Port w/ DB9 Connector♦8-Ch, 10-bit, Analog Comparator with full rail-to-rail operation andexternal trigger capability♦8-Channel, 16-bit Timer with Input Capture, Output Compare,and PWM capabilities♦User Components Provided♦ 3 Push Button Switches: 2 User, RESET♦ 3 LED Indicators: 2 User, VDD♦ Jumpers♦Disable User Functions♦ Power Select♦ Connectors♦40-pin MCU I/O Connector♦ 2.0mm Barrel Connector Power Input♦DEBUG BDM Connector♦DB9 Communications Connector♦Supplied with DB9 Serial Cable, Documentation (CD), Manual, and Wall plug type power supply. Specifications:Module Size 2.2” x 1.6”Power Input: +9VDC @ 200 mA typical, +6 to +16VDC rangeREFERENCESReference documents are provided on the support CD in Acrobat Reader format. More infor-mation can be found in the Application Notes section of the Freescale Web site.CSM12C32_SCH_B.pdf CSM12C32 Module Schematic Rev BCSM12C32_UG_C.pdf CSM12C32 User Guide, Rev C (this document)9S12C32DGV1.pdf MC9S12C32 Device User Guide9S12C32_ZIP.zip Zip file containing Device Block User GuidesModule_QuickStart.pdf Educational Module Quick Start GuideAN2548.pdf Serial Monitor Program for HCS12 MCU’s INTRODUCTIONBefore using this module, the user should be familiar with the hardware and software operation of the target MCU. Refer to the MC9S12C32 User Manual and MC9S12C32 Reference Man-ual for details on MCU operation. The module’s purpose is to promote the features of the MC9S12C32 and to assist the user in quickly developing an application in a known working environment. Users should be familiar with memory mapping, memory types, and embedded software design for quick, successful, application development.The CSM12C32 Educational Module is a fully assembled, fully functional module supporting Freescale MC9S12C32 microcontroller. The module comes with a serial cable, power supply, and an embedded monitor for stand-alone operation. Support software for this module is pro-vided for Windows 95/98/NT/2000/XP operating systems.Application development may be performed by using the embedded monitor, or any compati-ble BDM cable with supporting host software. The embedded monitor provides an effective, low cost, debug method. Note that when a BDM cable is used for debugging, the BDM pod should be powered from an external supply.GETTING STARTEDPlease refer to the Educational Module Quick Start Guide to quickly setup the hardware and install the AxIDE terminal interface.OPERATIONThe CSM12C32 module provides input and output features designed to assist embedded ap-plication development. Access to MCU port signals is available through module the connector J1. This connector may also be used to input power to the module or to output power to at-tached modules. RS-232 communications signals may also be input through connector J1. Care must be exercised when using the J1 to power the module, as only regulated voltage in the range of +3.3V to +5V should be supplied to this connection. The on-board regulator pro-vides a fixed +5V voltage to the module.Five option jumpers and 3 cut-traces control module operation. Enabling a jumper option re-quires installing a shunt across the associated header pins. Removing the shunt disables the associated option. An option enabled by a cut-trace can be disabled by removing the circuit trace between the cut-trace component pads. Use a sharp knife to cut the embedded circuit trace. Be careful not to damage adjacent circuitry. To re-enable the option, simply install a 1206 sized 0-ohm resistor or piece of wire across the cut-trace component pads.PowerPower is supplied to the module through a 2.0mm barrel connector at location PWR for stand-alone operation. The module may also be powered through connector J1 when connected to the MCU Project Board. Power may be sourced off-module through connector J1 to external circuitry. Power routing on the module is determined by the PWR_SEL jumper.PWRThe PWR connector accepts a 2.1mm, center-positive, barrel plug that allows the module to be powered from a wall-plug transformer or from a desktop power supply. Input voltage should be limited to between +7V and +20V. Input voltage of +9VDC is typical. This input supplies the on-board +5V regulator that powers the module.Connector J1Power may be supplied to the module through the pins J1-1 and J1-2. Use of this option re-quires a regulated voltage input limited to the range of +3.3VDC to +5VDC. This input is con-nected directly to the module power and ground planes. Care should be exercised not to over-drive this input. Use of connector J1 to supply +3.3V to the module requires disabling the volt-age supervisor (LV1) by opening cut-trace CT-1. See the Low-Voltage Detect section below. To re-enable the low-voltage supervisor, install a 1206 sized 0-ohm resistor at CT1. Connector J1 may also be used to source +5V power from the on-board regulator to external modules attached to connector J1. The PWR_SEL option header determines how power is routed to the module.PWR_SEL JumperThe PWR_SEL jumper is a 4-position option header that configures power routing on the CSM12C32 module. The module may be powered by an external transformer connected to the PWR connector or through connector J1. The module may also source power to auxiliary modules connected to the connector J1. Damage may occur if the J1 power input pins are over-driven. Refer to the Table 3 below to determine correct PWR_SEL jumper setting. Figure 1: PWR_SEL12Source power input from barrel connector PWR.12Source power input from connector J1.1 2Source power from barrel connector PWR and supply power to external cir-cuitry connected to J1.Reset SwitchThe RESET switch provides an asynchronous reset input to the MCU. Pressing the RESET switch produces a low-voltage level on the RESET input to the MCU. The low-voltage supervi-sor (LV1) holds the RESET line low for approximately 150 ms after the pushbutton is released.Low-Voltage DetectA DS1813 (LV1) provides POR, low-voltage detect, and pushbutton reset services for the module. At power-on, LV1 holds the MCU in reset for 150 ms after V CC reaches approximately 4.35V. During normal operation, LV1 asserts RESET when V CC falls below 4.35V and holds RESET true for 150 ms after VCC returns to normal. The push-button operation is described in the paragraph above. Use of connector J1 to supply +3.3V to the module requires disabling LV1.LV1 may be disabled by opening the cut-trace CT1. Simply remove the circuit trace between the cut-trace pads to open the circuit. To restore the circuit functionality, install a 1206 size, 0-ohm, resistor or a short piece of wire across the cut-trace pads.TimingA ceramic resonator (Y1) provides a 16.0 MHz base operating frequency to the MCU. This supports a default 8.0 MHz internal operating frequency. Higher frequencies are possible us-ing the embedded PLL. The resonator output is routed to the MCU only and is not available at the MCU Port connector (J1). The MCU ECLK output is available to the user at connector J1 if enabled.CommunicationsThe CSM12C32 module provides a single RS-232 communications port. An RS-232 trans-ceiver (U2) provides RS-232 signal level to TTL/CMOS logic level translation. RS232 signals TXD and RXD are routed between the transceiver and the MCU. These signals are also routed to connector J1. RS-232 communication signals input on J1 must be TTL/CMOS logic levels; no translation support is provided through this path. The transceiver output may also be driven off-module if the signals are suitably buffered. As added development support, hardware flow control signals RTS and CTS are available on the logic side of U2. These sig-nals are routed to vias located near the transceiver (U2). RTS has been biased properly to support 2-wire RS-232 communications.Use of the J1 connector to input RS-232 signals requires disabling the on-board RS-232 trans-ceiver. Otherwise, signal corruption may occur. Disabling the on-board transceiver is accom-plished by opening cut-traces CT1, and CT2. Simply remove the circuit trace between the cut-trace pads to open the circuit. To restore the circuit functionality, install a 1206 size, 0-ohm, resistor or a short piece of wire across the cut-trace pads.Table 1: Serial COM SignalsCOM Signal MCU Port Connector DisableTXD PS1/TXD J1-5CT5RXD PS0/RXD J1-7CT4COM ConnectorA standard 9-pin Dsub connector provides external connections for the COM port. The COM port is configured as a DCE device. Component U2 provides RS-232 translation services. The figure below shows the DB9 connector.Figure 2: COM Connector16TXD27RTS RXD38CTS49NC GND5Female DB9 connector that interfaces to the DCE serial port via anRS232 transceiver. It provides simple 2-wire asynchronous serial com-munications without flow control. A straight-through serial cable may be connected to a DTE device such a PCPins 1, 4, and 6 are connected together.Connector J1Connector J1 provides access to CSM12C32 I/O port signals.Figure 3: MCU_PORT ConnectorV x12PE1/IRQ*Default Signal AssignmentsGND34RESET*MCU PORT Signal Disable PS1/TXD56MODC/BKGDPS0/RXD78NC PS1/TXD COM1 TXD CT-5PP5/KWP5910NC PS0/RXD COM1 RXD CT-4PE0/XIRQ*1112NC PE1/IRQ*SW1User1 PT0/PW0/IOC01314NC PP5/KWP5SW2User2PT1/PW1/IOC11516NC PA0LED1User3 PM4/MOSI1718PAD00/AN00PB4LED2User4PM2/MISO1920PAD01/AN01PM5/SCK2122PB4PM3/SS*2324PA0PE4/ELCK2526PM1/TXCAN Note: Default signal assignment should be disabled to use the signal at connector J1PE7/XCLKS2728PM0/RXCANPAD02/AN022930PT2/PW2/IOC2PAD03/AN033132PT3/PW3/IOC3PAD04/AN043334PT4/PW04/IOC4PAD05/AN053536PT5/IOC5PAD06/AN063738PT6/IOC6PAD07/AN073940PT7/IOC7User OptionsUser options include 2 LED’s, and 2 pushbutton switches. Each user option may be enabled individually using the USER option header. When the appropriate USER option jumper is in-stalled, the associated user option is enabled. Removing a jumper disables the associated user option.Table 2: User Option Jumper SettingsJumper On Off MCU SignalUser 1Enable SW1Disable SW1PE0/XIRQ*User 2Enable SW2Disable SW2PP5 /KWP5User 3Enable LED1Disable LED1PA0User 4Enable LED2Disable LED2PB4SwitchesTwo push button switches provide momentary, active low, input to the MCU for user applica-tions. Pressing a switch provides a momentary low logic level input tot the MCU. SW1 and SW2 provide input to MCUI/O ports PE0 and PP5 respectively.LED’sTwo LED’s provide active-low, visual output for user applications. A low voltage level driven out on the appropriate MCU port causes the LED to light. MCU ports PA0 and PB4 drive LED1 and LED2 respectively.DEVELOPMENT SUPPORTThe CSM12C32 ships from the factory with a serial monitor installed in FLASH. An ASCII monitor is also installed to provide quick and easy debug access to the user. The text monitor is available out of RESET. The serial monitor is available by pressing and holding SW1 as the module exits RESET. In the discussion below, the terms text and ASCII are used inter-changeably.ASCII Monitor OperationThe debug monitor provides a simple application development platform for developing applica-tion code. The debug monitor allows the user to quickly and easily develop and debug RAM based application code.The debug monitor is accessible through the COM port using an ASCII terminal program such as HyperTerminal or AxIDE. The terminal should be configured for 9600, 8, N, 1 with no flow-control. The monitor relocates the hardware interrupt vector table from 0xFF8A:0xFFFF to 0X0F8A:0x0FFF(see Table 3 below). The vectors remain in the same order as the default hardware table. The Reset vector is reserved; user should use autostart to start applications from reset.ASCII Monitor Memory MapTable 3: Monitor Memory Map$0000 -$03FFRegisters1K bytesReserved$0800 -$0DFFInternal RAM. 1.5K bytes$0E00 -$0F8BMonitor Reserved$0F8A -$0FFF Relocated Interrupt Vector Table512 bytes Reserved$8000 -$BFFFUser Program Memory16K bytes$C000 -$FFFFProtected Monitor Space16K bytesMonitor CommandsTable 4: Monitor CommandsBF <StartAddress> <EndAddress> [<data>]Block Fill memory range with data BR [<Address>]Set/Display user breakpoints CALL [<Address>]Call user subroutine at <Address>GO [<Address>]Begin/continue execution of user codeHELP Display the Mon12 command summaryLOAD [P]Load S-Records into memory, P = Paged S2 MD <StartAddress> [<EndAddress>]Memory Display BytesMM <Address>Modify Memory Bytes (8 bit values)MW <Address>Modify memory Words (16 bit values)MOVE <StartAddress> <EndAddress><DestAddress>Move a block of memoryRD Display all CPU registersOFFSET – [arg]Offset for downloadProceed Continue program executionRM Modify CPU Register ContentsSTOPAT <Address>Trace until addressT [<count>]Trace <count> instructionsNOTE: Items in Italics are not implemented at this time.Interrupt SupportAll interrupt services under are provided through the relocated vector table, see Table 5 below. Each location in the table is initialized to a value of $0000 to cause the trap of an unscheduled interrupt. Any nonzero value will allow the interrupt to proceed to the user's service routine that should be located at the address indicated. The interrupt service delay is +21 cycles over the standard interrupt service.To use vectors specified in the table, the user must insert the address of the interrupt service routine during software initialization into the ram interrupt table. For an example, for the IRQ vector, the following is performed:Example:IRQ Service routine label = IRQ_SRVRam Vector Table address is defined in table below, IRQ vector definition:VIRQ EQU $0FF2; define ram table vector locationPlace IRQ service routine address in the table:MOVW#IRQ_SRV,VIRQThis vector initialization will remain in effect until a RESET is invoked.Interrupt Vector TableTable 5: MON12 Interrupt Vector TableRam Interrupt Vector Address MCU Interrupt VectorAddressTRAP code VectorSource0F8A FF8A02LVI0F8C FF8C04PWME 0F8E FF8E06PTPI 0F90FF9008C4TX0F92FF920A C4RX0F94FF940C C4ERR0F96FF960E C4WU0F98FF9810C3TX0F9A FF9A12C3RX0F9C FF9C14C3ERR0F9E FF9E16C3WU0FA0FFA018C2TX0FA2FFA21A C2RX0FA4FFA41C C2ERR0FA6FFA61E C2WU0FA8FFA820C1TX0FAA FFAA22C1RX0FAC FFAC24C1ERR0FAE FFAE26C1WU0FB0FFB028C0TX0FB2FFB22A C0RX0FB4FFB42C C0ERR0FB6FFB62E C0WU0FB8FFB830FEPRG0FBA FFBA32EEPRG0FBC FFBC34SPI20FBE FFBE36SPI10FC0FFC038I2C0FC2FFC23A BDLC0FC4FFC43C CRGC0FC6FFC63E CRGL0FC8FFC840PACBO0FCA FFCA42MCNT0FCC FFCC44PTHI0FCE FFCE46PTJI0FD0FFD048ADC10FD2FFD24A ADC00FD4FFD44C SCI10FD6FFD64E SCI00FD8FFD850SPI00FDA FFDA52PACAI0FDC FFDC54PACAO0FDE FFDE56TOF0FE0FFE058TC70FE2FFE25A TC60FE4FFE45C TC50FE6FFE65E TC40FE8FFE860TC30FEA FFEA62TC20FEC FFEC64TC10FEE FFEE66TC00FF0FFF068RTI0FF2FFF26A IRQ0FF4FFF46C XIRQ0FF6FFF66E SWI0FF8FFF870TRAP0FFA FFFA72COP0FFC FFFC74CLM0FFE FFFE76RESERVEDSerial Monitor OperationA serial binary monitor is loaded in the MCU internal flash memory. Press and hold SW1 while pressing the RESET button or applying power. This section provides a brief description of this serial monitor operation. Refer to application note AN2548 for complete details on the serial monitor operation. This application note may be found on the Support CD received with the module or from the Freescale web site.Serial Monitor Memory MapTable 6: Serial Monitor Memory Map0x0000 –0x03FFRegisters1K bytesReserved0x3800 –0x3FFF Internal RAM(Relocated)2K bytes Reserved0x8000 –0xBFFF Fixed Flash EEPROM Block 1(visible at RESET)16K bytes0xC000 –0xF77F Fixed Flash EEPROM Block 213.8K bytes0xF780 –0xF7FF User Vectors (Relocated) User Reset Vector F7FE:F7FF0xF800 –0xFFFF Vectors (Protected)2.12K bytesNOTE: Although the monitor does not support external memory, the user can enable externalmemory accesses in the unfilled areas of the memory map.The 2K-byte serial monitor program provides an RS-232 serial interface to a host PC. Serial data rate is 115.2K bps. The monitor is compatible with Metrowerks CodeWarrior Develop-ment Studio and other serial monitor interface IDE’s. The serial monitor is not compatible with ASCII interface programs such as HyperTerm or AxIDE. The monitor supports 23 primitive commands to control the target MCU. To allow a user to specify the address of each interrupt service routine, this monitor redirects interrupt vectors to an unprotected portion of FLASH.To boot to the serial monitor, the user simply pressed and holds SW1 while pressing the RESET switch or applying power. The status of SW1 is read only during the rising edge of RESET. To load user application on start-up, the user is responsible for programming the pseudo-reset vector (0xF7FE:0xF7FF). Pressing SW1 after the MCU exits reset will not ac-cess the serial monitor. After exiting reset, pressing SW1 has effect as defined in the user ap-plication.BDM_PORT HeaderBDM access is gained through the BDM_PORT header. This is a 6-pin header that allows connection of a compatible HCS12 BDM cable. Refer to the documentation for the specificBDM cable used for details on its use. The figure below shows the pin-out for the DEBUG header.Figure 4: BDM_PORTMODC/BKGD12GND34RESET*56VDD See the HC12 Reference Manual for complete DEBUG documentation。

《上古卷轴5：天际》全部技能100级升级方法

刚拿到上古卷轴5就被他深深的吸引住了，之前也下载过上古4，单因为游戏比较老、画面差，所以没玩多少，也没感受到多大的乐趣！刚开始玩很多玩法都不会，而且发现那么多技能，不知道从何下手！所以也在网上找了一些其他玩家的帖子来参考，而且再游戏过程中也摸索出了一些自己了敲门！在此与大家分享！（* 此贴只包含升级技能方法，丰富的游戏内容与地图大家自己摸索、探索吧！）小窍门及升级需要软件1. 首先交大家刷物品及装备的方法。

进到武器店，炼金店等地方后，和老板谈话把自己需要的东西买下来之后按F5快速存档，退出游戏，这时候要完全退出桌面，再重新进入游戏，再次交易，发现物品更新了，游戏时间却不流失，按照此方法可以刷到装备、武器、炼金物品、锻造物品… …2. 因为升级技能的时候，需要花费很多时间，而且要一直点击鼠标或按键，所以需要变速齿轮和按键精灵。

变速齿轮和按键精灵可以按自己的技能需要配合使用，使用方法在此不细说了。

技能升级方法1. 潜行游戏刚开始逃难，选择和帝国军进入房间后，不要开箱子，拿1-2个墙上挂着的剑，然后潜行到哈达瓦身后，然后蓄力重击，然后你就看到你的潜行飞速升级，哈达瓦的生命会自己恢复，可以一直重复，潜行很快就能升到100级了。

2. 单手武器用同样的方法继续用剑砍哈达瓦，但练单手不要潜行，直接站在身后一直砍，最好装备两个单手武器一起砍，速度好像更快，在此直接练到100级。

3. 双手武器单手到100级后，继续跟着哈达瓦走，顺手从尸体上拿点装备和双手武器，一路走到睡着的熊那里，这时哈达瓦会蹲下来让你带路，拿出你的双手武器，猛砍哈达瓦，和练单手一样，在此练到100级。

l 练好功夫后，随哈达瓦一路走到星座柱的地方，这里有盗贼，战士，巫师可以选择，你想升级哪项技能，谁是可以回来重新选择。

（我是先选盗贼的）双手升级完成后，跟着哈达瓦到河望他和叔叔谈话后，进了房间，这时不要跟着进去，潜行到其他人背后偷窃金币，刚开始技能等级低，成功率不高，慢慢就会顺手了。

上古卷轴全攻略

【开篇】上古卷轴系列是一款高自由度的角色扮演游戏，开放性的世界供你任意探索，还有着庞大的世界观和丰富的剧情以及一连串任务需要你去认识去完成，本作天际无论从画面还是剧情任务还有各种系统都做得很好，是难得的一款RPG大作，相对而言评价为神作也不为过，当然这需要你认真的玩去体验。

好在游戏已经由3DM的轩辕和蒹葭汉化组完成汉化了，都中文了大家应该都能看得懂剧情。

在这里感谢一下3DM和各个汉化组，没有你们，国内很多英文不好的玩家玩这些英文游戏将会非常迷茫，即使游戏做得非常出色也不能被深入理解。

另外想对快餐党说一句，一款好的RPG是需要慢慢品味的，需要你投入扮演这个角色并体验其中的辛酸苦辣，遵循游戏相应规则让自己成长，通过与NPC的交流，通过任务及剧情了解这个复杂的世界，这样才能找到乐趣和成就感。

我们玩游戏不只是为了通关，玩的应该是游戏过程，从玩游戏中得到乐趣，否则都直接使用控制台修改，那么任何游戏都会变得索然无味，这也是为什么有些好的网游会让很多人着迷，就是因为游戏里需要靠自己慢慢积累提高并努力去完成目标，这个完成目标的过程是非常有成就感的，因为你不能作弊，无法马上满足，很多事情或物质轻易的得到了，你就会失去兴趣和不懂珍惜，包括爱你的女孩，这是很不好的，也许有时候人就是这么的贱...好吧，扯远了【教学】1、先大概了解游戏进入游戏后，如果你是第一次接触上古卷轴系列就不要急着玩，先看看游戏帮助，这对你以后扮演这个角色或了解这个游戏是很有帮助的。

按ESC键进入设置界面，可以先看下帮助，里面有很多名词解释。

看不到对话内容的，记得把下面几项选上显示字幕。

还有各种键位设定，游戏默认键位还是比较人性化的，不过可以根据自己的习惯进行修改，比如我改了跑步=SHIFT 潜行=X 自动行走=V 地图=M 物品栏=I 左右手=M1/M2，像F键R键C键E键最好不要改动，因为游戏有BUG，改了这几个键位后在设置偏好时就不能对应提示使用，以后应该会修复。

CM1系列

CM1-63M/4300/63A
RIYUE CM1-100H/3300 100A
RIYUE CM1-100H/3300 32A
RIYUE CM1-100H/3300 63A
RIYUE CM1-225H/3300 225A
RIYUE CM1-100M/3300/50A
RIYUE CM1-100M/33002 63A
RIYUE CM1-63L/33002 10A
RIYUE CM1-100M/33002/20
RIYUE CM1-160M/3300/100
RIYUE CM1-63M/3300
RIYUE CM1-63M/33002
RIYUE CM1-100M/3320/100A
RIYUE CM1-100M/33202/25A
RIYUE CM1-100M/33202/40A
RIYUE CM1-100M/3330/63A
RIYUE CM1-225M/3330/125A
RIYUE CM1-225M/3330/140A
RIYUE CM1-225M/3330/225A
RIYUE CM2-125M/3320/125A
RIYUE CM2-125M/3330/100A
CM1-100L/3320/80A
CM1-400L/3370/250A
CW1-2000/M1250A/690V/GDSP
CW1-2000/M2000A/690V/GDSP
CW1-2000/M800A/690V/GDSP
CW1-3200/M2500A/690V/GDSP
CW1-3200/M3200A/690V/GDSP
RIYUE CM1-63M/6A

大航海时代OL大学技能详解(一)

冒险系冒商战操船技术1★操帆量测航行技术操舵划船0 100 一般航海(10) 10 10/10＊台特版别未讲实座装★★12 1200一般航海(5)远程航海(100)300 200/200操船技术213 1700一般航海(5)超远程航海(500)500 300/3007 ★★★30 400一般航海(5)超远程航海(500)船舶灾害恢复(20)600 350/3508危机管理法1★生存行军补给运用5 40 远程航海(10) 5030/3020/200 ★★12 500远程航海(50)荒天航海(50)350 300/300自然学。

人文科学1★地理考古宗教生物美术财宝2 30发现物发现R1(10)100 350/2108 ★★12 100发现物发现R1(5)发现物发现R3(10)400 600/6001218 360发现物发现R1(5)发现物发现R7(25)1000 800/80017自然学。

人文科学2★★★30 900发现物发现R1(1)发现物发现R7(10)发现物发现R11(20)2000 1000/100025自然学。

人文科学3 50 1000发现物发现R1(1)发现物发现R11(20)3000 1500/150037★★★★50 500 发现物发现R1(1)发现物发现R11(10)东亚发现物发现(10)5000 2000/100050调查技术1★生态调查视认搜索开锁1 50发现物发现R3(10)R2以下无页数150 300/300★★12 100发现物发现R1(5)发现物发现R3(10)400 600/60015调查技术212 360发现物发现R3(5)发现物发现R7(25)1000 800/80020 ★★★30 300发现物发现R3(1)发现物发现R7(10)东亚发现物发现(10)2500 1200/72055 50 发现物发现R3(1) 1200 800/40020调查技术3 发现物再发现(3)★★★★55 100 发现物发现R3(1)发现物再发现(3)东亚发现物发现(3)东亚发现物再发现(7)3000 1400/70035野外活动1★调度钓鱼采集2 1000 野外活动(10) 5050/5020/200 ★★12 1000野外活动(5)高度野外活动(50)300 300/1507海难史1★沉船打捞拖航9 10 打捞沉船(10) 500600/600100/100100/10015 ★★12 50打捞沉船(10)长距离航海(5)8001000/50050/5050/5025人心掌握术1★酒宴求爱身体语言7 100 交流术实践(10) 50 50/500 ★★12 100交流术实践(1)船员交流(5)300 150/1500海洋学1★东南亚入港许可证10 30 委任回航(10) 5030/3010/1010/100 ★★10 100一般航海(1)委任回航(5)300150/15050/5050/50海洋学2中南美西岸入港许可证23 100委任回航(5)远程航海(5)800400/400200/200200/20010 ★★★23 100委任回航(1)远程航海(5)委任回航(20)(3张)1200600/300300/150300/15015文献学★★★『发现物』隐藏的财宝58 50 书库调查(10) 300 200/200商业系冒商战基本生产技术1★烹饪保管缝纫工艺铸造1 1000 一般生产(10) 20 50/50＊特别讲座★★12 1000 一般生产(5) 50 50/50基本生产技术217 2000一般生产(5)装备生产强化(100)200 200/2000 ★★★30 2000一般生产(1)装备强化生产(50)特别生产(200)300 300/300760 2000一般生产(1)特别生产(100)2000 1000/100025基本生产技术3 ★★★★60 2000一般生产(1)大成功生产(20)特别生产(100)3500 1500/150037特殊生产技术1★语言学鍊金术8 100 高级生产(10) 5050/50300/3000 未实装★★12 100高级生产(5)大成功生产(?)100 100/1000商业技术1★会计社交管理技术0 100 盈馀交易(10) 20 100/500★★12 200盈馀交易(5)获巨利交易(20)300 300/1507商业技术215 500盈馀交易(5)一获千金交易(50)400 ★★★40 500盈馀交易(1)一获千金交易(10)东亚贸易(50)1600商业技术3100盈馀交易(1)名产组合出售(5)1200 800/800★★★★100盈馀交易(1)一获千金交易(2)名产组合出售(3)3000日用品交易学1★食品取引调味取引医药取引家畜取引1 2400交易品1类购买(200)100 100/100★★12 2400交易品1类购买(100)盈馀交易(160)200 150/15014 4800交易品1类购买(100)一获千金交易800 300/3007日用品交易学2杂货取引(480)★★★30 4800交易品1类购买(20)一获千金交易(96)东亚贸易(480)1600 400/40010工厂制品交易学1★酒类取引嗜好取引染料取引矿石取引工业取引2 1800交易品2类购买(200)100 ★★12 1800交易品2类购买(100)盈馀交易(120)200工厂制品交易学219 3600交易品2类购买(100)一获千金交易(380)800 7 ★★★30 3600交易品2类购买(20)一获千金交易(72)东亚贸易(360)1600 10一般奢侈品交易学1★纤维纺织品武器火器美术品工艺品3 1200交易品3类购买(200)100 ★★12 1200交易品3类购买(100)盈馀交易(80)200一般奢侈品交易学223 2400交易品3类购买(100)一获千金交易(240)800 7 ★★★30 2400 交易品3类购买1600(20)一获千金交易(48) 东亚贸易(240)上流奢侈品交易学1★香辛料贵金属香料宝石4 600交易品4类购买(200)100 100/100★★12 600交易品4类购买(100)盈馀交易(20)200 100/50上流奢侈品交易学228 1200交易品4类购买(100)一获千金交易(120)800 300/3007 ★★★30 1200交易品4类购买(20)一获千金交易(24)东亚贸易(120)1600 10特别生产技术★ 6 50 特别生产(10) 500 300/3007 海事系冒商战★投掷术应用剑3 200 陆战实战(10) 15050/50200/200陆上战斗技术1★★术狙击术陷阱商品知识12 200陆战实战(5)掠夺实践(5)35060/60300/300陆上战斗技术222 500陆战实战(5)地下城走遍(50)800100/100400/40010 ★★★30 500陆战实战(1)地下城走遍(50)圆形竞技场胜利(20)1400150/150500/50012砲击技术1★砲术弹道学水平射击快速射击贯穿0 150 砲击实战(10) 150 300/3007★★12 150砲击实战(5)完全歼灭胜利(30)450 400/40010砲击技术212 500砲击实战(5)单舰击沉(15)700 600/60015 ★★★30 500砲击实战(1)单舰击沉(15)完全歼灭胜利(15)1200 800/80020砲击技术370 500砲击实战(1)爆击(10)2400 1200/60030 ★★★★70 500砲击实战(1)爆击(5)攻击要塞(10)2400 1800/900 45肉搏技术1★突击战术射击防御3 150 肉搏战实战(10) 150 300/3007 ★★12 150肉搏战实战(5)完全歼灭胜利(15)450 400/20010肉搏技术215 500肉搏战实战(5)单舰击沉(10)700 600/600★★★30 500肉搏战实战(1)单舰击沉(10)1200 800/40020完全歼灭胜利(10)肉搏技术380 500肉搏战实战(1)甲板战胜利(50)2600 1200/120030 ★★★★80 500肉搏战实战(1)掠夺实践(2)甲板战胜利(50)4000 1800/180045个人战术1★剑术掠夺2 150 掠夺实践(10) 150 300/3007★★12 150掠夺实践(5)肉搏战实战(3)450 400/40010个人战术220 150掠夺实践(5)甲板战胜利(25)450 400/20010 ★★★250掠夺实践(1)甲板战胜利(25)单舰击沉(5)2600 1200/60030操船战术1★回避统率布设水雷发现水雷兵器技术6 100 攻击战术(10) 300 3007 ★★12 100攻击战术(5)船舶修理(1)450 40010操船战术216 200攻击战术(5)完全歼灭胜利(10)350 300★★★400攻击战术(1)完全歼灭胜利(10)单舰击沉(10)700 50012船舶修理技术1★修理造船灭火1 400 船舶修理(10) 50 150 3 ★★12 400船舶修理(5)船舶灾害恢复(40)350 250 624 1000船舶修理(5)船只新造强化900 40010船舶修理技术2(100) ★★★30 1000 船舶修理(1)船舶灾害恢复(50) 船只新造强化(50)80040012人命救助术1★应急处理外科手术救助7 100 人命救助实践(10) 100100 200 2★★12 200人命救助实践(5)荒天航海(20)400100 1503竞技场战术★9 200圆形竞技场胜利(10)5006007综合系冒商战海洋巡视技术1★警戒望风4 500 巡视航行(10) 50 50/5050/5050/50★★12 500巡视航行(5)远程航海(50) 350 100/100 100/100100/100奖学制度说明会★2 500一般航海(10)盈馀交易(50) 砲击实战(50)100 100/100 100/100 100/100未开垦地开垦技术★ 3 100未开垦地·私有地开发(10)300100/100100/100100/100人类行为学★★15 1000一般航海(10)盈馀交易(20)砲击实战(20)400200/200200/200200/2005国家贡献论★★★25 300上纳投资(20)大海战(100)敕命(30)1000300/300300/300300/3007私有地活用学★★★40 300 私人岛开拓(10) 1200200/200200/200200/2006教职论★★★★60 100 使用转职证转职(10) 300200/200200/200200/2002饮食文化学★烹饪R5酒宴R36 30 飨用套餐(10) 5020/2020/2020/200 ★★ 6 50野外活动(1)飨用套餐(10)16050/5050/5050/50[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]11 / 11。

Market Samurai官方使用教程中文版英文站关键字研究利器

Market Samurai 使用详解MS 全称Market Samurai(市场武士）。

在它的官方网站上是这样介绍的：Market Samurai 是世界上最强大的关键字研究软件，主要功能有网页排名跟踪，竞争分析，市场定位，反向链接分析等等。

对于我们做联署网络营销，它是一款不可缺少的好工具。

Market Samurai 的主要功能模块：Keyword ResearchSEO CompetitionMonetizationFind ContentPublish ContentPromotionRank TrackerTroubleshooting一、Keyword Research（关键字研究）模块在这一课中，我们将探讨关键词研究的过程。

主要包括一下几个方面：（1）了解研究过程中的关键字（2）四个研究关键词的黄金法则（3）如何利用MS生成相关关键字列表首先了解一下四个研究关键字的黄金法则：（1）相关性（2）流量（3）竞争（4）商业价值Market Samurai官方售价为$149,因更新速度和软件机制，目前并无全功能破解版。

不过官方有优惠35%的连接，所以现在只需要97美元便可以购买Market Samurai正式版。

如何用97美元购买Market Samurai？（1）首先打开官方网站：/c/ilikemarketsamurai（其他地址登入无法获取优惠连接）（2）在页中下图位置申请免费试用版，只需填写名字和正确的邮箱按红色按钮即可。

（3）此时Market Samurai试用版下载地址已经发往你的邮箱中，并且刚才页面也跳转了。

（4）在刚才跳转后的页面上，一直拉到网页底部，出现下图，便获得了97刀购买的优惠连接，注意底部：只有在7天之内购买才生效。

第一个黄金法则：相关性相关性是很多人常常忽略的一点，他们为了使他们的业务正常尽快运行。

但事情的事实是，和你的目标不相关的关键字可能会获得一个在谷歌排名第一，你甚至会产生大量的流量到您的网站。