英语论文封皮
英语论文开题报告及封面格式
英语论文开题报告及封面格式英语论文开题报告范文及封面格式大学生活要接近尾声了，学生们要开始做毕业设计了，在做毕业设计之前指导老师都会要求先写好开题报告，那么大家知道正规的`开题报告怎么写吗？下面是小编为大家整理的英语论文开题报告范文及封面格式，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptivetendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.。
毕业论文英文封面
毕业论文英文封面Title: The Significance of an English Cover Page for Graduation Thesis Introduction:The completion of a graduation thesis is a significant milestone in a student's academic journey. Along with the content, formatting, and presentation, the cover page plays a crucial role in conveying the essence and professionalism of the research work. This article aims to discuss the importance and components of an English cover page for a graduation thesis, highlighting its role in presenting the research in a comprehensive and appealing manner.1. The Purpose of an English Cover Page:The cover page serves as the first impression of the graduation thesis. It sets the tone for the entire document and provides essential information about the research work. It not only grabs the reader's attention but also conveys the seriousness and professionalism of the study. Therefore, an English cover page is crucial to create a positive impact and engage the readers from the beginning.2. Components of an English Cover Page:a) Title: The title should be concise, clear, and reflective of the research topic. It should accurately represent the research question or main theme of the thesis.b) Author's Information: The cover page should include the author's name, academic institution, department, and the date of submission. This information provides credibility and establishes the author's affiliation with the academic institution.c) Supervisor's Information: Including the name and designation of the thesis supervisor adds value to the research and demonstrates the guidance received during the study.d) Abstract: A brief summary of the thesis should be included on the cover page. It should highlight the objectives, methodology, key findings, and conclusions of the research. The abstract should be concise yet informative to give readers a glimpse into the thesis.e) Keywords: Incorporating relevant keywords on the cover page helps in indexing and categorizing the thesis. These keywords make it easier for readers to locate the research in databases and academic platforms.3. Design and Formatting:a) Font and Size: The font style and size should be consistent with the formatting guidelines provided by the academic institution. Generally, a professional and easily readable font, such as Times New Roman or Arial, is preferred.b) Alignment and Spacing: The text on the cover page should be aligned centrally, and appropriate spacing should be maintained between the elements. This ensures a neat and organized appearance.c) Graphics and Images: While not mandatory, incorporating the academic institution's logo or relevant graphics can enhance the visual appeal of the cover page. However, it is important to ensure that the design does not overshadow the essential information.4. Language and Accuracy:a) Language: As the cover page is in English, it is crucial to use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Proofreading the cover page is essential to avoid any errors that may undermine the professionalism of the research.b) Accuracy: The information provided on the cover page, such as the title, author's name, and supervisor's information, should be accurate and consistent with the content of the thesis. Any discrepancies can lead to confusion and impact the credibility of the research.Conclusion:In conclusion, an English cover page holds significant importance in presenting a graduation thesis effectively. It serves as a gateway to the research work, providing essential information and creating a positive impression. By incorporating the necessary components, adhering to formatting guidelines, and ensuring accuracy, the cover page contributes to the overall professionalism and appeal of the thesis. Therefore, students should give due attention to crafting an engaging and informative cover page to complement their research efforts.。
英语专业学生论文封面致谢页格式参考
英语专业学生论文封面致谢页格式参考第一篇：英语专业学生论文封面致谢页格式参考ON UNTRANSLATABILITY OF ARTISTIC CONCEPTIONIN CHINESE CLASSIC POETRYBy AnonymousA thesis submitted in partial fulfillmentof the requirements for the B.A.degree in School ofForeign Languages, Guangdong University of TechnologyMay2009AcknowledgementsMy great gratitude must go first and foremost to my beloved advisor Prof.Yan Kepa.With his excellent mentorship, solid advice, constant availability and enduring patience, Professor Yan has guided me through the whole process of writing this thesis.His encouragement of me as well as his confidence in me is indispensable to the completion of the dissertation, and being his student has been a tremendous learning experience.There are many others who deserve my thanks.… …第二篇：英语专业毕业论文致谢,摘要AcknowledgementsAt the very first, I am honored to express my deepest gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Miss Wang Chao, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis.She has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticisms with her profound knowledge and rich research experience.Her patience and kindness are greatly appreciated.Besides, she always puts high priority on our dissertation writing and is willing to discuss with me anytime available.I have learnt from her a lot not only about dissertation writing, but also the professional ethics.I amvery much obliged to her efforts of helping me complete the dissertation.I am also extremely grateful to Prof.Wei Xiaohong whose patient and meticulous guidance and invaluable suggestions are indispensable to the completion of this thesis.Thanks are also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions.Special thanks should go to Miss Dong, Miss Ma, and Miss Wei for their brainstorming with me when I failed in coming up with ideas.At last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the very beginning of my study.I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement.iAbstractAs an applied language, English advertisement has its own linguistic style and features.Its language is original, beautiful and full of connotations.English advertisemet, using the simplest language to express the most complex meanings, stimulates people’s desire for shopping.The skillful use of puns makes advertising language more vivid and humourous.Therefore, puns have been applied much in the field of English advertisements to attatch more attention.Accordingly the effective translation of puns in this field becomes more and more important.This thesis has studied certain so as to make the Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements complete.Based on differences in language, lexicon and sentence structure of puns, this paper explain puns in detail from three respects including homophone, homograph and parody puns.This study plays the solid foundation for the translation of puns in English advertisements.Moreover, under the guide of the theory of “functional equivalence”, this thesis proposed three translationprinciples which provide theory supports for the Chinese translation of puns in this field.Furthermore, this paper studies the Chinese translation of puns in this field combining large amount of English advertisements with puns, and proposed five translation skills.This paper gives originality, flexibility and humorousness of puns better expression in Chinese translation textsKey words:Puns,English advertisements,Translation Principles,Translation skills摘要英语广告作为一种应用语言，有着自己独特的语言风格和特点。
毕业设计(论文)英文献翻译封面
third-party logistics problems, causes and strategic choiceAbstract: China's logistics industry has just started, third-party logistics and other aspects of the theory and practice are relatively weak. The paper points out the problems of the Third Party Logistics is the gap between domestic and international third party logistics, logistics efficiency is not high, the lack of systematic management, and logistics platform to build lag behind the concept of logistics management, and so on. Analyzed the causes of such problems arising and proposed lean logistics, small and medium enterprise value chain alliances third party logistics, large third-party logistics companies such as virtualization strategy choice of three third-party logistics enterprise development strategies.Keywords:Third party logistics;lean logistics strategy;value chain alliances; virtualization strategy1. IntroductionFor a long time, China's domestic enterprises procurement, transportation, warehousing, agents, packaging, processing, distribution and other aspects of control is not strong, in the "Procurement black hole", "Logistics trap" in the waste is difficult to calculate losses. Therefore, third-party logistics research, the overall effectiveness in promoting the improvement of China's economy has a very important theoretical and practical significance. This article attempts to my policy of three logistics problems and analysis of the causes of and propose several possible third-party logistics strategic choice.2 Third party logistics industry in China's major problems(A) The national policy of three logistics companies and foreign big gap between third-party logistics companies, specifically in the following areas:1, economies of scale and capital gap significantly. Because third-party logistics companies large foreign strategic departure from the global business, its advantages ofscale and capital is no doubt, especially start-up period of three logistics policy I, its very small size, strong capital that foreign giants China enterprises to shame.2,I state policy of the logistics enterprises provide three logistics service level and quality control rather than foreign counterparts. When some domestic enterprise is still in logistics interpreted as "trucks, add warehouse logistics enterprises abroad already completed a series of standardized transformation. Meanwhile, foreign logistics organizational ability so powerful, Germany, for example, a third-party logistics company, all aspects of logistics experts across all over Europe. If the goods by a customer needs of different countries, so these experts from all over Europe in online design a the best logistics solutions. This provides solutions is the ability that the core competence of third-party logistics companies, unlike domestic companies claim to having many ship, how many car.3, China's accession to WTO, lower the threshold of the logistics industry. The logistics service industry: our commitment to all of the services sector, after a reasonable transition period, to cancel most of the foreign equity limit does not restrict access to foreign service providers the current market, do not restrict all the service sectors and the existing market access activities. The secondary distribution services while also making a similar commitment. These restrictions will be phased out after 3-4 years, during which foreign service providers can create a hundred per cent wholly-owned subsidiaries or business sector, the domestic logistics industry will face international competition.(B) serious waste of resources, third party logistics efficiency is not high. From the microscopic point of view, due to the impact of the planned economy, a long time many enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises to go the "large", "small" route, they have their own warehouse, fleet, and even ocean-going vessels team, resulting in wasting a lot of the logistics process, the specific performance of the idle warehouse, logistics decentralized operation, the low level of organization, transverse joint weak. And to provide integrated, modern, professional, punctual, efficient services to third-party logistics enterprises are very small. From a macro point of view of economic development of third-party logistics failed to keep up with the pace of the formation of industrial management model, but only with the transportation, telecommunications, commercial materials, foreign trade and other sectors of the integration and collaboration.(C) the lack of systematic management, equipment standardization is low. Most of the current third-party logistics enterprises in China under the traditional system based on materials circulation enterprises developed, the service mainly stay in the storage, transportation, lack of systematic management, logistics, low efficiency, lack of effective third party logistics functions Play. In addition, the fragmentation of China's logistics sector, making the link in the transportation logistics and equipment standards are not uniform, does not support current standards for physical facilities, resulting in the increase in third-party logistics invalid operation, speed, and reduce costs.(D) third-party logistics platform to build lag, lower degree of information technology. Third-party logistics and distribution platforms, including physical network and information network, physical network refers to the logistics facilities, transportation, transportation hubs in the geographical location of the rational distribution and the formation of physical network; information networks that use third-party logistics business and information technology, Information resources to their chain integration and the formation of a shared network of information resources. The status of physical network are: low levels of third-party logistics and equipment, and information networks also lack the necessary public logistics platform.(E) the concept of logistics management of domestic enterprises is still very backward, which greatly restricts the development of third party logistics. For example: Some companies believe that inventory information is confidential business information must be managed by the enterprises themselves, the class of business activities while outsourcing the management concept difficult to accept, often resulting in control of their own poor management of logistics, business competition in the market weakens Force.3Causes problems analysis(A) lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel. This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it isnew to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.(B) fails to effectively use modern technology. This situation has greatly restricted the cultivation of third-party logistics companies, affecting their overall competitive strength increased. China's accession to the WTO, domestic enterprises will face third-party logistics strong competition from abroad, the domestic third-party logistics industry is difficult to provide low-cost, high quality and efficient service.(C) subject to the constraints of traditional management systems. Fragmentation in the traditional institutional arrangements, third party logistics activities have been separated from many different sectors such as transportation, post and telecommunications, foreign trade, domestic trade and only involves the transport industry to the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Communications, etc. Some departments, the lack of efficient collaboration between departments, resulting in the transport process of rotation of the mode of transport and time-consuming part of the cost of logistics in the process of becoming "trap. " There are also procedures for customs management, material procurement and other aspects of some of the provisions of the logistics enterprises also raise the level of integrated services and business development areas, thus restricting the rapid development of third-party logistics industry.4 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choice Summarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:(A)Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in Chinahave restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate and fast delivery of goods and information.In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.(B)the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain alliance Third-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-partylogistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. Value of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist the revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc. link. Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.(C)Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "中国第三方物流存在的问题、原因及战略选择熊卫【摘要】中国物流业的发展才刚刚起步，第三方物流相关理论和实践等方面都相当薄弱。
英文论文封面
中南大学CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY 高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文题目英语词缀记忆法刍议题目类别语言类学生姓名刘丽娜考籍号 250610200001 学校娄底职业技术学院联系电话完成时间 2013-9-17MY MEAGER OPINION ON ENGLISH AFFIX MEMORYMETHODbyLiu Lina(250610200001)October 2013School of Foreign LanguagesHunan Normal UniversityAcknowledgementsHere and now, I extend my sincere thanks to all those who have helped me make this thesis possible and better. First, and most importantly, highest appreciation goes to my honorable supervisor, Dr. Liu Yan, who have checked through my thesis with enormous patience and given me insightful suggestions, and whose way of conducting academic studies with rigor subconsciously affects me and will guide me in my future study. And it has been a great privilege and pleasure to learn from him.Thanks also to the teachers and professors who have taught me over the past three years of college study. My heartfelt thanks go to Profs. Deng Haiyan, Shao Xiang, and Liu Yan and other teachers whose courses have enlightened me in one way or another.ContentsAbstract (ⅰ)摘要 (ⅱ)Introduction ..............................................错误!未定义书签。
研究生学位论文正式中英文封面格式
CommencementDate：
(用Ａ４纸型，统一颜色封面装订)
说明：农业硕士和工程硕士专业学位要求填写领域名称，其它专业学位类别无需填写。
The Title of th源自 ThesisByAUTHOR
Supervised by Prof. ….
A Thesis Submitted to
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for
Professional Master’s Degree in…
College of ……
Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
Fujian, P.R. China
致力为企业和个人提供合同协议策划案计划书学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求
正式封面格式：
分类号：单位代码：10389
密级：(不填)学 号：
（5号仿宋）
福建农林大学硕士专业学位论文
（4号楷体）
学位论文题目
(2-3号黑体)
学位类别：
专业领域：
研究方向：
学生姓名：
指导教师：
完成时间：二○一二年四月
(4号仿宋)
英语专业毕业论文格式
外国语学院英语专业毕业论文格式一、论文基本构件及装订顺序1．汉语封皮2．英语封皮3．谢辞4．英、中文论文摘要和英、中文关键词5．正文，包括 introduction, body, notes, conclusion, bibliography 五部分。
6．如有附录，放在参考文献之后。
二、基本要求1．长度约6000字左右（只计算正文长度，页码从论文正文即Introduction标起，一律标在正下方）。
2．打印及纸张：毕业论文统一在word 2003格式下排版打印文本。
使用A4规格的纸张，上下左右边距为A4纸标准边距，论文正文为双倍行距，小四号字，Times New Roman 字体，文中小标题与正文字号和字体一致, 并加粗。
3．论文经指导老师同意后方可定稿。
论文打印1式5份，提交答辩小组。
答辩后，向学院提交修改稿（纸制和电子文档）存档。
三、具体要求1．封皮英、汉语封皮均可复制，但应认真填写及更改相关内容, 如中、英文题目及你的姓名等。
填写汉语封皮中的内容时应注意以下几点：（1）分类号分H和I两种，其中I代表文学类；H代表语言、文字类；（2）单位代码：104；（3）密级：一般；（4）字体，字号与要求项目保持一致，均为宋体。
英语封皮上所有内容全部为Times New Roman字体，三号字，所有字母一律大写，但书名要斜体。
英、汉封皮格式详见附件。
汉语封皮可从教务处网站下载。
2．论文题目论文题目（title）是用概括性强的语言恰当地反映论文的内容。
论文题目字数（或单词数）一般不应超过25个，用词组的形式表述。
3．谢辞谢辞（Acknowledgements）应单独成页，置于英语封皮之后。
谢辞是对论文写作过程中获得的各种帮助表示感谢，这些帮助可以是导师的指导和批阅、老师和同学的支持或是原著作者对引文的授权许可等等。
致谢的顺序一般是由主要到次要，由个人到集体，主要针对那些提供过直接帮助的个人或机构。
此外致谢辞要真挚、简练、恰到好处。
封皮模板
封皮Title of the PaperName: （名字英文全拼）Number: （学号）Supervisor: （指导教师名字英文全拼）Major: EnglishSpecialty: （论文的分类英文名称）Department: Foreign Languages DepartmentMay xx, 2011目录ContentsAbstractOutline Introduction (1)I. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’s back (2)II. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’sback (7)III. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’sback (11)Conclusion (20)Bibliography（页号按照正文页码打印。
）AbstractTitle of the PaperName(Foreign Languages Department, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan 030012, China)（空一行）Abstract: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’s back. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’s back. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’s back. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’s back. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’s back.Key words: fox; dog; jumping over论文标题名字（太原师范学院外语系, 山西, 太原, 030012）（空一行）【摘要】上文的译文【关键词】上文的译文OutlineTitle of the Paper（空一行）Thesis statement: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’s back; the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’s back; the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog’sback。
6毕业设计（论文）外文译文封面
毕业设计(论文)外文文献译文文献题名：葡萄糖作为单一有机基质强化生物除磷的SBR法Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal in SBR UsingGlucose as a Single Organic Substrate学院：环境科学与工程学院专业：环境工程2005级学生姓名：李凯指导教师：胡开林日期：2009年03月31日～06月15日葡萄糖作为单一有机基质强化生物除磷的SBR法蒋轶锋、李相昆、冯晓宇、王树涛、王宝贞、刘亚男、陈建孟摘要：经过对序批式厌氧/好氧反应器（ SBR ）的调查研究发现，可以提供葡萄糖作为一个单一的有机基质来对生物除磷（ EBPR ）进行强化。
研究结果表明，EBPR 过程中，也可以成功地与葡萄糖发生以外的其他短链脂肪酸（ SCFAs ）。
高磷释放和聚羟基血凝素（ PHA ）在厌氧阶段积累时被发现了至关重要的除磷在好氧阶段。
在细胞内测量糖原，其储备显示，其中有较高的机会在厌氧条件下以取代能源作用的聚磷。
此外，还利用糖原进行碳源植物血凝素的合成，以及正如早先的报道所称那样。
然而，所积累的植物血凝素在这个系统主要是以聚羟基（ PHV ）为形式的，而并不是聚羟基丁酸酯，乳酸作为发酵产品还发现可以被大量的释放。
应用基本知识，生物化学以及实验结果产生一个概念模型，即利用葡萄糖的代谢糖诱导强化EBPR 。
关键词：强化生物除磷（ EBPR ），序批式反应器（ SBR ），血糖， PHA 1、材料和方法1.1 SBR 工艺操作哈尔滨工学院的控制研究中心在水污染实验室安装了的一个具有规模的 EBPR 系统，并将接种物从中播种。
将集中的有机组成和矿物成分进行的综合废水被用作试验的原水。
为尽量减少基质降解，原料从稀释自来水之前的SBR工艺运行周期中开始准备。
SBR的工作容积为2升，并于操作填充和借鉴的基础上，以8小时周期组成的10分钟灌装或者将其撤消，周期为厌氧2小时，好氧4小时， 1小时和50分钟解决闲置阶段的序列。
高级英语视听说学期论文封面模板
哈尔滨商业大学学期论文场景调度因素对悬念营造的作用——希区柯克电影风格简析学生姓名舒丹指导教师王立新专业英语学院外语学院2010年12 月30 日Harbin University of CommerceTeam ThesisContribution of Mise-en-Scène Elements toCreation of Suspense—Analysis of Hitchcock’s Film StyleStudent Shu DanSupervisor Wang LixinSpecialty English LanguageSchool School of Foreign LanguagesDecember 30, 2010毕业论文任务书毕业论文审阅评语毕业论文审阅评语毕业论文答辩评语及成绩摘要人类天生具有窥探的欲望，而电影则被认为是容易满足人们窥探欲望的一种艺术形式。
在众多影片类型中，悬疑影片对电影的这种功能的体现尤为明显，这也是阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克的作品为何相当受人欢迎的原因之一。
阿尔弗雷德·希区柯克是一位闻名世界的电影导演，尤其擅长于拍摄悬疑惊悚片，素有“悬念大师”之称。
作为历史上著名的电影艺术大师，他不但有许多脍炙人口的名片传世，对电影工业也有深刻的影响。
本文通过对其作品中场景调度因素的分析，包括布景，取景，音效和照明，服装和道具，得出场景调度因素对于悬疑气氛营造所具有至关重要的作用的结论。
关键词：希区柯克；悬疑气氛；场景调度AbstractPeople are born with a desire to peek, and film is thought to be an art form which can easily satisfy this desire. Among different styles of films, suspense films perform such function most obviously, and that is one of the reasons why Alfred Hitchcock’s works are so welcome. Alfred Hitchcock is a world-famous film director, who was good at making suspense and thriller films, and is known as the “Master of Suspense”. As a cinema art master in history, he has not only made a lot of works winning universal praise, but also made a profound effect on film industry. This thesis analyzes elements of mise-en-scène in his works, including setting, framing, sound and lighting, and costumes and props, and gets the conclusion that mise-en-scène elements have an effect of vital importance on creation of suspense films.Key Words: Hitchcock; suspense atmosphere; mise-en-scèneContents摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)1 Introduction (1)2 Setting (3)2.1 Big Houses as Closed and Limited Space (3)2.2 Rooms with Curtains as Obstacles (5)2.3 Stairs as Path of Rising Anticipation (7)3 Framing (9)3.1 Windows as Holes to Peek through (9)3.2 Mirrors as Reflection of Different Selves (11)3.3 Doors as Obstacles and Connections (13)4 Sound and Lighting (15)4.1 Diegetic Sound as Voice of Soul (15)4.2 Light as Atmosphere Maker (16)4.3 Darkness as Shelter for Evil (17)5 Costumes and Props (19)5.1 Inappropriate Dresses as Trigger of Curiosity (19)5.2 Arrangement of Certain Objects as Carriers of Mystery (20)Conclusion (23)Bibliography (25)Acknowledgements (27)1 IntroductionOne of the reasons why people love films is that films can satisfy their desire to “peek”: what films usually do is to “reveal” or “show”. Films know what people are curious about, what pe ople don’t understand, or even what they are not aware of in mental world, theirs, or others. Among all the types of films, suspense films are the ones which emphasize this function the most. They set a variety of suspense to arouse audience’s curiosity an d desire to peek. When we mention suspense films, the works of Alfred Hitchcock, who is regarded as the “Master of Suspense”, should definitely not be ignored.Alfred Hitchcock is a world-famous film director. His suspense films differ from common horrors: besides screaming in the process of watching, people may be in a nervous sense in daily life. In the process of hiding, peeking, and revealing, he makes people think. Psychological matters presented in films become mirrors to audience. That is why Alfred Hitchcock is also called “Freud in F ilmdom”. During his art life as long as sixty years, Alfred Hitchcock made more than fifty films, such as Rebecca, Rear Window, and Psycho. You can hardly tell which one is the most classic. These works are characterized by suspense. When searching for such atmosphere, people may find a careful arrangement of elements of mise-en-scène. Proofs lie in all of his works.Rather than spending time on the study of those purely formal cinema questions, such as the shot, editing, and montage, my thesis analyzes creation of suspense in Alfred Hitchcock’s films with the study of elements of mise-en-scène, i.e. setting, framing, sound, lighting, costumes, and props. It makes the applied methods, having films seem to be artistic, mor e concrete and “touchable”, since amount of examples are given. In thisthesis, four main chapters are contained.In the first chapter, setting is analyzed with the presentation of big houses, rooms with curtains, and stairs. Big houses are regarded as closed and limited space. Rooms have similar functions, and curtains as obstacles strengthen these functions to some degree. Stairs, as another type of sets, make contribution to creation of suspense as path of rising anticipation, which is different from the former two. In this chapter, Psycho, Rebecca, Dial M for Murder, and Vertigo are given as examples. In the following part, Psycho, Rebecca, Rear Window, and Vertigo are mentioned as examples. Doors are both obstacles and connections; before obstacles shift to connections, audien ce’s curiosity forms, and suspense atmosphere is created. Mirrors serve as reflections of different selves. Concrete discussion will explain how mirrors contribute to creation of suspense. Another kind of frame preferred by the director is window. Windows as holes to peek through have effects on creation of suspense in their own way. In the third chapter, sound of rain in Rear Window and Psycho supports the exposition of sound part. Lighting in The Birds, Dial M for Murder, and Rear Window serves as suspense atmosphere maker. Darkness, as a special effect of lighting, is discussed as a separate section. It plays a role of shelter for evil. As to the last chapter, inappropriate dresses in Psycho and Rebecca indicate Alfred Hitchcock’s tendency in costumes: the dresses become triggers of curiosity which is quite important for the formation of suspense. And birds in Psycho and The Birds carry certain mystery so that suspense can exist.The study may help the audience know more about the beauty of suspense and horror in the process of watching the films, and raise the level of appreciation. What’s more, with deeply understanding of films, audience can further the exploration of themselves, knowing more about their inner world.2SettingWhat is setting? Andrew Lynn gives us a brief answer in his Appreciating Cinema that “setting is the term used to refer to the background of a particular scene…Sets may be chosen or designed on the basis of a number of different consideration s to create an ‘expressive space’(Lynn 56) ”. As to Alfred Hitchcock’s films, what sets are usually chosen? Here are big houses, rooms with curtains, and stairs as objects to analyze with.2.1 Big Houses as Closed and Limited SpaceIn Hitchcock’s films, it is not har d to find that many stories happen in big houses. Undoubtedly, he chooses big houses as the spots for reasons.In traditional ideal, houses are thought to be a symbol of security, but Hitchcock tried to challenge such tradition: he would make a big house a place where unknown danger hides. Though these houses are big, even giant, they do constitute limited space. In such limited space, stories that are about to take place, however, still can be unknown and unpredictable. In a few words, what big houses indicate is that in limited place, stories are unlimited. Meanwhile, big houses bring a sense of pressure. It contributes to the creation of tensity and horror.Dozens of examples can easily be found. Sometimes, it is only a villa, like Bates’ home in Psycho; sometimes, it is a manor, like Manderley in Rebecca.In Psycho, Norman Bates and his mother live in a big gothic house located on a slope near the motel. “Gothic architecture always offers people an afraid and upset hint. (Han Ye, Li Jinming, 88)”Besides, the position of the house, which seems to be just shrouded in the dark clouds, is obviously higher than other objects. When coming into the view of audience for the very first time, the villa makes people feel pressed. What arein such big house must draw people’s attention. But what we can get for a very long time are a woman’s figure near the window and the quarrel between Norman and his “mother” (which is proved to be a mummy at the end of the movie). What is the woman like? What else are hidden in this big box? How will those hidden things affect the following story? Since these questions are raised, suspense is born.In Rebecca, the opening shot is given to the giant manor, Manderley, in which we can always feel the breath of Rebecca, the dead hostess of Manderley, though we actually never see her. Meanwhile, the domineering housekeeper, Mrs. Danvers, tries to undermine the second Mrs. de Winter,suggesting to her that she will never attain the urbanity and charm that Rebecca possessed. Like the nameless heroine, audience may be frightened by the haunted house, but the manor puts everything in such a closed limited space that people can hardly escape from the ghost of Rebecca.Necessarily, here inserts an additional explanation of a term, “McGuffin”, a key technique of Alfred Hitchcock’s films.It might be a Scottish name, taken from a story about two men in a train. Oneman says “What’s that package up there in the baggage rack?”, and the otheranswers “Oh that’s a McGuffin”. The first one asks “What’s a McGuffin?”“Well”, the other man says, “It’s an apparatus for trapping lions in the ScottishHighlands”. The first man says “But there are no lions in the ScottishHighlands”, and the other one answers “Well, then that's no McGuffin!” (ZhaoLihong, 57)Briefly, McGuffin refers to something that seems to exist but in fact nothing at all. In Psycho, the talking mother at beginning is a McGuffin. In Rebecca, the dead hostess is a McGuffin. Both of them exactly do not have concrete appearance, but the audience can actually feel their existence. How can it happen? The big houses offer the possibility:those “McGuffins” hide in such visual places, get protected, live, grow, and haunt people quietly. Wine fermentation requires a hermetic space. In suspense films, big houses do act like a hermetic bottle in which the suspense elements have a great environment to ferment.2.2 Rooms with Curtains as ObstaclesTending to choose big houses as important setting, Hitchcock has an interest in rooms with curtains. It specifies the scope; meanwhile, it has different effects on the creation of suspense.In Psycho, the murder of Marion is considered as a “classic scene in history (Zhang Ya, 114)”and the bath is undoubtedly a perfect example of room with curtain. The translucent shower curtain is used as an obstacle between Marion and the outside; besides, it is an obstacle between what is going on and the audience. At the beginning, people can see someone is approaching the bathtub, but no one can see clearly who is standin g at the other side of the curtain. Naturally, people’s eyes are sticking to the plastic cloth. “C urtain symbolizes a protection only in name, just functioning as a shelter which is too weak to stand attack. It seems to be a defense, but it prevents nothing from evil. (Han Ye, Li Jinming, 89)” What can such a “useless” curtain do? After it is drawn, what will happen to Marion? So, before the curtain is drawn, suspense is founded and maintained, and audience’s anticipation grows. However, when the curtain is drawn aside suddenly, all that audience can see is a figure of a woman with curly hair. At this moment, audience are frightened, and their early desire is satisfied also.That is the function of the shower curtain: to be an obstacle between Marion and danger and that between truth and audience as well. It is easy to frighten the audience by revealing the murder scene all of a sudden after a long time of covering. The process from hiding to revealing is the process that suspense raises.Another proof is found in Rebecca. Finding someone is standing by the window of the west room, the heroine is led there by curiosity. In the room, many curtains draw audience’s attention. A curtain divides the room into several parts; some prevent the room from sunshine; some others form the background to the shadow of the outside trees. Why is the room decorated with so many curtains? What secrets are hidden in it? People must doubt; suspense derives form it. It is in that room that Rebecca, the former Mrs. de Winter, once lived. From a comb to a night skirt, the ghostly Mrs. Danvers introduces almost every details of the room to the heroine.The scene mentioned above may be regarded as one of the climaxes of the whole film. The great effect is due to the choice of the set, a room with curtains. The room is a separate space; the curtains keep the room further away from the outside world. Before the heavy curtains are drawn, it is dark in the room; however, when those curtains are not shelters any more, wind, lifting those cloths, easily gives audience a feel that the room is haunted.In Dial M for Murder, the main set is the Wendices’ living room. Also, it is a room with curtains. Swann, the murderer, hides behind the curtain as Tony, a man who wants to kill his own wife, told him. The room becomes a dangerous trap. While audience know a murderer is right near the window, Margot, the heroine, doesn’t notice the only obstacle between her and an evil is just a curtain. It is not difficult to imagine how terrible it is to breathe the air in the same space with a person who will end your life.Though this film is characterized by the process of brilliant reasoning, it is cannot be ignored that the setting does contribute to the development of the sense of tensity, which is quite important for the creation of suspense.While big houses contribute to the creation of suspense by bringing audience the feel of pressure, rooms with curtains are applied by Hitchcock as containers of dangerand horror. In those narrower boxes, the density of suspense is effectively strengthened.2.3 Stairs as Path of Rising AnticipationStairs should not be known simply as a collection of steps; they do play important roles in suspense films. “T he instability, extension, and revolvement of stairs bring mystery…It is easy to create ‘air’ full of suspense. (Zhao Lihong, 59)” When standing at an end of a stair, which is part of those steps, everything at the other end is unknown. Since a character goes along the stairs, what is at the other end is nearer and nearer, and suspense becomes stronger and stronger. To be general, stairs are path of rising anticipation, which is often used by directors to make audience concentrated. Alfred Hitchcock seems to know it quite well.In Psycho, one of the most shocking scenes is presented when Milton, the detective, enters the house. He climbs the long stair very slowly, not knowing what may be about to happen, neither do the audience. What is at the other end of the stair? Will the detective find the truth? What is going to happen to him? While Milton is approaching the higher floor, audience’s curiosity is aroused. In other words, people’s anticipation is rising along the intentionally chosen set, the stair.As soon as he gets to the top of the stair, the detective “looks around, the door opening a little. Then what reflected on the wall of stairs are a big shadow of an old lady and a waving knife (Zhao Lihong 59)”. At this moment, audience’s attention reaches the peak. It is the stair that leads both the detective and audience to a new danger. Here proves that the stair plays a role as path of rising anticipation.A more classic example is in Vertigo. The stairs of the bell tower in the church mainly appear for twice. The first time is when John, an ex-detective, follows Madeleine, Mrs. Elster, to the top of the bell tower. Since audience know that John has acrophobia, i.e. a fear of heights, the process of climbing the bell tower along the stairs becomestense. Why does Madeleine rush to the top of the tower? What is there? Will the ex-detective, an acrophobe, get there without any problem? Naturally, audience’s attention is attached to the rising path. The higher John climbs, the nervous audience are. At this moment, Madeleine falls off the tower and dies!In the scene mentioned above, the film does not show the secret of the tower immediately. Besides the suspense of what’s happened at the top, the picture of the profound stairs is quite impressive. It is presented for the second time at the end part when John takes Judy whom he thinks is Madeleine, back to the bell tower again. Why does John take Judy there? What has he found? In fact, “he arranges for the same stairs and chase in order to defeat his acrophobia, heal his mental scar brought by guilty conscience, and tries to find the truth (Zhao Lihong, 59)”. Judy is reluctant about being taken there. While they get nearer to the top, it seems that the truth will be revealed soon. Hitchcock doesn’t forget to strengthen the revolve staircase which brings people a sense of vertigo from the very beginning. In the process of reaching the top, the scene of staircase is shown occasionally. With the repetition, atmosphere of tense and suspense is efficiently strengthened.3 FramingFraming is one of the more specific ways in which mise-en-scène can be usedto create an expressive space. It refers to the use of architectural features to“frame” an action and to imbue it with added significance. Typically sucharchitectural features will be doors, windows, or mirrors. (Lynn, 58)What does Hitchcock usually choose as frames in his works? The answer may not be a single one: windows, mirrors, and doors are preferred.3.1 Windows as Holes to Peek throughNo matter you would accept it or not, it is undoubted that people instinctively have a desire to peek. In Cinema Appreciating, the author says “Windows are often used to signify the possibility of an intrusive gaze from outside towards someone isolated within a house”(Lynn, 58). As holes to peek through, windows have important effects on creation of suspense in Hitchcock’s films.Again, Psycho should be mentioned here. When Marion arrives at Bates’ motel, she sees a woman is standing by the window of Bates’ house. However, all that both Marion and audience can see is only the figure. This is how the window functions: it is a hole to peek through so that people seem to get near to the truth; meanwhile, since the shape of window is limited, the picture that the window presents is limited, too. When truth is partly shown, audience become more curious.In Rebecca, a similar scene is presented. New Mrs. de Winter sees a woman appear by the window of the west room. For the window is small and the woman leaves quickly, Mrs. de Winter can not see everything clearly; then she is led to that room by curiosity. There she is scared by the ghostly housekeeper, Mrs. Danvers. Or, more precisely, she isscared by the “ghost” of Rebecca, the former Mrs. de Winter. Looking back, we can easily find that the “being scared” part is relevant to the heroine’s behavior of peek ing. Here the window acts as a hole to peek though and a tool with which truth can attract people.Though windows appear in many of Hitchcock’s films, the most classic application of windows with framing function may be Rear Window filmed in1954. “Rear Window is considered by many critics as one of Alfred Hitchcock’s classic works; it combines ingenious narrative and audience’s experience with a nearly-perfect method, and it wins almost all the critics’praise. (Luo Jingbo, Zhao Li 59)”“H e combines a dark side of human’s mind, ‘peeking’, and ‘murder’ to create suspense . (Zhao Wei 86)”Jeff, a journalist who has broken his leg, seems to have an interest of his neighbors’ life during his boring recovery. Through the window of his apartment, he peeks into those of his neighbors, a salesman and his wife, a composer, a ballet dancer, etc.In this process, Jeff not only gets joy of peeking, but also suspects that a murder may have been performed: the businessman may have killed his wife. He sees them quarrel, the wife disappears, and the businessman carries cases out and packs the saw. What’s more, a puppy used to digging in the garden and then died, its neck wrung.With all these clues, Jeff naturally suspects the businessman. However, he sees everything through the windows, which show only part of the truth. Along with the journalist, audience witness something, and they may speculate with these seen things, which just arouse their curiosity more. Once both the characters and audience have an intention to guess, it exactly proves that creation of suspense is effectively performed.With exposition above, we can find how important windows as frames are: they offer holes to peek through as ways leading to truth; meanwhile, they keep the people who peek away from the whole truth. It seems to be contradictory; but if the meaning iscorrectly understood, people will find how talented windows are as frames in films.With the application of windows as frames, “audience are watching the development and ending of the story by themselves”, and “everyone’s desire to peeking other’s life can be satisfied (Luo Jingbo, Zhao Li 59)”.Once people have desire to peek, windows are perfect frames in suspense films.3.2 Mirrors as Reflection of Different SelvesMirrors are said to be “used to frame the faces of characters who are passing through moments of self-examination（Lynn, 59）”. How do mirrors function in creation of suspense? In Hitchcock’s films, we can understand it as reflection of different selves.A good example of mirrors as reflection of different selves can be found in Vertigo. After Madeleine fell off the building in the church and died, John finds a lady who looks exactly like her. He follows her to Hotel Empire. In the room, John asks the lady about her personal information. She tells him she is Judy Barton, not Madeleine. Then she stands in front of a mirror and yells him to leave. Here two women are presented: Judy Barton, as what she tells John she is, exactly in the room, and Madeleine Elster, perhaps, in mirror. John must doubt which one has the real identity of the woman.Mirror here serves as two selves of “Madeleine”. But to audience, Judy is not a woman saying she is just someone who looks like Madeleine, but just Madeleine, because Hit chcock has let audience known it earlier. Then in audience’s mind, a higher suspense forms, i.e. how will the hero react when he finds Judy is always lying to him? “Telling the…truth is his (Alfred Hitchcock’s) strategy. Though discarding the suspense clue of ‘who did it’ which made the audience curious, he leads them to a higher suspense, i.e. ‘what will happen?’… I t offers audience an expansion of suspense(Zhao Sizhe 15)”.In Psycho, which is said to be one of the scariest movies in American cinema history, atmosphere becomes tense when Lila, Marion’s sister, enters Mrs. Bates’ room in the bighouse. For the first time, audience see what the place where the mysterious woman lives is like: curtains are totally drawn to keep the outside light off; a fireplace seems to have been dead for long; a metal model of hands is put on the dressing table. Horror air surrounds both Lila and audience. At this moment, a scene of two opposite mirrors is presented. Lila feels someone is behind her, and then finds the other mirror. She is scared, so are the audience.Usually, people can hardly notice different selves, such as a scared one. When entering the room, Lila must be nervous, but curiosity forces her to advance. But when the mirror is presented, she sees a scared self in the mirror, so do the audience. Besides being a reflection of different selves, mirrors here also play roles of reflection of fear. Mirror has the feature to double the object in it, so when put into the mirror, fear is copied. With this feature of mirrors, the intensity of tension and suspense is repeatedly strengthened.Some may doubt how mirrors, objects used to be reflection of different selves, affect creation of suspense. In fact, when facing a mirror, a character unconsciously has a self doubt which also makes audience curious, then suspense forms. Why can mirrors make people scared? It is because mirrors reflect different selves that they have a function to create an atmosphere of suspense. Though people spend all the time with themselves, they know little about who they are. That is why someone says it is difficult to know oneself. Facing unfamiliar things, people easily get nervous. In front of mirrors, truth seems to be revealed as well as hidden. Truth is revealed because what is exactly reflected in mirrors exists in reality, but the image in mirror is a virtual one and just opposite to what it really is. In such a puzzling situation, it can’t be denied that suspense is successfully founded.3.3 Doors as Obstacles and ConnectionsAs Andrew Lynn says in his Cinema Appreciating, doors “are both entrances and exits, and also potential barriers to movement”(Lynn, 58). In Hitchcock’s movies, we can simply understand the function of doors as being both obstacles and connections. How can these two contradictory features exist at the same time? Here are some concrete examples to prove it.The door of Mrs. Bates’ room in Psycho must impress audience profoundly. After the detective enters the house, the scene is repeatedly shifted between the door and him. While the detective is approaching the second floor, the door is slowly opened. Obviously, someone is behind the door. The wider the crack is, the more nervous audience are. Not until the door is completely open or audience see who is behind the door clearly, someone kills the detective with a knife. It happens all of a sudden. Here, to the detective, the door may be an obstacle to truth, and it is also a connection between him and death; to the murderer, the door is a perfect protection. As to the audience, it is an obstacle towards truth, and that arouses their curiosity which makes suspense: what is waiting for the detective? Will he find the truth?The door appears for the second time when Lila tries to find and talk to Mrs. Bates. It is at this moment that the director tries to challenge tradition again. Since Milton, the detective, has just been killed, the door becomes a symbol of danger. Will Lila meet Mrs. Bates? What is the mysterious woman like? Will Lila come to a bad end? Again, in front of the door, audience can’t help being nervous, and suspense rises.“Waiting for a crisis that has been known will arouse the greatest anxiety so that suspense is strengthened (Zhao Sizhe, 15) . ”Lila stands by the door and calls Mrs. Bates. No one answers. She pushes the door open. Nothing happens. Before opened, the door is an obstacle to what is in the room.After Lila opens it, the door becomes a connection between truth and all the people. Though not anything is revealed, at least, part of people’s curi osity is satisfied.Another Hitchcock’s work with doors as frames is Spellbound. Dr. Peterson goes to Dr. Edwards’ office to talk to him which can be understood as showing love. When Dr. Peterson closes her eyes, a door appears in the picture. When the door opens, another shows up. It is repeated for several times.Though door is a usual frame, the scene is an unusual one. In a frame, another one appears. This door-upon-door scene seems to be a circulation. It is often understood as the opening of doors of perception and Peterson’s mind. Meanwhile, it would be well to understand it as an element contributing to the creation of suspense.Before the plot moves on, audience can hardly understand the director’s intention to present such a puzzling scene. What d o these doors stand for? If the heroine’s mind needs to be presented by a symbol, I’m afraid a single door may be enough. Since so many doors appear, why not understand them in another way? Just as the title of this section says, doors here can be both obstacles and connections.There are obstacles, i.e. some unsolved problems, between the characters and truth. Once one problem is solved, another follows. According the whole story, the process of opening doors is that of approaching to truth: when people think everything is clear, another doubtful point shows up. After several doors open, a bright place is at the end. It indicates a happy ending. It is the doors that connect problems and solutions. Before those doors become connections, they maintain the images of obstacles. Until the shift happens, suspense keeps growing.。
论文封皮格式(英语).doc
学 士 学 位 论 文学位论文中文题目（小一号华文新魏体）姓 名： 三号 宋 体学 号： 指导教师： 学 院： 专 业： 完成日期：学 士 学 位 论 文（小初号华文中宋体）学位论文题目学位论文题目（小一号华文新魏体）姓 名： 三号宋 体 学 号： 指导教师： 学 院： 专 业： 完成日期：（上面空两行）AN INQUIRY INTO TEACHER- STUDENT INTERACTION IN JUNIORMIDDLE SCHOOLS( Times New Roman，2号，居中，加粗）By XXX( Times New Roman，3号，居中，加粗）Under the Supervision ofXXX( Times New Roman，3号，居中，加粗）Submitted toSchool of Foreign LanguagesZaozhuang UniversityIn Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Bachelor Degree of ArtsJune 2012枣庄学院学士学位论文作者声明本人声明：本人呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下取得的研究成果。
对前人及其他人员对本文的启发和贡献已在论文中作出了明确的声明，并表示了谢意。
论文中除了特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人和其它机构已经发表或者撰写过的研究成果。
本人同意学校根据《中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法》等有关规定保留本人学位论文并向国家有关部门或资料库送交论文或者电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅；本人授权枣庄学院可以将本人学位论文的全部或者部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或者其它复制手段和汇编学位论文（保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定）。
作者签名：日期：年月日。
学生要求外文参考资料及译文封面
毕业设计（论文）外文参考
资料及译文
译文题目：英文题目
中文题目（题目外面不加括号）学生姓名：学号：
专业：
所在学院：
指导教师：
职称：
年月日
1、说明：
要求学生结合毕业设计（论文）课题参阅一篇以上的外文资料，并翻译至少一万印刷符（或译出3千汉字）以上的译文。
2、整篇文档的结构为（封面+英文+中文）。
中文需要另起一页，不要直接接在英文后面。
中文用宋体小四号字，英文用新罗马体12号字，行距为固定值20磅，首行缩进。
版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm。
（1）一级标题（如“1”，也可用“一”）（格式：小三号黑体居左）
（2）二级标题（如“1.1”，也可用“（一）”）（格式：四号黑体体居左）
（3）三级标题（如“1.1.1”，也可用“1”）（格式：小四号宋体居左）
3、英文资料若不是word文档，（例如pdf格式等），则另外附上英文原文。
封面-英语本科毕业生论文封面
On Culture Image of Idioms TranslationAuthor: Wu XiangSupervisor: Jin NingA ThesisSubmitted as a Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirement for the Degree of B.A. in EnglishSchool of Foreign StudiesFuyang Teachers College, Anhui ProvinceApril , 2013学位论文论成语翻译中的文化意象XXX（学号XXXX）指导教师姓名靳宁职称讲师单位阜阳师范学院外国语学院专业名称英语教育申请学位级别学士学位授予单位阜阳师范学院2013年4月On Culture Image of Idioms TranslationAbstractIdiom is a group of words carrying meaning which is usually bounded with local culture. Idioms translation is complicated translation activity. Sometimes, culture image is an important element of a idiom. As people know, different countries and districts own different cultures. So people may say that the different civilizations have different influence on ways of people’s lives, histories and cultural perspectives which give various meanings to one certain thing. So in the case of translation activities, especially idiom translation, translators often meet the problem how to deal with the culture image. And appropriate ways may exactly convey the meaning from source language to target language. This paper has summarized three methods in dealing with it. They are: literal translation, proper selection from target language and abstractly management. There is a need to deal with the culture images; translators should pay much attention to it. Translators should observe grammar rules, translation standards, and also take other needs into consideration. Such as the culture variety, habits of expression and needs of respect other cultures and express clearly.Key words: idioms translation, culture image, translation standards论成语翻译中的文化意象摘要习语是一组单词表达一种特别的意思，通常情况下与当地的文化密切相关。