英文学术论文写作
学术写作英文作文
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学术写作英文作文英文:Academic writing is a crucial skill for any student or researcher. It involves the ability to communicate complex ideas and research findings in a clear and concise manner.In this essay, I will discuss the importance of academic writing and provide some tips on how to improve your skills.Firstly, academic writing is important because itallows you to communicate your ideas to a wider audience. Whether you are writing a research paper or a thesis, your work will be read by other scholars in your field. Therefore, it is essential that you are able to expressyour ideas clearly and effectively.Secondly, academic writing is important because ithelps you to develop critical thinking skills. When you are writing an academic paper, you need to analyze and evaluate the evidence that you have gathered. This process requiresyou to think critically about the information that you have and to draw logical conclusions.To improve your academic writing skills, there are several things that you can do. Firstly, you should read widely in your field. This will help you to understand the conventions of academic writing and to develop your own style. Secondly, you should practice writing regularly. This will help you to develop your skills and to identify areas where you need to improve. Finally, you should seek feedback from others. This will help you to identify your strengths and weaknesses and to improve your writing accordingly.In conclusion, academic writing is an essential skill for anyone who wants to succeed in their studies or research. By following the tips outlined in this essay, you can improve your writing skills and become a more effective communicator.中文:学术写作是任何学生或研究人员的重要技能。
如何写好英文科研论文作文
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如何写好英文科研论文作文英文,Writing a good research paper in English requires careful planning, thorough research, and clear communication. Here are some tips for writing a successful research paper.First and foremost, it's important to choose a topic that is both interesting and relevant to your field of study. This will not only make the writing process more enjoyable, but it will also ensure that your paper contributes meaningfully to the existing body of knowledge.Once you have chosen a topic, it's time to conduct thorough research. This may involve reading academic journals, books, and other scholarly sources, as well as conducting experiments or surveys if necessary. It's important to take detailed notes during the research process, as this will make it easier to organize and structure your paper later on.When it comes to actually writing the paper, it's crucial to maintain a clear and logical structure. This typically involves an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Each section should flow smoothly into the next, and all arguments and claims should be supported by evidence.In addition to a strong structure, it's important to pay attention to the language and style of your writing. This means using clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or overly technical terms, and ensuring that your paper is free from grammatical and spelling errors.Finally, it's essential to properly cite all sources used in your paper. This not only gives credit to the original authors, but it also helps to strengthen the credibility of your own work.In conclusion, writing a good research paper in English requires careful planning, thorough research, clear communication, and attention to detail. By following these tips, you can increase the likelihood of producing asuccessful and impactful research paper.中文,写好一篇英文科研论文需要仔细的规划、深入的研究和清晰的表达。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
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学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction (引言)- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background (背景)- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods (方法)- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results (结果)- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion (讨论)- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion (结论)- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations (限制)- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications (意义)- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions (未来方向)- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
英文学术论文写作方法
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英文学术论文写作方法Academic writing in English requires a specific approach and set of skills in order to produce a well-written and coherent paper. In this article, we will discuss some effective methods and strategies for writing an academic paper in English.1. Understand the Purpose and Audience:Before you begin writing, it is crucial to understand the purpose and audience of your paper. Are you writing a research article, a review paper, or a theoretical analysis? Who will be reading your paper – experts in the field or a general audience? Understanding these aspects will help you tailor your writing style and tone accordingly.2. Conduct Thorough Research:A well-researched paper is a strong foundation for writingan academic paper. Use credible sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites to gather informationand data relevant to your topic. Take detailed notes and make sure to cite your sources accurately to avoid plagiarism.3. Develop a Clear Thesis Statement:A thesis statement is the main argument or central idea that your paper will revolve around. It should be concise, specific, and clearly reflect the purpose of your paper. A strong thesisstatement guides the reader and provides a roadmap for your paper.4. Create an Outline:An outline is a helpful tool to organize your thoughts and ensure a logical flow of ideas in your paper. Divide your paper into sections or subsections and outline the main points you want to address in each section. This will help you stay focused and avoid digressing from your main argument.5. Write Clear and Coherent Sentences:Academic writing should be clear, concise, and free of ambiguity. Use simple and direct language, and avoid jargon or technical terms that may confuse the reader. Each sentence should convey a specific idea or piece of information, and paragraphs should be well-structured and coherent.6. Support Your Arguments with Evidence:An academic paper should be supported by evidence, whether it is empirical data, examples, or citations from otherscholarly work. Use appropriate referencing styles such as APA or MLA to cite your sources accurately and give credit to the original authors.7. Revise and Edit:8. Pay Attention to Style and Formatting:Follow the guidelines provided by your institution or journal in terms of formatting and citation style. Pay attention to details such as font size, margins, spacing, and citation requirements. Consistency in style is key to maintaining a professional and polished paper.9. Proofread Your Final Draft:Finally, carefully proofread your final draft before submitting it. Look for any typos, grammatical errors, or formatting inconsistencies. It may be helpful to read your paper backwards, starting from the last sentence, to focus solely on the language and not get caught up in the content.In conclusion, academic writing in English requires a systematic and organized approach. By understanding the purpose and audience, conducting thorough research, developing a clear thesis statement, and following the proper structure and style, you can produce a well-written and effective academic paper. Remember to revise, edit, and proofread your work to ensure a polished final product.。
如何进行英文学术论文写作
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如何进行英文学术论文写作
英文学术论文是一种较为正式和严谨的写作形式,需要遵循一定的写
作规范和结构。
以下是一些关键步骤和技巧,帮助你进行英文学术论文写作。
1.选择合适的主题:选择一个你感兴趣且对学术界有贡献的主题。
确
保主题具有独创性和足够的研究资源。
2.执行文献综述:在开始写作之前,进行文献综述以了解该领域的最
新研究和观点。
这将帮助你明确论文的研究目标和重要性,并从中获得支
持和建议。
3.制定论文提纲:根据文献综述的结果,为论文制定一个详细的提纲。
此提纲应包括引言、方法、结果和讨论、结论等部分,其中各部分应有明
确的目标和内容。
4.写作引言:引言应简明扼要地介绍研究背景、目的和研究问题,并
解释你的研究对该领域的重要性。
5.方法部分:描述你的研究设计、实验过程、数据收集和分析方法。
确保清晰地描述,以便读者能够重复你的研究。
6.结果和讨论:在这部分,展示和解释你的研究结果。
使用数据和图
表来支持你的观点,并与其他研究进行比较和对比。
讨论你的观点,解释
结果的意义,并提出未来研究的建议。
7.结论:总结你的研究结果,并强调你的研究对该领域的贡献。
提出
一些潜在的应用和进一步研究的方向。
9.校对和修改:在完成初稿后,进行多次的校对和修改。
检查拼写、语法和句子结构,确保文章的流畅性和逻辑性。
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法
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英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法Academic paper writing is an essential skill that every student and researcher should possess. It allows individuals to explore specific topics, present their findings, and contributeto the expansion of knowledge in their field of study. Thisarticle will discuss the requirements and methods of writing an academic paper.1. Requirements of Academic Paper Writing:a. Clarity and coherence: A good academic paper should be clear, well-organized, and easy to understand. The writer should present their arguments and ideas in a logical and coherent manner to guide readers through the paper.b. Research-based: An academic paper should be grounded in extensive research. This involves conducting a literature review, gathering data, and analyzing relevant sources to support the arguments made throughout the paper.c. Originality and contribution: A strong academic paper should present novel insights or contribute to existing knowledge. It should offer a unique perspective or provide additional evidence to enhance the understanding of the topic.d. Proper citation and referencing: To maintain academic integrity, all sources used in the paper must be properly cited.This prevents plagiarism and allows readers to verify the information presented.e. Structure and format: Academic papers typically follow a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Adhering tothis structure helps readers navigate through the paper more effectively.2. Methods of Academic Paper Writing:a. Identify a research question: Begin by choosing aresearch question or topic that is interesting and relevant to your field of study. Make sure the research question is specific and focused, allowing for in-depth exploration.c. Develop an outline: Create a clear outline that organizes your thoughts and ideas. This helps maintain a logical flow and ensures that all essential points are addressed.e. Present your methodology and research findings: Clearly explain the methodology used for your study and present your findings. Use graphs, tables, and other visuals to enhance the presentation of data.f. Analyze your results and discuss their implications: Interpret and analyze your research findings, discussing their implications in relation to previous studies. Identify any limitations or further areas of research.g. Write a concise conclusion: Summarize your main findings and highlight their significance. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.h. Revise and edit: Proofread your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and logically.i. Cite your sources properly: Use the appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago) to reference your sources accurately throughout the paper.In conclusion, writing an academic paper requires clarity, research-based content, originality, proper citation, and adherence to a defined structure. By following these requirements and methods, students and researchers can effectively contribute to their field of study and advance knowledge in their chosen area.。
英文学术论文写作方法
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P6集成引用、非集成引用、施事、盖然性 引用是指在论文的某些章节(例如在文献回顾、讨论部分),要提到某个研究者,并引用这位研究者所说过的一句话或理论主张,或下的定义,或研究发现。 集成引用指的是在论文里直接提到作者。下面的Chomsky的例子就是。再如, Swales(1990) stated that , (P92,第8段第4行、第15段第3行 ),当作者重要时. 非集成引用指的是不直接提及作者,而是注释一下,例如放在句末括号里,或标注(P15第1段第3、5、7行),当作者不重要时 。 施事,agent:指做某件事的人,与受事recipient对应。被动态中的施事指的是被动句中动作的发出者,例如:As is suggested by Chomsky(1965).这句中的Chomsky就是一个施事。 盖然性, 或然性,probability: 数学概念,指某种情况的发生概率不是100%,而是处于0-1之间(若为no,则是0,若为yes,则是1,处于两者之间的就是probably) 。在书中此处意思是过去时和现在完成时的使用不是完全非此即彼,文中用了“比较普遍”,“多使用”等词表示。Mostly, usually, sometimes, always, maybe,
Why reading, translation, and writing?
The purpose of reading practice is to digest the lecture; while the purpose of translation is to make you become alert with the different sentence structures of the Chinese and English languages; and the so-called writing practice is for you to have a chance to translate the sections of your own article into English.
英语专业学术论文写作:摘要
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英语专业学术论⽂写作:摘要学术论⽂写作:摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全⽂,就能获得必要的信息。
其结构要素是:(1) 主题阐述(Topic specification);(2) 研究⽬的陈述(Purpose statement);(3) 理论指导(Theory/Perspective)(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data);(4) 研究结果/发现(Results/Findings);(5) 研究结论/启⽰(Conclusions/Implications)。
练习1:就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要(为判断⽅便,列汉语标题)Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附:该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述(?Sample 1), 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容,不要空洞练习2:下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作(sample 5)和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你(1)删掉⽆关的内容,(2)核对结构要素,(3)并判断哪个内容具体。
学术论文抄袭 英文作文
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学术论文抄袭英文作文英文:Academic plagiarism is a serious issue that affects the integrity and credibility of research work. As a student, I have come across several instances where students have copied and pasted entire paragraphs or even pages from online sources without giving proper credit. This is not only unethical but also a violation of academic honesty.The consequences of plagiarism can be severe, ranging from failing the assignment or course to suspension or even expulsion from the institution. Moreover, it can also damage one's reputation and future career prospects. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the importance of originality and proper citation in academic writing.One of the main reasons why students resort to plagiarism is the lack of time or effort to conduct thorough research and write their own ideas. However, thereare several ways to avoid plagiarism, such as paraphrasing, summarizing, and citing sources correctly. It is essentialto understand the difference between common knowledge and original ideas and give credit where it is due.In addition, institutions have implemented various measures to detect and prevent plagiarism, such as plagiarism checkers and academic integrity policies. It is important to adhere to these policies and understand the consequences of violating them.In conclusion, academic plagiarism is a serious offense that should not be taken lightly. It is important to understand the consequences and take necessary measures to avoid it. As a responsible student, I pledge to uphold academic honesty and integrity in all my research work.中文:学术抄袭是一个严重的问题,影响了研究工作的诚信和可信性。
apa格式英文论文范文
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apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作,主要用于参加国际学术研讨会,促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文,大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要:文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子,反映了生活的方方面面。
越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济,政治和文化根源。
悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。
西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。
悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧,而是对现实社会的特征的再现,它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。
英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。
他塑造了许多悲剧人物,展现出各种人物魅力。
小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外,还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义,蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。
哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。
小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象,无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。
本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面,探讨导致其悲剧的成因。
关键词:托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840~1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编,2002,西方文论史[M],北京:高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军,论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J],四川外语学院学报,2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本,1990,德伯家的苔丝[M],北京:人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元,1997,当代西方文艺理论[M],上海:华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要:宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。
学术论文写作英语总结
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学术论文写作英语总结Academic paper writing is an essential skill for students and scholars alike. It involves presenting research findings, ideas, and arguments in a clear and concise manner. This summary will provide an overview of key points to consider when writing an academic paper in English.1. Understanding the Purpose: Before starting the writing process, it is important to clearly understand the purpose of the paper. Is it to inform, persuade, or analyze a topic? Understanding the purpose will help in selecting appropriate content and structuring the paper effectively.2. Research: Academic papers are based on sound research. It is important to gather relevant and reliable information from various sources such as books, journal articles, and reputable websites. Carefully evaluate the credibility of the sources and ensure that the information used is up to date.4. Organizing the Paper: A well-organized paper is easier to read and understand. Use headings and subheadings to clearly divide the paper into sections. Each section should have a clear purpose and flow logically into the next. Consider using an outline to plan the structure of the paper before beginning to write.5. Introduction: The introduction should grab the reader's attention and provide background information on the topic. It should also present the thesis statement and outline the main points that will be discussed in the paper. A strongintroduction sets the tone for the rest of the paper.6. Body Paragraphs: The body paragraphs develop the main points presented in the introduction. Each paragraph shouldstart with a topic sentence that clearly states the main idea of the paragraph. Use supporting evidence, examples, and citations to support the main points. Ensure that there is a logical flow between paragraphs to maintain coherence.7. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the main points discussed in the paper and restates the thesis statement. It should not introduce new information but provide a final thought or call to action. A strong conclusion leaves a lasting impression on the reader.9. Citations and Referencing: It is important to acknowledge the sources that have been used in the paper. Use a consistent referencing style such as APA or MLA and ensure that all sources are properly cited in the text and listed in a bibliography or reference list.。
英语学术写作与论文写作技巧
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英语学术写作与论文写作技巧1. 引言1.1 概述英语学术写作和论文写作是大学生和研究人员在学术研究中必备的技能。
正确地运用这些技巧不仅可以提高论文的质量,还可以增强作者的学术能力。
本文将探讨英语学术写作的关键技巧以及论文写作的方法和步骤。
1.2 文章结构本文将分为五个部分进行讨论。
首先,在引言部分介绍文章的目的和重要性。
其次,在第二节中,将详细阐述英语学术写作的技巧,包括正确使用语法和拼写、发展清晰的逻辑和思维能力以及使用适当的学术词汇和表达方式。
接下来,在第三节中,将探讨论文写作技巧,包括确定论文主题和目标、收集和整理相关资料和文献,以及编写有效的论文提纲和草稿。
然后,在第四节中,将提供一些建议来提高写作效率,例如制定合理的时间管理计划、分阶段完成写作任务,并寻求同行评审和反馈。
最后,在结论部分对全文进行总结并指出进一步发展方向。
1.3 目的本文的目的是帮助读者了解和掌握英语学术写作和论文写作技巧,使他们能够更好地进行学术研究和论文撰写。
通过学习和应用这些技巧,读者将能够提高自己的写作水平,并在学术领域中取得更好的成就。
2. 英语学术写作技巧:2.1 正确使用语法和拼写:在英语学术写作中,准确使用语法和拼写是非常重要的。
错误的语法和拼写会降低文章质量并影响读者对你的专业水平的评估。
因此,以下是一些建议帮助你提高语法和拼写技巧:- 经常阅读英文书籍、论文和期刊文章,特别是与你研究领域相关的内容。
通过大量阅读,你能够接触到正确的语法结构和单词用法。
- 使用拼写检查工具来纠正拼写错误。
大多数文字处理软件都配有内置的拼写检查功能,可以及时指出错误并给出建议。
- 注意动词时态和主谓一致性。
这些是常见的语法错误点,应该特别关注。
- 请他人帮忙校对你的文章。
有时我们自己难以察觉自己文本中的错误,因此请他人帮助检查将有助于提高文章质量。
2.2 发展清晰的逻辑和思维能力:在学术写作中,逻辑性和思维能力是至关重要的方面。
学术论文写作报告(英文版)
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学术论文写作报告(英文版)1. IntroductionWriting an academic paper requires careful consideration of various elements such as topic selection, research methodology, data analysis, and proper citation. This report provides a comprehensive guide to academic paper writing, focusing on the key steps involved and the necessary components to include. The report aims to assist researchers and students in effectively structuring and presenting their work in an organized and coherent manner.2. Topic SelectionThe first step in writing an academic paper is selecting an appropriate topic. The topic should be specific yet broad enough to allow for thorough research. It is essential to choose a topic that is relevant to the field of study and of interest to the writer. Consideration should also be given to the availability of reliable sources and potential research gaps that can be addressed.3. Literature ReviewAfter selecting a topic, conducting a literature review is crucial to identify the existing research and establish the research gap. The literature review provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the subject and helps the writer understand the key concepts, theories, and methodologies that have been used in previous studies. It also helps in formulating research questions and hypotheses.4. Research MethodologyOnce the research questions have been formulated, it is important to select an appropriate research methodology. The methodology should be aligned with the research objectives and should allow for the collection of relevant and reliable data. Common research methods include surveys, case studies, experiments, and observations. The chosen methodology should be adequately justified and explained in the paper.5. Data Collection and AnalysisAfter determining the research methodology, data collection can begin. This involves gathering relevant data through various sources such as interviews, surveys, experiments, or existing databases. The collected data should be analyzed using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques. The analysis should be presented in a clear and concise manner, highlighting any significant findings.6. Results and DiscussionThe results section of the academic paper presents the findings of the research. It should be presented using tables, charts, or graphs to aid in understanding. The discussion section focuses on interpreting the results in relation to the research questions and objectives. It involves critically analyzing the findings, comparing them with previous studies, and discussing their implications.7. ConclusionThe conclusion is a summary of the key findings and their implications. It should answer the research questions and provide insights into the broader significance of the research. The conclusion should also highlight any limitations of the study and suggest directions for future research.8. ReferencesProper citation and referencing are crucial in academic writing. The reference section should include all the sources used in the paper, cited in a consistent and accurate format. It is important to follow the specific citation style required by the journal or institution.9. Formatting and ProofreadingBefore submitting the academic paper, it is important to ensure proper formatting. This includes following the guidelines provided by the journal or institution regarding font type, font size, line spacing, and margins. Additionally, the paper should be thoroughly proofread to eliminate any grammatical or spelling errors. Using professional editing tools or getting feedback from peers can be helpful in improving the overall quality of the paper.ConclusionWriting an academic paper requires attention to detail and adherence to specific guidelines. This report has provided an overview of the key steps involved in academic paper writing, including topic selection, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, and proper citation. By following these guidelines, researchers and students can improve the quality of their academic papers and increase their chances of success.。
英语学术论文范文范文怎么写
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英语学术论⽂范⽂范⽂怎么写 学术论⽂是某⼀学术课题在实验性的科学记录,你们能够⽤英⽂写出来吗?下⾯是店铺带来英语学术论⽂优秀范⽂,希望对⼤家有帮助。
英语学术论⽂范⽂篇1:基于本⼟旅游⽂化的⼤学旅游英语教学研究 Study on College Tourism English Teaching Combining with Aba Local Tourism Culture Abstract:Boasting of rich,outstanding natural and cultural tourism resources,marvelous landscape,specific humanistic environment,Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture is well-known to the world, which has been attracting ever-increasing tourists home and abroad with its unique charm,such as the fairy-land like natural scenery,mysterious Tibetan Buddhist culture,ancient Qiang’s Shibi (necromancer) culture, the Red Army’s Long March culture and so on. These rich natural and cultural tourism resources raise the economic benefits of cultural tourism development emphasis. Aba is an ethnic minority area leading with the tourism industry; after years of development,tourism has become the main source of income for the local ethnic minorities. More and more foreign tourists have been attracted into this area, particularly, Europe, the United States and other English-speaking countries have become the major source countries; a large number of high-qualified tourism professionals are in urgent need, and tourism English teaching plays a very important role for cultivating High quality talents who are both proficient in English, grasping high level tourism skills, and quite familiar with Aba tourism resources. This paper analyzes and puts forward some constructive measures on how to combine Aba tourism resources, local culture with college tourism English teaching. Key words: Aba tourism resources local culture college tourism English teaching Introduction: After joining WTO, China gets more and more intimacy communication opportunities with the world; has been attracting ever-increasing foreign tourists and foreign tourism industry is rapidly developing. However,the development of the tourism industry and excellent tourism practitioners can not be synchronized, particularly high quality foreign tourism practitioners are seriously lacking, which causing the deve lopment of China’s foreign tourism lag,especially the local tourism resources and cultural characteristics can not be good publicized. Most of the local colleges are in charge of cultivating qualified personnel for local economic development, many vocational colleges set up Tourism English major, but because of teaching conception, method and practice are old-fashioned and out of touch, it results in Tourism English graduates are unable to adapt to the development needs of the tourism industry, and not well for the local tourism economy. Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture boasts abundant tourism resources and unique ethnic culture,which needs more high quality tourism practitioners who are skilled with foreign communicative ability and having comprehensive local culture knowledge to publicize the local culture and bring to a great height of development. Thus, the local college tourism English teaching should attach great importance to the needs of penetrating the local tourism and culture, and combining the introduction of local characteristics and cultural tourism with English teaching has very important significance. 英语学术论⽂范⽂篇2:英语专业学⽣写作的影响因素及对策分析 Analyzing the Factors and Corresponding Measures for English Majors’ Writing 【Abstract】As we know, English writing is an important part of communicative competence. But for many English majors, it is hard to express their thoughts clearly. In order to find out the main problems and corresponding measures,the author analyzes many compositions written by English majors. With some academic opinions and the author’s own analysis, some problems existing in students’ writing are listed. According to the problems, the author summarizes some influencing factors. Finally, the author gives some relevant solutions. Through analyzing those samples, the author hopes it has some help for English majors’ writing. 【Key words】Writing;English major;Influencing factors;Effective measures 0 Introduction “English writing is a re-creation process where students use the knowledge of the language through thinking. So writing skills can reflect students’ language competence” (Bai 2009:99). But for many English majors,English writing is a difficulty for them. So many reasons have led to this kind of phenomenon. The author summarizes several types of mistakes that English majors often make, such as vocabulary mistakes,grammar mistakes. According to these problems,the author analyzes the influencing factors and tries to find suitable ways to solve this problem. 1 Influencing Factors 1.1 Vocabulary Mistakes Generally there are three kinds of vocabulary mistakes existing in English majors’ writing. They are spelling mistake,collocation mistake and part of speech problem. In the following part,they are discussed one by one. First,the spelling mistakes are common in their compositions. “Vocabulary is the requisite element of English writing” (He 2008:141). If students want to write a good composition to express their thoughts, they should grasp enough vocabulary and understand words correctly. However, most English majors do not learn vocabulary like that. For example, the words “indepadent” is not correct in spelling; the words “indepondance” and “independent” are not correct; the words “dapt”,“nowdays” are not spelled correctly. This is because students neglect the spelling when they learn the word at the beginning. What’s more, many students recite the word in accordance with pronunciation. Second,collocation mistakes occur frequently. Collocation is the key point of vocabulary learning. It plays a vital role in expressing the author’s intention. As we all know, the English collocation is very different from Chinese. Some students are used to thinking in Chinese and then directly translate Chinese into English literally. Such literal translations will definitely lead to mistakes. Generally speaking,the words do not appear isolated from others. That is to say, there are fixed about collocation between adjective and noun,verb and object noun etc. However,students often do not pay attention to this collocation and accumulate the words mechanically, leading to inappropriate expression in English. For example, “look dinner” and “leave earth” are not appropriate. 英语学术论⽂范⽂篇3:马丁. 路德.⾦《我有⼀个梦》的⽂体分析 Abstract: On the base of the definition of stylistics, this thesis gives a detailed analysis of some the of stylistic devices used in the famous speech by the well-known American civil rights movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and then probes into the stylistic characteristics of speech as a style. Key words: Stylistics, Stylistic devices, analysis, speech. 马丁. 路德.⾦《我有⼀个梦》的⽂体分析 摘要:本⽂⾸先阐述了⽂体学的定义,并在此基础上对对美国着名⿊⼈领袖马丁. 路德.⾦的着名演讲《我有⼀个梦》中所使⽤的⽂体⼿段进⾏了详尽的分析,进⽽对演讲⽂体的风格进⾏了简要的论述。
学术英语论文范文精选3篇(全文)
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学术英语论文范文精选3篇评价系统(The pprisl Systems)是对系统功能语言学的新进展。
系统功能语言学以系统功能语法为基础。
评价理论是在20世纪90年代对澳大利亚新南威尔士的中学和其他场所语文水平研究的基础上进展起来的。
该研究由Mrtin指导,Croline Coffin,Rick Iedem,Henrike Korner,Dvid Rose,Robert Vee 和Peter White 参与。
这项研究是“写得得体”(Write It Right)科研项目的一部分。
评价理论包括三大次系统:态度,介入和级差。
三大次系统又可以次系统化。
态度系统指对文本,人类行为和现象所作出的推断。
态度有积极和消极之分。
任何句子都传递者积极和消极的评价。
态度可以明确或者含蓄的表达。
态度是指向文化的并与读者的意识形态相关。
态度可以通过表品质的词来表达,如hppy;可以通过心理过程和行为过程来表达,如like;通过情态状语表达,如hppily。
态度包含三个系范畴:情感系统、推断系统和鉴赏系统。
推断系统又可分为社会评判和社会约束。
鉴赏系统又可分为:反应、构成和价值。
介入系统深受Bkhtin (1981,1986)对话性和多语性的影响。
从这个意义层面上讲,介入资源是一种方式,通过这种方式说话者或XX自己介入对话中,一定程度上展示加入、承认、回应、挑战或拒绝其他XX或说话者的声音,或者对其他说话者或XX的回应做出可能的预期。
介入分为对话扩展和对话紧缩。
对话扩展又可次系统化为包容和归属;对话紧缩可次系统化为弃言和借言。
介入可以通过情态词、言剧性表达、模糊语等来实现,如my,it is sid tht等。
级差系统是对态度介入的程度的分级资源,包含语势和聚焦。
语势有强势和弱势之分,聚焦有明显和模糊之分。
级差可以通过一些表程度的词来实现,如some,plusible等。
3.语料本项研究的语料是60篇英文4.研究结果及分析本研究分别从三个次系统对语料进行分析:态度,介入,级差。
英语学术论文写作30题
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英语学术论文写作30题1. In the introduction of an academic paper, which of the following is the best way to attract readers' attention?A. Presenting a long list of previous studies.B. Starting with a controversial statement.C. Using complex sentence structures.D. Describing personal experiences.答案:B。
解析:选项 A 呈现一长串以往的研究可能会让读者感到枯燥;选项 C 使用复杂的句子结构可能会增加读者的理解难度;选项 D 描述个人经历在学术论文引言中不太常见。
而选项 B 以有争议的陈述开头能够激发读者的兴趣和好奇心,从而吸引他们的注意力。
2. When elaborating the research background in the introduction, which of the following should be avoided?A. Citing recent and relevant studies.B. Overemphasizing minor details.C. Explaining the significance of the research.D. Connecting the research to existing theories.答案:B。
解析:选项 A 引用近期相关研究是必要的;选项 C 解释研究的重要性有助于突出研究价值;选项D 将研究与现有理论相联系能体现研究的科学性。
而选项B 过度强调次要细节会使重点不突出,分散读者注意力。
3. Which of the following is an appropriate opening sentence for the introduction of an academic paper?A. "This paper will discuss an important topic."B. "In recent years, there has been a growing interest in this field."C. "I have always been interested in this subject."D. "The aim of this study is to solve a long-standing problem."答案:D。
学术专著英语作文模板
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学术专著英语作文模板英文回答:Chapter 1: Introduction。
Background and significance of the research。
Statement of the problem。
Research questions。
Scope and limitations of the study。
Chapter 2: Literature Review。
Review of existing literature on the topic。
Identification of gaps in the research。
Development of theoretical framework。
Chapter 3: Methodology。
Description of the research design。
Sampling strategy and sample characteristics。
Data collection methods。
Data analysis techniques。
Chapter 4: Results。
Presentation and analysis of the research findings。
Discussion of the key findings。
Chapter 5: Discussion。
Interpretation of the research findings。
Implications for theory and practice。
Recommendations for future research。
Chapter 6: Conclusion。
Summary of the research findings。
Restatement of the research questions。
Concluding remarks。
英文学术论文写作
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关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议(2013年4月补充)一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章:Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction本章应该包括以下内容:本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍(An overview of the thesis,不超过半页)。
本章要求简炼,开门见山,一般为3~5页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review本章是文献综述,其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究(existing studies),重点介绍以下内容:(1)关于这个问题(指论文要研究的问题)前人已经做了哪些研究?采用了哪些研究方法?得出了哪些研究结论?(2)关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决?前人的研究存在哪些局限性?关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题?文献综述不是简单地“抄书”,也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景,也有利于作者进一步理清思路,为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点:1.本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述,但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近(如近2、3年)的研究进展情况。
2.尽量使用第一手资料,而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料,指论文作者没有看到原始文献,而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis在1994年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述,而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis本人做的研究。
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关于英文学位论文基本格式的建议(2013年4月补充)一、论文的基本结构不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异。
但一般都包括以下五章:Introduction,Literature Review,Research Design,Data presentation and discussion,Conclusion下面分别介绍这五章的写作要求。
Chapter 1 Introduction本章应该包括以下内容:本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。
有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。
本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍(An overview of the thesis,不超过半页)。
本章要求简炼,开门见山,一般为3~5页为宜。
Chapter 2 Literature Review本章是文献综述,其主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究(existing studies),重点介绍以下内容:(1)关于这个问题(指论文要研究的问题)前人已经做了哪些研究?采用了哪些研究方法?得出了哪些研究结论?(2)关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决?前人的研究存在哪些局限性?关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题?文献综述不是简单地“抄书”,也不是“走过场”。
它既帮助读者了解本研究领域的背景,也有利于作者进一步理清思路,为后面的研究做好充分准备。
做文献综述时要特别注意以下几点:1.本领域的重要文献原则上都要综述,但不需要面面俱到。
经典的研究和最近的研究都要涉及。
要特别注意介绍关于本研究问题最近(如近2、3年)的研究进展情况。
2.尽量使用第一手资料,而不使用第二手资料。
所谓第二手资料,指论文作者没有看到原始文献,而是从他人的文献中了解到的某个研究。
比如Rod Ellis在1994年出版的The Study of Second Language Acquisition 一书中将1994年以前的大约20年时间里有关第二语言习得的研究做了一个非常全面的综述,而这本书并没有首次报告Ellis本人做的研究。
作为学位论文,不能过多地使用这类着作所做的综述。
应该尽可能去查看原始文献。
3.不能像记流水帐一样逐一介绍以往的研究,要对以往的研究做一些评论、归纳和总结。
4.一定要综述与本研究有直接关系的研究,不能综述无关的研究或只是有一点联系的研究。
要避免盲目综述各种第二语言习得理论的倾向。
5.文献综述的篇幅不宜过长,硕士学位论文的文献综述建议控制在20~25页之内,一般不应超过整篇论文篇幅的三分之一。
6.文献综述部分容易出现以下抄袭行为:即在没有阅读某个作者的原始文献的情况下,从其他作者的文献综述中直接摘录且不注明摘录的处出。
Chapter 3 Research Design这一章介绍本研究的研究设计和研究方法,一般应包括以下内容:研究的问题(Research question)、研究对象(Subjects)、研究方法(Method)、数据收集工具(Data collection instruments)、数据分析工具(Data analysis methods)等。
SPSS 16.00如果是实验研究,还需要简单介绍实验过程。
本章的篇幅一般不长,如没有特殊需要,建议控制在5~10页之内(硕士学位论文)。
注意,研究问题一般应该只有一个。
为了便于研究,在论文的研究问题的范围之内可以再有几个具体的问题,一般叫做sub-questions。
Chapter 4 Data presentation and discussion本章是整篇论文的核心部分,其目的是报告研究结果并根据研究结果进行讨论。
本章的写作要注意以下几点:1.要全面、准确、如实地报告研究的结果。
2.要采用数据统计方法和分析方法(如t检验、卡方检验)对数据进行分析,考察数据差异的显着性,不能只是简单呈现基本数据(如平均数、百分比等)。
3.要充分利用图表的优势呈现数据。
图表要清楚、准确;要有必要的图例和说明;图表要有标题和编号。
图形的编号和标题在图的下方,表格的编号和标题在表格的上方。
4.要充分利用数据,认真研究数据所反映的某种现象,从中有所发现。
要对研究的结果进行必要的解释。
可以把本研究的结果与前人的研究结果作适当的比较。
5.要特别注意根据研究的结果逐一回答第三章提出的研究问题。
无论研究结果是支持还是推翻原来的假设,都要对所提出的问题或假设逐一回答。
Chapter 5 Conclusion本章名为结论,实际上应该包括以下几方面的内容:本研究的主要发现(Main findings)、本研究的启示(Implications)、本研究的局限性(Limitations of the present study)以及需要进一步研究的问题(Further research suggestions)。
二、引用文献的格式要求引用文献的主要目的:* 介绍以往研究,为自己的研究提供研究背景;* 评述现有观点,提出研究空间;* 引用其他文献,作为研究的理论基础或研究出发点;* 借用其他研究者的基本概念;* 在操作层面借用其他人的方法和工具;* 讨论研究结构,改良、补充或替代以往观点。
(一)引用文献的基本格式这里我们分两种情况来介绍引文的基本格式:第一种情况是把文献作者作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),我们把它叫做“格式1”;第二情况是把作者的姓放在括弧里,我们把它叫做“格式2”。
在同一篇论文中,以上两种格式可以同时使用。
格式1格式1的基本做法是,把作者的姓(Family name)作为句子的一部分(通常作主语),随后用括弧标出所引用文献的出版年代。
比如:Long (1991) argues that without this,outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.如果文献有两个作者,则要将两个作者的姓都写出来,并用and连接(不能用& 符号连接)。
比如:Perkins and Gass (1996) argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.如果文献有三个或三个以上(六个以下)的作者,论文中第一次引用时必须把所有作者的姓都写出来,用逗号隔开,最后一个作者的姓用and连接。
Sanders, Spooren and Noordman (1992) presents a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.在第二次及以后再引用该文献时,只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上 et al.,比如:Sanders, et al. (1992) studiedcoherence relations based on four criteria.如果文献有六个或六个以上的作者,论文中第一次引用时只需写出第一个作者的姓,再加上 et al.和年代。
使用格式1时,如有必要(如直接引用整句或句子的一部分),可以在年代后面再加上所文献的具体页码。
出版年代与页码之间用冒号隔开。
比如:Messick (1989:20) presents what he calls a ‘progressive matrix’.另外,页码也可以放在所引用文献的末尾,比如:Gould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness –genealogical rather than ecological –and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life” (p. 14).如果所引用的内容在原文献中跨页(直接引用时一般应该只跨两页),则要标出页码范围,比如:Hu (1994:5~6) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar”and textual “grammaticality”.或Hu (1994) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar”and textual “grammaticality” (pp. 5~6).使用格式1中时,页码还可以用另外一种方法标出,即在年代之后不用冒号而用逗号,然后用p.(所引文献跨页时用pp.),再加页码,比如:Messick (1989, p. 20) presents what he calls a ‘progressive matrix’.Hu (1994, pp. 5~6) points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar”and textual“grammaticality”.注意,在同一篇论文中格式要统一。
要么都采用冒号加页码的格式,要么都使用p./pp.的格式,不能交替使用。
在直接引用文献时,如所引用的内容较长(一般超过50单词),则应该另起一段,左右缩进。
比如:Lorenz (1999) voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver,“writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear. One way of doing this is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby ‘signpost’ the path to coherence for the reader. Consequently, when looking at the fabrication ofcoherence in written discourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e. the text’s cohesive ties” (p. 55). 格式2格式2的基本做法是,把作者的姓、出版年代以及页码均放在括弧里,出版年代紧随作者的姓,之后是页码。