Tense and Aspects - 360文档中心

英语最基本十二种时态配例句详解

英语最基本十二种时态配例句详解Tense and aspect, although they are two different categories, always appear together. There are six tenses and two aspects in English. With reference to tense and aspect, we can speak about the following structures in practical usage. All English Tenses with Examples!时态和体虽然是两个不同的范畴，但总是同时出现的。

英语有六个时态和两个方面。

关于时态和体，我们可以在实际使用中谈一下以下结构。

全英语时态举例。

(Note: progressive aspect is often called continuous.)(注：进行体通常称为连续体。

)NO. 1、present simple一般现在时Tenses: Present Simple (present tense + common aspect)时态：现在简单(现在时态+共同体)Affirmative肯定句Affirmative: Subject + Base Form of the Verb肯定句：主语+动词的基本形式*note: for 3rd Person Singular (he/ she/ it) add ‘s’ to the base form*注：对于第三人称单数(he/she/it)，在基表中添加“s”I/ You/ We/ They work in a bank.我/你/我们/他们在银行工作。

He/ She works in a bank.他/她在银行工作。

Negative否定句Negative: Subject + don’t/ doesn’t + Base Form of the Verb动词：主语+don’t/ doesn’t +动词的基本形式I/ You/ We/ They don’t (do not) work.我/你/我们/他们不工作。

高端的英语语法知识点总结

高端的英语语法知识点总结IntroductionEnglish grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in the English language. It encompasses various elements, such as syntax, morphology, phonetics, and semantics. This comprehensive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of English grammar, covering its different aspects, rules, and usage.1. Parts of SpeechThe English language consists of eight fundamental parts of speech, each serving a distinct purpose in the formation of sentences and phrases. These parts of speech are:1. Noun: A noun is a word that denotes a person, place, thing, or idea. It can be singular or plural and can function as the subject or object of a sentence.2. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun to avoid repetition. It includes personal pronouns (e.g., he, she, it), demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this, that), and possessive pronouns (e.g., mine, yours).3. Verb: A verb expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. It inflects for tense, person, and number and is essential for forming sentences.4. Adjective: An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun by providing information about its qualities, characteristics, or attributes (e.g., big, beautiful, intelligent).5. Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb by conveying information about time, place, manner, degree, or frequency (e.g., quickly, here, very).6. Preposition: A preposition establishes a relationship between its object and another word in the sentence. It indicates location, direction, time, or other relationships (e.g., in, on, at, during).7. Conjunction: A conjunction connects words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. It can be coordinating (e.g., and, but, or), subordinating (e.g., because, while, although), or correlative (e.g., either...or, neither...nor).8. Interjection: An interjection expresses emotion, surprise, or exclamatory sentiment (e.g., wow, oops, hooray).Understanding the functions and roles of each part of speech is crucial for constructing grammatically correct sentences and conveying clear and coherent meaning.2. Sentence StructureIn English grammar, sentences are composed of various elements, including subjects, predicates, objects, complements, and modifiers. Understanding their roles and relationships is essential for constructing well-formed sentences.1. Subject: The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that performs the action or is described in the predicate. It is typically followed by the verb and answers the question "who" or "what" the sentence is about.Example: John (subject) enjoys (verb) playing tennis.2. Predicate: The predicate of a sentence is the part that conveys the action, state, or occurrence related to the subject. It includes the verb and may also contain objects, complements, or modifiers.Example: John enjoys (predicate) playing tennis.3. Object: The object of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the action of the verb. It can be a direct object (receives the action directly) or an indirect object (indirectly affected by the action).Example: John (subject) gave (verb) Mary (indirect object) a gift (direct object).4. Complement: A complement is a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a verb, linking verb, or preposition. It can be a subject complement (completes the subject) or an object complement (completes the object).Example: She is (linking verb) a doctor (subject complement).5. Modifier: A modifier is a word or phrase that provides additional information about another element in the sentence, such as an adjective modifying a noun or an adverb modifying a verb.Example: The (adjective) beautiful (adjective) flowers (noun) bloomed (verb) in the garden. By understanding how these elements interact and contribute to sentence structure, individuals can construct grammatically correct and coherent sentences.3. Syntax and Sentence TypesSyntax refers to the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-structured sentences and phrases. In English grammar, sentences can be classified into different types based on their structure and purpose.1. Simple Sentence: A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause, containing a subject and a predicate.Example: The cat (subject) meowed (predicate).2. Compound Sentence: A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon.Example: The sun was shining, and the birds were singing.3. Complex Sentence: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause, which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Example: Although she was tired, she continued working.4. Compound-Complex Sentence: A compound-complex sentence consists of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.Example: I will go to the store (independent clause) if you need anything (dependent clause), or you can come with me (independent clause).Understanding the different sentence types and their structures is essential for conveying varying degrees of complexity and meaning in written and spoken communication.4. Verb Tenses and AspectsVerbs play a crucial role in expressing the time, duration, and completion of actions in English grammar. Verb tenses and aspects convey different temporal, aspectual, and modal meanings, allowing for precise and effective communication.1. Present Tense: The present tense is used to describe actions that are currently happening, habitual actions, general truths, or scheduled future events.Example: She writes (simple present) articles for the magazine.2. Past Tense: The past tense is used to portray actions that occurred and were completed in the past.Example: They visited (simple past) the museum yesterday.3. Future Tense: The future tense is used to express actions that will occur at a later time. Example: We will explore (simple future) the new city next week.4. Present Perfect Tense: The present perfect tense indicates actions that were completed in the past but have relevance to the present moment.Example: She has written (present perfect) three books this year.5. Past Perfect Tense: The past perfect tense denotes actions that were completed before a certain point in the past.Example: They had finished (past perfect) dinner when the guests arrived.6. Future Perfect Tense: The future perfect tense conveys actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.Example: By next year, she will have graduated (future perfect) from university.7. Continuous (Progressive) Aspect: The continuous aspect conveys actions that are ongoing, in progress, or temporary at a certain time.Example: They are playing (present continuous) a game in the park.8. Perfect Continuous Aspect: The perfect continuous aspect indicates actions that started in the past, continued up to the present, and are likely to continue into the future. Example: I have been waiting (present perfect continuous) for over an hour.Mastering the various verb tenses and aspects enables individuals to express actions, events, and states with precision and accuracy in different contexts.5. Modifiers and PhrasesModifiers play a crucial role in providing additional information, description, or detail within a sentence. They can be adjectives, adverbs, or phrases that modify nouns, pronouns, verbs, or other adjectives and adverbs.1. Adjective Phrase: An adjective phrase is a group of words that functions as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun.Example: The book on the table (adjective phrase) is mine.2. Adverbial Phrase: An adverbial phrase is a group of words that functions as an adverb to modify a verb, adjective, or adverb.Example: They ran as fast as they could (adverbial phrase) to catch the bus.3. Participial Phrase: A participial phrase consists of a present or past participle and its modifiers and complements, serving as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun. Example: The girl, crying uncontrollably (participial phrase), was comforted by her mother.4. Gerund Phrase: A gerund phrase consists of a gerund (verb form ending in -ing) and its modifiers and complements, functioning as a noun in a sentence.Example: Swimming in the ocean (gerund phrase) is her favorite activity.5. Infinitive Phrase: An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive verb form (to + base form) and its modifiers and complements, serving as a noun, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Example: He wanted (infinitive phrase) to learn the piano.Understanding and using modifiers and phrases effectively enriches the language and provides detailed information about the actions, objects, and qualities described in a sentence.6. Clauses and Sentence TypesClauses are groups of words that contain a subject and a predicate, representing complete thoughts that can function as sentences or as part of larger sentences. They are classified into independent and dependent (subordinate) clauses, each serving different grammatical functions and roles.1. Independent Clause: An independent clause is a group of words that forms a complete sentence, expressing a standalone thought or idea.Example: The sun was shining, and the birds were singing.2. Dependent (Subordinate) Clause: A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It depends on an independent clause to form a complete thought.Example: Although she was tired, she continued working.Based on the presence and combination of independent and dependent clauses, sentences can be categorized into different types, including simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences, as discussed earlier.7. Subject-Verb AgreementSubject-verb agreement refers to the correspondence between the subject and the verb in a sentence, ensuring that they agree in number and person. Maintaining this agreement is essential for grammatical accuracy and clarity.1. Singular Subjects and Verbs: A singular subject requires a singular verb, which ends in -s or -es in the present tense.Example: The cat (singular subject) sleeps (singular verb) on the bed.2. Plural Subjects and Verbs: A plural subject requires a plural verb, which does not end in -s or -es in the present tense.Example: The cats (plural subject) sleep (plural verb) on the bed.3. Collective Nouns: Collective nouns, such as team, group, or family, can be singular or plural depending on context and meaning.Example: The team (collective noun) is (singular verb) in the lead.4. Indefinite Pronouns: Indefinite pronouns, such as anyone, everybody, or no one, typically take singular verbs.Example: Everybody (indefinite pronoun) wants (singular verb) to succeed.Maintaining subject-verb agreement is crucial for ensuring that sentences are grammatically correct and convey the intended meaning accurately.8. Pronouns and AntecedentsPronouns are words that replace nouns to avoid repetition and enhance the flow and clarity of sentences. They must agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and person to avoid confusion or ambiguity.1. Gender Agreement: Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in gender, usinghe/him/his for masculine antecedents, she/her/her for feminine antecedents, andthey/them/their for neutral or plural antecedents.Example: John (masculine antecedent) enjoys playing basketball. He (pronoun) is a talented player.2. Number Agreement: Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number, using singular pronouns for singular antecedents and plural pronouns for plural antecedents.Example: The students (plural antecedent) completed their (plural pronoun) assignments on time.3. Person Agreement: Pronouns must agree with their antecedents in person, using first-person pronouns (I, me, my, mine), second-person pronouns (you, your, yours), and third-person pronouns (he, she, it, they, him, her, them) based on the subject's perspective. Understanding the relationship between pronouns and their antecedents is essential for maintaining coherence and clarity in written and spoken communication.9. Active and Passive VoiceIn English grammar, sentences can be structured in either active or passive voice, which impacts the focus, clarity, and style of the message conveyed.1. Active Voice: In active voice, the subject performs the action expressed by the verb, producing clear and direct sentences.Example: The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse (object).2. Passive Voice: In passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed by the verb, often resulting in less direct and more indirect sentences.Example: The mouse (subject), was chased (passive verb) by the cat.Understanding the difference between active and passive voice enables individuals to choose the appropriate voice for conveying information effectively and engaging the audience.10. Sentence PunctuationPunctuation plays a crucial role in clarifying the structure, meaning, and flow of sentences, guiding readers to interpret the text accurately. Key punctuation marks, rules, and usage include:1. Period (full stop): A period is used to end declarative and imperative sentences and to abbreviate words or titles.Example: She loves reading. Please bring the book to the library.2. Comma: A comma is used to separate items in a list, set off introductory or nonrestrictive elements, and join independent clauses with coordinating conjunctions.Example: I like apples, oranges, and grapes. However, I don't like bananas.3. Semicolon: A semicolon is used to join closely related independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction or to separate items in a list when the items contain commas. Example: She enjoys reading; he prefers watching movies.4. Colon: A colon is used to introduce a list, explanation, or example and to precede a quotation, title, or subtitle.Example: Please bring the following items: pen, paper, and ruler.5. Apostrophe: An apostrophe is used to indicate possession, form contractions, and show omission in contractions or abbreviations.Example: The book's title is "The Great Gatsby." She's (she is) going to the party. Mastering the rules and usage of punctuation marks allows writers to express their ideas clearly, convey proper emphasis, and create well-structured and engaging sentences. ConclusionEnglish grammar encompasses a wide range of rules, structures, and elements that form the foundation of clear and effective communication. From understanding parts of speech and sentence structure to mastering verb tenses, clauses, and punctuation, a comprehensive knowledge of grammar empowers individuals to articulate their thoughts, convey meaning accurately, and engage their audience effectively. By consistently applying these grammar principles and rules, individuals can communicate with confidence, coherence, and precision in both written and spoken language.。

英语语法之时态和体

College English Grammar
Verb Tenses and Aspects
Tense 时态
❖1. Definition ❖It refers to the absolute location of an
event or action in time, either the present or the past. ❖ 时表示动作发生的时间 ❖2. There are only two tenses in English: present and past.
❖ 我三天前就已经开始找我的书了，但还是没有找到。
❖ Oh, there you are! I have been looking for you everywhere.
❖ 哦，你在这里啊，我一直在到处找你啊。
❖ 1. By the time we reach London, we_______ nearly a thousand miles.
❖ 现在完成进行时： ❖ have/has been + 现在分词，表示过去某一
时刻开始的动作或状态一直延续到现在的某一时刻。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性或不间断性。
❖ I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven't found it.
❖2. There is perfective aspect完成体, progressive aspect进行体 and perfect progressive aspect完成进行体.
❖ A. 有些表示感觉、感情、情绪、精神活动、拥有关系等的动词，一般不用进行时态，常见的这类词有：

verb phrase and prasal verbs

Verb Phrase
Verb Phrase
finite verb phrase Nonfinite verb phrase

main verb auxi. + main verb phrasal verb predicate auxi. + phrasal verb main verb auxi. + main verb phrasal verb others auxi. + phrasal verb
Examples
1.
He studies English (main verb) 2. He has studied English for 8 years.( auxi. + main) 3. They always look in on their friends.(phrasal verb 4. He has given up the plan. ( auxi.+ phrasal verb) 5. I saw him cross the street. (verb) 6. Having lived in Beijing for five years, he is quite familiar with the city.( auxi. + verb) 7. To deal with him is impossible. (phrasal verb) 8. I blamed myself for not being able to cope with the situation.( auxi. + phrasal verb)
Tense and aspect of verbs

简述动词的时体态式

differences between tenses and time
❖ Time is a concept universally existent and tense may be a grammatical device or vocabulary device specific to a language.
❖ Present perfective progressive ❖ She has been playing the piano for a long time. ❖ Past perfective progressive ❖ By 10 o’clock she had been playing the piano
❖ Tense is inflectional and aspect analytical. Tense refers to a systematic set of inflectional features that are loosely related to time, while aspect is usually expressed through the use of certain vocabulary devices.
❖ 【语法】语气：用来强调说话人对表达的行为或条件的真实性或可能性所持有态度的一系列动词形态或变化形式。
Types of moods
❖ Indicative mood: factual statement or question
❖ Imperative mood: command ❖ Subjunctive mood: hypothetical/non-factual
❖ Tense usually points to temporal locations and aspect generally marks the state of an action— whether it is completed or not.

7.tenseandaspect

e.g. I speak English. He speaks English.
Simple present
✓Simple present is often used in the following situation.
1. Timeless present The earth rotates on its axis. Hydrogen is the lightest element. A rolling stone gathers no moss. London stands on the River Thames.
years.
In those days they sowed wheat by hand. He worked in a bank all his life. The boy sold newspapers for a living.
✓The past time in simple past does not relate to the present time, so the actions and situations in simple past do not exist in the present time.
✓Present progressive can contain feelings of speakers.
You are always finding fault with me. She complains about the house.
She is constantly complaining about the house.
✓Simple present is often used in the following situation.

英语本科-语法简答及名词解释

1、Modal auxiliaries: meaning of modal auxiliaries can be divided into two categories: predictive and non-predictive. Thepredictive meaning is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probility and, in most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence in the truth of his statement. Eg: it must be Juhn.2、Anaphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text. The anaphoric reference suggestsretrieving information from the foregoing context. Eg: wow, you’ve got a huge house, I didn’t expect it to be so big. The cataphoric reference suggests the information from the forthcoming context.3、Two tenses and two aspects: two tenses- the present tense and the past tense; two aspects-the progressive aspect and theperfective aspect.4、Non-finite verbs: the non-finitive verbs are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. Inform it has the features of aspect and tense, while in its function, it can be object, complement, adverbial, etc. we recognize three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive ( further divided into to-infinitive and bare infinitive,) –ing participle and –ed participle.5、Extraposition: is defined as “the replacement of the postponed item by a substitute form”. The extraposed item is almostalways a nominal clause, which satisfies the desire for end-weight. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object;in form, it can be finite or non-finite. When we remove a clausal subject or object to the final position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. (Remove a clausal subject or object to the final focal position.)6、Tex: refers to a unified passage, is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent.7、Modal auxiliaries features: are a special group of words that have unique features both in syntax and in semantics. They areoften described as inflectionally defective verbs, because in syntactic terms they lack a full set of forms- not having non-finite forms or being marked for concord with the subject in semantics, modal auxiliaries are all the more complicated because nearly all of them are polysemous and, as a consequence, their interpretation is such that we forever feel the need to resort to context for clues.8、Participles: they are divided into two groups, one is “-ing participle” the other is “-ed participle.” The former used to be called“the present participle ” or “the gerund.” now they are so termed because we attach our concern to form, not to meaning. Eg: she looked depressed. I regret telling you the truth.9、Fronting: refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked postsubject position to the marked presubject position. Eg: into alarge crowd of people the plane dived.10、Ellipsis: refers to leaving out sth. understood. Strictly speaking, we refer to incomplete sentences with such a structureas to presuppose a preceding item. In this sense, ellipsis sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Eg: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.11、The antecedent: is that preceding item which the relative clause modifies. A typical antecedent is nominal. i.e: a noun ora noun phrase.12、Relative clauses: restrictive relative and non-restrictive relative clause. Restrictive relative clause is an integral part ofthe noun phrase and gives essential information for the identification of what its antecedents refer to. Eg: the girl who lives next door is now traveling in SH. Non-restrictive clauses which are separated by commas in that the latter only offers additional information which is not needed to indentify the person or thing we are talking about.13、The double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than one relative modifyingthe same head word. Eg: this is the only book I bought which challenges this common belief. Mr. lee is the only person I know who offers an reasonable price.14、Gradable adjectives: refer to most adjectives that can take comparative forms, inflectional, or they can be modified byintensifiers like “very”“so” and graded on a scale of intensity.15、Postponement: is a means to make an emphatic statement by putting the important information at the end of thesentence. It is usually realized by active to passive transformation, by extraposition of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements or by various other means, eg: the flowers were destroyed by the rain.(passive.) it is not fun at all to make fun of a disabled man.(extraposition) she is the only girl in my class who can play the guitar.(discontinuity)16、Simple present: is used to refer to the past in such as: 1 newspaper headlines,2 photographic captions. 3 stage directions.17、The non-finite verbs: are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. ( to infinitive, bareinfinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle)18、Subject complements: denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes.19、Aspect: reflects the way in which verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time. Two aspects-theprogressive aspect and the perfective aspect.20、Given information: is assumed to be familiar to the receiver of the message because it was explicity provided in thepreceding linguistic context or implicity provided in view of the situational context or the shared cultural background.21、New information: is assumed to be unfamiliar to the receiver and hence is the most important part of the utterance.22、Predictive meaning of modal auxiliaries: is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability. Andin most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence. In the truth of his statement.23、The cataphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text, the cataphoric referencesuggests the information from the forthcoming context. (Anaphoric reference retrieving information from the foregoing context.24、Double genitive: also refereed as the “post genitive.”Is so called because it is a combination the genitive and theof-phrase. eg: a friend of my father’s.25、Double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than on relative clausemodifying the same head word. Falls into two types: one that consists of parallel clauses, it is usually coordinated by and, or or but. And the other of hierarchical clauses.26、WH-question: is a question that normally begins with a WH-series of word.27、Prepositions: are mainly used to relate people or things in place or in time.28、Inherent adjectives: denoting adjectives inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. Non-inherent adjectivesidentify qualities in and indirect way, they are to be interpreted in terms of extended meaning. eg: A big house. A big eater. 29、Stative adjectives: the majority of adjectives are stative in nature. Describing permanent inherent qualities which isparticularly when they are used attributively. Eg: big red tall pretty30、Dynamic adjectives: many adjectives can be used in the dynamic sense, especially when they occur in the predictiveposition to denote subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state. Eg: foolish rude ambition31、Gradable adjectives: most adjective can take comparative forms, inflectional or can be modified by intensifiers like veryand so and graded on a scale of intensity.32、Non-gradable adjectives: adjectives which only act as attribute, denoting provenance, with an absolute meaning arenon-gradable. Eg: mere latter excellent perfect French Chinese33、Restrictive adjective: helps identity the referent of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities. Non-restrictiveadjective merely provides some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent. 34、Be-passive: is the normal passive auxiliary, which may occur in different tense and aspect forms and with differentmodal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.35、Get passive: is far less popular than be-passive. 1. get-passive is generally avoided in formal style, and even in informalEnglish it is far less frequent than be-passive. 2.And semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather thana state; 3.to denote the consequence, rather than the process of a event, and to lay emphasis on what happens usuallyunfavorably to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.36、Unit nouns: also refereed to as “partities” are very special class of words that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun.37、Predictive (shall/ will): also called “epistemic.” It expresses the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability of afuture situation.38、Non-predictive (shall/ will): also called non-epistemic, interpretation of will or shall is subject-oriented .it typicallyexpresses the willingness or intention of person as represented by the subject of the sentence.39、Subordination: link of two units, usually two clauses at different syntactic level.40、Unit nouns: also referred to as partitives. Are a very special class of word that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun。

《英语文化知识》课件

Cultural background of English speaking countries
British culture
总结词
英国文化以传统和保守为主要特点，强调礼仪、贵族精神和等级制度。
详细描述
英国文化历史悠久，深受古典文学、艺术和哲学的影响。英国人尊重传统，重视礼仪和贵族精神，等级制度分明。英国文化还强调个人独立和自我控制，尊重他人的权利和自由。
Detail Questions
These questions ask about specific information mentioned in the text, requiring careful reading and attention to detail.
Inference Questions
Greetings and Farewells
Greetings
"Good morning", "Hello", "Hi"
Farewells
"Goodbye", "See you later", "Take care"
Introduction and Inquiry
Introduction
"My name is John", "I'm a student"
要点三
Evaluating Evidence
Readers need to evaluate the credibility and relevance of information in a text, distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the strength of evidence presented.

简述动词的时、体、态、式

ASPECT

In Grammar, aspect is an analytical device used to reflect the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.(Quirk et.al) 语法中用以表示动词动作与时间相关的分析手段。 [Grammar] A category of the verb designating primarily the relation of the action to the passage of time, especially in reference to completion, duration, or repetition. (AHD) 【语法】（动词的）体：一种动词范畴，主要指动作与时间之间的关系，尤指完成、延续或重复等状态语言有两种基本类型：分析语（analytical language）和屈折语（inflectional language）
Different combinations of Tenses and Aspects
Simple present: She plays the piano very well. Simple past: She play the piano very well. Present progressive She is playing the piano now. Past progressive she was playing the piano this time yesterday.

Pseudo-passive
You
look tired. They got completely amused. I feel more and more annoyed at their being late for class.

tenses and aspect

• 现在完成体
• 1、“已完成”，指动作或过程发生在说话之已完成” 前某个没有明确说出的过去时间（常指最近的过去时间），现在已经完成了，并与现在的情况有联系。通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用。 • He has turned off the light. • 2、“未完成”，指动作或状态从过去某时开未完成” 始，继续到现在，可能继续下去，也可能刚刚结束，通常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。 • They have lived here for 30 years.
• 过去完成进行体
• 1、用法与现在完成进行体相仿，只是时间推移到了过去。 • We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. • 2、用于某种结构中可表示与过去事态相反的主观设想。 • a) if, if only, as if • b) I wish, I’d rather I’ • c) expect, think, intend mean, want, suppose表示 suppose表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。
• 4.表示将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语 4.表示将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语从句，在主句中用一般现在时表示将来时间通常指按照时间表或既定日程一定会发生的将来事态。 • Torrow is Friday. • The train arrives at 8 sharp.
• 5. 表示过去时间，描述过去的行为和事态，称之为历史现在时（historic present），这样可使之为历史现在时（historic present），这样可使过去发生的事情又呈现在眼前或想象好像正在发生，传达了目击者叙述某事具有戏剧色彩的即时性，比一般过去时更生动。 • That night Romeo sees Juliet alone on her balcony. • 在谈到死去的人的情况时，用一般过去时，但对已故科学家、作家、艺术家的活动及其作品进行介绍时，多用现在时，特别是死者的理论仍适用，作品仍有影响时。

语法 tense and aspect

• Voice: active or passive (e.g. sees v. is seen)
• Modality: unmarked (tensed) v. modal (e.g. sees v. will/can/might see)
• Negation: positive v. negative (e.g. sees v. doesn’t see)
knows where my defiance will end? • Although production will continue for many years yet, I feel
it is time to record what historical production data is available before records _____ (be) lost and memories ____ (fade). • Is, refuse, says, are, fade • Nearly all occurrences of present tense referring to future time occur in one of two related grammatical contexts— either with an accompanying time adverbial that explicitly refers to the future, or in a conditional or temporal adverbial clause that has future time reference.
• Progressive aspect present tense: No, she’s going by train.

(11)Tense_and_aspect(1)

Bill passes the ball to Ron; Ron heads the ball to Mike, Mike shoots, the goalkeeper jumps for the ball and misses by a fraction… it’s a goal! This machine is easy to operate. Watch what I do. I switch it on, press this button and it starts to work.
5) Simple present referring to the past a) In addition to the meanings discussed above, the simple present can occasionally be used to denote past time. This use of the simple present is usually found with “communication verbs” such as tell, say, hear, learn, write to express the present effect of information received in the past. e.g.: Why do you say that? Tom tells (=told/has told) me old Joe died last night. I hear you’re getting married next month. The BBC says it’s going to be cold today. b) Simple present is also used as a device of story-telling and news reporting to add vividness to the description. This use of the simple present to refer to the past is what we call “historic present” (历史性现在时).

《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语

《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论—语法层次)2. Parts of speech (word class)3. Phrases词组4. Clause分句5. Sentence句子1. Morpheme词素Free morpheme 自由词素Bound morpheme 粘附词素Allomorph 词素变体Noun phraseVerb phraseAdjective phraseAdverb phrasePreposition phraseConjunctionLecture 1 Sentence Structure（L1）Sentence elements:S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb)谓语动词O (object)宾语C (complement)补足语A (Adverbial)状语1. Two ways of sentence analysis1) SVOSentenceClauseNP VP NPSubject Predicate verb ObjectAll the man have done their best.Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.)●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。

2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication)SentenceClauseSubject PredicateOperator PredicationAll the man have done their best.●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。

英语本科-语法简答及名词解释

1、Modal auxiliaries: meaning of modal auxiliaries can be divided into two categories: predictive and non-predictive. Thepredictive meaning is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probility and, in most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence in the truth of his statement. Eg: it must be Juhn.2、Anaphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text. The anaphoric reference suggestsretrieving information from the foregoing context. Eg: wow, you’ve got a huge house, I didn’t expect it to be so big. The cataphoric reference suggests the information from the forthcoming context.3、Two tenses and two aspects: two tenses- the present tense and the past tense; two aspects-the progressive aspect and theperfective aspect.4、Non-finite verbs: the non-finitive verbs are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. Inform it has the features of aspect and tense, while in its function, it can be object, complement, adverbial, etc. we recognize three types of non-finite verbs: infinitive ( further divided into to-infinitive and bare infinitive,) –ing participle and –ed participle.5、Extraposition: is defined as “the replacement of the postponed item by a substitute form”. The extraposed item is almostalways a nominal clause, which satisfies the desire for end-weight. In function, the extraposed item can be subject or object;in form, it can be finite or non-finite. When we remove a clausal subject or object to the final position, we use the anticipatory it to fill in the slot. (Remove a clausal subject or object to the final focal position.)6、Tex: refers to a unified passage, is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent.7、Modal auxiliaries features: are a special group of words that have unique features both in syntax and in semantics. They areoften described as inflectionally defective verbs, because in syntactic terms they lack a full set of forms- not having non-finite forms or being marked for concord with the subject in semantics, modal auxiliaries are all the more complicated because nearly all of them are polysemous and, as a consequence, their interpretation is such that we forever feel the need to resort to context for clues.8、Participles: they are divided into two groups, one is “-ing participle” the other is “-ed participle.” The former used to be called“the present participle ” or “the gerund.” now they are so termed because we attach our concern to form, not to meaning. Eg: she looked depressed. I regret telling you the truth.9、Fronting: refers to the removal of an item from its unmarked postsubject position to the marked presubject position. Eg: into alarge crowd of people the plane dived.10、Ellipsis: refers to leaving out sth. understood. Strictly speaking, we refer to incomplete sentences with such a structureas to presuppose a preceding item. In this sense, ellipsis sets up cohesion on the basis of structural recoverability with reference to the linguistic context. Eg: why give me two cups of coffee? I only asked for one.11、The antecedent: is that preceding item which the relative clause modifies. A typical antecedent is nominal. i.e: a noun ora noun phrase.12、Relative clauses: restrictive relative and non-restrictive relative clause. Restrictive relative clause is an integral part ofthe noun phrase and gives essential information for the identification of what its antecedents refer to. Eg: the girl who lives next door is now traveling in SH. Non-restrictive clauses which are separated by commas in that the latter only offers additional information which is not needed to indentify the person or thing we are talking about.13、The double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than one relative modifyingthe same head word. Eg: this is the only book I bought which challenges this common belief. Mr. lee is the only person I know who offers an reasonable price.14、Gradable adjectives: refer to most adjectives that can take comparative forms, inflectional, or they can be modified byintensifiers like “very”“so” and graded on a scale of intensity.15、Postponement: is a means to make an emphatic statement by putting the important information at the end of thesentence. It is usually realized by active to passive transformation, by extraposition of a clause element, by discontinuity of adjacent elements or by various other means, eg: the flowers were destroyed by the rain.(passive.) it is not fun at all to make fun of a disabled man.(extraposition) she is the only girl in my class who can play the guitar.(discontinuity)16、Simple present: is used to refer to the past in such as: 1 newspaper headlines,2 photographic captions. 3 stage directions.17、The non-finite verbs: are so called because they are not marked for tense or for subject-verb concord. ( to infinitive, bareinfinitive, -ing participle, -ed participle)18、Subject complements: denote what the subject is or what the subject becomes.19、Aspect: reflects the way in which verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time. Two aspects-theprogressive aspect and the perfective aspect.20、Given information: is assumed to be familiar to the receiver of the message because it was explicity provided in thepreceding linguistic context or implicity provided in view of the situational context or the shared cultural background.21、New information: is assumed to be unfamiliar to the receiver and hence is the most important part of the utterance.22、Predictive meaning of modal auxiliaries: is concerned with the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability. Andin most cases, indicates the speaker’s confidence or lack of confidence. In the truth of his statement.23、The cataphoric reference: with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text, the cataphoric referencesuggests the information from the forthcoming context. (Anaphoric reference retrieving information from the foregoing context.24、Double genitive: also refereed as the “post genitive.”Is so called because it is a combination the genitive and theof-phrase. eg: a friend of my father’s.25、Double relative clause: is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized by more than on relative clausemodifying the same head word. Falls into two types: one that consists of parallel clauses, it is usually coordinated by and, or or but. And the other of hierarchical clauses.26、WH-question: is a question that normally begins with a WH-series of word.27、Prepositions: are mainly used to relate people or things in place or in time.28、Inherent adjectives: denoting adjectives inherent qualities characterize the referent of the noun. Non-inherent adjectivesidentify qualities in and indirect way, they are to be interpreted in terms of extended meaning. eg: A big house. A big eater. 29、Stative adjectives: the majority of adjectives are stative in nature. Describing permanent inherent qualities which isparticularly when they are used attributively. Eg: big red tall pretty30、Dynamic adjectives: many adjectives can be used in the dynamic sense, especially when they occur in the predictiveposition to denote subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state. Eg: foolish rude ambition31、Gradable adjectives: most adjective can take comparative forms, inflectional or can be modified by intensifiers like veryand so and graded on a scale of intensity.32、Non-gradable adjectives: adjectives which only act as attribute, denoting provenance, with an absolute meaning arenon-gradable. Eg: mere latter excellent perfect French Chinese33、Restrictive adjective: helps identity the referent of the noun by describing its distinctive qualities. Non-restrictiveadjective merely provides some additional information which is usually not essential for the identification of the referent. 34、Be-passive: is the normal passive auxiliary, which may occur in different tense and aspect forms and with differentmodal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.35、Get passive: is far less popular than be-passive. 1. get-passive is generally avoided in formal style, and even in informalEnglish it is far less frequent than be-passive. 2.And semantically, get-passive is typically used to refer to an event, rather thana state; 3.to denote the consequence, rather than the process of a event, and to lay emphasis on what happens usuallyunfavorably to the subject as a result of the event, rather than who actually causes the event.36、Unit nouns: also refereed to as “partities” are very special class of words that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun.37、Predictive (shall/ will): also called “epistemic.” It expresses the speaker’s assumption or assessment of probability of afuture situation.38、Non-predictive (shall/ will): also called non-epistemic, interpretation of will or shall is subject-oriented .it typicallyexpresses the willingness or intention of person as represented by the subject of the sentence.39、Subordination: link of two units, usually two clauses at different syntactic level.40、Unit nouns: also referred to as partitives. Are a very special class of word that are used to specify the quantities of themodified noun。

英语语法和中文语法的区别英语作文

英语语法和中文语法的区别英语作文The Distinctive Differences between English and Chinese Grammar.English and Chinese, two languages that holdsignificant influence in the global communication landscape, differ significantly in their grammatical structures and usage patterns. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and language learning.Word Order and Sentence Structure.One of the most fundamental differences between English and Chinese grammar lies in word order and sentence structure. English is a language that typically follows the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure, where the subject comes before the verb and the object follows the verb. For example, in the sentence "The cat chased the mouse," the subject "cat" comes before the verb "chased," and theobject "mouse" follows the Verb.On the other hand, Chinese typically follows the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) structure, but with a more flexible word order that allows for variations depending on the context and emphasis. For instance, the Chinese sentence "我吃了饭" (I ate rice) can be rearranged to "饭吃了我" (Rice ate me), which although sounds unnatural in English, is grammatically correct in Chinese and conveys a different meaning or emphasis.Tenses and Aspects.English has a complex system of tenses, with distinct forms for past, present, and future, as well as different aspects like progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive. This allows English speakers to express precise temporal relationships and actions in progress. For example, the sentence "I am studying English" indicates an ongoing action in the present.In contrast, Chinese has a simpler tense system, withless distinction between different tenses and aspects. Chinese verbs do not change their form based on tense, and instead, context and time-related words are used toindicate the time of the action. For instance, the Chinese sentence "我正在学习英语" (I am studying English) uses the word "正在" (zhèngzài) to indicate the ongoing action.Modifiers and Adjectives.English and Chinese differ in how they position modifiers and adjectives relative to the nouns they modify. In English, adjectives typically come before the nouns they modify, known as the "adjective-noun" order. For example,in the sentence "the red car," the adjective "red" comes before the noun "car."In Chinese, modifiers and adjectives typically come after the nouns they modify, following the "noun-adjective" order. For instance, the Chinese sentence "这辆车是红色的" (This car is red) places the adjective "红色的" (hóngsè de) after the noun "车" (chē).Verb Conjugation and Inflection.English verbs undergo conjugation and inflection to indicate changes in tense, mood, voice, and number. For instance, the verb "run" changes to "ran" in the past tense and to "running" in the present progressive tense.In Chinese, verbs do not undergo conjugation or inflection based on tense or mood. Instead, Chinese uses context, time-related words, and particles to express these concepts. For example, the Chinese verb "跑" (pǎo) means "to run" and does not change its form regardless of tense or mood.Conclusion.The differences between English and Chinese grammar extend beyond the scope of this brief discussion. These languages have unique grammatical systems that reflecttheir distinct cultural and linguistic histories. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and language learning. Byappreciating these differences, we can better appreciate the richness and diversity of human languages and cultures.。

英语16种时态表格总结

英语16种时态表格总结The English language has a total of 16 tenses that are used to convey different time frames and aspects of an action or event. These tenses can be divided into three main categories: simple, continuous, and perfect. Each tense has its own specific structure and usage, which can sometimes be confusing for learners of English. In this article, we will discuss and summarize the 16 tenses in English and provide examples for each tense.1. Simple Present Tense:The simple present tense is used to describe actions or events that happen regularly, facts, general truths, and permanent situations. Example: I play football every Sunday.2. Present Continuous Tense:The present continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that are happening at the moment of speaking or around the present time.Example: She is eating dinner right now.3. Simple Past Tense:The simple past tense is used to describe actions or events that happened in the past and are completed.Example: They visited their grandparents last weekend.4. Past Continuous Tense:The past continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that were happening in the past for a duration of time.Example: I was studying when she called.5. Present Perfect Tense:The present perfect tense is used to describe actions or events that started in the past and are still relevant to the present. Example: He has lived in this town for five years.6. Present Perfect Continuous Tense:The present perfect continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present. Example: We have been waiting for the bus for over an hour.7. Simple Future Tense:The simple future tense is used to describe actions or events that will happen in the future.Example: I will travel to Europe next month.8. Future Continuous Tense:The future continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that will be happening in the future for a duration of time. Example: They will be swimming at the beach this time tomorrow.9. Future Perfect Tense:The future perfect tense is used to describe actions or events that will be completed by a certain time in the future.Example: By next year, I will have graduated from college.10. Future Perfect Continuous Tense:The future perfect continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that will have been ongoing for a duration of time before a certain point in the future.Example: By the time she arrives, I will have been studying forthree hours.11. Past Perfect Tense:The past perfect tense is used to describe actions or events that happened before another action or event in the past.Example: He had already gone to bed when I called him.12. Past Perfect Continuous Tense:The past perfect continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that had been ongoing for a duration of time before another action or event in the past.Example: She had been working all day before she took a break.13. Present Future Tense:The present future tense is used to describe actions or events that are certain to happen in the future.Example: I am about to leave for work.14. Past Future Tense:The past future tense is used to describe actions or events that were predicted to happen in the future from a past point of view. Example: He said he would call me tomorrow.15. Past Future Continuous Tense:The past future continuous tense is used to describe actions or events that were planned to be happening in the future from a past point of view for a duration of time.Example: We were going to be traveling for two weeks, but we had to cancel our plans.16. Past Future Perfect Tense:The past future perfect tense is used to describe actions or events that were planned to have been completed in the future from a past point of view.Example: By this time last year, I would have finished my project. These 16 tenses in English cover a wide range of time frames and aspects, providing speakers and writers with the ability to express themselves accurately. By understanding the usage and structures of each tense, learners can enhance their communication skills in the English language. Practice and exposure to various examples in these tenses can further solidify one's understanding and mastery of them.。