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直接引语与间接引语
一、学习目标
• 1. 掌握直接引语与间接引语的意义、功能及用法;
• 2. 进一步熟练过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时)。
二、学习重点难点
• 1.直接引语(Direct Speech)是指原封不动的引用原话,把它放在引号内,例如:
•Mother told me, “You should finish your homework first, then you can go out and play with your friends.”
•They said, “We want to have a rest.”
•间接引语(Reported Speech,又叫Indirect Speech)即用自己的话加以转述,被转述的话不放在引号内。上面两个例句变成间接引语应该是:•Mother told me that I should finish my homework first and then I could go out and play with my friends.
•They said they wanted to have a rest.
• 2. 当我们把直接引语变成间接引语时,由于引述动词(said,told等)
一般都是过去时形式,因此间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、限定词、时间状语、地点状语等一般都要做相应的变化。有下面几种情况:
•1)现在时间推移到过去时间
•所谓现在时间推移到过去时间指一般现在时变为一般过去时,现在进行时变成过去进行时,现在完成时变成过去完成时。例如:
•She said, “I am hungry.”
•-> She said (that) she was hungry.
•He said, “The family are fighting among themselves.”
•-> He said (that) the family were fighting among themselves.
•Tom said, “I have found what‟s wrong with the computer.”
•-> Tom said he had found what was wrong with the computer.
•在下列场合,尽管陈述动词为过去时形式,间接引语中的动词时态却不必改变,即:
•a)当引述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在习惯工作以及格言等内容时:•He said, “The word …laser‟ is an acronym(首字母缩略词).”
•-> He said the word ‘laser’is an acronym.
•b)当动词所表示的状态或动作在引述时仍在继续时:
•“I‟m forty,” he said.
•-> He said he is forty.
•c)当谓语动词包含无过去时形式的情态助动词时:
•He said, “It must be pretty late. I really must go.”
•-> He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.
•He said, “You mustn’t smoke in the room.”
•-> He said I mustn‟t smoke in the room.
•2)过去时间推移到过去的过去
•这里需要注意以下几点:
•a)当强调动作或状态先于引述动词时,一般过去时要变成过去完成体。
例如:
•He said, “I didn‟t know you.”
•-> He said he hadn‟t known me.
•当“过去的过去”已经不言自明,或者通过其他词汇手段予以体现,或者侧重于强调所转述的事实本身时,一般过去时形式可以不变。例如:•Ann said, “She was born in 1981.”
•-> Ann said she was born in 1981.
•b)过去进行时可以变成过去完成进行时,也可以不变。例如:•Robert said, “I was joking with Mary.”
•-> Robert said he had been joking with Mary.
•Robert said he was joking with Mary.
•c)过去完成时仍为过去完成时,不需改变。例如:
•He said, “We hadn’t returned to the store when she came.”•-> He said they hadn‟t returned to the store when she came.
•d)时间状语分句中的一般过去式或者过去进行时可以不变。例如:•John said, “When I lived in London I often saw Jane.”
•-> John said when he lived in London he had often seen Jane. •John said when he lived in London he often saw Jane.
•3)将来时间推移到过去将来时间
•最常见的是把表示将来时间的助动词由现在时形式变为过去时形式。例如:
•He said, “We‟re spending next weekend at home.”
•-> He said they were spending the next weekend at home.
•She said, “The milk will go off(变质)if you don’t drink it today.”•-> She said the milk would go off if I didn‟t drink it that day.•They said, “We‟re going to Hawaii this summer vacation.”
•-> They said they were going to Hawaii that summer vacation.
•但是,在引述时,如果原话中的动作或者状态属于尚未到来的将来时间,那么,可以不推移到过去将来时间。例如:
•He said, “I’ll be waiting for you tomorrow.”
•-> He said he will be waiting for me tomorrow.