Online Partial Evaluation,Infinite Model Checking,and Petri net algorithms
llm ai agent 突破长度限制 方法
AI Agent的突破长度限制方法有以下几种：
1.记忆机制：AI Agent可以利用记忆机制，记住长序列中的信息，从而突破
长度限制。
例如，在对话系统中，AI Agent可以存储对话历史，以便在后续对话中参考。
2.上下文理解：AI Agent可以通过理解上下文来推断出后续的对话内容，从
而避免重复询问或提供冗余信息。
这种方法可以帮助AI Agent更好地理解对话，并减少需要处理的信息量。
3.自然语言生成技术：自然语言生成技术可以帮助AI Agent生成更自然、更
流畅的语言。
通过使用先进的自然语言生成技术，AI Agent可以生成更长的文本，并且能够更好地处理长序列中的信息。
4.外部知识库：AI Agent可以访问外部知识库来获取更多的信息。
例如，在
回答问题时，AI Agent可以查询外部知识库来获取更全面的答案。
这种方法可以帮助AI Agent更好地处理长序列中的信息，并提高回答的准确性和可靠性。
5.分布式系统：分布式系统可以帮助AI Agent更好地处理长序列中的信息。
通过将任务分配给多个处理器或多个机器，分布式系统可以加快处理速度，并提高系统的可扩展性。
需要注意的是，突破长度限制的方法需要根据具体情况进行选择和调整。
对于不同的任务和场景，需要采取不同的方法来提高AI Agent的性能和可靠性。
pigeon音游的课题模式
pigeon音游的课题模式
更新后追加课题模式。
课题模式需在任意难度下打完2.0.0最终魔王曲出现致谢名单后解锁，之后可在单曲集左边的 Phigros 中进入课题模式。
在课题模式中，玩家需要自行选择三张EZ-AT难度的谱面进行挑战（可相同曲目，不可相同谱面）三首歌需要同时结算且不能中途退出。
课题模式采用更严的判定，Perfect判定范围为0ms~±40ms，Good判定范围为±40ms~±75ms。
课题模式没有连击分，满分仍为100W，所以分数即为ACC数值。
三首课题游玩结束后，会根据游玩谱面等级和成绩之和给出一个综合评价（玩家群体中或称为“段位”）
评价中间的数字代表三首课题曲的等级之和，外框的颜色随分数而变化。
框的颜色所对应的分数区间如下：
彩：3000000（三首全AP）
金：2940000~2999999
橙：2850000~2939999
蓝：2700000~2849999
绿：2460000~2699999
注意：低于2460000分不会给予评价。
给出游玩评价后，可以自由选择放弃该评级，保留旧评级或接受该评级，覆盖原有的评级。
《人工智能-一种现代方法》第四版习题答案
2.1 Define in your own words the following terms: agent, agent function, agent program, rationality, reflex agent, model-based agent, goal-based agent, utility-based agent, learning agent. The following are just some of the many possible definitions that can be written:
1.11 “surely computers cannot be intelligent-they can do only what their programmers tell them.” Is the latter statement true, and does it imply the former? This depends on your definition of “intelligent” and “tell.” In one sense computers only do what the programmers command them to do, but in another sense what the programmers consciously tells the computer to do often has very little to do with what the computer actually does. Anyone who has written a program with an ornery bug knows this, as does anyone who has written a successful machine learning program. So in one sense Samuel “told” the computer “learn to play checkers better than I do, and then play that way,” but in another sense he told the computer “follow this learning algorithm” and it learned to play. So we’re left in the situation where you may or may not consider learning to play checkers to be s sign of intelligence (or you may think that learning to play in the right way requires intelligence, but not in this way), and you may think the intelligence resides in the programmer or in the computer
我的世界寄生虫模组演化等级指令
我的世界寄生虫模组演化等级指令（最新版）目录1.介绍我的世界寄生虫模组2.解释演化等级指令3.探讨寄生虫模组中演化等级指令的应用4.说明使用演化等级指令的注意事项正文【1.介绍我的世界寄生虫模组】我的世界（Minecraft）是一款风靡全球的沙盒游戏，玩家可以在游戏中创造和破坏方块，体验各种探险和建造的乐趣。
在游戏中，有各种各样的模组可以丰富游戏内容，提高游戏的趣味性和挑战性。
寄生虫模组（Parasite Mod）便是其中之一，它为玩家带来了一个全新的游戏体验。
【2.解释演化等级指令】寄生虫模组中的演化等级指令是一种控制寄生虫演化的指令，可以让玩家对寄生虫进行更精细的管理。
演化等级指令主要包括以下几个方面：- 寄生虫类型：决定了寄生虫的基本属性，如攻击力、生命值等。
- 寄生虫阶段：寄生虫从孵化到成熟会经历不同的阶段，每个阶段有不同的属性和能力。
- 寄生虫能力：寄生虫的能力可以通过演化等级指令进行调整，如寄生虫的攻击方式、移动速度等。
【3.探讨寄生虫模组中演化等级指令的应用】在寄生虫模组中，演化等级指令可以让玩家根据寄生虫的类型、阶段和能力，制定出更加有效的策略。
例如，玩家可以根据寄生虫的攻击方式，选择合适的武器和防具；根据寄生虫的移动速度，选择合适的战术进行捕捉或躲避。
【4.说明使用演化等级指令的注意事项】在使用演化等级指令时，玩家需要注意以下几点：- 寄生虫的类型和阶段需要根据游戏中的实际情况进行选择，以保持游戏的平衡性。
- 寄生虫的能力需要根据玩家的游戏策略进行调整，以提高游戏的趣味性和挑战性。
- 演化等级指令不应该过于复杂，以免影响游戏的流畅性。
总之，我的世界寄生虫模组中的演化等级指令为玩家提供了一种全新的游戏体验，让玩家可以根据寄生虫的类型、阶段和能力，制定出更加有效的策略。
英语六级派生词汇总
派生词Environment 环境Environmental 自然环境的Yacht 帆船Yachting 帆船（样）运动Essence 本质要素Essencetial 必要的本质的Oxygen 氧气Oxygenate 输氧Oxidation 氧化Fortune 幸运Misfortune 不幸Justify 证明说明Justification 正当理由Heir 继承人Heirness 女继承人Heritage 遗产Represent 代理Representative 代理人Luxury 奢华的奢侈Luxurious 奢侈的Convene 召唤Convention 约定习俗Conventional 传统的Orignal 最初的Orignality 创造性Infuse 泡灌输Infusion 灌注Compose 构成Composite 合成物Composition 作文Extend 延伸Extensive 大量的，规模大的Extension 延长，延伸Provide 提供Provision 提供，供给Provisional 暂时的Tedious 乏味的tedium 乏味violate 违反violation 违背character 角色·characteristic 特征glow 发光；脸红glowing 热情洋溢的wealth 财富wealthy 富有的embarrass 使尴尬embarrassment 尴尬；困境defect 缺点defective 有缺陷的symmetry 对称symmetrical 对称的rash 鲁莽的/皮疹/收视率rush 冲；突袭hysterical 情绪异常激动的hysteric 歇斯底里的hug 拥抱embrace 拥抱，采纳skeptical 不相信的skeptic 总是持怀疑态度的人scar 伤疤scarify 划破segment 片段，划分segmentation 分割part 部分partial 部分的traverse 横过transverse 横向的spire 尖塔spiral 螺旋形literate 能读写的literary 文学的literature 文学depress 使沮丧depression 沮丧terrain 地形territory 领土whelm 淹没，覆盖overwhelm 使受不了的，淹没latitude 纬度longitude 经度contribute 捐助contribution 贡献erode 侵蚀erosion 腐蚀，侵蚀frequent 频繁的frequency 频率premier 首要的premiership 首相职位commitment 承诺commit 犯罪；承诺，忠于inject 注射，添加injection 注射focus 集中于unfocused 漫不经心的melt 熔化molten 熔化的mental 精神的mentality 心态，思想状况familiar 熟悉的familiarity 熟悉perish 湮灭perishable 易腐烂的supervise 监督supervision 监督supervisor 监管人insight 洞察力insightful 富有洞察力的reciprocal 互惠的reciprocity 互惠promote 加强，提升promotion 提升Galaxy 星系Galactic 银河的Derive 源自，从中得出Derivation 起源，出处Territory 领土Territorial 领土的Slip 滑落Slippery 滑的Reap 收获Reaper 收割者Delay 延迟Relay 转送Circle 圆圈Circulation 循环，流通Scandal 丑事Scandalous 可耻的Incentive 刺激，刺激因素Disincentive 抑制因素Dramatic 戏剧的Drastically 激烈地Infant 婴儿Infantcy 婴儿期Thrift 节约Thrive 繁荣Doubt 怀疑的Doubtless 毫无疑问的Novel 小说Novelist 小说家Refuse 拒绝（动词）Refusal 拒绝（名词）Intense 强烈的Intensive 集中使用的Compromise 妥协Compromising 有失体面的Irony 反语Ironically 嘲讽的Estimate 估计Underestimate 低估Prospect 机会，前途Prospector 勘探者Stalk 潜进Stalker 跟踪者Configure 安置Configuration 配置Incident 事件Incidence 发生率Idiom 习语Idiomatic 表达方式地道的Friction 摩擦Frictional 摩擦的Dilute 稀释Dilution 稀释Insure 投保Insurance 保险Extract 取出Extraction 提取，开采Rehearse 排练Rehearsal 排练Instrument 乐器Instrumental 起作用的Margin 边沿Marginal 微不足道的Precede 先于Preceding在前的Compete 竞争Competition 比赛Universe 宇宙Universal 普遍的Perform 演出Performance 性能，表现Legal 法定的Illegal 不合法的Instruct 指导Instruction 教授，指导Diligent 勤奋的Diligence 勤奋Proficient 熟练的Proficiency 熟练Urge 恳求，冲动Urgent 急迫的Warfare 战争，作战Welfare 福利Survive 活下来Survival 生存Restrict限制Restriction 限制，约束Benefit 利益，好处Beneficial 有益的Economy 经济Economic 经济上的Offend冒犯Offensive 冒犯的Indicative 显示的，表示的Indicate 显示，表明Stable 稳定的Stabilize 使稳定Expend 花费Expenditure 经费Intestine 肠；内部Intestinal 肠的Persuade 劝说Persuasion 劝说，说服Describe 描述Description 描写Regard 看待Disregard 忽视Confirm 证实Confirmation 证实，确认Convince 说服，使相信Conviction 信服Claim 声称，索取Reclaim 开垦，回收Prominent 显眼的Prominence 突出，重要Order 命令，顺序Disorder 失调Factor 因素Factory 工厂Tribute 颂词Contribute 捐助Attribute 把…归因于Distribute 分配Race 种族Racial 种族的Pessimistic 悲观主义的Pessimism 悲观Economic 经济上的Economy 经济Glare 瞪，发出强光Glaring 耀眼的Revise 修改，复习Revision 修改Thrill 兴奋，使激动Thrilling 兴奋的Exert 运用，尽力Exertion 运用Intervene 干涉Intervention 干预Consequence 结果Consequent 作为结果的Imagine 想像Imaginative 富有想象力的Dine 宴请Dinner 晚餐Evaluate 估值Evaluation 评价Gossip 闲话Gossipy 爱讲闲话的Contest 争论，比赛Incontestable 无可辩驳的Orgin 起源Original 起源的Conflict 冲突Inflict 打击Tragedy 悲剧Tragic 悲剧的Intimate 亲密的Intimacy 亲密Prose 白话Prosaic 平庸的Obtain 得到Obtainable 可获得的Grave 墓穴，严肃的Gravity 严重性，地心引力Permeate 弥漫Permeable 可渗透的Convenience 方便Convenient 便利的Expand 扩张Expansion 扩张Permit 许可Permissible 许可的Devise 设计Device 设备Region 地区Regime 政权Coincide 同时发生Coincidence 巧合Denote 表示Denotation 表示，指示Obsess 使着迷Obsession 着迷Idiom 成语Idiot 蠢货Electric 电动的Electricity 电能Cynic 愤世嫉俗者Cynical 愤世嫉俗Settle 安定Settlement 协议Terror 恐怖Terrific 恐怖的Bare 赤裸的，刚刚够的Barely 刚刚Consume 消费Consumption 消费Sustain 维持Sustainable 能保持的Pure 纯的Purity 纯净Fantastic 奇异的Fantasy 想象Continue 继续Continual 连续的Unanimous 一致的Unanimity 一致同意Nutrition 营养学Nutritious 有营养的Conduct 组织，行为Conductor 指挥者Character 性格Characterized 描述…的特征Ecology 生态Ecological 生态的Line 直线Linear 直线的Liable 有义务的Liability 法律责任，可能性Expand 扩张Expansion 扩张Proportionate 成比例的Disproportionate 不成比例的Consider 认为Considerable 相当多的Patriot 爱国者Patriotic 爱国的Library 图书馆Librarian 图书管理员Tend 倾向于Tendency 趋势Permit 允许Permission 同意，许可Magnet 磁铁Magnetic 磁性的Emerge 出现，显露Emergency 突发情况Equal 相等的Equator 赤道Comprehend 理解Comprehension 理解力，理解Consume 消费Consumer 消费者Vain 自负的Vanity 虚荣，Transit 运输Transition 过渡，转变Describe 描述Description 描写Slice 片，切片Sliced 切片的Confuse 使糊涂，混淆Confusion 疑惑，糊涂Commit 使承担义务Committee 委员会Commitment 承诺，委托Temper 脾气Temperament 脾气，性情Temperate 温和的Correlate 相互影响/依赖Correlation 联系，关联Suspect 怀疑Suspicion 猜疑，怀疑Console 安慰Consolation 安慰，慰藉Numberable 可计数的Innumerable 不可计数的Superior 上级的Superiority 优越性Converge 汇聚Convergence 会聚，集合点Resemble 与…相似Resemblance 相似Virtue 美德Virtuous 品行端正的Demonstrate 演示Demonstration 演示，示范Submit 提交Submitssive 屈服的Sun 太阳Sunny 阳光灿烂的Fund 资金Refund 退款Prosecute 告发，检举Prosecution 诉讼Reflect反映，反射Reflection 反射Tenant 租户Tenancy 租凭Howl 大喊大叫Growl 咆哮着喊叫Inherit 继承Inheritance 继承物，遗产Given 考虑到Give 给予Breed 培育Breeder 饲养员Rely 信任Reliance 依靠Elite 精英Elitism 精英主义Gloom 昏暗Gloomy 黑暗的Intrinsic 内在的Extrinsic 外在的Conscientious 凭良心的Conscience 良心Lead 引领Leader 领导者Fuel 燃料Refuel 加油Suspect 怀疑Suspicious 感到怀疑的Constitute 构成Constitution 构成，组成Row 一排，纠纷，划船Rower 划船者Valid 有效的Validity 合法性，正当性Intensive 强调成份; 密集的Intensify 加强，加剧Moral 道德上的Morality 道德Preserve 保护，维护Preservation 保护，维护Sence 感觉，知觉Sensible 明智的，通情达理的Inhabit 居住在Inhabitant 居民Devote 献身，致力于Devotion 忠诚，奉献Depress 使沮丧Depression 沮丧Imperial 与帝国有关的Imperialism 帝国主义Novel 小说Novelty 新奇Intricate 错综复杂的Intricacy 错综复杂的事物Volunteer 志愿者Voluntary 志愿的Collide 碰撞，抵触Collision 碰撞Inferior 下级的，下等的Inferiority 劣势，劣等Supplement 补充，增加Supplementary 补充的Facilitate 促进Facilitator 诱导者Innovate 创新，引入Innovative 创新的Substance 物质，材料Substantial 重大的，实质的Access 接近Accessible 可接近的Inaccessible 难接近的Slave 奴隶Enslave 奴役Primary 首要的Primarily 首先Nominal 名义上的Nominally 名义上地Military 军人的，军方Militarize 武装化，向某地派遣武装力量Scale 规模Scales 天平，鱼鳞Special 不寻常的Specialist 医学专家，专业的Compose 组成Composition 组成，构成Linguist 语言学家Linguistic 语言的Sphere 球体Hemisphere 半球Rival 竞争对手Rivalry 竞争Commemorate 纪念Commemorative 纪念的Literate 能读写的Illiterate 文盲的Tedious 冗长乏味的Tedium 冗长Transit 运输Transition 过渡，转变Environment 环境Environmental 环境的Character 角色Characteristic 特征Represent 代表Representative 代表，代理人Convenience 方便Convenient 便利的Prefer 更喜欢Preferable 更合意的Virtual 虚拟的Virtually 几乎，实际上Occupy 占用，占领Occupation 工作，占用Quaint 古雅的Acquaint 使熟悉Manifest 表明，显现Manifestation 显示，表明Bulk 大量，大体积Bulky 庞大的，笨重的Protest 抗议Protester 抗议者Tribe 部落Tribal 部落的Velvet 丝绒，天鹅绒Velvety 光滑柔软的Positive 积极的Negative 消极的Finite 有限制的Infinite 无限制的Resolve 解决Resolution 决心，解决Suspend 推迟，暂停Suspension 中止，暂停Merit 优点Meritorious 值得赞扬的Band 乐队，一群Disband 解散Label 标签Tag 临时标签Wind 风Winding 曲折的Sustain 保持Sustained 持续的Scrutiny 仔细检查Scrutinize 仔细检查Confer 授予Conference 正式会议Periodic 间歇的periodIity频率，周期benign 良性的cancerous 恶性的emphasize 强调，使突出emphasis 重点，强调predict 预言，预测prediction 预言bury 埋葬burial 葬礼，出殡ready 准备好的readily 乐意的，欣然的current 流行的，水流，趋势currency 货币，通货modern 现代的modernnize 使现代化deem 认为redeem 赎回，救赎instinct 本能instinctive 本能的，直觉的region 地区regional 地区的brief 简洁的，概要briefly 简要地endow 捐赠endowment 捐赠，捐款psychiatry 精神病学psychiatrist 精神科医生strain 劳损strenuous 费力的enormous 巨大的，庞大的enormity 巨大，深远影响dismiss 不理睬，解雇dismissal 解雇，开除degrade 贬低，降级degradation 堕落，落魄soluble 可溶的，可解决的solution 解决方案，溶液dissolve 使溶解。
二语习得：876学科英语考研必备
二语习得/876/学科英语考研必备●C1 Introducing●What is SLA 4）p2●definition:SLA●scope:formal & informal & combination L2 leaning●process:three basic questions●answer:linguistic competence & linguistic performance●What is a second language 1+4）p3●definition: L2●contrast●foreign language●library language●auxiliary language●target language●What is a first language 1+2） p4●definition:L1● phenomenon●sequential multilingualism●simultaneous multilingualism●Linguistic perspective●C2 Foundation●Realistic foundation 5+2+3）p8-11●definition●bilingualism●multilingualism●monolingualism●multilingualism competence●monolingualism competence●motivation for older age●considerable effort●high level motivation (政治，经济，文化，宗教，两生活）●Reasons for uncertainty in language data 3●Theoretical foundation●the role of natural ability 1+5）p13●conclusion● fact (为什么说儿童有innate ability）●same●pronunciation●novel utterances（children grammar）●cut-off age●no intelligence●the role of social experience 5）p14●conclusion●intentional L1 teaching●source; vary●input; interactions●function●L1 vs L2●initial state●L1●innate capacity●L2●L1 knowledge●world knowledge●innate capacity●intermediate states●interlanguage●definition●characteristics●children grammar●definition (c4)●Basic processes●L1: Maturation●L2: Transfer●definition●positive transfer●negative transfer●Necessary conditions●L1: Input & reciprocal interaction●L2: Input●Facilitating conditions●L1: no extra●L2: 两内两外●final state●L1: native competence●L2: multilingual competence●Logical problems●definition●evidence●children’s knowledge of language goes beyond what could be learned from the input theyreceive●poverty-of-the-stimulus● constraints and principles cannot be learned●universal patterns of development cannot be explained by language specific input●Framework of SLA 结构●50-60-70-80-90●definition: transformational-generative grammar●3 perspectives●C3 Linguistic●The Nature of language p32●characteristics●systematic●symbolic●social●levels●lexicon●phonology●morphology●syntax●discourse●Early approaches to SLA●Contrast Analysis (CA)●definition●goal●focus●theoretical foundation●structuralism●behaviorism●language transfer●process●easiest●needs to be learned●most difficult●types of interference 5)●advantages●comparative grammars●translation●communication&rhetoric●problems●behaviorist●predict●language-specific●Error Analysis●definition●internal focus; creativity ability●actual learner errors●procedure●collection●identification●errors VS mistakes●description●explanation●evaluation●shortcomings 3●ambiguity in classification●lack of positive idea●potential of avoidance●Interlanguage（4）p40●definition●intermedia state●inner forces; influenced L1 TL●third language●characteristics●systematic●dynamic●variable●reduced system●fossilization●definition●stable state●reasons（补●how to promote(补●Morpheme order studies词素顺序假设●definition p43●Monitor Model p45●Stephen Krashen (1978)●assumption: language acquisition devices语言习得机制（LAD）●Krashen's hypotheses (5)●Acquisition-learning Hypothesis●Monitor Hypothesis●Natural Hypothesis●Input Hypothesis●Affective filter Hypothesis●Universal Grammar p46-47●definition●L1 acquisition 只有innate konwladge 解释；konwledge includes what all knowledge have incommon●language acquisition需要用linguistic competence解释；linguistic competence 和 linguisticperformance 不同；knowledge 远远超过 input people receive, 这就是logical problem●principles+parameters●language faculty●definition p47●LAD●definition p47●Principles and parameters p47●UG的概念就是a set of principles, which are properties of all language in the world●其中有一些principles contain parameters, or points where there is a limited choice of settingsdepending on which specific language is involved●UG is not acquired in L1; UG already presented at birth as part of innate language faculty●儿童对specific language的习得就是从 limited parameters option 中 select然后 match thesettings which are educated in linguistic input●eg.English—head-initial; Japaneses—final-initial●UG&SLA p50-51●Initial state 起始状态●二语学习者可以用UG？—Four possibilities●full access●partial access●indirect access●no access●Nature and development of interlanguage●Constructionism p51●definition：IL development—progressive mastery of L2 vocabulary & morphologicalfeatures●stages & variability—incomplete specification of features●没能达到full feature specification是在intermediate level of development时fossilize的主要原因●why some success than other(5)●Function Approaches p52●定义●It refers to linguistic framwork with external focus; dating; information content; L is system ofcommunication 而不是set of rules●Function include structural function& pragmatic function●characteristic(与chumsky 的共同点）p53●focus on the use of language; underlying knowledge●the purpose of language is communication●beyond; discourse structure& how language is used in interaction●Four functional approaches比较有影响●Systemic Linguistics系统功能语言学p53●In 1950s developed by Halliday；a model; interrelated system; expressing meaning●Language acquisition需要被看作mastery of linguistic functions; learning language oslearning how to mean●二语习得的过程包括mastering certain basic function & developing a meaningpotential for each●evolution of pragmatic functions in early L1 acquisition●Instrumental●Regulatory●Interactional●Personal●Heuristic●Imagination●Representational●Functional Typology 功能类型学p55●definition●markedness 标记理论●在category里distinguish marked/unmarked●unmarked-more frequently; normal ; unexpected●unmarked- easy transfer; marked- difficult to learn●eg. SVO-marked; SOV- unmarked●Function-to-form mapping 功能形式匹配p57●definition●interlanguage ; involves developing linguistic forms to fulfill semantic or pragmaticfunction●basic concept: grammaticalization语法化：context-lexical-grammar；eg. I playsoccer-I play soccer yesterday- I played soccer ; grammaticalization process: relianceon context/lexicon reliance on grammatical elements；change from pragmaticmode syntactic mode= evolutionary in nature●information organizing 信息组织理论p58●definition●functional approach-utterance structure; the way learners put their words together●task: describing the structure of interlanguage; what organizational principles guidelearner; how the principles interact with one another●developmental levels●nominal utterance(只用名词）●infinite utterance organization (添加无语法动词）●finite utterance organization（正确使用动词）●organizing principle●phrase constraints●semantic constraints●pragmatic constraints●C4 Psychology●language &brain●Neurolinguistic●The study of the location and representation of language in the brain●lateralization●definition p68●specialization of two halves of the brain●eg.the left hemisphere becomes specialized for most language activity, many believeduring a critical period for langage development.●plasticity 大脑可塑性●definition p68●The capacity of the brain to assume new functions.●In early childhood, if one area of the brain is damaged, another area of the brain is able toassume the function of the damaged area because it retains plasticity.●critical period hypothesis●content (3) ppt●Children；limited number of years；acquire their L1 flawlessly;●b) brain damage ；language areas; brain plasticity ；allow other areas；take over thelanguage functions；but beyond a certain age；normal language； not be possible●c) concept ; extended to SLA ; claim that only children are likely to achieve near-nativeproficiency in L2.●4 questions p70-72●learning process●Information processing●definition (3) p73●a cognitive framework; from controlled to automatic processing; invloves reorganization●mental processes ;input of new information; the formation,organization, and regulation ofinternal (mental) representations; and retrieval and output strategies● claim that learning language; like learning other domains of knowledge. Learning islearning.●assumption (10) p73-74●Content●总●acquisition of a complex cognitive skill; like the acquisition of other complexskills.●分层●Complex skills reduced to sets of simpler component skills; lower学完才能学higher●controlled●initially demands learners' attention; thus involves controlled processing.●Controlled processing requires considerable mental "space," or attentional effort.●人是limited-capacity processor；They can attend to a limited number ofcontrolled processing demands at one time.●从controlled到automatic●practice；Automatic processing requires less mental "space" and attentionaleffort.●freeing learners' controlled processing capacity for new information and higher-order skills.●转化过程包括restructuring or reorganization of mental representations.●Reorganizing：more coordinated,integrated, and efficient, including a fasterresponse time when they are activated.●In SLA, restructuring of internal L2 representations, along with larger stores inmemory accounts for increasing levels of L2 proficiency.● Terms 名解 PPT●Controlled processing●a) initial state ；demands learner's attention；requires mental space or attentiohaleffort.●b) select appropriate symbols and apply the right rules, difficult or impossible ;simultaneously pay attention to higher-order content or creative processing.●Automatic processing●a) A part of IP ;a state after controlled processing; demands less mental space orattentional effort. from controlled to automatic; practice●b) Where tasks that initially require attentional control become automatized withpractice; they then generally remain out of conscious awareness unless someunusual occurrence returns them to controlled processing.●Stage (3)●Input●definition（2）p74●whatever sample of; not available; notice●intake●features提高degree of noticing or awareness●frequency●saliency重要性●Instructional strategies●processing ability●task demands●Output●definition●language;produce;speech sign writing●Importance/hypothesis (6) p75●enhance fluency; automaticity●noticing gap; relevant information●testing hypothesis; interlanguage●eliciting relevant input●generating input● provide opportunity; feedback●Central processing (2) p75●declarative stage●definition●isolated fact/rule●slow; attentional control●procedural stage●definition●longer-associated units ;increasing automatization●frees attentional; higher-level skills●restructuring●central processing; mental representation; coordinate integrated efficient●discontinuous plane; regular systemic reorganization and reformulation●U-shaped development (U型发展理论）●sequence of acquisition●initially correct; followed by incorrect; again appearing as correct●分支理论●Theories regarding order of acquisition●Multidimensional model 多元模型理论p76●definition●grammatical structures；a developmental sequence●reflect：overcome processing limitation●successful; master ; precious stage●Processability Theory 可加工性理论p77●definition●sequence;processing skill; language learning●hierarchy (5)●Lemma/word●category procedure: grammatical information●Phrasal procedure●S-procedure●Clause boundary●competition model 竞争模型●definition（4）p78●mapping; external form& internal function●lexical item—auditory &function—semantic; string of lexical item—word-orderpatent and inflections& function— grammatical●eg. horse [hors]—meaning: animal●learning the system of form-function mapping; SLA adjusting internalizedsystem of mapping; 通过detecting cue完成；weight●Connectionist approaches p80●definition●approaches●关注association. stimuli&response而不是rules/restructuring●联结主义者认为learning change in the strength of connections●PDP(parallel distributing process)●处理发生于a net work of nodes; pathways●学习者exposed to repeated patterns; extract regularities formed/strengthened●association nodes; connection strengths; strength change frequency/feedback●difference: IP vs C approaches (3) p80-81●C : attention not central mechanism&distributed throughout processing system ; IP:available for controlled vs automatic●C: processing parallel—activate same time; ip in C not serial●C: not stored memory; as connection strengths●Difference in learners●Age p82●（简答、论述）●Sex●Aptitude p85●definition●individual characteristic; success; language learning●component (4)●phonemic coding ability●process auditory input segment; stored●inductive language learning ability●infer structure; identify patterns; make generalizations; recognize grammaticalfunction; formulate rules●grammatical sensitivity●infer structure; identify patterns; make generalizations; recognize grammaticalfunction; formulate rules●association memory capacity●how store; how recall; determine appropriate selection& speak fluency●Personality p90●anxiety low●self confidence high●introvert low; extrovert high●Cognitive style p87●definition●preferred way of processing perceiving conceptualizing organizing &recalling information●interaction learning context; personality; learning strategies●type●field-dependent &field-independent●FD●global &hostile●contextualized interactive communicative●FI●particular & analytic● decontextualized analytic approaches&formal instruction●Deductive & Inductive●Deductive (top-down)●prediction/rule; applies●Inductive (bottom-up)●examining input/ discover pattern; formulate a generalization; apply deductiverule●focus on forms/focus on meaning●Age●sensory preference● visual●auditory●kinesthetic(movement-oriented●tactile (touch-oriented)●Motivation p86●definition●a need/desire●level of effort; ultimate level of proficiency●component●significant goal or need●desire to attain the goal●perception that learning L2 is relevant to fulfilling the goal or meeting the need●Belief in the likely success or failure of learning L2●Value of potential outcomes/rewards●types●Integrative motivation●interest; associate people; community ; emotional/affective factors●Instrumental motivation●practical; occupational/business; prestige/power; technical information; passing acourse●Learning Strategies p91●影响因素●behavior techniques●nature of their motivation/cognitive style/personality/context●age sex aptitude●typology●Metacognitive●regulate; planing&monitoring●eg. previewing; self-monitoring progress●Cognitive●make use of direct analysis/synthesis of linguistic materials●eg. repeating; translating●Social/affective●interaction with others●eg. interact with native speaker●good learners●form&meaning● communication●active●awareness●use strategies flexibily●The effects of multilingualism●Advantages (5) p93●show in both verbal & nonverbal abilities●metalinguistic ability●bilingual situation; systematic use●cognitive effects appear early●frequency of private speech●Disadvantages p94●capacity limitation in LA &maintenance●narrower range of lexical development●reduce accessibility of L1●C5 Social Contexts●Communicative competence●communicative competence●definition p100●what speakers need to know to communicate appropriately●linguistic structure(when ; why ; whom ; how);social and cultural knowledge●to use and interpret linguistic forms●components●linguistic●pragmatic●discourse●strategy competence●fluency competence●language community●definition●a group of people; share knowledge of a common language●elaboration p100●Microsocial factors●variation in learner language 变异性p102●variable features●forms ; systematically or predictably use; different speakers ; same speaker different times;occur at every linguistic level●standard & nonstandard options, whether L1/L2●eg. I ate diner VS I ate supper (variable vocabulary)●communicative contexts 出现背景 p102-103●linguistic context●elements of language form and function●eg. coming VS comin●psychological contexts●attention & the level of automaticity/intellectual demands●eg. This is a big book ; formal●Microsocial contexts●communicative events●includes level of formality ; participants’ relationship ; interaction is public orintimate●Microsocial factors●larger political setting●social position/role of users/societal attitude●nature of variability changes(stages) p105●single form●other form●used interchangeably●used systematically●non-targeted forms are weliminated●register 语域 p103●definition●variety of language that used in particular situation●restricted sense: variety of language related to one’s occupation●border sense: the type of language; appropriate to the type of situation●Accommodation Theory 适应性理论 p103●speakers ; unconsciously change pronunciation&grammatical complexity ; more likewhomever they are talking to●Input & interaction●role of input p103●Nature of input modification●foreigner talk 外国人谈话●definition●language ; L1 speakers to L2 learners ; differ in systematic ways●characteristics●Simple vocabulary, using high-frequency words and phrases●Long pauses●Slow rate of speech●Careful articulation●Loud volume●Stress on key words●Simplifie grammatical structures●Topicalization (topic at the beginning, then a comment about it)●More syntactic regularity●Retention of full forms (e.g.less contraction, fewer pronouns)●written input (in academic texts)●definition●controlled vocabulary; shorter&simpler sentences structure●meant to help L3 students understand ; the same as ; used in textbooks for nativespeakers of English●characteristics●Frequent organization markers, such as headings and linking devices●Clear topic statements●Highlighting of key terms and inclusion of synonyms and paraphrase●Bulleted or numbered lists of main points●Elaboration of sections which require culture-specific background knowledge●Visual aids, such as illustrations and graphs●Explicit summations at regular intervals●Questions which can be used for comprehension checks●Nature of interactional modifications●negotiation of meaning●definition p109●between NSs&NNSs ; preventing or repairing breakdowns in communication●devices p108●Repetition●more time for processing ; confirm/correct perception●Paraphrase●increase vocabulary store●Expansion&elaboration●models of contextually relevant utterances●sentence completion; frames for substitution●words/chunks; can use in subsequent turns of talk●vertical constructions●construct discourse sequences●comprehension checks ; requests for clarification●focus attention ; segments ;unclear●repetition/paraphrase/additional background information is acquired●other devices●selecting topic/switching topic●Feedback p110●definition●information provided to students about whether production or interpretation of L useis correct●corrective feedback ; necessary for most learners; reach native-like level ofproficiency●分类●direct correction●explicit statement; eg. “That is the wrong word”●explanations ; eg. point of grammar and usage●Indirect correction●comprehension check; request for clarification●rising intonation question●paraphrase●Intake to cognitive processing/ Interaction Hypothesis互动假设 p111●modification&collaborative efforts ; octal interaction ; facilitate SLA ; contribute to theaccessibility of input for entail processing: “negotiation of meaning’●facilitates acquisition because it connects input , internal learners capacities, particularlyselective attention and output in productive way●Interaction as the genesis of language●Socialcultural Theory (s-c) p111●definition (3) p111●key concept ; interaction ; not only facilitates; causative force ; further ; alllearning social process●L learned; socially mediated activities ; more successful participation in a learningcommunity / amount of meditation & make use of that help●differ from●linguistic approaches limited attention to structural patterns & emphasizinglearner activity and involvement●psychology approaches outside the learners●other social approaches interaction ; essential force●Symbolic mediation p111-112●occurs ; simple innate mental activities ; transformed into ; complex mental functions●link ; current mental state & higher order functions; provided by language●results ; heightened awareness of their own mental abilities & more control ;process●(简答）p113●Interpersonal interaction●definition p112●communicative event ; occur between people ; important context ; symbolicmeditation ; interpersonal interaction between learner&experts●Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) p112●area of potential development ; achieve ; with assistance●S-C ; mental functions ; beyond ; current ; performed in collaboration beforindependently●Scaffolding p112●metaphor; verbal guidance ;expert provides ; perform any specific task / verbalcollaboration of peers●happens ; learners ; active participant●vertical construction ; chunks of talk ;occurs when peers collaborate ; task ; toodifficult ; individually●Intrapersonal interaction●definition p113●communication ; within an individual’s own mind ; Vygotsky ; socialculturalphenomenon●eg. when reading ;engage in●second type ; occurs ; beginning stage ; make use of L1 resource (inner translation)●private speech p114●self-talk ; leads to inner speech ; use to control though and behavior●almost always verbalized in L1/&L2●private writing p116●record ; language forms& meaningful symbols ; on paper ; help store items inmemory , organize thought , solve problems●eg. keep journals/diaries of their learning experience●无习得互动无互动习得p116-117 (3)●Phenomenons●achieve advanced level without; interpersonal communication●engage in extensive interaction ; without learning ;developing little competence●Reasons●text & electronic media & interpersonal communication in the form of private speechand writing●strategies p117●background knowledge and experience●overall situation or event ; goal relationships●extralinguistic context●discourse structures●gestures, facial expressions● prosodic features of tone or stress●Macrosocial factors (5)●Global and national status of L1 & L2 p120●influence on SLA; power & status ; TL/NL ; official policies/cultural value●important symbolic function ; political identification and cohesion语言功能的一种重要象征符号是政治认同和凝聚力●L2 ; served political function ; conquest and empire-building●need; L2 learning ; resources in areas of commerce and information/technology transfer●Boundaries and identities p122 (2)●identity function of L ; by creating/reinforcing national boundaries ; also ; within/acrossnational borders ; serve both to unify speakers & exclude outsiders●Acculturation Model 文化适应模型●participate in another language community & identify /to be identified with ;requirelanguage●full participate; learning the culture & adapting values；whether or not occur ; groupmotivation●eg. factors ; inhibit L2 learners●dominance●segregation●preserve●Institutional forces and constraints p123●social institution ; power, authority, influence related to SLA ; social control , domination;linguistic privilege or discrimination●most obvious form; linguistic social control ; official or unofficial policies●access to education ; limited ; minority speakers●Social categories p124-125●additive bilingualism 附加式二语p127●dominant group learn the language of a subordinate group●subtractive bilingualism 削弱式二语p127●subordinate group learn the dominant l●影响loss的因素●the degree of opportunity for continued contact with their country of origin●the composition of families●L1 continues to fulfill an institutional function●Circumstances of learning p128 (2)●prior educational experience●larger social context; families ; communities ; the cultural environment●learner differences in cognitive style & learning strategies ; based in these experience●informal VS formal●informal/naturalistic learning●people contact ; interact with● live in multilingual society/family and friends is multilingual ; international traveland residence●formal/instructed learning●in schools; social institutions ; accord with needs, beliefs, values &customs of culturalsetting●C6 Acquiring Knowledge for L2 Use●Competence and use●Community competence●pragmatic competence●definition p134●Academic vs interpersonal competence●Academic competence p135●definition(2)●priorities●Interpersonal competence●definition(2)●priorities●Relationship p137 (2)●components of language knowledge●Vocabulary p138●Morphology p141●Phonology p142 (3)●Syntax p145●Discourse p150 (4)●Logical connectors●cohesion devices●definition●types●Receptive activities●Introduction●bottom-up processing p154●definition●各level对应作用●top-down processing p155●definition (2)●content knowledge●context knowledge●culture knowledge●Schemas●Reading●definition重要性p155●Reading ability (6) p155-156●Academic reading p159 (3)●Listening●definition 重要性p159●分类●listening 有利p161 (5)●listening 不利 (4)●Academic listening (4)●Productive activities●Introduction●Bottom-up processing p162●Top-down processing p162●writing VS speaking●Writing●definition重要性p163●Academic writing p165●Speaking●definition 重要性p165●Speech Acts p167●definition●speaking competence p167 (3)●conversational structure●contextualization cues●communication strategies●typology of communication strategies●C7 L2 Learning and Teaching●What exactly dose L2 learner come to know p174(6)●How does the learner acquire L2 knowledge p175 (7)●Why are some learners more successful than others p177(7)●Implications for L2 learning and teaching。
非完全信息动态博弈博弈论吉本斯.pptx
27
第28页/共59页
Example 1-厂商的分离均衡纯策略
•.
(保修,不保修)
(1,0.5) Y [1] 保修 厂商 不保修[0] Y (-1,1)
(0,0) N
H
[0.5]
N (0,0)
客户
自然
客户
(-1,-0.5)Y [0]
(0,0) N
保修
[0.5] L
不保修 [1] 厂商
Y (1,0.5) N (0,0)
19
第20页/共59页
Signaling game
• Sender和 Receiver 都有四个纯策略.
Sender的纯策略：
(m1,m1), (m1,m2), (m2,m1), (m2,m2)
(m1,m1), (m2,m2)：混同(pooling strategies)策略
(m1,m2), (m2,m1)：分离(separating strategies)策略
q1 1 1 q2
1
11
第12页/共59页
Requirement 4
• 要求 4. 对处于均衡路径之外的信息集, 推断由贝叶斯法则以及可能情况下的参与人的均衡策略给出. • 定义 .满足要求1到4的策略和推断构成博弈的完美贝叶斯均衡（perfect Bayesian equilibrium ）.
17
第18页/共59页
Signaling game
•图
a1
m1
S
m2
a1
a2
t1 [p]
a2
R
N
R
a1
[1-p] a1
t2
a2
m1 S
m2
a2
介绍游戏英文
Gameplay
Deathmatch Mode
Deathmatch mode is a more traditional mode of play where players compete to achieve the highest number of kills. The mode is played on smaller maps and there are no teams, so players can respawn immediately after being killed
and improvements
that enhance the gameplay experience. The game's fast-paced and strategic gameplay, along with its diverse maps and modes, make it a must-play for fans of first-person shooters
-
THANKS
感谢您的观看
Gameplay
Hostage Rescue Mode
Hostage rescue mode is a popular mode where one team must rescue hostages held by the other team. The hostage rescue team must release the hostages from their captors and escort them to a safe zone, while the captors must prevent this from happening. The mode adds an extra layer of strategy and cooperation to the game
Adobe Acrobat SDK 开发者指南说明书
This guide is governed by the Adobe Acrobat SDK License Agreement and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of this agreement. Except as permitted by any such agreement, no part of this guide may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Adobe. Please note that the content in this guide is protected under copyright law.
英语语法术语
英语语法术语语法grammar句法syntax词法morphology 结构structure层次rank句子sentence从句clause词组phrase词类part of speech 单词word实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative复合词compound 词性part of speech名词noun专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun可数名词countable noun不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun具体名词concret noun物质名词material noun集体名词collective noun个体名词individual noun介词preposition连词conjunction动词verb主动词main verb及物动词transitive verb不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb助动词auxiliary verb情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb限定动词finite verb非限定动词infinite verb使役动词causative verb感官动词verb of senses动态动词event verb静态动词state verb感叹词exclamation形容词adjective副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner程度副词adverb of degree时间副词adverb of time地点副词adverb of place修饰性副词adjunct连接性副词conjunct疑问副词interrogative adverb关系副词relative adverb代词pronoun人称代词personal pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun反身代词reflexive pronoun相互代词reciprocal pronoun指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possessive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun冠词article定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral形式form单数形式singular form复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形base form从句clause从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句子sentence简单句simple sentence并列句compound sentence复合句complex sentence并列复合句compound complex sentence陈述句declarative sentence疑问句interrogative sentence一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question 附加疑问句tag question反义疑问句disjunctive question修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question存在句existential sentence肯定句positive sentence基本句型basic sentence pattern 否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence省略句elliptical sentence感叹句exclamatory sentence句子成分members of sentences 主语subject谓语predicate宾语object双宾语dual object 直接宾语direct object间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative定语attribute同位语appositive状语adverbial句法关系syntactic relationship 并列coordinate从属subordination修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification后置修饰post-modification 限制restriction双重限制double-restriction 非限制non-restriction数number单数形式singular form复数形式plural form规则形式regular form不规则形式irregular form 格case普通格common case所有格possessive case主格nominative case宾格objective case性gender阳性masculine 阴性feminine通性common中性neuter人称person第一人称first person第二人称second person第三人称third person时态tense过去将来时past future tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense过去将来完成时past future perfect tense一般现在时present simple tense 一般过去时past simple tense一般将来时future simple tense现在完成时past perfect tense过去完成时present perfect tense 将来完成时future perfect tense 现在进行时present continuous tense过去进行时past continuous tense将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense现在完成进行时present perfect continuous tense过去完成进行时past perfect continuous tense语态voice主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice语气mood陈述语气indicative mood 祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood 否定negation否定范围scope of negation 全部否定full negation局部否定partial negation 转移否定shift of negation 语序order自然语序natural order倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion部分倒装partial inversion 直接引语direct speech间接引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement语法一致grammatical agreement概念一致notional agreement就近原则principle of proximity 强调emphasis重复repetition语音pronunciation语调tone升调rising tone降调falling tone 降升调falling-rising tone文体style正式文体formal非正式文体informal口语spoken/oral English套语formulistic expression英国英语British English美国英语American English 用法usageTerms of English Language Teaching Methodology感情色彩emotional coloring 褒义commendatory贬义derogatory幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic挖苦ironic英语教学法术语Aachievement test 成绩测试acquisition 习得，语言习得acquisition 语言习得顺序active mastery 积极掌握active vocabulary 积极词汇，主动词汇affective filtering 情感筛选aim,objective 目的，目标analysis of errors 错误分析analytic approach 分析教学法，分析法analytical reading 分析性阅读application to practice 运用于实践applied linguistics 应用语言学approach 教学路子aptitude test 能力倾向测验Army method 陆军法associative learning 联想性学习auditory discrimination 辨音能力auditory feedback 听觉反馈auditory memory 听觉记忆auditory perception 听觉audio-lingual method 听说法audio-visual method 视听法aural-oral approach 听说教学法，听说法aural-oral method 听说法Bbasic knowledge 基本知识basic principle 基本原则basic theory 基本理论basic training 基本训练basic vocabulary 基本词汇behaviourism 行为主义bilingual 双语的bilingual education 双语教育blank filling 填空Cchain drill 链式操练，连锁操练choral repetition 齐声照读，齐声仿读class management 课常管理classroom interaction 课常应对cloze 完形填空coach 辅导cognitive approach 认知法common core 语言的共同核心，语言共核communicative drill 交际性操练communicative exercise 交际练习communicative langunge teaching 交际派语言教学法，交际教学法community language learning 集体语言学习法comparative method 比较法communicative approach 交际法comprehensible input 不难理解的输入comprehensive method 综合法computer-managed instruction 计算机管理教学concord and coordination 默契与配合console 控制台consonant cluster 辅音连缀context 上下文controlled composition 控制性作文course density 课堂密度course design 课程设计cramming method 灌输式cue word 提示词curriculum 课程，教学大纲curriculum development 课程编制，课程设计cultrual objective,aim 教养目的cclical approach 循环教学法，循环法Ddeductive learning 演绎性学习deductive method 演绎法delayed auditory feedback 延缓听觉反馈demonstration 演示demonstration lesson 示范教学describe a picture in writing 看图说话describe a picture orally 描写语言学diagram 图解diagnostic test 诊断性测验dicto-comp 听写作文direct application 直接应用direct comprehension 直接理解direct learning 直接学习direct method 直接教学法Eeducational objective, aim 教育目的EFL 英语作为外语EGP 通用英语ELT 英语教学English as a Foreign Language 英语作为外语English as an InternationalLanguage 英语作为国际语言English environment 英语环境English for Academic Purposes 学术英语English for general prupose 普通英语English for General Purposes 通用英语English for specific purposes 专用英语ESOL English for Speakers of Other Languages 供非英语民族使用的英语English medium school 英语授课学校English teaching;teaching English 英语教学WSD（English as a Second Dialect）英语作为第二方言WSL（English as a Second Language）英语作为第二语言ESL Programme（English as a Second Language Programme）英语（第二语言）教程ESP（English for Special Purposes）专用英语EST（English for Science andTechnology）科技英语evaluation 评语，评价examination 考试examination question 考题experimental method 实验法extensive reading 泛读external speech 外语言语extra-curiculum activity 课外活动extra-curriculum club,group 课外小组Ffacial expression 面部表情feedbace 反馈film projector 电影放映机filmstrip 电影胶片final stage 高级阶段first language 第一语言，母语formative evaluation 自由作文free practice 自由练习frequency of word 词的频率al approach 功能法al syllabus 功能派教学大纲word 功能词Ggeneral linguistics 普通语言学gestalt style 格式塔式（学习），整体式（学习）gesture 手势getting students ready for class 组织教学global learning 整体式学习，囫囵吞枣式学习global question 综合性问题gradation 级进法，分级递升法graded direct method 循序直接法grading 级进法，分级递升法；评分grammar lesson 语法课grammar method 语法法grammar translation method 语法翻译法grammatical analysis 语法分析group reading 集体朗读group training 集体练习guided composition 引导性作文Hheuristic method of teaching 启发式教学法heurstics 启发法；探索法humanistic approach 人本主义教学法Iidealism 唯心主义imitatiom 模仿immersion programme 沉浸式教学imparting knowledge 传授知识incomplete plosive 不完全爆破independent composition 独立作文individualized instruction 个别教学individual training 个别练习inductive learning 归纳性学习inductive method 归纳法inflection,inflexion 词形变化information,processing 信息处理initial beginning stage 初级阶段inner speech 内语言语in-service training 在职培训instructional objective 语言教学目标integrative teaching 综合教学integrated approach 综合教学法，综合法intelligent memory 理解性记忆language training 强化教学intensive training 精读intermediate stage 中级阶段interpretation 头口翻译International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标Jjuncture 连读，音渡junior high school 初级中学junior school 初级学校junior sceondary school 初级中等学校junior-senior high school 初高中junior technical college(orschool) 初级职业学院（或学校）junior year 大学三年级Kkey words 基本词，关键字kinesics 身势语，身势学kinesthetic memory 动觉记忆knowledge 知识knowledge structure 知识结构Llanguage acquisition 语言习得language acquisition device 语言习得机制language arts 语言技能language competence,or knowledge 语言知识language learning capability 语言学习能力language laboratory;lab 语言实验室language leaning capacity 语言学习能力language pedagogy 语言教育language performance 语言行为language program design 语言课程设计language test 语言测试learning by deduction 演绎性学习learning by induction 归纳性学习learning process 学习过程learning style 学习方式lesson conducting 教课lesson plan 课时计划，教案lesson preparation 备课lesson type 课型linguistics 语言学linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic method 口语领先教学法living language 活的语言long-term memory 长期记忆look-and-say method 看图说话法Mmeaningful drill 有意义的操练neabubgful exercise 有意义的练习meaningful learning 理解性学习means of teaching 教学手段mechanical drill 机械操练mechanical exercise 机械练习mechanical memory 机械记忆mechanical translation 机器翻译medium of instruction 教学媒介语，教学语言memory 记忆，记忆力memory span 记忆幅度memorizing 用记记住method 方法methodology of teaching 教学法methodology of teaching English 英语教学法microteaching 微型教学mim-mem method 模仿—记忆法minimal pair 最小对立体（一种辨音练习）model 模型modeling 示范教学modern equipment 现代化设备modern language 现代语言monitor hypothesis 语言监控说mother tongue 母语motivation 引起动机Nnative language 本族语natural appoach 自然教学法，自然法natural method 自然法needs analysis 需要分析new lesson 新课nine-pile grading 九堆法notional approach 意念法notional-al syllabus 意念-功能派教学大纲notional syllabus 意念大纲、意念派教学大纲Oobservation lesson 观摩教学objective 教学目标optimum age hypothesis 学习最佳年龄说operating principle 操作原则oral approach 口语教学法，口语法oral exercise 口语练习oral method 口授法oral reading 朗读order of acquisition 语言习得顺序organization of teaching materials 教材组织organs of speech 发音器官outside reading 课外阅读overlearing 过量学习Ppaired-associate learning 配对联想学习法pair work 双人作业，双人练习passive vocabulary 消极词汇pattern drill 句型操练pattern practice 句型练习pdeagogical grammar 教学语法pedagogy 教育法peer teaching 同学互教penmanship handwriting 书法perception 知觉performance objective 语言实践目标personality 个性philosophy 哲学phoneme 音素phonetics 语音法phonetic method 按字母音值拼读法phonology 音位学picture 图画phasement test 分班测验plateau of learning 学习高原practical objective 实用目的practice effect 练习效应practice of teaching 教学实践presentation of new materials 提出新材料pre-teaching 预教primary of speech 口语领先principle of communication 交际性原则principle of teaching 教学原则problem solving 习题解答production stage 活用阶段，产出阶段productive exercise 活用练习productive mastery 活用掌握productive vocabulary 活用词汇proficiency 熟练program desing 课程设计psycho-linguistics 心理语言学psychological method 心理法Qqualified teacher 合格教师question band 试题库questionnaire 调查问卷questions 提问Rrapid reading 快速阅读，快读rate of reading 阅读速度readability 易读性read by turns 轮读reading 阅读reading lesson 阅读课reading method 阅读法reading speed 阅读速度reading vocabulary 阅读词汇，阅读词汇量receptive language knowledge 接受性语言知识receptive vocabulary 领会词汇reformed method 改良法regression 回看，重读reinforcement 巩固reinforcement lesson 巩固课repetition drill 复述操练repetition-stage 仿照阶段response 反应retelling 复述retention 记忆teview;tevision 复习review（revise）and check up 复习检查review（revision）lesson 复习课rewriting 改写rhythm 节奏role-play 扮演角色rote learning 强记学习法，死记硬背Sscanning 查阅，扫瞄school practice 教学实习scientific way of thinking 科学的思想方法second language 第二语言segment 音段，切分成分semantics 语义学seminar 课堂讨论sentence completion 完成句子short-term memory 短期记忆sight vocabulary 一见即懂的词汇silent reading 默读silent way 沉默法，静授法simplification 简写simplified reader 简写读本simulation 模拟，模拟性课堂活动simultaneous interpretation 同声翻译situational method 情景法situational language teaching 情景派语言教学法，情景教学法situational method 情景教学法situational syllabus 情景派教学大纲situation reinforcement 情景强化法skimming 略读，济览slide 幻灯片slide projector 幻灯片socialized speech 社会化言语socio-linguistics 社会语言学soft ware 软件speech disorder 言语缺陷speech pathology 言语病理学speech perception 言语知觉speech reading 唇读法speed reading 快速阅读，快读speelling 正字法spiral approach 螺旋式教学法，螺旋法spoken lauguang 口语stage of teaching 教学阶段stick drawing;mathch drawing 简笔画stimulus and response 刺激与反应stress accent 重音，重读structuralism 结构主义（语言学）structural method 结构法student-centered 学生中心student-centered learning 学生为主学习法student teacher 实习教师student teaching 教育实习submersion programme 沉浸式教程substitution 替换substitution table 替换表subvocal reading 默读suggestopaedia 暗示教学法syllabus 教学大纲syllabus design 教学大纲设计syllabus for middle school English 中学英语教学大纲synthetic approach 综合性教学法，综合法synthetical reading 综合性阅读Ttarget language 目的语，译文语言teacher’s book 教师用书teacher’s manual 教师手册teaching experience 教学经验teaching objective,aim 教学目的teaching procedure 教学过程teaching tools;property 教具teaching words in isolation 孤立教单词theory of teaching 教学理论TEFL 英语（外语）教学TESL 英语（第二语言）教学TESOL 对非英语民族教英语time allotment 时间分配total physical response method 整体动作反应法transformation drill 转换操练translation method 翻译法transformational generativegrammar 转化生成语法Uunconscious 潜意识underclassman 低年级学生undergraduate 大学本科生undergraduate course 大学本科课程undergraduate school 大学本科学院undergraduate special 大学特殊课程unified studied 统一课程university high school 大学附属中学university of the air 广播电视大学updating courses/training 现代化课程/训练upgrading courses/training 进修课程/训练upperclassman 高年级学生use and usage 使用和用法utterance 语段Vverbal association 词语联想verbal learning 语言学习，单词学习video 电视，影象videotape 录象磁带visual perception 视觉visual aid 直观手段visit a class 听课visual memory 视觉记忆vocabulary control 词汇控制Wword association 词际联想word list 词表word study 词的研究word frequency 词汇重复率written language 书面语感情色彩emotional coloring褒义commendatory贬义derogatory幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic挖苦ironic英语教学术语Approach教学路子Communicative approach交际法Communicative language teaching 交际语言教学Method教学方法Syllabus design教学大纲设计Frist language母语Second language第二语言Foreign language外语Target language目的语言Techniques技巧Brainstorm指就某一问题随便发表观点或建议的过程Group-work小组活动Pair-work两人一组的活动View of work语言理论或对语言的认识Structural view结构主义语言理论Functional view功能主义语言理论Interactional view交互语言理论Behaviourist theory行为主义学习理论Cognitive theory认知学习理论Process-oriented theory强调过程的语言学习理论Condition-oriented theory强调条件的语言学习理论Audiolingual theory外语教学听说法TPR:total physical respone 全身反应法Silent way沉默法Natural approach自然法Reflective teaching反思教学Communicative approach交际法或交际路子Communicative competence交际能力Linguistic competence语言能力Teaching procedures教学步骤Teaching aids教学辅助材料和设备Variety多样性Flexibility灵活性Learnability可学性百度文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我21Linkage 连接Micro planning 微观备课 Macro planning 宏观备课 RP:received pronunciation 英国伦敦附近的一种方言。
Native Instruments MASCHINE MIKRO MK3用户手册说明书
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of Native Instruments GmbH. The software described by this docu-ment is subject to a License Agreement and may not be copied to other media. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced or otherwise transmitted or recorded, for any purpose, without prior written permission by Native Instruments GmbH, hereinafter referred to as Native Instruments.“Native Instruments”, “NI” and associated logos are (registered) trademarks of Native Instru-ments GmbH.ASIO, VST, HALion and Cubase are registered trademarks of Steinberg Media Technologies GmbH.All other product and company names are trademarks™ or registered® trademarks of their re-spective holders. Use of them does not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by them.Document authored by: David Gover and Nico Sidi.Software version: 2.8 (02/2019)Hardware version: MASCHINE MIKRO MK3Special thanks to the Beta Test Team, who were invaluable not just in tracking down bugs, but in making this a better product.NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH Schlesische Str. 29-30D-10997 Berlin Germanywww.native-instruments.de NATIVE INSTRUMENTS North America, Inc. 6725 Sunset Boulevard5th FloorLos Angeles, CA 90028USANATIVE INSTRUMENTS K.K.YO Building 3FJingumae 6-7-15, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-0001Japanwww.native-instruments.co.jp NATIVE INSTRUMENTS UK Limited 18 Phipp StreetLondon EC2A 4NUUKNATIVE INSTRUMENTS FRANCE SARL 113 Rue Saint-Maur75011 ParisFrance SHENZHEN NATIVE INSTRUMENTS COMPANY Limited 5F, Shenzhen Zimao Center111 Taizi Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, GuangdongChina© NATIVE INSTRUMENTS GmbH, 2019. All rights reserved.Table of Contents1Welcome to MASCHINE (23)1.1MASCHINE Documentation (24)1.2Document Conventions (25)1.3New Features in MASCHINE 2.8 (26)1.4New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.10 (28)1.5New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.8 (29)1.6New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.7 (29)1.7New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.4 (31)1.8New Features in MASCHINE 2.7.3 (33)2Quick Reference (35)2.1MASCHINE Project Overview (35)2.1.1Sound Content (35)2.1.2Arrangement (37)2.2MASCHINE Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1MASCHINE MIKRO Hardware Overview (40)2.2.1.1Browser Section (41)2.2.1.2Edit Section (42)2.2.1.3Performance Section (43)2.2.1.4Transport Section (45)2.2.1.5Pad Section (46)2.2.1.6Rear Panel (50)2.3MASCHINE Software Overview (51)2.3.1Header (52)2.3.2Browser (54)2.3.3Arranger (56)2.3.4Control Area (59)2.3.5Pattern Editor (60)3Basic Concepts (62)3.1Important Names and Concepts (62)3.2Adjusting the MASCHINE User Interface (65)3.2.1Adjusting the Size of the Interface (65)3.2.2Switching between Ideas View and Song View (66)3.2.3Showing/Hiding the Browser (67)3.2.4Showing/Hiding the Control Lane (67)3.3Common Operations (68)3.3.1Adjusting Volume, Swing, and Tempo (68)3.3.2Undo/Redo (71)3.3.3Focusing on a Group or a Sound (73)3.3.4Switching Between the Master, Group, and Sound Level (77)3.3.5Navigating Channel Properties, Plug-ins, and Parameter Pages in the Control Area.773.3.6Navigating the Software Using the Controller (82)3.3.7Using Two or More Hardware Controllers (82)3.3.8Loading a Recent Project from the Controller (84)3.4Native Kontrol Standard (85)3.5Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.1Differences between Stand-Alone and Plug-in Mode (86)3.5.2Switching Instances (88)3.6Preferences (88)3.6.1Preferences – General Page (89)3.6.2Preferences – Audio Page (93)3.6.3Preferences – MIDI Page (95)3.6.4Preferences – Default Page (97)3.6.5Preferences – Library Page (101)3.6.6Preferences – Plug-ins Page (109)3.6.7Preferences – Hardware Page (114)3.6.8Preferences – Colors Page (114)3.7Integrating MASCHINE into a MIDI Setup (117)3.7.1Connecting External MIDI Equipment (117)3.7.2Sync to External MIDI Clock (117)3.7.3Send MIDI Clock (118)3.7.4Using MIDI Mode (119)3.8Syncing MASCHINE using Ableton Link (120)3.8.1Connecting to a Network (121)3.8.2Joining and Leaving a Link Session (121)4Browser (123)4.1Browser Basics (123)4.1.1The MASCHINE Library (123)4.1.2Browsing the Library vs. Browsing Your Hard Disks (124)4.2Searching and Loading Files from the Library (125)4.2.1Overview of the Library Pane (125)4.2.2Selecting or Loading a Product and Selecting a Bank from the Browser (128)4.2.3Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank (133)4.2.3.1Selecting a Product Category, a Product, a Bank, and a Sub-Bank on theController (137)4.2.4Selecting a File Type (137)4.2.5Choosing Between Factory and User Content (138)4.2.6Selecting Type and Character Tags (138)4.2.7Performing a Text Search (142)4.2.8Loading a File from the Result List (143)4.3Additional Browsing Tools (148)4.3.1Loading the Selected Files Automatically (148)4.3.2Auditioning Instrument Presets (149)4.3.3Auditioning Samples (150)4.3.4Loading Groups with Patterns (150)4.3.5Loading Groups with Routing (151)4.3.6Displaying File Information (151)4.4Using Favorites in the Browser (152)4.5Editing the Files’ Tags and Properties (155)4.5.1Attribute Editor Basics (155)4.5.2The Bank Page (157)4.5.3The Types and Characters Pages (157)4.5.4The Properties Page (160)4.6Loading and Importing Files from Your File System (161)4.6.1Overview of the FILES Pane (161)4.6.2Using Favorites (163)4.6.3Using the Location Bar (164)4.6.4Navigating to Recent Locations (165)4.6.5Using the Result List (166)4.6.6Importing Files to the MASCHINE Library (169)4.7Locating Missing Samples (171)4.8Using Quick Browse (173)5Managing Sounds, Groups, and Your Project (175)5.1Overview of the Sounds, Groups, and Master (175)5.1.1The Sound, Group, and Master Channels (176)5.1.2Similarities and Differences in Handling Sounds and Groups (177)5.1.3Selecting Multiple Sounds or Groups (178)5.2Managing Sounds (181)5.2.1Loading Sounds (183)5.2.2Pre-listening to Sounds (184)5.2.3Renaming Sound Slots (185)5.2.4Changing the Sound’s Color (186)5.2.5Saving Sounds (187)5.2.6Copying and Pasting Sounds (189)5.2.7Moving Sounds (192)5.2.8Resetting Sound Slots (193)5.3Managing Groups (194)5.3.1Creating Groups (196)5.3.2Loading Groups (197)5.3.3Renaming Groups (198)5.3.4Changing the Group’s Color (199)5.3.5Saving Groups (200)5.3.6Copying and Pasting Groups (202)5.3.7Reordering Groups (206)5.3.8Deleting Groups (207)5.4Exporting MASCHINE Objects and Audio (208)5.4.1Saving a Group with its Samples (208)5.4.2Saving a Project with its Samples (210)5.4.3Exporting Audio (212)5.5Importing Third-Party File Formats (218)5.5.1Loading REX Files into Sound Slots (218)5.5.2Importing MPC Programs to Groups (219)6Playing on the Controller (223)6.1Adjusting the Pads (223)6.1.1The Pad View in the Software (223)6.1.2Choosing a Pad Input Mode (225)6.1.3Adjusting the Base Key (226)6.2Adjusting the Key, Choke, and Link Parameters for Multiple Sounds (227)6.3Playing Tools (229)6.3.1Mute and Solo (229)6.3.2Choke All Notes (233)6.3.3Groove (233)6.3.4Level, Tempo, Tune, and Groove Shortcuts on Your Controller (235)6.3.5Tap Tempo (235)6.4Performance Features (236)6.4.1Overview of the Perform Features (236)6.4.2Selecting a Scale and Creating Chords (239)6.4.3Scale and Chord Parameters (240)6.4.4Creating Arpeggios and Repeated Notes (253)6.4.5Swing on Note Repeat / Arp Output (257)6.5Using Lock Snapshots (257)6.5.1Creating a Lock Snapshot (257)7Working with Plug-ins (259)7.1Plug-in Overview (259)7.1.1Plug-in Basics (259)7.1.2First Plug-in Slot of Sounds: Choosing the Sound’s Role (263)7.1.3Loading, Removing, and Replacing a Plug-in (264)7.1.4Adjusting the Plug-in Parameters (270)7.1.5Bypassing Plug-in Slots (270)7.1.6Using Side-Chain (272)7.1.7Moving Plug-ins (272)7.1.8Alternative: the Plug-in Strip (273)7.1.9Saving and Recalling Plug-in Presets (273)7.1.9.1Saving Plug-in Presets (274)7.1.9.2Recalling Plug-in Presets (275)7.1.9.3Removing a Default Plug-in Preset (276)7.2The Sampler Plug-in (277)7.2.1Page 1: Voice Settings / Engine (279)7.2.2Page 2: Pitch / Envelope (281)7.2.3Page 3: FX / Filter (283)7.2.4Page 4: Modulation (285)7.2.5Page 5: LFO (286)7.2.6Page 6: Velocity / Modwheel (288)7.3Using Native Instruments and External Plug-ins (289)7.3.1Opening/Closing Plug-in Windows (289)7.3.2Using the VST/AU Plug-in Parameters (292)7.3.3Setting Up Your Own Parameter Pages (293)7.3.4Using VST/AU Plug-in Presets (298)7.3.5Multiple-Output Plug-ins and Multitimbral Plug-ins (300)8Using the Audio Plug-in (302)8.1Loading a Loop into the Audio Plug-in (306)8.2Editing Audio in the Audio Plug-in (307)8.3Using Loop Mode (308)8.4Using Gate Mode (310)9Using the Drumsynths (312)9.1Drumsynths – General Handling (313)9.1.1Engines: Many Different Drums per Drumsynth (313)9.1.2Common Parameter Organization (313)9.1.3Shared Parameters (316)9.1.4Various Velocity Responses (316)9.1.5Pitch Range, Tuning, and MIDI Notes (316)9.2The Kicks (317)9.2.1Kick – Sub (319)9.2.2Kick – Tronic (321)9.2.3Kick – Dusty (324)9.2.4Kick – Grit (325)9.2.5Kick – Rasper (328)9.2.6Kick – Snappy (329)9.2.7Kick – Bold (331)9.2.8Kick – Maple (333)9.2.9Kick – Push (334)9.3The Snares (336)9.3.1Snare – Volt (338)9.3.2Snare – Bit (340)9.3.3Snare – Pow (342)9.3.4Snare – Sharp (343)9.3.5Snare – Airy (345)9.3.6Snare – Vintage (347)9.3.7Snare – Chrome (349)9.3.8Snare – Iron (351)9.3.9Snare – Clap (353)9.3.10Snare – Breaker (355)9.4The Hi-hats (357)9.4.1Hi-hat – Silver (358)9.4.2Hi-hat – Circuit (360)9.4.3Hi-hat – Memory (362)9.4.4Hi-hat – Hybrid (364)9.4.5Creating a Pattern with Closed and Open Hi-hats (366)9.5The Toms (367)9.5.1Tom – Tronic (369)9.5.2Tom – Fractal (371)9.5.3Tom – Floor (375)9.5.4Tom – High (377)9.6The Percussions (378)9.6.1Percussion – Fractal (380)9.6.2Percussion – Kettle (383)9.6.3Percussion – Shaker (385)9.7The Cymbals (389)9.7.1Cymbal – Crash (391)9.7.2Cymbal – Ride (393)10Using the Bass Synth (396)10.1Bass Synth – General Handling (397)10.1.1Parameter Organization (397)10.1.2Bass Synth Parameters (399)11Working with Patterns (401)11.1Pattern Basics (401)11.1.1Pattern Editor Overview (402)11.1.2Navigating the Event Area (404)11.1.3Following the Playback Position in the Pattern (406)11.1.4Jumping to Another Playback Position in the Pattern (407)11.1.5Group View and Keyboard View (408)11.1.6Adjusting the Arrange Grid and the Pattern Length (410)11.1.7Adjusting the Step Grid and the Nudge Grid (413)11.2Recording Patterns in Real Time (416)11.2.1Recording Your Patterns Live (417)11.2.2Using the Metronome (419)11.2.3Recording with Count-in (420)11.3Recording Patterns with the Step Sequencer (422)11.3.1Step Mode Basics (422)11.3.2Editing Events in Step Mode (424)11.4Editing Events (425)11.4.1Editing Events with the Mouse: an Overview (425)11.4.2Creating Events/Notes (428)11.4.3Selecting Events/Notes (429)11.4.4Editing Selected Events/Notes (431)11.4.5Deleting Events/Notes (434)11.4.6Cut, Copy, and Paste Events/Notes (436)11.4.7Quantizing Events/Notes (439)11.4.8Quantization While Playing (441)11.4.9Doubling a Pattern (442)11.4.10Adding Variation to Patterns (442)11.5Recording and Editing Modulation (443)11.5.1Which Parameters Are Modulatable? (444)11.5.2Recording Modulation (446)11.5.3Creating and Editing Modulation in the Control Lane (447)11.6Creating MIDI Tracks from Scratch in MASCHINE (452)11.7Managing Patterns (454)11.7.1The Pattern Manager and Pattern Mode (455)11.7.2Selecting Patterns and Pattern Banks (456)11.7.3Creating Patterns (459)11.7.4Deleting Patterns (460)11.7.5Creating and Deleting Pattern Banks (461)11.7.6Naming Patterns (463)11.7.7Changing the Pattern’s Color (465)11.7.8Duplicating, Copying, and Pasting Patterns (466)11.7.9Moving Patterns (469)11.8Importing/Exporting Audio and MIDI to/from Patterns (470)11.8.1Exporting Audio from Patterns (470)11.8.2Exporting MIDI from Patterns (472)11.8.3Importing MIDI to Patterns (474)12Audio Routing, Remote Control, and Macro Controls (483)12.1Audio Routing in MASCHINE (484)12.1.1Sending External Audio to Sounds (485)12.1.2Configuring the Main Output of Sounds and Groups (489)12.1.3Setting Up Auxiliary Outputs for Sounds and Groups (494)12.1.4Configuring the Master and Cue Outputs of MASCHINE (497)12.1.5Mono Audio Inputs (502)12.1.5.1Configuring External Inputs for Sounds in Mix View (503)12.2Using MIDI Control and Host Automation (506)12.2.1Triggering Sounds via MIDI Notes (507)12.2.2Triggering Scenes via MIDI (513)12.2.3Controlling Parameters via MIDI and Host Automation (514)12.2.4Selecting VST/AU Plug-in Presets via MIDI Program Change (522)12.2.5Sending MIDI from Sounds (523)12.3Creating Custom Sets of Parameters with the Macro Controls (527)12.3.1Macro Control Overview (527)12.3.2Assigning Macro Controls Using the Software (528)13Controlling Your Mix (535)13.1Mix View Basics (535)13.1.1Switching between Arrange View and Mix View (535)13.1.2Mix View Elements (536)13.2The Mixer (537)13.2.1Displaying Groups vs. Displaying Sounds (539)13.2.2Adjusting the Mixer Layout (541)13.2.3Selecting Channel Strips (542)13.2.4Managing Your Channels in the Mixer (543)13.2.5Adjusting Settings in the Channel Strips (545)13.2.6Using the Cue Bus (549)13.3The Plug-in Chain (551)13.4The Plug-in Strip (552)13.4.1The Plug-in Header (554)13.4.2Panels for Drumsynths and Internal Effects (556)13.4.3Panel for the Sampler (557)13.4.4Custom Panels for Native Instruments Plug-ins (560)13.4.5Undocking a Plug-in Panel (Native Instruments and External Plug-ins Only) (564)14Using Effects (567)14.1Applying Effects to a Sound, a Group or the Master (567)14.1.1Adding an Effect (567)14.1.2Other Operations on Effects (574)14.1.3Using the Side-Chain Input (575)14.2Applying Effects to External Audio (578)14.2.1Step 1: Configure MASCHINE Audio Inputs (578)14.2.2Step 2: Set up a Sound to Receive the External Input (579)14.2.3Step 3: Load an Effect to Process an Input (579)14.3Creating a Send Effect (580)14.3.1Step 1: Set Up a Sound or Group as Send Effect (581)14.3.2Step 2: Route Audio to the Send Effect (583)14.3.3 A Few Notes on Send Effects (583)14.4Creating Multi-Effects (584)15Effect Reference (587)15.1Dynamics (588)15.1.1Compressor (588)15.1.2Gate (591)15.1.3Transient Master (594)15.1.4Limiter (596)15.1.5Maximizer (600)15.2Filtering Effects (603)15.2.1EQ (603)15.2.2Filter (605)15.2.3Cabinet (609)15.3Modulation Effects (611)15.3.1Chorus (611)15.3.2Flanger (612)15.3.3FM (613)15.3.4Freq Shifter (615)15.3.5Phaser (616)15.4Spatial and Reverb Effects (617)15.4.1Ice (617)15.4.2Metaverb (619)15.4.3Reflex (620)15.4.4Reverb (Legacy) (621)15.4.5Reverb (623)15.4.5.1Reverb Room (623)15.4.5.2Reverb Hall (626)15.4.5.3Plate Reverb (629)15.5Delays (630)15.5.1Beat Delay (630)15.5.2Grain Delay (632)15.5.3Grain Stretch (634)15.5.4Resochord (636)15.6Distortion Effects (638)15.6.1Distortion (638)15.6.2Lofi (640)15.6.3Saturator (641)15.7Perform FX (645)15.7.1Filter (646)15.7.2Flanger (648)15.7.3Burst Echo (650)15.7.4Reso Echo (653)15.7.5Ring (656)15.7.6Stutter (658)15.7.7Tremolo (661)15.7.8Scratcher (664)16Working with the Arranger (667)16.1Arranger Basics (667)16.1.1Navigating Song View (670)16.1.2Following the Playback Position in Your Project (672)16.1.3Performing with Scenes and Sections using the Pads (673)16.2Using Ideas View (677)16.2.1Scene Overview (677)16.2.2Creating Scenes (679)16.2.3Assigning and Removing Patterns (679)16.2.4Selecting Scenes (682)16.2.5Deleting Scenes (684)16.2.6Creating and Deleting Scene Banks (685)16.2.7Clearing Scenes (685)16.2.8Duplicating Scenes (685)16.2.9Reordering Scenes (687)16.2.10Making Scenes Unique (688)16.2.11Appending Scenes to Arrangement (689)16.2.12Naming Scenes (689)16.2.13Changing the Color of a Scene (690)16.3Using Song View (692)16.3.1Section Management Overview (692)16.3.2Creating Sections (694)16.3.3Assigning a Scene to a Section (695)16.3.4Selecting Sections and Section Banks (696)16.3.5Reorganizing Sections (700)16.3.6Adjusting the Length of a Section (702)16.3.6.1Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Software (703)16.3.6.2Adjusting the Length of a Section Using the Controller (705)16.3.7Clearing a Pattern in Song View (705)16.3.8Duplicating Sections (705)16.3.8.1Making Sections Unique (707)16.3.9Removing Sections (707)16.3.10Renaming Scenes (708)16.3.11Clearing Sections (710)16.3.12Creating and Deleting Section Banks (710)16.3.13Working with Patterns in Song view (710)16.3.13.1Creating a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.2Selecting a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.3Clearing a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.4Renaming a Pattern in Song View (711)16.3.13.5Coloring a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.6Removing a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.13.7Duplicating a Pattern in Song View (712)16.3.14Enabling Auto Length (713)16.3.15Looping (714)16.3.15.1Setting the Loop Range in the Software (714)16.3.15.2Activating or Deactivating a Loop Using the Controller (715)16.4Playing with Sections (715)16.4.1Jumping to another Playback Position in Your Project (716)16.5Triggering Sections or Scenes via MIDI (717)16.6The Arrange Grid (719)16.7Quick Grid (720)17Sampling and Sample Mapping (722)17.1Opening the Sample Editor (722)17.2Recording Audio (724)17.2.1Opening the Record Page (724)17.2.2Selecting the Source and the Recording Mode (725)17.2.3Arming, Starting, and Stopping the Recording (729)17.2.5Checking Your Recordings (731)17.2.6Location and Name of Your Recorded Samples (734)17.3Editing a Sample (735)17.3.1Using the Edit Page (735)17.3.2Audio Editing Functions (739)17.4Slicing a Sample (743)17.4.1Opening the Slice Page (743)17.4.2Adjusting the Slicing Settings (744)17.4.3Manually Adjusting Your Slices (746)17.4.4Applying the Slicing (750)17.5Mapping Samples to Zones (754)17.5.1Opening the Zone Page (754)17.5.2Zone Page Overview (755)17.5.3Selecting and Managing Zones in the Zone List (756)17.5.4Selecting and Editing Zones in the Map View (761)17.5.5Editing Zones in the Sample View (765)17.5.6Adjusting the Zone Settings (767)17.5.7Adding Samples to the Sample Map (770)18Appendix: Tips for Playing Live (772)18.1Preparations (772)18.1.1Focus on the Hardware (772)18.1.2Customize the Pads of the Hardware (772)18.1.3Check Your CPU Power Before Playing (772)18.1.4Name and Color Your Groups, Patterns, Sounds and Scenes (773)18.1.5Consider Using a Limiter on Your Master (773)18.1.6Hook Up Your Other Gear and Sync It with MIDI Clock (773)18.1.7Improvise (773)18.2Basic Techniques (773)18.2.1Use Mute and Solo (773)18.2.2Create Variations of Your Drum Patterns in the Step Sequencer (774)18.2.3Use Note Repeat (774)18.2.4Set Up Your Own Multi-effect Groups and Automate Them (774)18.3Special Tricks (774)18.3.1Changing Pattern Length for Variation (774)18.3.2Using Loops to Cycle Through Samples (775)18.3.3Load Long Audio Files and Play with the Start Point (775)19Troubleshooting (776)19.1Knowledge Base (776)19.2Technical Support (776)19.3Registration Support (777)19.4User Forum (777)20Glossary (778)Index (786)1Welcome to MASCHINEThank you for buying MASCHINE!MASCHINE is a groove production studio that implements the familiar working style of classi-cal groove boxes along with the advantages of a computer based system. MASCHINE is ideal for making music live, as well as in the studio. It’s the hands-on aspect of a dedicated instru-ment, the MASCHINE hardware controller, united with the advanced editing features of the MASCHINE software.Creating beats is often not very intuitive with a computer, but using the MASCHINE hardware controller to do it makes it easy and fun. You can tap in freely with the pads or use Note Re-peat to jam along. Alternatively, build your beats using the step sequencer just as in classic drum machines.Patterns can be intuitively combined and rearranged on the fly to form larger ideas. You can try out several different versions of a song without ever having to stop the music.Since you can integrate it into any sequencer that supports VST, AU, or AAX plug-ins, you can reap the benefits in almost any software setup, or use it as a stand-alone application. You can sample your own material, slice loops and rearrange them easily.However, MASCHINE is a lot more than an ordinary groovebox or sampler: it comes with an inspiring 7-gigabyte library, and a sophisticated, yet easy to use tag-based Browser to give you instant access to the sounds you are looking for.What’s more, MASCHINE provides lots of options for manipulating your sounds via internal ef-fects and other sound-shaping possibilities. You can also control external MIDI hardware and 3rd-party software with the MASCHINE hardware controller, while customizing the functions of the pads, knobs and buttons according to your needs utilizing the included Controller Editor application. We hope you enjoy this fantastic instrument as much as we do. Now let’s get go-ing!—The MASCHINE team at Native Instruments.MASCHINE Documentation1.1MASCHINE DocumentationNative Instruments provide many information sources regarding MASCHINE. The main docu-ments should be read in the following sequence:1.MASCHINE MIKRO Quick Start Guide: This animated online guide provides a practical ap-proach to help you learn the basic of MASCHINE MIKRO. The guide is available from theNative Instruments website: https:///maschine-mikro-quick-start/2.MASCHINE Manual (this document): The MASCHINE Manual provides you with a compre-hensive description of all MASCHINE software and hardware features.Additional documentation sources provide you with details on more specific topics:►Online Support Videos: You can find a number of support videos on The Official Native In-struments Support Channel under the following URL: https:///NIsupport-EN. We recommend that you follow along with these instructions while the respective ap-plication is running on your computer.Other Online Resources:If you are experiencing problems related to your Native Instruments product that the supplied documentation does not cover, there are several ways of getting help:▪Knowledge Base▪User Forum▪Technical Support▪Registration SupportYou will find more information on these subjects in the chapter Troubleshooting.Document Conventions1.2Document ConventionsThis section introduces you to the signage and text highlighting used in this manual. This man-ual uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of potential issues.The icons introducing these notes let you see what kind of information is to be expected:This document uses particular formatting to point out special facts and to warn you of poten-tial issues. The icons introducing the following notes let you see what kind of information canbe expected:Furthermore, the following formatting is used:▪Text appearing in (drop-down) menus (such as Open…, Save as… etc.) in the software andpaths to locations on your hard disk or other storage devices is printed in italics.▪Text appearing elsewhere (labels of buttons, controls, text next to checkboxes etc.) in thesoftware is printed in blue. Whenever you see this formatting applied, you will find thesame text appearing somewhere on the screen.▪Text appearing on the displays of the controller is printed in light grey. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on a controller display.▪Text appearing on labels of the hardware controller is printed in orange. Whenever you seethis formatting applied, you will find the same text on the controller.▪Important names and concepts are printed in bold.▪References to keys on your computer’s keyboard you’ll find put in square brackets (e.g.,“Press [Shift] + [Enter]”).►Single instructions are introduced by this play button type arrow.→Results of actions are introduced by this smaller arrow.Naming ConventionThroughout the documentation we will refer to MASCHINE controller (or just controller) as the hardware controller and MASCHINE software as the software installed on your computer.The term “effect” will sometimes be abbreviated as “FX” when referring to elements in the MA-SCHINE software and hardware. These terms have the same meaning.Button Combinations and Shortcuts on Your ControllerMost instructions will use the “+” sign to indicate buttons (or buttons and pads) that must be pressed simultaneously, starting with the button indicated first. E.g., an instruction such as:“Press SHIFT + PLAY”means:1.Press and hold SHIFT.2.While holding SHIFT, press PLAY and release it.3.Release SHIFT.1.3New Features in MASCHINE2.8The following new features have been added to MASCHINE: Integration▪Browse on , create your own collections of loops and one-shots and send them directly to the MASCHINE browser.Improvements to the Browser▪Samples are now cataloged in separate Loops and One-shots tabs in the Browser.▪Previews of loops selected in the Browser will be played in sync with the current project.When a loop is selected with Prehear turned on, it will begin playing immediately in-sync with the project if transport is running. If a loop preview starts part-way through the loop, the loop will play once more for its full length to ensure you get to hear the entire loop once in context with your project.▪Filters and product selections will be remembered when switching between content types and Factory/User Libraries in the Browser.▪Browser content synchronization between multiple running instances. When running multi-ple instances of MASCHINE, either as Standalone and/or as a plug-in, updates to the Li-brary will be synced across the instances. For example, if you delete a sample from your User Library in one instance, the sample will no longer be present in the other instances.Similarly, if you save a preset in one instance, that preset will then be available in the oth-er instances, too.▪Edits made to samples in the Factory Libraries will be saved to the Standard User Directo-ry.For more information on these new features, refer to the following chapter ↑4, Browser. Improvements to the MASCHINE MIKRO MK3 Controller▪You can now set sample Start and End points using the controller. For more information refer to ↑17.3.1, Using the Edit Page.Improved Support for A-Series Keyboards▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can now jump quickly to the results list by holding SHIFT and pushing right on the 4D Encoder.▪When Browsing with A-Series keyboards, you can fast scroll through the Browser results list by holding SHIFT and twisting the 4D Encoder.▪Mute and Solo Sounds and Groups from A-Series keyboards. Sounds are muted in TRACK mode while Groups are muted in IDEAS.。
methods of modern mathematical physics
Methods of Modern Mathematical PhysicsIntroductionModern mathematical physics is a discipline that combines the methods and techniques from both mathematics and physics to understand and solve complex physical phenomena. It involves the application of advanced mathematical concepts, such as differential equations, complex analysis, and functional analysis, to describe and analyze various physical systems. In this article, we will explore some of the key methods usedin modern mathematical physics and their significance in advancing our understanding of the physical world.Differential EquationsDifferential equations play a fundamental role in modern mathematical physics. They are used to describe the relationship between the rates of change of physical quantities and the variables that affect them. Differential equations can be classified into different types, such as ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations, depending on the number of variables involved.Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)ODEs are equations that involve only one independent variable, such as time. They are widely used in various branches of physics to describe the behavior of dynamical systems. For example, Newton’s laws of motion can be formulated as a set of second-order ODEs, which govern the motion of particles under the influence of forces.Some common methods for solving ODEs include:1.Analytical Methods: These involve finding exact solutions to theODEs using techniques like separation of variables, integratingfactors, or power series expansions.2.Numerical Methods: When analytical solutions are not available,numerical methods, such as Euler’s method or the Runge-Kuttamethods, can be used to approximate the solutions.3.Special Functions: Certain special functions, like Besselfunctions or Legendre polynomials, arise frequently in solvingODEs and have applications in physics, such as describing wavephenomena or spherical harmonics.Partial Differential Equations (PDEs)PDEs involve multiple independent variables and describe physical systems with spatial or temporal variations. They are used to study a wide range of phenomena, including heat conduction, fluid dynamics, and quantum mechanics. Solving PDEs is often a challenging task due to the complexity and nonlinearity of the equations involved.Some common methods for solving PDEs include:1.Separation of Variables: This technique involves assuming asolution in the form of a product of functions that depend ondifferent variables and then solving each resulting ODE separately.2.Transform Methods: Transform methods, such as Fourier transformor Laplace transform, can be used to convert PDEs into algebraicequations, which are often easier to solve.3.Finite Difference Methods: These methods discretize the equationsusing a grid and approximate the derivatives, allowing the PDE tobe solved as a system of algebraic equations.4.Numerical Methods: Numerical methods, like finite element methodsor finite volume methods, discretize the domain and solve theresulting system of algebraic equations iteratively.Complex AnalysisComplex analysis is another powerful tool in modern mathematical physics. It deals with functions of complex variables and their properties. The use of complex analysis in physics is primarily motivated by thebehavior of physical systems in the complex plane and the connections between complex analysis and other areas of mathematics, such aspotential theory and conformal mapping.Residue TheoryResidue theory is a key concept in complex analysis that allows for the evaluation of certain types of integrals. It is particularly useful in evaluating integrals that arise in physics, such as contour integrals or Fourier transforms. The residues of a function are the complex numbers enclosed by a contour in the complex plane, and their properties can be used to calculate integrals using the residue theorem.The applications of residue theory in physics are vast, ranging from quantum field theory to electrodynamics. For example, calculating scattering amplitudes in quantum field theory often involves evaluating complex contour integrals using residue theory.Functional AnalysisFunctional analysis is a branch of mathematics that extends the concepts of vector spaces and linear algebra to infinite-dimensional spaces. It provides a framework for studying functions and operators and their properties. In mathematical physics, functional analysis is used to study various physical systems, including quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and quantum field theory.Hilbert SpacesHilbert spaces are a central concept in functional analysis and play a crucial role in quantum mechanics. They are complete inner product spaces, where vectors can be represented as infinite-dimensional column matrices. The inner product between vectors in a Hilbert space allowsfor the calculation of norms, distances, and projections.The mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics relies heavily onHilbert spaces to describe physical states and operators. The superposition principle, uncertainty principle, and the measurement process in quantum mechanics are all intimately connected to the properties of Hilbert spaces.ConclusionMethods of modern mathematical physics, such as differential equations, complex analysis, and functional analysis, are essential in advancingour understanding of the physical world. They provide powerful tools to model and study complex physical phenomena and have applications in various branches of physics, from classical mechanics to quantum field theory. By combining mathematical rigor with physical intuition, these methods continue to drive progress in theoretical and experimental physics, shaping our understanding of the universe.。
数学词汇
mapimagefixed pointcomposite functionone to one / injectiveonto / surjectivebijectiveinverse functionreciprocaldenominatorsymmetric with respect to the y axis / the origin / the line y=x abscissax/y interceptordinateanalytic geometryparabolahyperbolaconic sections 二次曲线系coefficientspoint-slope formuladirectrix 准线vertex focuslatus rectum 过焦点平行于准线的弦radius, centertangent linedegenerate 退化major axis / minor axiseccentricity e=c/adifference 差branch 支asymptotes 渐近线focal axispolynomial equationsquadratic polynomial 二次多项式quadratic formuladiscriminant判别式division algorithm / remainder theoremquotientfundamental theorem of algebra multiplicity 重根conjugate radical 共轭根the complex conjugate 共轭复数‘monic (an=1)the rational roots theoremlogarithm 对数GRE用log x表示lnx trigonometry 三角几何complementary 互余cos = complementary sinetangent / cotangent / secant / cosecant terminal side 终边quadrant 象限arbitrary angle 钝角trig function 三角函数periodicity 周期性periodequidistant 等距sequence 序列convergent / divergent(minus) infinitymonotonic 单调bounded 有界the sandwich (or squeeze) theorem approach A from above (右逼近A) continuous functionThe Intermediate Value Theorem 中值定理derivative 导数secant line 割线tangent line 切线normal line 法线differential 微分的linear appropriationimplicit differentiation 隐函数求导concave up (convex) f’’>0concave down (concave) f’’<0inflection point 拐点local minimum / absolute minimumcritical point / stationary point (f’=0) nth-derivative test fn>0 极小，反之极大adjacent sides 毗连的边relate rates dy/dt= r dx/dt indefinite integration 不定积分intersect 曲线相交rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinates polar coordinatescardioids 心形线r=2a(1+cos(sita)) solids of revolution 旋转体infinite series 无穷极数harmonic seriesp-seriesalternation seriespower seriesthe radius of convergencethe interval of convergence arccosine functionarcsine functiondomainadjoint 伴随阵determinantexpected valueprobability density function derivativeinflection pointrankeigenvalueeigenvetoreigenspacesubsetpolyhedron 多面体vertices / vertexinverse of the matrixorthogonal 正交height 多项式系数绝对值和+最高次tracepolynomialidempotent 幂等A2=Anilpotent 幂零scalar 数量阵fixed pointthe qth roots of unitycoset 陪集dot/scalar product 点积projAB B在A的投影cross producttriple scalar product （A*B）•C magnitude 模parametric equation 参数方程symmetric equation （直线）对称式generator, elements cracking p111 arbitrarylevel curve of height 等高线contour curve 轮廓线（被平面截的截面）hyperboloid 双曲面circular poraboloidcylindrical coordinatesspherical coordinatespartial derivativedirectional derivativesgradientsaddle point cracking p131Hessian matrixline integralThe Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for Line Integral 势场内线积分只与起止点有关gradient field My=Nxconservative 值与路值无关Green Theorem cracking p152ordinary/partial differential equation (ODE/PDE)homogeneous of degree n n阶齐次exact differentialintegrating function 积分因子inconsistent （线性方程组）无解commutative 交换的invertible 可逆的associative 传递性coefficient matrixaugmented matrix 增广矩阵Gaussian Eliminationechelon formparameter 参数nullspacelinear combinationspan 几个向量的所有线性组合trivial combination即linearly independentbasis a minimal spanning set for a vector space dimension 基中向量数normal vector 法向量column space / row spaceLaplace expansions 即按某行/列展开adjugate matrix 共轭矩阵Cramer’s Rule克莱莫法则scalar 数乘linear operation=linear transformationkernel / nullity / range / rankRank plus Nullity TheoremCayley-Hamilton Theorem p(A)=0 divisibility, factor, multipleprime number, compositegreatest common divisor (gcd)least common multiple (lcm)the congruence equation ax=b(mod n)the Euclidean Algorithm 欧氏算法cracking p222 congruence 余数binary operation on S S S*Sassociate ：a•(b•c)=(a•b)•c semigroup条件identity 单位元semigroup+identity=monoidmonoid+inverse=groupabelian groupgeneral/special linear groupSn symmetric group对称群（阶为n!）S3为最小的6阶非阿贝尔对称群alternating group 置换群（同上）polygon 多边形equilateral triangle 等边三角形isosceles triangle 等腰三角形Dn nth dihedral group :order(Dn)=2n additive group of integers modulo n multiplicative group of integers modulo p cyclic groupKlein four-group, or viergruppeproper subgroupnontrivial subgroupgenerators 生成元finitely generatedisomorphism 同构homomorphism 同态monomorphism 单同态epimorphism 满同态endomorphism 自同态automorphism 自同构direct product (a, b) cracking p237direct sum 同上if abelianelementary divisors/ invariant factors cracking p238normal subgruoup 正规子群inner automorphism induced by aunity 环乘法单位元unit 存在乘法逆的非零元素ring with unity 幺环commutative ringsubringcharacteristicring of integersring of integers modulo n (Zn, +, •)ring of Gaussian integers Z(i)ring of polynomials in x over R R[x]ring of real-valued functions on R RR 交换幺环evaluation (or substitution) homomorphism at a cracking p249 Frobenius endomorphism f(a)=app is a prime numberbinomial theorem 二项式定理integral domain 整环left/right zero divisor 零因子cancellation law a!=0, ac=ab, them c=bdivision ring 无零因子的环field= commutative division ring又，有限整环是域strictly-skew field= noncommutative division ring体real quatenion 四元素体Boolean ring 该环中元素idempotent subset > supersetuniversal setcomplement of B relative to A A-B union / intersectionsymmetric difference (A-B)U(B-A)Cartesian product 笛卡尔积open / closed intervalcardinality (cardinal number) 元素数countably infinitealgebraic numbers cracking p267 power set of Alevels of infinitycardinal number of continuumtranscendental numberscombination, permutationbinomial coefficientpigeonhole principle 抽屉原理probabilityBoolean algebra (or algebra) of sets on S: E指the power set of S 的子集probability measure on E cracking p274distribution functionvariance, standard deviationthe normal distribution 正态分布standard normal distributionbinomial distribution 二项分布imaginary unit iprinciple argument 幅角主值sample space (S), outcomes (S中元素), events（E中元素，S的子集）independent独立, mutually exclusive相斥Bernoulli trialspolar form, exponential formprincipal logarithmprincipal value of zwhyperbolic function 双曲函数Laplace equation / harmonic uxx+uyy=0entire function 在复平面内解析disk of convergencepunctured open disk cracking p312singularity, isolated singularitypole of order nsimple pole (n=1) double pole (n=2)essential singularityannulus 环面singular (or principal ) part / analytic partresidueHausdorff spaceindiscrete / trivial topologyinterior, exterior, boundary, limit point, closure interior+boundary=closurelower-limit topology B=[a,b)connectedcovering, open coveringcompactnessnorm of a point cracking p290 Euclidean metric 欧氏度量square metricopen map != continuous 一来一去，方向反homeomorphism = continuous + open map upper bound, bounded abovelub=suremum (sup)glb=infimum (inf)complete space = no holesLebesgue measurable setssingletonLebesgue measurable functionLebsegue integrablestep function cracking p296index of a group 子群中元素的最小公共阶tangent 相切loop 循环inradius 内径trajectory 轨迹centroid 重心clusterpartial fraction expansionsufficient / necessary condition先是issue，45分钟，完了以后紧接着argue，然后是10分钟的休息时间，你可以选择跳过。
大一微积分知识点英文
大一微积分知识点英文Calculus Knowledge Points for FreshmenCalculus, a fundamental branch of mathematics, is essential for students majoring in science, engineering, and mathematics. Mastering the core concepts and principles of calculus is crucial for a successful academic journey in these fields. In this article, we will explore some key calculus knowledge points for freshmen.1. Limits:Limits are fundamental to the study of calculus. A limit represents the value that a function or sequence approaches as its input or index approaches a certain point. Limits are extensively used to define derivatives and integrals.2. Derivatives:Derivatives measure the rate at which a function changes. It represents the slope of the tangent line to a curve at a particular point. Derivatives allow us to analyze the behavior of functions, determine critical points, and solve optimization problems. Notation for derivatives includes the prime symbol (') and the differential operator d/dx.3. Differentiation Rules:Differentiation rules provide shortcuts for computing derivatives. Some of the important rules include the power rule, product rule, quotient rule, chain rule, and trigonometric derivatives. Understanding these rules simplifies the process of finding derivatives of functions.4. Applications of Derivatives:Derivatives have various applications in real-life scenarios. They can be used to determine velocity and acceleration, solve related rates problems, find maximum and minimum values, and analyze the behavior of functions. Application areas include physics, economics, engineering, and biology.5. Integrals:Integrals, also known as antiderivatives, are the reverse process of derivatives. They represent the accumulation of quantities over an interval. Integrals are used to find areas, volumes, average values, and solve differential equations. Notation for integrals includes the integral symbol (∫) and the differential operator dx.6. Integration Techniques:Integration techniques provide methods for computing integrals. These techniques include u-substitution, integration by parts, trigonometric substitutions, and partial fractions. Mastery of these techniques enables students to evaluate a wide range of integrals efficiently.7. Applications of Integrals:Integrals have numerous applications, particularly in calculating areas and volumes. They can be used to find the area between curves, volumes of solids of revolution, work done by a force, and average values of functions. Integration is a powerful tool in physics, engineering, and economics.8. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus establishes the relationship between differentiation and integration. It states that the derivative of an integral of a function is equal to the original function. This theorem allows for the evaluation of definite integrals using antiderivatives.9. Sequences and Series:Sequences and series involve the summation of infinite terms. Convergence and divergence of sequences and series are crucialconcepts in calculus. Tests such as the ratio test, comparison test, and integral test can determine the convergence or divergence of a series.10. Multivariable Calculus:Multivariable calculus extends the concepts of calculus to functions of multiple variables. It involves partial derivatives, gradient vectors, multiple integrals, line integrals, and surface integrals. Multivariable calculus is essential for fields such as physics, computer science, and engineering.In summary, these calculus knowledge points provide a foundation for freshmen to embark on their study in calculus. Understanding and applying these concepts will enable students to solve complex problems and analyze real-world phenomena. By building a solid understanding of calculus, students can pave the way for success in their academic and professional pursuits.。
贝叶斯超参数优化 多层感知器
贝叶斯超参数优化是一种用于自动调整机器学习模型超参数的优化技术。
它使用贝叶斯概率理论来估计超参数的最佳值，以优化模型的性能。
多层感知器（MLP）是一种常用的神经网络模型，由多个隐藏层组成，每个层包含多个神经元。
MLP可以用于分类、回归等多种任务。
当使用贝叶斯超参数优化来调整MLP的超参数时，通常会选择一些常见的超参数，如学习率、批量大小、迭代次数等。
贝叶斯优化器会根据这些超参数的性能，选择下一个可能的最佳值。
它通过在每个步骤中随机选择少量的超参数组合，而不是搜索每个可能的组合，来提高效率。
在实践中，贝叶斯超参数优化通常使用一种称为高斯过程回归（Gaussian Process Regression）的方法，该方法可以估计每个超参数的可能值以及它们的概率分布。
然后，根据这些信息选择下一个超参数的值，以最大化模型性能的预期改善。
使用贝叶斯超参数优化可以自动调整超参数，避免了手动调整的困难和耗时。
此外，它还可以帮助找到更好的超参数组合，从而提高模型的性能和准确性。
这对于机器学习任务的实验和开发非常重要，因为它可以帮助快速找到最佳的模型配置。
高等数学(微积分学)专业术语名词、概念、定理等英汉对照.
目录第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part 1 English-Chinese Calculus Vocabulary第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 function and Limit (1)第二章导数与微分Chapter 2 Derivative and Differential (2)第三章微分中值定理Chapter 3 Mean Value theorem of differentials and theApplicati on of Derivatives (3)第四章不定积分Chapter 4 Indefinite Intergrals (3)第五章定积分Chapter 5 Definite Integral (3)第六章定积分的应用Chapter 6 Application of the Definite Integrals (4)第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter 7 Space Ana lytic Geomertry and Vector Algebra (4)第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter 8 Differentiation of functions Several variablesand Its Application (5)第九章重积分Multiple Integrals (6)第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter 10 Line(Curve ) Integrals and Sur face Integrals……………………6 第十一章无穷级数Chapter 11 Infinite Series……………………………………………………6 第十二章微分方程Chapter 12 Differential Equation (7)第二部分定理定义公式的英文表达 Part 2 English Expression for Theorem, Definition and Formula第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 Function and L imit (19)1.1 映射与函数(Mapping and Function ) (19)1.2 数列的极限(Limit of the Sequence of Number) (20)1.3 函数的极限(Limit of Function) (21)1.4 无穷小与无穷大(Infinitesimal and Inifinity) (23)1.5 极限运算法则(Operation Rule of L imit) (24)1.6 极限存在准则两个重要的极限(Rule for theExistence of Limits Two Important Limits) (25)1.7 无穷小的比较(The Comparison of infinitesimal) (26)1.8 函数的连续性与间断点(Continuity of FunctionAnd Discontinuity Points) (28)1.9 连续函数的运酸与初等函数的连续性(OperationOf Continuous Functions and Continuity ofElementary Functions) (28)1.10 闭区间上联系汗水的性质(Properties ofContinuous Functions on a Closed Interval) (30)第二章导数与数分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential (31)2.1 导数的概念(The Concept of Derivative) (31)2.2 函数的求导法则(Rules for Finding Derivatives) (33)2.3 高阶导数(Higher-order Derivatives) (34)2.4 隐函数及由参数方程所确定的函数的导数相关变化率(Derivatives of Implicit Functions and Functions Determined by Parametric Equation and Correlative Change Rate) (34)2.5 函数的微分(Differential of a Function) (35)第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter 3 Mean Value Theorem of Differentials and theApplication of Derivatives (36)3.1 微分中值定理(The Mean Value Theorem) (36)3.2 洛必达法则(L’Hopital’s Rule) (38)3.3 泰勒公式(Taylor’s Formula) (41)3.4 函数的单调性和曲线的凹凸性(Monotonicityof Functions and Concavity of Curves) (43)3.5 函数的极值与最大最小值(Extrema, Maximaand Minima of Functions) (46)3.6 函数图形的描绘(Graphing Functions) (49)3.7 曲率(Curvature) (50)3.8 方程的近似解(Solving Equation Numerically) (53)第四章不定积分Chapter 4 Indefinite Integrals (54)4.1 不定积分的概念与性质(The Concept andProperties of Indefinite Integrals) (54)4.2 换元积分法(Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals) (56)4.3 分部积分法(Integration by Parts) (57)4.4 有理函数的积分(Integration of Rational Functions) (58)第五章定积分Chapter 5 Definite Integrals (61)5.1 定积分的概念和性质(Concept of Definite Integraland its Properties) (61)5.2 微积分基本定理(Fundamental Theorem of Calculus) (67)5.3 定积分的换元法和分部积分法(Integration by Substitution andDefinite Integrals by Parts) (69)5.4 反常积分(Improper Integrals) (70)第六章定积分的应用Chapter 6 Applications of the Definite Integrals (75)6.1 定积分的元素法(The Element Method of Definite Integra (75)6.2 定积分在几何学上的应用(Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals to Geometry) (76)6.3 定积分在物理学上的应用(Applications of the DefiniteIntegrals to Physics) (79)第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter 7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebar (80)7.1 向量及其线性运算(Vector and Its Linear Operation) (80)7.2 数量积向量积(Dot Produc t and Cross Product) (86)7.3 曲面及其方程(Surface and Its Equation) (89)7.4 空间曲线及其方程(The Curve in Three-space and Its Equation (91)7.5 平面及其方程（Plane in Space and Its Equation) (93)7.6 空间直线及其方程（Lines in and Their Equations) (95)第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter 8 Differentiation of Functions of SeveralVariables and Its Application (99)8.1 多元函数的基本概念（The Basic Concepts of Functionsof Several Variables) (99)8.2 偏导数(Partial Derivative) (102)8.3 全微分(Total Differential) (103)8.4 链式法则（The Chain Rule) (104)8.5 隐函数的求导公式(Derivative Formula for Implicit Functions). (104)8.6 多元函数微分学的几何应用(Geometric Applications of Differentiationof Ffunctions of Severalvariables) (106)8.7方向导数与梯度(Directional Derivatives and Gradients) (107)8.8多元函数的极值(Extreme Value of Functions of Several Variables) (108)第九章重积分Chapter 9 Multiple Integrals (111)9.1二重积分的概念与性质(The Concept of Double Integralsand Its Properities) (111)9.2二重积分的计算法(Evaluation of double Integrals) (114)9.3三重积分(Triple Integrals) (115)9.4重积分的应用(Applications of Multiple Itegrals) (120)第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapte 10 Line Integrals and Surface Integrals………………………………121 10.1 对弧长的曲线积分(line Intergrals with Respect to Arc Length) ………121 10.2 对坐标的曲线积分(Line Integrals with respect toCoordinate Variables) ……………………………………………………123 10.3 格林公式及其应用(Green's Formula and Its Applications) ………………124 10.4 对面积的曲面积分(Surface Integrals with Respect to Aarea) ……………126 10.5 对坐标的曲面积分(Surface Integrals with Respect toCoordinate Variables) ………………………………………………………128 10.6 高斯公式通量与散度(Gauss's Formula Flux and Divirgence) …… 130 10.7 斯托克斯公式环流量与旋度(Stokes's Formula Circulationand Rotation) (131)第十一章无穷级数Chapter 11 Infinite Series (133)11.1 常数项级数的概念与性质(The concept and Properties ofThe Constant series) ………………………………………………………133 11.2 常数项级数的审敛法(Test for Convergence of the Constant Series) ……137 11.3 幂级数(powe r Series). ……………………………………………………143 11.4 函数展开成幂级数(Represent the Function as Power Series) ……………148 11.5 函数的幂级数展开式的应用(the Appliacation of the Power Seriesrepresentation of a Function) (148)11.6 函数项级数的一致收敛性及一致收敛级数的基本性质(The Unanimous Convergence of the Ser ies of Functions and Its properties) (149)11.7 傅立叶级数（Fourier Series）.............................................152 11.8 一般周期函数的傅立叶级数(Fourier Series of Periodic Functions) (153)第十二章微分方程Chapter 12 Differential Equation……………………………………………155 12.1 微分方程的基本概念（The Concept of DifferentialEqu ation) ……155 12.2 可分离变量的微分方程(Separable Differential Equation) ………156 12.3 齐次方程(Homogeneous Equation) ………………………………156 12.4 一次线性微分方程(Linear Differential Equation of theFirst Order) (157)12.5 全微分方程(Total Differential Equation) …………………………158 12.6 可降阶的高阶微分方程(Higher-order DifferentialEquation Turned to Lower-order DifferentialEquation) (159)12.7 高阶线性微分方程(Linear Differential Equation of Higher Order) …159 12.8 常系数齐次线性微分方程(Homogeneous LinearDifferential Equation with Constant Coefficient) (163)12.9 常系数非齐次线性微分方程(Non HomogeneousDifferential Equation with Constant Coefficient) (164)12.10 欧拉方程(Euler Equation) …………………………………………164 12.11 微分方程的幂级数解法(Power Series Solutionto Differential Equation) (164)第三部分常用数学符号的英文表达Part 3 English Expression of the Mathematical Symbol in Common Use第一部分英汉微积分词汇Part1 English-Chinese Calculus Vocabulary映射 mappingX到Y的映射 mapping of X ontoY 满射 surjection 单射 injection一一映射 one-to-one mapping 双射 bijection 算子 operator变化 transformation 函数 function逆映射 inverse mapping复合映射 composite mapping 自变量 independent variable 因变量 dependent variable 定义域 domain函数值 value of function 函数关系 function relation 值域 range自然定义域 natural domain 单值函数 single valued function 多值函数 multiple valued function 单值分支 one-valued branch 函数图形 graph of a function 绝对值函数 absolute value 符号函数 sigh function 整数部分 integral part 阶梯曲线 step curve 第一章函数与极限Chapter1 Function and Limit 集合 set元素 element 子集 subset 空集 empty set 并集 union交集 intersection 差集 difference of set 基本集 basic set补集 complement set 直积 direct product笛卡儿积 Cartesian product 开区间 open interval 闭区间 closed interval 半开区间half open interval 有限区间 finite interval区间的长度 length of an interval 无限区间 infinite interval 领域 neighborhood领域的中心 centre of a neighborhood 领域的半径 radius of a neighborhood 左领域left neighborhood 右领域 right neighborhood当且仅当 if and only if(iff) 分段函数 piecewise function 上界 upper bound 下界lower bound 有界 boundedness 无界 unbounded函数的单调性 monotonicity of a function 单调增加的 increasing 单调减少的decreasing单调函数 monotone function函数的奇偶性 parity(odevity) of a function对称 symmetry 偶函数 even function 奇函数 odd function函数的周期性 periodicity of a function 周期 period反函数 inverse function 直接函数 direct function 复合函数 composite function 中间变量 intermediate variable 函数的运算 operation of function基本初等函数 basic elementary function 初等函数 elementary function 幂函数 power function指数函数 exponential function 对数函数 logarithmic function 三角函数 trigonometric function反三角函数 inverse trigonometric function 常数函数 constant function 双曲函数hyperbolic function 双曲正弦 hyperbolic sine 双曲余弦 hyperbolic cosine 双曲正切hyperbolic tangent反双曲正弦 inverse hyperbolic sine 反双曲余弦 inverse hyperbolic cosine 反双曲正切 inverse hyperbolic tangent 极限 limit数列 sequence of number 收敛 convergence 收敛于 a converge to a 发散 divergent极限的唯一性 uniqueness of limits收敛数列的有界性 boundedness of aconvergent sequence子列 subsequence函数的极限 limits of functions函数f(x)当x趋于x0时的极限 limit of functions f(x) as x approaches x0 左极限 left limit 右极限 right limit单侧极限 one-sided limits水平渐近线 horizontal asymptote 无穷小 infinitesimal 无穷大 infinity铅直渐近线 vertical asymptote 夹逼准则 squeeze rule单调数列 monotonic sequence高阶无穷小 infinitesimal of higher order 低阶无穷小 infinitesimal of lower order 同阶无穷小 infinitesimal of the same order 等阶无穷小 equivalent infinitesimal 函数的连续性 continuity of a function 增量 increment函数f(x)在x0连续 the function f(x) is continuous at x0左连续 left continuous 右连续 right continuous区间上的连续函数 continuous function 函数f(x)在该区间上连续 function f(x) is continuous on an interval 不连续点 discontinuity point第一类间断点 discontinuity point of the first kind第二类间断点 discontinuity point of the second kind初等函数的连续性 continuity of the elementary functions定义区间 defined interval最大值 global maximum value (absolute maximum)最小值 global minimum value (absolute minimum)零点定理 the zero point theorem介值定理 intermediate value theorem 第二章导数与微分Chapter2 Derivative and Differential 速度 velocity匀速运动 uniform motion 平均速度 average velocity瞬时速度 instantaneous velocity 圆的切线 tangent line of a circle 切线 tangent line切线的斜率 slope of the tangent line 位置函数 position function 导数 derivative 可导derivable函数的变化率问题 problem of the change rate of a function导函数 derived function 左导数 left-hand derivative 右导数 right-hand derivative 单侧导数 one-sided derivativesf(x)在闭区间【a,b】上可导 f(x)isderivable on the closed interval [a,b] 切线方程 tangent equation 角速度 angular velocity 成本函数 cost function 边际成本 marginal cost 链式法则 chain rule隐函数 implicit function 显函数 explicit function 二阶函数 second derivative 三阶导数 third derivative 高阶导数 nth derivative莱布尼茨公式 Leibniz formula 对数求导法 log- derivative 参数方程 parametric equation 相关变化率 correlative change rata 微分 differential 可微的 differentiable 函数的微分 differential of function自变量的微分 differential of independent variable微商 differential quotient间接测量误差 indirect measurement error 绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter3 MeanValue Theorem of Differentials and the Application of Derivatives 罗马定理Rolle’s theorem 费马引理Fermat’s lemma拉格朗日中值定理Lagrange’s mean value theorem驻点 stationary point 稳定点 stable point 临界点 critical point辅助函数 auxiliary function拉格朗日中值公式Lagrange’s mean value formula柯西中值定理Cauchy’s mean value theorem洛必达法则L’Hospital’s Rule0/0型不定式 indeterminate form of type 0/0不定式 indeterminate form泰勒中值定理Taylor’s mean value theorem泰勒公式 Taylor formula 余项 remainder term拉格朗日余项 Lagrange remainder term 麦克劳林公式Maclaurin’s formula 佩亚诺公式 Peano remainder term 凹凸性 concavity凹向上的 concave upward, cancave up 凹向下的，向上凸的concave downward’ concave down拐点 inflection point函数的极值 extremum of function 极大值 local(relative) maximum 最大值global(absolute) mximum 极小值 local(relative) minimum 最小值 global(absolute) minimum 目标函数 objective function 曲率 curvature弧微分 arc differential平均曲率 average curvature 曲率园 circle of curvature 曲率中心 center of curvature 曲率半径 radius of curvature渐屈线 evolute 渐伸线 involute根的隔离 isolation of root 隔离区间 isolation interval 切线法 tangent line method第四章不定积分Chapter4 Indefinite Integrals原函数 primitive function(antiderivative) 积分号 sign of integration 被积函数integrand积分变量 integral variable 积分曲线 integral curve 积分表 table of integrals换元积分法 integration by substitution 分部积分法 integration by parts分部积分公式 formula of integration by parts有理函数 rational function 真分式 proper fraction 假分式 improper fraction第五章定积分Chapter5 Definite Integrals 曲边梯形 trapezoid with 曲边 curve edge窄矩形 narrow rectangle曲边梯形的面积 area of trapezoid with curved edge积分下限 lower limit of integral 积分上限 upper limit of integral 积分区间 integral interval 分割 partition积分和 integral sum 可积 integrable矩形法 rectangle method积分中值定理 mean value theorem of integrals函数在区间上的平均值 average value of a function on an integvals牛顿－莱布尼茨公式 Newton-Leibniz formula微积分基本公式 fundamental formula of calculus换元公式 formula for integration by substitution递推公式 recurrence formula 反常积分 improper integral反常积分发散 the improper integral is divergent反常积分收敛 the improper integral is convergent无穷限的反常积分 improper integral on an infinite interval无界函数的反常积分 improper integral of unbounded functions绝对收敛 absolutely convergent第六章定积分的应用Chapter6 Applications of the Definite Integrals元素法 the element method 面积元素 element of area平面图形的面积 area of a luane figure 直角坐标又称“笛卡儿坐标 (Cartesian coordinates)”极坐标 polar coordinates 抛物线 parabola 椭圆 ellipse旋转体的面积 volume of a solid of rotation旋转椭球体 ellipsoid of revolution, ellipsoid of rotation曲线的弧长 arc length of acurve 可求长的 rectifiable 光滑 smooth 功 work水压力 water pressure 引力 gravitation 变力 variable force第七章空间解析几何与向量代数Chapter7 Space Analytic Geometry and Vector Algebra向量 vector自由向量 free vector 单位向量 unit vector 零向量 zero vector 相等 equal 平行parallel向量的线性运算 linear poeration of vector 三角法则 triangle rule平行四边形法则 parallelogram rule 交换律 commutative law 结合律 associative law 负向量 negative vector 差 difference分配律 distributive law空间直角坐标系 space rectangular coordinates坐标面 coordinate plane 卦限 octant向量的模 modulus of vector向量a与b的夹角 angle between vector a and b方向余弦 direction cosine 方向角 direction angle向量在轴上的投影 projection of a vector onto an axis数量积，外积，叉积 scalar product,dot product,inner product曲面方程 equation for a surface 球面 sphere旋转曲面 surface of revolution 母线 generating line 轴 axis圆锥面 cone 顶点 vertex旋转单叶双曲面 revolution hyperboloids of one sheet旋转双叶双曲面 revolution hyperboloids of two sheets柱面 cylindrical surface ,cylinder 圆柱面 cylindrical surface 准线 directrix抛物柱面 parabolic cylinder 二次曲面 quadric surface 椭圆锥面 dlliptic cone 椭球面ellipsoid单叶双曲面 hyperboloid of one sheet 双叶双曲面 hyperboloid of two sheets 旋转椭球面 ellipsoid of revolution 椭圆抛物面 elliptic paraboloid旋转抛物面 paraboloid of revolution 双曲抛物面 hyperbolic paraboloid 马鞍面 saddle surface椭圆柱面 elliptic cylinder 双曲柱面 hyperbolic cylinder 抛物柱面 parabolic cylinder 空间曲线 space curve空间曲线的一般方程 general form equations of a space curve空间曲线的参数方程 parametric equations of a space curve 螺转线 spiral 螺矩 pitch 投影柱面 projecting cylinder 投影 projection平面的点法式方程 pointnorm form eqyation of a plane法向量 normal vector平面的一般方程 general form equation of a plane两平面的夹角 angle between two planes 点到平面的距离 distance from a point to a plane空间直线的一般方程 general equation of a line in space方向向量 direction vector直线的点向式方程 pointdirection form equations of a line方向数 direction number直线的参数方程 parametric equations of a line两直线的夹角 angle between two lines 垂直 perpendicular直线与平面的夹角 angle between a line and a planes平面束 pencil of planes平面束的方程 equation of a pencil of planes行列式 determinant系数行列式 coefficient determinant第八章多元函数微分法及其应用Chapter8 Differentiation of Functions of Several Variables and Its Application 一元函数 function of one variable 多元函数 function of several variables 内点 interior point 外点 exterior point 边界点 frontier point,boundary point 聚点 point of accumulation 开集 openset 闭集 closed set 连通集 connected set 开区域 open region 闭区域 closed region有界集 bounded set 无界集 unbounded setn维空间 n-dimentional space 二重极限 double limit 多元函数的连续性 continuity of function of seveal 连续函数 continuous function 不连续点 discontinuity point 一致连续 uniformly continuous 偏导数 partial derivative 对自变量x的偏导数 partial derivative with respect to independent variable x 高阶偏导数 partial derivative of higher order 二阶偏导数 second order partial derivative 混合偏导数 hybrid partial derivative 全微分 total differential 偏增量 oartial increment 偏微分 partial differential 全增量 total increment 可微分 differentiable 必要条件 necessary condition充分条件 sufficient condition 叠加原理 superpostition principle 全导数 total derivative中间变量 intermediate variable 隐函数存在定理 theorem of the existence of implicit function 曲线的切向量 tangent vector of a curve 法平面 normal plane 向量方程vector equation 向量值函数 vector-valued function 切平面 tangent plane 法线 normal line 方向导数 directional derivative梯度 gradient数量场 scalar field 梯度场 gradient field 向量场 vector field 势场 potential field 引力场 gravitational field 引力势 gravitational potential 曲面在一点的切平面 tangent plane to asurface at a point 曲线在一点的法线 normal line to asurface at a point 无条件极值 unconditional extreme values 条件极值 conditional extreme values 拉格朗日乘数法 Lagrange multiplier method 拉格朗日乘子 Lagrange multiplier 经验公式 empirical formula 最小二乘法 method of least squares 均方误差mean square error 第九章重积分 Chapter9 Multiple Integrals 二重积分 double integral 可加性 additivity累次积分 iterated integral 体积元素 volume element 三重积分 triple integral 直角坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in rectangular coordinate system 柱面坐标 cylindrical coordinates 柱面坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in cylindrical coordinate system 球面坐标 spherical coordinates 球面坐标系中的体积元素 volumeelement in spherical coordinate system 反常二重积分 improper double integral 曲面的面积 area of a surface 质心 centre of mass 静矩 static moment 密度 density 形心centroid 转动惯量 moment of inertia 参变量 parametric variable 第十章曲线积分与曲面积分Chapter10 Line(Curve)Integrals and Surface Integrals对弧长的曲线积分 line integrals with respect to arc hength第一类曲线积分 line integrals of the first type对坐标的曲线积分 line integrals with respect to x,y,and z第二类曲线积分 line integrals of the second type有向曲线弧 directed arc单连通区域 simple connected region 复连通区域 complex connected region 格林公式Green formula第一类曲面积分 surface integrals of the first type对面的曲面积分 surface integrals with respect to area有向曲面 directed surface对坐标的曲面积分 surface integrals with respect to coordinate elements第二类曲面积分 surface integrals of the second type有向曲面元 element of directed surface 高斯公式 gauss formula拉普拉斯算子 Laplace operator 格林第一公式Green’s first formula 通量 flux散度 divergence斯托克斯公式 Stokes formula 环流量 circulation 旋度 rotation,curl第十一章无穷级数Chapter11 Infinite Series 一般项 general term 部分和 partial sum 余项 remainder term 等比级数 geometric series 几何级数 geometric series 公比 common ratio调和级数 harmonic series柯西收敛准则 Cauchy convergence criteria, Cauchy criteria for convergence 正项级数series of positive terms 达朗贝尔判别法D’Alembert test 柯西判别法 Cauchy test交错级数 alternating series 绝对收敛 absolutely convergent 条件收敛 conditionally convergent 柯西乘积 Cauchy product 函数项级数 series of functions 发散点 point of divergence 收敛点 point of convergence 收敛域 convergence domain 和函数 sum function 幂级数 power series幂级数的系数 coeffcients of power series 阿贝尔定理 Abel Theorem收敛半径 radius of convergence 收敛区间 interval of convergence 泰勒级数 Taylor series麦克劳林级数 Maclaurin series 二项展开式 binomial expansion 近似计算approximate calculation舍入误差 round-off error,rounding error 欧拉公式Euler’s formula魏尔斯特拉丝判别法 Weierstrass test 三角级数 trigonometric series 振幅 amplitude 角频率 angular frequency 初相 initial phase 矩形波 square wave谐波分析 harmonic analysis 直流分量 direct component 基波 fundamental wave 二次谐波 second harmonic三角函数系 trigonometric function system 傅立叶系数 Fourier coefficient 傅立叶级数 Forrier series 周期延拓 periodic prolongation 正弦级数 sine series 余弦级数cosine series 奇延拓 odd prolongation 偶延拓 even prolongation傅立叶级数的复数形式 complex form of Fourier series第十二章微分方程Chapter12 Differential Equation解微分方程 solve a dirrerential equation 常微分方程 ordinary differential equation偏微分方程 partial differential equation,PDE微分方程的阶 order of a differential equation微分方程的解 solution of a differential equation微分方程的通解 general solution of a differential equation初始条件 initial condition微分方程的特解 particular solution of a differential equation初值问题 initial value problem微分方程的积分曲线 integral curve of a differential equation可分离变量的微分方程 variable separable differential equation隐式解 implicit solution隐式通解 inplicit general solution 衰变系数 decay coefficient 衰变 decay齐次方程 homogeneous equation一阶线性方程 linear differential equation of first order非齐次 non-homogeneous齐次线性方程 homogeneous linear equation非齐次线性方程 non-homogeneous linear equation常数变易法 method of variation of constant暂态电流 transient stata current 稳态电流 steady state current 伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation全微分方程 total differential equation 积分因子 integrating factor高阶微分方程 differential equation of higher order悬链线 catenary高阶线性微分方程 linera differentialequation of higher order自由振动的微分方程 differential equation of free vibration强迫振动的微分方程 differential equation of forced oscillation串联电路的振荡方程 oscillation equation of series circuit二阶线性微分方程 second order linera differential equation线性相关 linearly dependence 线性无关 linearly independce二阶常系数齐次线性微分方程 second order homogeneour linear differential equation with constant coefficient二阶变系数齐次线性微分方程 second order homogeneous linear differential equation with variable coefficient 特征方程 characteristic equation无阻尼自由振动的微分方程 differential equation of free vibration with zero damping 固有频率 natural frequency简谐振动 simple harmonic oscillation,simple harmonic vibration微分算子 differential operator待定系数法 method of undetermined coefficient共振现象 resonance phenomenon 欧拉方程 Euler equation幂级数解法 power series solution 数值解法 numerial solution 勒让德方程 Legendre equation微分方程组 system of differential equations常系数线性微分方程组 system of linera differential equations with constant coefficient第二部分定理定义公式的英文表达Part2 English Expression for Theorem, Definition and Formula第一章函数与极限Chapter 1 Function and Limit1.1 映射与函数 (Mapping and Function)一、集合 (Set)二、映射 (Mapping)映射概念 (The Concept of Mapping) 设X, Y是两个非空集合 , 如果存在一个法则f，使得对X中每个元素x，按法则f，在Y中有唯一确定的元素y与之对应 ,则称f为从X到 Y的映射 , 记作f:X→Y。
25分的英语续写评分标准
---Introduction (1 Point)- Clarity of Purpose (0.5 Point): Does the introduction clearly state the purpose of the continuation? Is the reader immediately aware of the context and the direction the story is taking?- Relevance to Original Text (0.5 Point): Does the introduction effectively link back to the original text, ensuring a seamless transition from the original story to the continuation?Plot Development (7 Points)- Consistency (2 Points): Is the plot development consistent with the established setting and characters? Do new events or twists logically follow from the previous narrative?- Originality (2 Points): Does the continuation introduce new ideas or twists that add depth to the story? Is there a sense of originality in the plot progression?- Coherence (2 Points): Are the events in the continuation logically connected? Do they contribute to the overall narrative without introducing unnecessary confusion?- Pacing (1 Point): Does the continuation maintain an appropriate pace? Is there a balance between action, dialogue, and description that keeps the reader engaged?Character Development (6 Points)- Depth (2 Points): Do the characters in the continuation display new layers or complexities? Are their actions and reactions believable and consistent with their established personalities?- Interaction (2 Points): How do the characters interact with each other and with the environment? Do these interactions add to the story's depth and tension?- Dialogue (2 Points): Is the dialogue realistic and character-specific? Does it advance the plot or reveal something significant about the characters?- Arc (2 Points): Does the continuation contribute to the overall character arc, moving the characters towards their ultimate goals or changes?Language and Style (6 Points)- Vocabulary (2 Points): Does the continuation use a varied and appropriate vocabulary? Are there any instances of inappropriate or overly complex words?- Grammar and Syntax (2 Points): Is the grammar and syntax correct throughout the continuation? Are there any errors that distract from the reading experience?- Style (2 Points): Does the continuation have a consistent style? Does the author's voice come through clearly, and is there a sense of rhythm and flow?- Descriptive Language (2 Points): Is the continuation well-descriptive, using language to paint pictures in the reader's mind? Does the description enhance the narrative and setting?Conventions and Mechanics (4 Points)- Formatting (1 Point): Is the continuation properly formatted, with clear paragraphs and appropriate spacing?- Citations (1 Point): If there are any direct quotes or references to external sources, are they properly cited?- Punctuation (1 Point): Is the punctuation used correctly and consistently throughout the continuation?- Capitalization (1 Point): Is the capitalization used correctly, especially for proper nouns and the beginning of sentences?Conclusion (1 Point)- Resolution (0.5 Point): Does the continuation effectively resolve or advance the story's main conflict or questions?- Tension (0.5 Point): Does the continuation leave the reader with a sense of anticipation or curiosity about what will happen next?---Total Points: 25This scoring criteria is designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the continuation writing. Each category is weighted to reflect its importance in creating a compelling and well-crafted piece of writing. The total score will be determined by the sum of points awarded in each category, with the understanding that a high score indicates a continuation that is both engaging and well-executed.。
生成对抗网络中常见问题的解决方法
生成对抗网络中常见问题的解决方法生成对抗网络（Generative Adversarial Network，简称GAN）是一种由生成器网络和判别器网络组成的机器学习模型。
它在近年来取得了很大的成功，被广泛应用于图像生成、视频生成、文本生成等任务中。
然而，GAN在应用过程中也面临一些常见的问题，如模式崩溃、模式塌陷、训练不稳定等。
本文将对其中一些常见问题进行介绍，并提供相应的解决方法。
首先，我们来介绍一下GAN中的模式崩溃问题。
模式崩溃指的是生成器网络只能生成非常有限的样本多样性，导致生成的样本缺乏多样性。
造成模式崩溃的原因有很多，比如生成器和判别器的不平衡、训练数据的质量问题等。
解决模式崩溃问题的方法有以下几种：1.增加训练数据：通过增加训练数据的数量和多样性，可以提高生成样本的多样性。
可以使用数据增强技术，如随机裁剪、旋转、缩放等来增加数据的多样性。
2.修改损失函数：通过修改生成器和判别器的损失函数，可以使模型更加关注样本多样性。
比如使用信息论中的最大似然估计损失函数，或采用多目标优化策略，同时优化样本多样性和真实性。
3.调整网络结构：通过增加或减少网络层数、调整网络的参数设置，可以改变模型的复杂度，从而提高生成样本的多样性。
下面我们来介绍GAN中的模式塌陷问题。
模式塌陷指的是生成器和判别器陷入局部最优解，无法生成高质量的样本。
模式塌陷的原因也有很多，比如生成器和判别器的能力不足、网络结构设计问题等。
解决模式塌陷问题的方法有以下几种：1.增加网络容量：通过增加生成器和判别器的网络容量，使其具备更强的建模能力。
可以尝试增加网络的宽度、深度等，或者使用更复杂的网络结构，如卷积神经网络、循环神经网络等。
2.采用正则化技术：通过引入正则化项，如L1正则化、L2正则化，可以控制模型的复杂度，防止模型陷入局部最优解。
此外，还可以尝试使用Batch Normalization等技术，提高网络的稳定性。
3.改变优化算法：通过修改优化算法，如使用不同的学习率、动量等参数，可以改变模型的收敛性，提高模型的稳定性。
数学专业名词英文解释
高等数学(Higher Mathematics)一些基本名词中英文对照表中文英文中文英文函数function 逆时针方向counterclockwise定义域domain of definition 变量variable值域range of function 常量constant quantity极限limit 坐标轴axis of coordinates 极限值limit value 横坐标abscissa发散diverge 纵坐标ordinate收敛converge 锐角acute angle连续性continuity 钝角obtuse angle连续函数continuous function 平角straight angle左连续continuity from the left 直角right angle开集open set 圆circle闭集closed set 半径radius闭区间closed interval 直径diameter区间interval 三角形triangle一元函数function of one variable 斜率slope多元函数function of severalvariables无穷小infinitesimal内点inner point 无穷大infinite孤立点isolated point 正positive邻域neighborhood 负negative导数derivative 凸convex偏导数partial derivative 凹concave微分differential calculus 椭圆ellipse全微分total differential 双曲线hyperbola偏微分partial differential 曲线curve积分integral 曲面surface微积分infinitesimal calculus 交intersection 重积分multiple integral 补集complement 二重积分double integral 投影project三重积分threefold integral 等差级数arithmeticalprogression中值定理law of the mean 几何级数geometric progression极值extreme values 公理axioms定积分definite integral 定义definition 不定积分indefinite integral 定理theorem曲线积curvilinear integral 集合set分曲面积分surface integral 元素element 级数progression,series 空集empty 数列sequence 子集subset 微分方程differential equation 相等equal常微分方程ordinary differentialequation常数constant偏微分方程partial differentialequation对数logarithm差分方程difference equation 指数exponential特征方程characteristic equation 曲率curvature间断点discontinuity point 曲率圆circle of curvature 渐近线asymptote 曲率半径radius of curvature切线tangent line 切平面tangent plane切线方程tangential equation 幂级数power series拐点point of inflexion 收敛半convergence radius径绝对收敛absolutely convergence 收敛区间convergence interval条件收敛conditional convergence 收敛区域convergence region和函数sum function 通解general solution 解solution 特解special solution 初始条件initial condition 阶order条件极值conditional extremum 常数项级数constant series必要条件necessary condition 正项级数positive series充分条件sufficient condition 交错级数alternate series收敛判别法convergence criterion 一般级数ordinary series比较判别法comparison criterion。
浅谈极限的求解方法毕业论文
共17页第1页浅谈函数极限求解方法学生：陈智年指导老师：赵守江三峡大学理学院摘要：极限是数学分析的基础，数学分析的基本概念的表述，都可以用极限来描述.如函数在某点处导数的定义,定积分的定义,偏导数的定义,二重积分的定义,三重积分的定义,无穷级数的定义都是用极限来定义的.极限是研究数学分析的基本工具.极限是贯穿数学分析的一条主线.学好极限要从以下两个方面着手: 1)是考察所给函数是否存在极限;2）若函数存在极限,则考虑如何计算此极限.本文主要是对第二个问题即在极限存在的条件下,如何去求极限进行综述. 对于简单的极限的计算，利用定义求值或利用极限的四则运算法则求值都是可行的,但是对于一个比较复杂的极限的计算,例如的值时则不能直接采用一般的定义或者定理，即使采用洛必达法则也是比较繁琐的,然而用泰勒展示则计算简单多了,这就说明为一般地解决极限求值问题时,就必须利用有效有针对性的计算方法，对各个具体问题还要善于发现和利用其特点以简化手续．传统的极限的计算方法不下十几种,但具体到计算不同特征的极限时,究竟采用哪种方法,很多人总感到无从下手．只有将这些方法进行归纳总结,从而才可以针对不同特征的式子选择适当的计算方法,进而简化计算Abstract：Limit is the basis of mathematical analysis , the basic concepts of mathematical analysis of expression , can be used to describe the limit as a function definition derivative at some point , the definition of the definite integral , the definition of partial derivative , the definition of double integrals , triple integral definition , infinite series of definitions are used to define the limits of the limit is the basic tool to study the limits of mathematical analysis is a main theme throughout the mathematical analysis to learn the limits from the following two aspects is to investigate the function if there is a limit .If there is a limit function , then consider how to calculate this limit this article is the second question that under the conditions of the existence of the limit , how to find the limits are reviewed for a simple calculation of the limit of the use . define the limits of the evaluation or the use of four evaluation algorithms are feasible, but for a more complicated limit calculations, such asFind in coslimx when exxx values are not directly using the general definition or theorem, even with the Hospital's Rule is more complicated , however, Taylor shows the calculation is much simpler , which is generally described when the limit is evaluated to solve the problem , we must use effective targeted method of calculation for each specific issues but also good at finding and using its features to simplify procedures. The traditional method of calculating the limit of no less than a dozen, but when calculating the limits specific to different characteristics , whether using either method, a lot of people always feel unable to start . These methods will only be summarized, so that we can choose the appropriate method of calculation formulas for different characteristics , and thus simplify the calculation关键词：极限；极限的定义；极限的性质；罗必达法则；泰勒公式；单调有限法则；积分中值定理；拉格朗日中值定理共17页第2页Keywords ：Limit; ultimate limits of nature; Luo's Rule; Taylor formula; monotonous limited law; integral mean value theorem; Lagrange mean value theorem与一切科学方法一样，极限法也是社会实践的产物。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
/* Specialised program generated by Ecce 1.1 */ /* PD Goal: match([a,a,b],A) */ /* Parameters: Abs:l InstCheck:v Msv:n NgSlv:g Part:e Prun:n Sel:t Whstl:f Raf:yesFar:yes Dce:yes Poly:y Dpu:yes ParAbs:yes Msvp:no */ /* Transformation time: 67 ms */ /* Unfolding time: 17 ms */ /* Post-Processing time: 17 ms */ /* Specialised Predicates: match__1(A) :- match([a,a,b],A). match1__2(A) :- match1([a,b],A,[a,a,b],[a|A]). match1__3(A) :- match1([a,a,b],A,[a,a,b],A). match1__4(A) :- match1([b],A,[a,a,b],[a,a|A]). */ match([a,a,b],A) :- match__1(A). match__1([A|B]) :'\=='(a,A),match1__3(B). match__1([a|A]) :- match1__2(A). match1__2([A|B]) :'\=='(a,A), match1__3(B). match1__2([a|A]) :- match1__4(A). match1__3([A|B]) :'\=='(a,A),match1__3(B). match1__3([a|A]) :- match1__2(A). match1__4([A|B]) :'\=='(b,A),match1__2([A|B]). match1__4([b|A]).
ECCE
/* Specialised Predicates: append__1(A,B) :- append([a,b,c,d],A,B). */ append([a,b,c,d],A,[a,b,c,d|A]). append__1(A,[a,b,c,d|A]).
Ecce Demo I
doubleapp(X,Y,Z,XYZ) :append(X,Y,XY), append(XY,Z,XYZ). append([],L,L). append([H|X],Y,[H|Z]) :- append(X,Y,Z).
ECCE
doubleapp(A,B,C,D) :- doubleapp__1(A,B,C,D). doubleapp__1([],A,B,C) :append__3(A,B,C). doubleapp__1([A|B],C,D,[A|E]) :append_conj__2(B,C,D,E). append_conj__2([],A,B,C) :append__3(A,B,C). append_conj__2([A|B],C,D,[A|E]) :append_conj__2(B,C,D,E). append__3([],A,A). append__3([A|B],C,[A|D]) :append__3(B,C,D).
Why:
– Make existing programs faster (10 % 500 ...) – Enable safer, high-level programming style () – (Program verification,…)
Program Specialisation
ECCE
Simple Petri net Example
sema enter_cs exit_cs restart
Hale Waihona Puke tate ! number of systems !
trace([],State,State). trace([Action|As],InState,OutState) :trans(Action,InState,S1), trace(As,S1,OutState). trans(enter_cs,[s(X),s(Sema),CritSec,Y,C], [X,Sema,s(CritSec),Y,C]). trans(exit_cs, [X,Sema,s(CritSec),Y,C], [X,s(Sema),CritSec,s(Y),C]). trans(restart, [X,Sema,CritSec,s(Y),ResetCtr], [s(X),Sema,CritSec,Y,s(ResetCtr)]).
Online Partial Evaluation, Infinite Model Checking, and Petri net algorithms
Michael Leuschel
Declarative Systems & Software Engineering Dept. Electronics & Computer Science University of Southampton
=> p Use list notation for goals: [G1,G2]. Type a dot (.) and hit return at the end. atom or goal (l for append([a,b,c,d],_9806,_9807)) =>doubleapp(X,Y,Z,Res). -> calculating static functors -> pre-processing msv phase ... -> performing flow analysis ..+.++ /* /* /* /* /* Specialised program generated by Ecce 1.1 */ PD Goal: doubleapp(A,B,C,D) */ Transformation time: 83 ms */ Unfolding time: 0 ms */ Post-Processing time: 16 ms */
Ecce Demo III: Model Checking
cs_violation(NumberOfProcesses) :tr(Tr,NumberOfProcesses,[_,_,s(s(_)),_,_]). tr(Tr,NumberOfProcesses,State) :trace(Tr,[NumberOfProcesses,s(0),0,0,0],State).
/* Specialised Predicates: doubleapp__1(A,B,C,D) :- doubleapp(A,B,C,D). append_conj__2(A,B,C,D) :append(A,B,E1), append(E1,C,D). append__3(A,B,C) :- append(A,B,C). */
P’
Overview
Program Specialisation
Partial Evaluation
Program Transformation
Program Optimisation
Ecce Demo I
doubleapp(X,Y,Z,XYZ) :append(X,Y,XY), append(XY,Z,XYZ). append([],L,L). append([H|X],Y,[H|Z]) :- append(X,Y,Z).
Ecce Demo II
match(Pat,T) :match1(Pat,T,Pat,T).
match1([],Ts,P,T). match1([A|Ps],[B|Ts],P,[X|T]) :A\==B, match1(P,T,P,T). match1([A|Ps],[A|Ts],P,T) :match1(Ps,Ts,P,T).
trace([],State,State). trace([Action|As],InState,OutState) :trans(Action,InState,S1), trace(As,S1,OutState). trans(enter_cs,[s(X),s(Sema),CritSec,Y,C], /* [X,Sema,s(CritSec),Y,C]). /* trans(exit_cs,[X,Sema,s(CritSec),Y,C], /* [X,s(Sema),CritSec,s(Y),C]). /* trans(restart,[X,Sema,CritSec,s(Y),ResetCtr], /* [s(X),Sema,CritSec,Y,s(ResetCtr)]). Specialised program generated by Ecce 1.1 */ PD Goal: cs_violation(s(0)) */ Transformation time: 133 ms */ Unfolding time: 117 ms */ Post-Processing time: 17 ms */
7/10/2013
Overview
Infinite Model Checking by Partial Evaluation
– Teaser
Small Tutorial of Partial Evaluation PE Algorithms vs Petri net algorithms
– KarpMiller, – Finkel min. coverability graphs, – backwards reachability for WSTS
1. Teaser 2. PE Tutorial 3. PE vs Petri
Part 1: Infinite State Model Checking by Partial Evaluation: Teaser