Chapter 2 History Part Two Page84-107

James I (1603-1625)(House of Stuart)•After Elizabeth I died in 1603, her cousin James VI of Scotland became king of England. James was a member of the House of Stuart, which had ruled Scotland since 1371. Although now England and Scotland came under one ruler, they remained two separate kingdoms.•He was very unpopular in England because he believed in the Divine Right of Kings. So he quarreled frequently with Parliament.•James was an unwise king, and did not know how to keep the balance of religion. It triggered the Gunpowder Plot on November 5th, 1605.•James also persecuted certain Protestant groups such as Puritans. Some Puritans migrated to America in 1620 in a ship named Mayflower and founded Plymouth Colony.•James supported the Church of England. In 1604, he organized a group of about 50 scholars to prepare a new English translation of the Bible. The new version appeared in 1611 and became known as the King James, or Authorized, Version. ThisGunpowder PlotOn November 5th, 1605. A group of extreme Catholics felt angry about the English government’s attitude towards Roman Catholicism and decided to take violent action. They planed to blow up all the members of Parliament, and the king with it. At the last moment one of the group members told their secret plan in order to save the lives of his Catholic cousins in the House of Lords.Charles I (1625-1649) and the English Civil War(Bourgeois Revolution)•He had strong character than his father.•He also believed in the Divine Right of Kings.•From 1625 to 1629, Charles called three Parliaments and dismissed each one because the members demanded political and religious reforms that he opposed.•In 1628, Parliament passed the famous Petition of Right（权利情愿书）designed to limit the power of the king.•It reiterated some of the provisions of the Great Charter and for this reason it was also called the Second Magna Carta.•He reluctantly accepted the document, but he had no intention to keeping the agreement. In the following year, Charles dismissed Parliament and determined never to call another. Charles ruled without Parliament for the next 11 years, from 1629 to 1640.The Short Parliament•In April 1640Charles called another Parliament to raise money for the Scottish rebellion. The Parliament made use of the money problem to start fierce criticism of the King’s policy. Charles I responded by dissolving the Parliament which had been in existence for only two weeks.The Long Parliament•In November 1640, Charles called his Fifth Parliament, sometimes called the Long Parliament because it continued to exist for 20 years without being dissolved. The Long Parliament introduced a series of measures, limiting the authority of the King while increasing its own. One of the measures was the Militia Bill which demanded the transfer of military command from the Crown to Parliament.The Civil War （1642—1649）•Charles I planned to get rid of his strong opponents in the House of Commons. On January 4, 1641, he led several hundreds of his armed followers to arrest five important members of the Commons, but he failed.•Then all London armed itself to defend Parliament against the king. Charles fled with his family from London. The Civil War broke out between the forces of the king as Cavaliers and the forces of Parliament known as the Roundheads.•Oliver Cromwell became the leader of the parliamentary forces and organized the New Model Army. In 1646, Charles I surrendered. In 1649 He was recaptured and executed. This ended the war.The Significance of the Civil War•The monarchy was abolished and England was declared a commonwealth and governed as a republic.•The Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It paved the way for development of the capitalist production.Restoration and the Glorious Revolution RestorationWhen Cromwell died in 1658, his son, Richard, was named lord protector.But Richard could not handle the affairs of government. A new Parliament, composed of both Houses, was again assembled.The new Parliament and the son of Charles I reached a compromise agreement with the assertion that “according to the ancient and fundamental laws of this kingdom, the government is and ought to be by king, Lords and Commons.”1660，The son of Charles I became Charles II putting an end to the Republic.Glorious RevolutionCharles died in 1685, and his brother became King James II. James was a Roman Catholic, and he wanted to bring back Catholicism as the state religion. The people disliked his policies.They expected James’s Protestant daughter, Mary, to become queen after he died. When James’s wife had a son in June 1688, people decided to take action to prevent it.Mary and her husband William（head of Netherlands) became joint rulers. James fled to France.1689 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights, which limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament.The quick change of rulers in 1688 is called the Glorious Revolution because it was bloodless and successful. It created a constitutional monarchy, which finally put the monarch under the control of ParliamentThe Industrial Revolution Background of the Industrial Revolution•After the Glorious Revolution, constitutional monarchy was established. Parliament secured the dominant position in political life in Britain.•Whig Party was made up of merchants and entrepreneurs who supported commerce and industry.•The enclosure movement(Enclosure Acts) consolidated small fields into large farms and this paved the way for scientific large-scale production, increasing the supply of agricultural products. And also the new class of “landless laborer”had to find job in the rapidly growing industrial areas.•Internationally, Britain seized most of the French colonial territories in North America and in India and became the world’s leading colonial power (The Seven Years’War1756-1763). The colonies provided Britain with necessary raw materials and a large market for its industrial products. (Triangular trade)•The new class managed to accomplish “primitive accumulation of capital”through plunder and exploitation. It plundered the Church during the Reformation. They acquired wealth from the colonies in America and Indian. East India Company, The Royal African Company.Process of the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) Began in the textile industrial (Hundred Years’War): flying shuttle (hand weaving)àSpinning Jenny 1766(inventor: James Hargreaves) àpower (water, steam)àsteam engine by James Wattàtransportation, steam locomotiveEffect of the Industrial Revolution•Industrial productivity increased dramatically: “workshop of the world”•The most advanced industrial country and financial center in the world.•Mass urbanization, urban population was half of the whole population in Britain.•Improvement of education: before: Oxford & Cambridge.•Simplified the class structure. Before: nobility, the lesser nobility, middle class, proletariat, peasantry. àcapitalist (middle) class dominant position + ProletariatThe Victorian Age (1837-1901)The Formation of the Empire•The reign of Queen Victoria, the longest of any monarch in British history, has come to be known as the Victorian Age.•Victoria’s time was full of tremendous changes in almost every respect.•She was the official head of state also of the worldwide British Empire, which include Canada, Australia, India, New Zealand, and large parts of Africa. British Empire included about a quarter of the world’s land and people.•In 1876, Victoria took the title “Empress of Indian”, it started to expand their colonies in Asia and African continent.•1840 Opium War•Occupied Burma, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaya….•1875 took control of the Suez Canal•1882 conquered Egypt•After the Boer War, Union of South Africa(南非联盟）was created and became the fourth self-governing dominion.•On the Eve of World War I, Britain hadan empire on which the sun never set.Britain and the First World War •The end of the nineteenth century, some other countries had also been industrialized. They were also in need of foreign markets and raw materials. But the world was already partitioned, with old colonial countries such as England and France taking the lion’s share.•Between the Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman, Bulgaria •The Allied Powers (Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia, Italy, the United States.•The immediate cause of World War I–The assassination of the Austrian ArchdukeFrancis Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist atSarajevo in June 1914. The war broke out between the Central and Allied Powers. 32 countries wereinvolved. The war ended with the victory for theAllies.Effect of the War on Britain•Lost over a million people, two million were wounded most of them under the age of 25.•Caused serious disruption of the economy•Lost 70% of its merchant ships, lost sea supremacy.•Debtor nation with 1000 million dollars from America •London was replaced by New York as the world’s most important financial center.•Social problem: “land fit for heroes”àunemployment •Difficult to convert industry from war production.Britain and the Second World War •The First World War did not remove the basic contradictions between major European powers.•The defeated nations thought the treaties unfair. Some winning nations did not get as much as they had expected.•The war seriously damaged the economies of European countries. Both the winners and the losers came out of the war in poverty.•1929-1933 Great Depression struck them before their economies could return to the normal.•Economic crisis started in America and soon spread to other countries. Banks failed, factories closed down, foreign trade declined, large unemployment.•British government led by Neville Chamberlain followed a policy of appeasement. Britain and France were forced to declare war on Germany on September 3, 1939.•On May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered unconditionally. Britain won the war at great costs. 357,000 people were killed and 500,000 were wounded or missing. Britain lost its naval supremacy forever to the United States and deeply in debt to the United States.。