优选英语专业八级改错真题及答案持续更新部分详解文字答案校对版
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to the badinfluence of this or that individual writers. But an effect can becomea cause, reinforce the original cause and producing the same effectin an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take drinkbecause he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the mostcompletely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that ishappening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccuratebecause our thoughts are foolish, but the sloven of our languagemakes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that theprocess is irreversible. Modern English, especially written English,is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can beavoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one getsrid of these habits one can think more clearly, and think clearly is anecessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fightagainst bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concerningof professional writers. I will come back to this present, and I hopethat by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have becomeclearer.答案及解析:1.economical－economiceconomical的意思是“节约的，经济的，省钱的”，而此处应选择economic表示“经济的，有关经济的”。
英语专业八级改错(终稿版)
英语专业八级改错（1）It is difficult to think of a nation as an abstract collection of people living on a patch of territory. It is easier to think of as a person. This is why we sometimes call Great Britain __1__ "Britannia" and the United States "Columbia", and think of it as stately women. We also use masculine symbols in our __2__ personification of nations. In 1712 John Arbuthont, a Scot,wrote a political satire in that the characters were supposed __3__ to be typical members of different nationalities. The Englishman was John Bull. This name, which was sufficient flattering to be __4__ adopted generally, combined the most common English first name with a last name indicated strength. John Bull is usually __5__ pictured as a partly businessman with a Union Jack on his hatband.After the American War of Independence began in 1783, the United __6__States was knownfor "Brother Jonathan". Jonathan was a biblical __7__ name associated with simple people from rural areas, and it seemed fitting since the United States is rural and unsophiscated, and since __8__American considered their type of simplicity a virtue compared to __9__ the wickedness of European cities. It is possible, however, that the name was originated with President George Washington,who would __10__often say, when faced with a hard problem, "Let us consult Brother Jonathan", referring to his secrectary, Johnathan Trumbull.英语专业八级（1）答案和解析:1. of和as之间加上it.代替前文的a nation2. it—both.指代上文的US和Great Britain3. that—which4.sufficient—sufficiently.修饰形容词用副词5. indicated—indicating来源：考试大6. began—ended.根据历史知识，美国独立战争开始于1776年7月4日(《独立宣言》发表)，直到1783年英国正式承认美国独立才结束。
专八改错习题及答案解析
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(一)About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries couldbe avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____ pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____University.The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternalDeaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternaldeaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Controlrespectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.参考答案及解析:1 将had used 改为used。
英语专业八级改错真题及答案 持续更新 部分详解 文字答案校对版
1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字/答案校对版）2017年改错真题The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes humanbeings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which 1.________ distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs tobe equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2.________ what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction 3.________in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, th e more one accepts one’s strengths and works 4._______ towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5.________ communication skills, the better will be their interactions andthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve 6.________ communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of menand women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7.________help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominantfactor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to 8.________ communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made 9._______ programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look intothe problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10._______ 2016年改错真题All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships,a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships, 1._________for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences,language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special 2._________ character—a character that differs it in various ways from 3._________other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places,songs, or events that come to have a unique andimportant symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any 4._________ social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, orsociety—develops a culture with the passage of time.While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique,all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between 5.__________ communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6.__________ Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics 7.__________are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies,but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._________In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social commun ication.Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9.__________ another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10._________ transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年改错真题When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular showon ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the luxury of the 1. ________rink, my friend’s mother remarked on the “plush” seats we had beengiven. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my 2.________ vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush”was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that 3. ________ much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I 4. ________ started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, andso are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters, aren’t they? Myfriend’s mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her 5. ________ expression that I had not got the word quite right.Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughlymeans, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6. ________new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our 7. ________own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should haveasked for plush, and this is particularly true in the 8.________ aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by 9________ speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly,but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English.So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap. 10. _________2014年改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1.__________ have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: 2.__________◆Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? 3.__________◆What is the explanation for the fact adults have 4.__________ more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?◆What motivates people to acquire additional languages?◆What is the role of the language teaching in the 5.___________acquisition of an additional language?◆What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all 6.__________the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7.___________ so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under 8.___________ focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning 9.___________or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10.___________ 2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involv ed in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned 1.__________with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually 2.__________ happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. 3.__________ Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 4.________you normally cannot help but understand it.It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of 5._________the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannotremember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has 6._________ influenced their language; if we observe a child acquire language; 7._________if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if weare visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else 8._________who is. As we shall see, all these examples of what might be called“language in exceptional circumstances” reveal a great deal about theprocesses evolved in speaking, listening, writing and reading. But 9.__________ given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also 10.__________ need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.2012年改错真题The central problem of translating has always been whether totranslate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least 1.__________ the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, manywriters favored certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the 2.__________ letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter 3.__________ not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who 4.___________ wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 5.___________ 19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was 6.__________ entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible 7.__________ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must 8.__________ be as literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the 9._________ extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed.Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with eachother. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. 10. _________ 2011年改错真题From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, Iknew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages 1._____________ of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon thisidea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my 2._____________ true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down 3._____________ and write books.I was the child of three, but there was a gap offive years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._____________ before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhatlonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which 5._____________ made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had thelonely child's habit of making up stories and holdingconversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the 6._____________ very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling 7._____________ of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facilitywith words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I 8._____________ felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get 9._____________ my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the 10.____________ volume of serious — i.e. seriously intended —writing whichI produced all through my childhood and boyhood would notamount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poemat the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年改错真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1____________the things their speakers want to say. 2____________ There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_____________people s or cultures, but that is another matter. Certainly, not allgroups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4____________fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_____________ English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of thosesometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise andsubtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6____________in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7___________ environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8____________for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in whichEnglishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9___________ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo languagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufactureor cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10____________For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth centurycould not talk about motorcars with the minute discriminationwhich is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture.But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicleswhich send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when weare reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguishbetween a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig,a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?2009年改错真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes fromone school child to the next and illustrates the further difference 1.__________between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse,learnt inearly childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener 2.__________has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchild 3.___________The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it maybe something from twenty to seventy years.With the playground lore, 4.__________ therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour it is 5._________ learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the same age, 6.___________or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age betweenplaymates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhymecan be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even just 7.___________for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; very 8.___________ possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundred younghearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after so much 9.__________ handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the 10.___________ 2008年改错真题The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent 1.__________ part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate 2.__________ a given language to show that they are distinctive from another 3.__________ race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States 4.__________ split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5.__________ different language from those of Britain. There was even one 6.__________ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English 7.__________ and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone 8.__________knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. 9.__________ Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world 10.__________ that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.2007年改错真题From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1.__________ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2.__________ emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3._________ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4.__________ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries 5.__________ than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds 6.___________ too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7.___________ such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8.___________between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9.____________ whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. 10.___________ 2006年改错真题We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1.________ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2.________ message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3._________ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4._________ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5._________ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognises, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6._________ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7._________ member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8.___________ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9.___________ among most striking of human achievements. 10.___________ 2005年改错真题The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuitionincreases for next year—much steeper than the current, very low rate ofinflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value ofuniversity endowments heavily investing in common stock. I am skeptical. 1._______ A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues,irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of 2._________ universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3._________ business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic 4._________ uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost ofbeing in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a 5._________ factor in graduate and professional-school tuition);the poor one's job prospects, the more sense it makes to 6.__________ reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students7._________ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. Sky-high tuitions 8.____________ have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just asbusiness firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, 9.___________ universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athleteswhom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the bestathletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salariesearlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by theantitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competitionfor the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basisof merit rather than purely of need—just like businessfirms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer. 10 ___________2004年改错真题One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congressis the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated tocommittees —either stading committees,special committees set for a specific purpose, 1.___________or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. 2.___________ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forFuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualification and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the 3.___________ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 4.___________and to make out detailed studies of issues. 5.____________ There are important corallaries to the investigative power.One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. 6.___________ most committee hearings are open to public and are reported 7.___________ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes 8.___________to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issuses.9.__________ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite fro contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. 10.__________ 2003年改错真题Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families. They quicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred 1.________ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young 2.________ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that went for more than two decades and caused a major 3.___________but tem porary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. Fromthe 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate 4.__________ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. 5.__________Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who 6._________ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the 7._________ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well 8.__________as late r decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious 9.__________ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in 10._________ Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role ofbreadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2002年改错真题There are great impediments to the general use of a standardin pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling(orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt“naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1.____________ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what 2.____________ our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often 3.____________ comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. 4.____________ It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwritingis something which we almost always know. We begin the “natural” 5.___________ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read orwrite, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6.___________ practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hoursper every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult 7.__________ English spelling. This is “natural” therefore, that our speech-sounds 8.__________ should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen,speech operates as a means of holding a community and 9.__________ giving a sense of “belonging”. We learn quite early to recognize a“stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a different Community—perhaps only a few miles far. 10.__________ 2001年改错真题During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the verylifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yieldsand the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. 1.________ The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.2.______ War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing thewestern crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain sellingas carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat priceswere generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for 3.____________ markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheatsoon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, 4.____________ just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,5.________ producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to 6.________ become involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened7.________ to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___________ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveriesfrom the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended,and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 9._________ 1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board,with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. 10.___________ 2000年改错真题The grammatical words which play so large a part in Englishgrammar are for the most part sharply and obviously differentfrom the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ less 1.___________ meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2.___________ “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. 3.__________ But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. 4.__________ Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5.__________ difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man isvile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this diff erence in meaning. 6.___________ Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the 7.___________ lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for 8.___________ distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9.___________ from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what somepeople say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10.__________ when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.1999年改错真题The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.____________ human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.____________ with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate onfishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.__________ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___________ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.__________ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___________ diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___________ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average 8.__________ American adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to 9.___________an aboriginal life style, we certainly could use their eating habitsas a model for healthier diet.1998年改错真题。
专业英语八级(改错)模拟试卷288(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级（改错）模拟试卷288(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. LANGUAGE USAGEPART III LANGUAGE USAGEThat large animals require a luxuriant vegetation, has been a general assumption which has passed from one work to another: but I do not hesitate to say that it is completely true, and that it has vitiated the 【S1】______ reasoning of geologists on some points of great interest in the ancient history of the world. The prejudice has probably derived from India, and the Indian 【S2】______ islands, which troops of elephants, noble forests, and impenetrable jungles, 【S3】______ are associated together in every one’s mind. If, therefore, we refer to any 【S4】______ work of travels through the southern parts of Africa, we shall find illusions 【S5】______ in almost every page either to the desert character of the country, nor to the 【S6】______ numbers of large animals inhabiting it. The same thing is rendered evident by the many engravings which have been published of various parts of the interior. Dr. Andrew Smith, who has lately succeeded in passing the Tropic of Capricorn, informs me that, taken into consideration the whole of the 【S7】______ southern part of Africa, there can be no doubt of its being a sterile country. On the southern coasts there are some fine forests, but without these 【S8】______ exceptions, the traveler may pass for days together through open plains, covered by a poor and scanty vegetation. Now, if we look to the animals inhabiting this wide plains, we shall find their numbers extraordinarily 【S9】______ great, and their bulk immense. We must enumerate the elephant, three species of rhinoceros, the giraffe, two zebras, two gnus, and several antelopes even larger than these latter animals. It may be supposed that even 【S10】______ although the species are numerous, the individuals of each kind are few.1．【S1】正确答案：true→false 涉及知识点：改错2．【S2】正确答案：probably∧→been 涉及知识点：改错3．【S3】正确答案：which→where 涉及知识点：改错4．【S4】正确答案：therefore→however 涉及知识点：改错5．【S5】正确答案：illusions→allusions 涉及知识点：改错6．【S6】正确答案：nor→or 涉及知识点：改错7．【S7】正确答案：taken→taking 涉及知识点：改错8．【S8】正确答案：without→with 涉及知识点：改错9．【S9】正确答案：this→these 涉及知识点：改错10．【S10】正确答案：even→去掉even 涉及知识点：改错As he applied sunscreen to his young daughter’s face, Dara O’Rourke, professor of environmental and labour policy at the University of California, Berkeley, found him wondering if the lotion was safe. He realized there was 【S1】______ no ready available answer. The result—two years, a team of chemists, lots 【S2】______ of testing and a chunk of venture capital later—is GoodGuide. com. Launched in 2008, this is a website and smart phone app that rates 140,000 consumer products (currently only in America) according to their safety, environmental sustainability and the ethics of the firms that make them. Now GoodGuide has created a new “purchase analyser”app designed to inform consumers not just about the values embedding in products, but also 【S3】______ about whether they are the virtuous shoppers they say they want to be. Using the new app requires selecting a series of characteristics, that can 【S4】______ range from whether the user favours organic products to buy only from firms 【S5】______ with a good human-right record. The consumers then scan the barcode on 【S6】______ product with the camera in their smart phone. The app identifies it and 【S7】______ checks in a database to score how it shapes in. 【S8】______ Much however depends on the quality of the data, which GoodGuide 【S9】______gathers from various sources, including government reports and scientific studies, and research by its own staff. If the product scores badly, the app will recommend an alternative item which is rated more highly. The app also tracks a consumer’s purchases to see how well they fit in with their 【S10】______ selected values, giving a sort of personal virtue (or hypocrisy) rating.11．【S1】正确答案：him→himself 涉及知识点：改错12．【S2】正确答案：ready→readily 涉及知识点：改错13．【S3】正确答案：embedding→embedded 涉及知识点：改错14．【S4】正确答案：that→which 涉及知识点：改错15．【S5】正确答案：buy→buying 涉及知识点：改错16．【S6】正确答案：human-right→human-rights 涉及知识点：改错17．【S7】正确答案：∧product→a 涉及知识点：改错18．【S8】正确答案：第二个in→up 涉及知识点：改错19．【S9】正确答案：however→therefore 涉及知识点：改错20．【S10】正确答案：in→去掉in 涉及知识点：改错。
英语专业八级改错真题(1999-2012)完整含答案版本解析
99年改错Part Ⅱ Proofreading and Error Correction (15 min)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/’ and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.ExampleWhen∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never／buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitThe hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.______ human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2._____with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate on fishingand only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.______ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.______ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.______ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6._______ diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7._______ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average American 8._______ adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to an aboriginal life 9.________ style, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for 10.________ healthier diet.2000改错The grammatical words which play so large a part in Englishgrammar are for the most part sharply and obviously different 1._______ from the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ lessmeaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2._______“empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. 3.________ But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. 4._________ Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5._________ difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man isvile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this difference in meaning. 6.________ Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the 7.________ lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for 8._________ distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9.________ from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what somepeople say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10.________ when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.2001改错During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as thevery lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watchedthe yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if 1._______ they were growers. The marketing of wheat became an increasing 2._______ favorite topic of conversation.War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketingthe western crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grainselling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange.Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn, so farmers could 3._______ not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often thatthey sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts 4.________ were coming due, just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. 5._______ On various occasions, producer groups, asked firmer control, 6._______ but the government had no wish to become involving, at 7.______ least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to runwild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.______ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal withdeliveries from the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchangetrading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices fixed by theboard. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed 9.______ the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to 10.______ buy, sell, and set prices.2002改错There are great impediments to the general use of a standardin pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography).One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt “naturally”and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1__________ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech 2.__________ sounds like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock 3.__________ when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we 4._________ recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is somethingwhich we almost always know. We begin the natural learning 5.__________ of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write,and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6.__________ practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many morehours per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our 7.___________ difficult English spelling. This is “natural”, therefore, that our 8.__________ speech-sounds should be those of our immediate circle; after all,as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community 9.__________ and giving a sense of 'belonging'. We learn quite early torecognize a “stranger”, someone who speaks with anaccent of a different community-perhaps only a few miles far. 10.__________2003改错Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families. They quicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred (1)______ years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young(2)_______ adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that Went for more than two decades and caused a major (3)_______ but temporary reversal of long-term demographic patterns. Fromthe 1940S through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate (4)________ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. (5)________ Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women on who (6)________ formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the (7)________ divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well (8)________ as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious (9)_________ distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in (10)_________ Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role of breadwinner andhomemaker was not abandoned.2004改错One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S Congressis the power to investigate. This power is usually delegated to committees - either standing committees, special committees set for a specific (1)________ purpose, or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. (2)________ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forfuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the (3)________ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings (4)_________ and to make out detailed studies of issues. (5)_________ There are important corollaries to the investigative power. Oneis the power to publicize investigations and its results. Most (6)_________ committee hearings are open to public and are reported (7)__________ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationsnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers (8)__________ to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues.(9)________ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite for contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. (10)_________2005改错The University as BusinessA number of colleges and universities have announced steeptuition increases for next year much steeper than the current,very low, rate of inflation. They say the increases are needed becauseof a loss in value of university endowments heavily investing in common 1 stock. I am skeptical. A business firm chooses the price that maximizesits net revenues, irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the 2 outlook of universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3 business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic uncertainty 4 increases the demand for education. The biggest cost of beingin the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a factor in 5 graduate and professional-school tuition); the poor one's job prospects, 6 the more sense it makes to reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students 7 include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. 8 Sky-high tuitions have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just as business firms sometimes collude to shorten the 9 rigors of competition, universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athletes whom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the best athletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salaries earlierfrom professional teams. And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competition for the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basis of merit rather than purelyof need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best 10 customer.We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1_______ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2______ message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a3_______ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his4______ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5_______ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognizes, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6______ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the systemremains no more, than a psychological reality for tike inpidual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7_______ member of his linguistic community; he bas to give tile system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted rice’ two m ost8_______ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9___ ___ among most striking of human achievements. 10_______From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3 ___ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4 necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries 5than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in 6other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that7such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference8__________ between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are10__________ wholly conventional.2008年改错The desire to use language as a sign of national identityis a very natural one，and in result language has played a 1__________ prominent part in national moves．Men have often felt the need 2__________ to cultivate a given language to show that they are distinctive 3____________ from another race．whose hegemony they resent．At the time the 4.___________ United States split off from Britain，for example，therewere proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by 5._________ the use of a different language from those of Britain． 6.__________ There was even one proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew．Others favoured the adoption of Greek，though，as one man put it，things would certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to 7.___________ English and made the British learn Greek．At the end，as everyone 8.___________ knows，the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before．Sincenearly two hundred years now，they have shown the 9.____________ world that political independence and national identity can be 10.___________ complete without sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language．2009年改错The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passesfrom one school child to the next and illustrates the further difference (1)__ ___ between shcool lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse, learntin early childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener (2)__ ___ has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchildren. (3)___ __ The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmittingIt may be something from twenty to seventy years. With the playground (4)__ ___ lore, therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on whtin the very hour (5)__ ___ it is learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the (6)___ __ same age, or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in agebetween playmates to be more than five years. If therefore, a playgroundrhyme can be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or (7)___ __ even just for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitting overand over; very possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three (8)__ ___ hundred young hearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live (9)___ __ after so much handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the (10)__ __ original wording.2012PART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN) The passage contains TEN errors．Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error．In each case, only ONE word is involved．You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "L" sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen A art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall．When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it．(3) exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET TWO as instructed.The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely．The argument has been going since at least the first (1) ______ century B.C．Up to the beginning of the 19th century, many writersfavoured certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not t he letter; the (2) _______ sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter not (3) _______ the manner．This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who (4) _______ wanted the truth to be read and understood．Then in the turn of 19th (5) _______ century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language (6) _______ was entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible (7) _______ gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must be as (8) _____ literal as possible．This view culminated the statement of the (9) _______ extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation, thenature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed．Toooften, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other．Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains．(10)_____答案部分改错部分:1999年1. 答案：as → like2. 答案：supplementing → supplemented3. 答案：and → or4. 答案：in → on5. 答案：as → while / whereas6. 答案：删去for，或改成about7. 答案：删去第一个of8. 答案：half ∧→ that9. 答案：if → While / Although / Though10. 答案：for ∧→ aPart Ⅱ Proofreading and Error Correction1.答案：as→like【详细解答】as our prehistoric human ancestors意为“作为人类史前的祖先那样”，但是根据上下文，此处应表达的意思是“像人类史前的祖先那样”，故应该将as改为介词like。
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析
About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries couldbe avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____ pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____University.The report indicates that million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternalDeaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____ within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the million infant and maternaldeaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____ the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____ risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____ maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____ pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____ mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.参考答案及解析:1 将had used 改为 used。
(完整word版)英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries couldbe avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____ pregnancies， according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____ University。
The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2，000,000 maternalDeaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____ families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternaldeaths in developing countries， excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____the United Nation's Children's Fund and the US Centers for Disease Controlrespectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____ pregnancy； pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____mother is 35 years old； pregnancies after four births； and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.参考答案及解析：1 将had used 改为 used。
专八改错习题及答案解析精编版
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析(一)About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries couldbe avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____ pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____University.The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternalDeaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternaldeaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Controlrespectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.参考答案及解析:1 将had used 改为used。
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____University.The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.参考答案及解析:1 将had used 改为 used。
专业英语八级改错练习题及答案解析(3)
专业英语八级改错练习题及答案解析(3)We live in a society which there is a lot of talk about science, but I would say that there are not 5 percent of the people who are equipped with school, including college, to understand scientific reasoning. We are more ignorant of science as people with comparable education in Western Europe. There are a lot of kids who know everything about computers -- how to build them, how to take them apart, and how to write programs for games. So if you ask them to explain about the principles of physics that have gone into creating the computer, you don’t have faintest idea. The failure to understand science leads to such things like the neglect of human creative power. It also takes rise to blurring of the distinction between science and techno logy. Lots of people don’t differ between the two. Science is the production of new knowledge that can be applied or not, and technology is the application of knowledge to the production of some products, machinery or the like. The two are really different, and people who have the faculty for one very seldom have a faculty for the others. Science in itself is harmless, more or less. But as soon as it can provide technology, it’s not necessarily harmful. No society has yet learned to forecast the consequences of new technology, which can be enormous. 1 ________2 ________3 ________4 ________5 ________6 ________7 ________8 ________9 ________10 _______参考答案及解析：1. 在which前加in，或将which改为where。
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案英语专业八级改错练习题及答案「篇一」英语专业八级改错练习题Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for__1__death, for example, may sometimes oppress you。
even when this is successfully overcome, there is stillsomething for you to deal with-loneliness. Lonelinesscanspeed your demise no matter conscientiously __2__you care for your body. “We go through lifesurroundedby protective convoys of others,” says Robert Kahn, a psychologist of the Universityof Michiganwho studied the health effects of companio nship. “People __3__who manage to maintain a network of social support do best.” One study of elderlyheart-attack patientsfound that those with two or more close associations __4__enjoyed twice the one-year survival rate of those whowere completely alone。
Companionship aside, healthy oldsters seem toshare a knack for managing stress, poison that contributes __5__ measurably to heart disease, cancer and accidents。
英语专业八级考试改错题型训练及答案解析
英语专业八级考试改错题型训练及答案解析更多精彩内容请及时____应届毕业生考试网!part 1English teachers hear “he” and “she” misused on a daily basis. Small mistakes often make simple exchanges ical,and sometimes frustrating. Learning to municate a foreign__1__language can be exciting orjust daunting. Fortunately, public education in China provides a wonderful introduction with the__2__English language. Speaking, listening, reading and writing areteachers catch up with games, or activities that stimulate a __9__situation where English might be useful for those specific students. Teachers mold each class to the students present. While at dinner together or while visiting a scenic area, student should discover new vocabulary words andpractice__10__ speaking in a realistic social situation rather than a classroom.答案及解析:1. 在municate之后加inin表示手段方法等，在此意义是“用......交际”2. withto介词to从意义分析^p 该与introduction (to) 关联;而不是provide3. needneeded过去分词修饰前面的the four language skills，相当于the four language skills(which/that are) needed4. 第一个isarewhich 在从句中坐主语，其先行词为writing and speaking5. 删除on或把onin6. thanto习语superior to7. hearingheard过去分词表示被动，相当于which/that is heard8. 去掉they或在they后加are根据语法规那么，有些表示时间，地点，条件，方式或让步状语从句，假如谓语包含动词be，主语又和主语的主语谓语一致，那么常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语局部，特别是动词be省略掉9. catchecatch up with和e up with有意义一样之处：追赶，赶上，但此处根据上下文，应为e up with作为“提供，供给”解10. shouldcan根据上下文，学生具备这种才能(can)，但不是责任或义务(should)part 2party. The secondary element critical to the success of a party is__8_its theme. Each party might have a definite reason for being, a __9__certain idea or mood running throughout the evening. While many persons consider such “gimmicky” as costume parties or Mexican fiestas passe, there are many alternative themes to choose between.__10__答案及解析：1. excitedexciting：两者都为形容词，但意义上有区别：excited意为“兴奋的'，冲动的，活泼的”，常常表示一种状态。
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案英语专业八级改错练习题及答案英语专业八级改错练习题Successful aging is a psychological feat. Fear for__1__death, for example, may sometimes oppress you.even when this is successfully overcome, there is stillsomething for you to deal with-loneliness. Lonelinesscanspeed your demise no matter conscientiously __2__you care for your body. “We go through lifesurroundedby protective convoys of others,” says Robert Kahn, a psychologist of the Universityof Michiganwho studied the health effects of companionship. “People __3__who manage to maintain a network of social support do best.” One study of elderlyheart-attack patientsfound that those with two or more close associations __4__enjoyed twice the one-year survival rate of those whowere completely alone.Companionship aside, healthy oldsters seem toshare a knack for managing stress, poison that contributes __5__measurably to heart disease, cancer and accidents.Researchers have also been kinked successful aging __6__to mental stimulation. An idle brain will deterioratejust as sure as an unused leg, notes Dr. Gene Cohen, __7__Head of the gerontology center at George WashingtonUniversity. But just as exercise can prevent muscle __8__atrophy, mental challenges seem to preserve both the mind and the immune system.But what most impresses researcherswho study the oldest old ishis simple drive and resilience. “People who reach 100 __9__ are not quitters,” says Adler of the National Centenar ianAwareness Project. “They share a remarkable ability torenegotiate life in every turn, to accept the inevitable losses __10__And move on.”参考答案:1.把for改为of与fear搭配的介词通常是of，表示对…的恐惧。
2017年-1995年英语专业八级改错真题与答案持续更新(部分详解)文字答案校对版
1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字/答案校对版）2017年改错真题The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes humanbeings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which 1.________distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs tobe equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2.________what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction 3.________in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, th e more one accepts one’s strengths and works 4._______towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5.________ communication skills, the better will be their interactions andthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve 6.________ communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of menand women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7.________help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominantfactor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to 8.________ communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made 9._______programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look intothe problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10._______2016年改错真题All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships,a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships, 1._________for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences,language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special 2._________character—a character that differs it in various ways from 3._________other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places,songs, or events that come to have a unique andimportant symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any 4._________social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, orsociety—develops a culture with the passage of time.While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique,all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between 5.__________ communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6.__________Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics 7.__________are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies,but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._________In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social commu nication.Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9.__________another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10._________ transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年改错真题When I was in my early teens, I was taken to a spectacular showon ice by the mother of a friend. Looked round at the luxury of the 1. ________ rink, my friend’s mother remarked on the “plush” seats we had beengiven. I did not know what she meant, and being proud of my 2.________ vocabulary, I tried to infer its meaning from the context. “Plush”was clearly intended as a complimentary, a positive evaluation; that 3. ________ much I could tell it from the tone of voice and the context. So I 4. ________ started to use the word. Yes, I replied, they certainly are plush, andso are the ice rink and the costumes of the skaters, aren’t they? Myfriend’s mother was very polite to correct me, but I could tell from her 5. ________ expression that I had not got the word quite right.Often we can indeed infer from the context what a word roughlymeans, and that is in fact the way which we usually acquire both 6. ________ new words and new meanings for familiar words, specially in our 7. ________ own first language. But sometimes we need to ask, as I should haveasked for plush, and this is particularly true in the 8.________ aspect of a foreign language. If you are continually surrounded by 9________ speakers of the language you are learning, you can ask them directly,but often this opportunity does not exist for the learner of English.So dictionaries have been developed to mend the gap. 10. _________ 2014年改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second language acquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions 1.__________ have possessed the most attention of researchers in this area: 2.__________◆Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language? 3.__________◆What is the explanation for the fact adults have 4.__________ more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?◆What motivates people to acquire additional languages?◆What is the role of the language teaching in the 5.___________acquisition of an additional language?◆What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all 6.__________ the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7.___________ so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under 8.___________ focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of an individual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning 9.___________ or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers. 10.___________2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processes involved in lang uage. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned 1.__________with listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.One reason why we take the language for granted is that it usually 2.__________happens so effortlessly, and most of time, so accurately. 3.__________Indeed, when you listen to someone to speaking, or looking at this page, 4.________you normally cannot help but understand it.It is only in exceptional circumstances we might become aware of 5._________the complexity involved: if we are searching for a word but cannotremember it; if a relative or colleague has had a stroke which has 6._________influenced their language; if we observe a child acquire language; 7._________if we try to learn a second language ourselves as an adult; or if weare visually impaired or hearing-impaired or if we meet anyone else 8._________who is. As we shall see, all these examples of what might be called“language in exceptional circum stances” reveal a great deal about theprocesses evolved in speaking, listening, writing and reading. But 9.__________given that language processes were normally so automatic, we also 10.__________need to carry out careful experiments to get at what is happening.2012年改错真题The central problem of translating has always been whether totranslate literally or freely. The argument has been going since at least 1.__________the first century B.C. Up to the beginning of the 19th century, manywriters favored certain kind of “free” translation: the spirit, not the 2.__________letter; the sense not the word; the message rather the form; the matter 3.__________not the manner. This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who 4.___________wanted the truth to be read and understood. Then in the turn of 5.___________19th century, when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language was 6.__________entirely the product of culture, the view translation was impossible 7.__________gained some currency, and with it that, if was attempted at all, it must 8.__________be as literal as possible. This view culminated the statement of the 9._________extreme “literalists” Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical: the purpose of the translation,the nature of the readership, the type of the text, was not discussed.Too often, writer, translator and reader were implicitly identified with eachother. Now, the context has changed, and the basic problem remains. 10. _________2011年改错真题From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, Iknew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages 1._____________of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon thisidea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my 2._____________true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down 3._____________and write books.I was the child of three, but there was a gap offive years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._____________before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhatlonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which 5._____________made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had thelonely child's habit of making up stories and holdingconversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the 6._____________very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling 7._____________of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facilitywith words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I 8._____________felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get 9._____________my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the 10.____________volume of serious — i.e. seriously intended — writing whichI produced all through my childhood and boyhood would notamount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poemat the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年改错真题So far as we can tell, all human languages are equallycomplete and perfect as instruments of communication: that is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say 1____________the things their speakers want to say. 2____________ There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive 3_____________peoples or cultur es, but that is another matter. Certainly, not allgroups of people are equally competent in nuclear physics orpsychology or the cultivation of rice . Whereas this is not the 4____________fault of their language. The Eskimos , it is said, can speak aboutsnow with further more precision and subtlety than we can in 5_____________English, but this is not because the Eskimo language (one of thosesometimes miscalled 'primitive') is inherently more precise andsubtle than English. This example does not come to light a defect 6____________in English, a show of unexpected 'primitiveness'. The position issimply and obviously that the Eskimos and the English live in similar 7___________ environments. The English language will be just as rich in terms 8____________for different kinds of snow, presumably, if the environments in whichEnglishwas habitually used made such distinction as important. 9___________ Similarly, we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo languagecould be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufactureor cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos' life. 10____________For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth centurycould not talk about motorcars with the minute discriminationwhich is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture.But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicleswhich send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when weare reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguishbetween a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig,a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?2009年改错真题The previous section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes fromone school child to the next and illustrates the further difference 1.__________between school lore and nursery lore. In nursery lore a verse,learnt inearly childhood, is not usually passed on again when the little listener 2.__________has grown up, and has children of their own, or even grandchild 3.___________The period between learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting it maybe something from twenty to seventy years.With the playground lore, 4.__________therefore, a rhyme may be excitedly passed on within the very hour it is 5._________learnt; and in the general, it passes between children of the same age, 6.___________or nearly so, since it is uncommon for the difference in age betweenplaymates to be more than five years. If, therefore, a playground rhymecan be shown to have been currently for a hundred years, or even just 7.___________for fifty, it follows that it has been retransmitted over and over; very 8.___________possibly it has passed along a chain of two or three hundred younghearers and tellers, and the wonder is that it remains live after so much 9.__________handling, to let alone that it bears resemblance to the 10.___________2008年改错真题The desire to use language as a sign of national identity is avery natural one, and in result language has played a prominent 1.__________part in national moves. Men have often felt the need to cultivate 2.__________ a given language to show that they are distinctive from another 3.__________ race whose hegemony they resent. At the time the United States 4.__________ split off from Britain, for example, there were proposals thatindependence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a 5.__________ different language from those of Britain. There was even one 6.__________ proposal that Americans should adopt Hebrew. Others favouredthe adoption of Greek, though, as one man put it, things wouldcertainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English 7.__________and made the British learn Greek. At the end, as everyone 8.__________knows, the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactorysolution of carrying with the same language as before. 9.__________ Since nearly two hundred years now, they have shown the world 10.__________ that political independence and national identity can be completewithout sacrificing the enormous mutual advantages of a common language.2007年改错真题From what has been said, it must be clear that no one canmake very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest 1.__________ records of ancient languages show us language in a new and 2.__________emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language 3._________ originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the 4.__________ necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remotetribes, no ancient records, providing evidence ofa language with a large proportion of such cries 5.__________ than we find in English. It is true that the absenceof such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in other grounds 6.___________ too the theory is not very attractive.People of all races and languages make rather similarnoises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that 7.___________ such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmenand Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference 8.___________between these noises and language proper. We maysay that the cries of pain or chortles of amusementare largely reflex actions, instinctive to large extent, 9.____________ whereas language proper does not consist of signsbut of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional. 10.___________ 2006年改错真题We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as 1.________ to the way in which words should be arranged to convey a particular 2.________ message: the English speaker has in his disposal vocabulary and a 3._________ set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his 4._________ thoughts and feelings, in a variety of styles, to the other English 5._________ speakers. His vocabulary, in particular, both that which he uses activelyand that which he recognises, increases in size as he growsold as a result of education and experience. 6._________ But, whether the language store is relatively small or large, the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual, unlesshe has a means of expressing it in terms able to be seen by another 7._________ member of his linguistic community; he has to give the system aconcrete transmission form. We take it for granted the two most 8.___________ common forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by ourvocal organs (speech) or by visual signs (writing). And these are 9.___________among most striking of human achievements. 10.___________ 2005年改错真题The University as BusinesA number of colleges and universities have announced steep tuitionincreases for next year—much steeper than the current, very low rate ofinflation. They say the increases are needed because of a loss in value ofuniversity endowments heavily investing in common stock. I am skeptical. 1._______ A business firm chooses the price that maximizes its net revenues,irrespective fluctuations in income; and increasingly the outlook of 2._________ universities in the United States is indistinguishable from those of 3._________ business firms. The rise in tuitions may reflect the fact economic 4._________ uncertainty increases the demand for education. The biggest cost ofbeing in the school is foregoing income from a job (this is primarily a 5._________ factor in graduate and professional-school tuition);the poor one's job prospects, the more sense it makes to 6.__________ reallocate time from the job market to education,in order to make oneself more marketable.The ways which universities make themselves attractive to students7._________ include soft majors, student evaluations of teachers, giving studentsa governance role, and eliminate required courses. Sky-high tuitions 8.____________ have caused universities to regard their students as customers. Just asbusiness firms sometimes collude to shorten the rigors of competition, 9.___________ universities collude to minimize the cost to them of the athleteswhom they recruit in order to stimulate alumni donations, so the bestathletes now often bypass higher education in order to obtain salariesearlier from professional teams. And until they were stopped by theantitrust authorities, the Ivy League schools colluded to limit competitionfor the best students, by agreeing not to award scholarships on the basisof merit rather than purely of need—just like businessfirms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer. 10 ___________ 2004年改错真题One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congressis the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated tocommittees — either stading committees,special committees set for a specific purpose, 1.___________or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. 2.___________ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forFuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualification and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the 3.___________ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 4.___________ and to make out detailed studies of issues. 5.____________ There are important corallaries to the investigative power.One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. 6.___________ most committee hearings are open to public and are reported 7.___________ widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes 8.___________ to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issuses.9.__________ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite fro contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. 10.__________2003年改错真题Demographic indicators show that Americans in the postwarperiod were more eager than ever to establish families. They quicklybrought down the age at marriage for both men and women and broughtthe birth rate to a twentieth century height after more than a hundred 1.________years of a steady decline, producing the “baby boom.” These young 2.________adults established a trend of early marriage and relatively largefamilies that went for more than two decades and caused a major 3.___________but temporary re versal of long-term demographic patterns. Fromthe 1940s through the early 1960s, Americans married at a high rate 4.__________ and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts. 5.__________Less noted but equally more significant, the men and women who 6._________formed families between 1940 and 1960 nevertheless reduced the 7._________divorce rate after a postwar peak; their marriages remained intact toa greater extent than did that of couples who married in earlier as well 8.__________as later decades. Since the United States maintained its dubious 9.__________distinction of having the highest divorce rate in the world, thetemporary decline in divorce did not occur in the same extent in 10._________Europe. Contrary to fears of the experts, the role ofbreadwinner and homemaker was not abandoned.2002年改错真题There are great impediments to the general use of a standardin pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling(orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt“naturally” and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt 1.____________deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact,remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what 2.____________our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often 3.____________comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. 4.____________It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwritingis something which we almost always know. We begin the “natural” 5.___________learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read orwrite, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and 6.___________practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hoursper every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult 7.__________English spelling. This is “natural” therefore, that our speech-sounds 8.__________should be those of our immediate circle; after all, as we have seen,speech operates as a means of holding a community and 9.__________giving a sense of “belonging”. We learn quite early to recognize a“stranger”, someone who speaks with an accent of a differentCommunity—perhaps only a few miles far. 10.__________2001年改错真题During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the verylifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yieldsand the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. 1.________The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.2.______ War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing thewestern crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain sellingas carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat priceswere generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for 3.____________markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheatsoon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, 4.____________just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,5.________producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to 6.________become involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened7.________to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___________government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveriesfrom the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended,and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 9._________ 1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board,with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. 10.___________ 2000年改错真题The grammatical words which play so large a part in Englishgrammar are for the most part sharply and obviously differentfrom the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ less 1.___________ meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2.___________ “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. 3.__________ But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. 4.__________ Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5.__________ difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man isvile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this dif ference in meaning. 6.___________ Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the 7.___________ lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for 8.___________ distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9.___________ from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what somepeople say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10.__________ when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.1999年改错真题The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.____________ human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.____________ with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate onfishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.__________ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___________ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.__________ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___________ diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___________ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average 8.__________ American adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to 9.___________an aboriginal life style, we certainly could use their eating habitsas a model for healthier diet.1998年改错真题When a human infant is born into any community in any partof the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided 1.____________ neither of them have been damaged in any way either before 2.___________ or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born childrenare completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity topay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing 3.___________。
英语专业八级改错真题及答案持续更新部分详解文字答案校对
1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字/答案校对版）2017年改错真题The ability to communicate is the primary factor that distinguishes humanbeings from animals. And it is the ability to communicate well which 1.________ distinguishes one individual from another.The fact is that apart from the basic necessities, one needs tobe equipped with habits for good communication skills, thus this is 2.________what will make one a happy and successful social being.In order to develop these habits, one needs to first acknowledgethe fact that they need to improve communication skills from time to time.They need to take stock of the way how they interact and the direction 3.________in which their work and personal relations are going. The only constantin life is change, the more one accepts one’s strengths and works 4._______towards dealing with their shortcomings, specially in the area of 5.________ communication skills, the better will be their interactions andthe more their social popularity.The dominated question that comes here is: How to improve 6.________ communication skills? The answer is simple. One can findplenty of literature on this. There are also experts, who conductworkshops and seminars based on communication skills of menand women. In fact, a large number of companies are bringing intrainers to regularly make sessions on the subject, in order to 7.________help their work force maintain better interpersonal work relations.Today effective communication skills have become a predominantfactor even while recruiting employees. While interviewing candidates,most interviewers judge them on the basis of the skills they communicate with.They believe that some skills can be improvised on the job; but ability to 8.________ communicate well is important, as every employee becomes therepresenting face of the company.There are trainers, who specialized in delivering custom-made 9._______ programs on the subject. Through the sessions they not only facilitatebetter communication skills in the workplace, but also look intothe problems in the manner of being able to convey messages effectively. 10._______2016年改错真题All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships,a culture develops in time. In friendship and romantic relationships, 1._________for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences,language patterns, habits, and customs give that relationship a special 2._________ character—a character that differs it in various ways from 3._________other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places,songs, or events that come to have a unique andimportant symbolic meaning for the two individuals. Thus, any 4._________social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, orsociety—develops a culture with the passage of time.While the defining characteristics of each culture are unique,all cultures share certain same functions. The relationship between 5.__________ communication and culture is a very complex intimate one. 6.__________Cultures are created through communication; that is, communication isthe means of human interaction, through it cultural characteristics 7.__________are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies,but rather than that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction.8._________In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication.Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible tohave and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to 9.__________ another. One can say, furthermore, that culture is created, shaped, 10._________ transmitted, and learned through communication.2015年改错真题When?I?was?in?my?early?teens,?I?was?taken?to?a?spectacular?show?on?ice?by?the?mother?of?a?friend.?Looked?round?at?the?luxury?of?the 1. ________ rink,?my?friend’s?mother?remarked?on?the?“plush”?seats?we?had?been?given.?I?did?not?know?what?she?meant,?and?being?proud?of?my2.______ __??vocabulary,?I?tried?to?infer?its?meaning?from?the?context.?“Plush”?was?clearly?intended?as?a?complimentary,?a?positive?evaluation;?that3. ________?? much?I?could?tell?it?from?the?tone?of?voice?and?the?context.?So?I4.?______ __?started?to?use?the?word.?Yes,?I?replied,?they?certainly?are?plush,?and?so?are?the?ice?rink?and?the?costumes?of?the?skaters,?aren’t?they??My?friend’s?mother?was?very?polite?to?correct?me,?but?I?could?tell?from?her5. ________?? expression?that?I?had?not?got?the?word?quite?right.?Often?we?can?indeed?infer?from?the?context?what?a?word?roughly?means,?and?that?is?in?fact?the?way?which?we?usually?acquire?both6.?_______ _?new?words?and?new?meanings?for?familiar?words,?specially?in?our7.?________? own?first?language.?But?sometimes?we?need?to?ask,?as?I?should?have?asked?for?plush,?and?this?is?particularly?true?in?the 8.__ ______aspect?of?a?foreign?language.?If?you?are?continually?surrounded?by9________ speakers?of?the?language?you?are?learning,?you?can?ask?them?directly,??but?often?this?opportunity?does?not?exist?for?the?learner?of?English.?So?dictionaries?have?been?developed?to?mend?the?gap.10.?____ _____2014年改错真题There is widespread consensus among scholars that second languageacquisition (SLA) emerged as a distinct field of research from the late 1950s toearly 1960s.There is a high level of agreement that the following questions1.__________ have?possessed?the?most?attention?of?researchers?in?this?area:? 2.__________◆Is it possible to acquire an additional language in thesame sense one acquires a first language3.__________◆What is the explanation for the fact adults have 4.__________ more difficulty in acquiring additional languages than children have?◆What motivates people to acquire additional languages?◆What is the role of the language teaching in the 5.___________acquisition of an additional language?◆What socio-cultural factors, if any, are relevant in studying thelearning of additional languages?From a check of the literature of the field it is clear that all6.__________the approaches adopted to study the phenomena of SLA so far haveone thing in common: The perspective adopted to view the acquiringof an additional language is that of an individual attempts to do 7.___________so. Whether one labels it “learning” or “acquiring” an additionallanguage, it is an individual accomplishment or what is under8.___________ focus is the cognitive, psychological, and institutional status of anindividual. That is, the spotlight is on what mental capabilities areinvolving, what psychological factors play a role in the learning9.___________or acquisition, and whether the target language is learnt in theclassroom or acquired through social touch with native speakers.? 10.___________2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics?is?the?name?given?to?the?study?of?the?psychological?processes??invol ved?in?language.?Psycholinguistics?study?understanding,??production?and?remembering?language,?and?hence?are?concerned? 1.__________with ?listening,?reading,?speaking,?writing,?and?memory?for?language.?One?reason?why?we?take?the?language?for?granted?is?that?it?usually 2.__________ happens?so?effortlessly,?and?most?of?time,?so?accurately. 3.__________? Indeed,?when?you?listen?to?someone?to?speaking,?or?looking?at?this?page,??4.________ younormallycannothelpbutunderstandit.It?is?only?in?exceptional??circumstances?we?might??become?aware?of?5._________ the?complexity?involved:?if?we?are?searching?for?a?word?but?cannot?remember?it;??if?a?relative?or?colleague?has?had?a?stroke?which?has? 6._________ influenced??their?language;?if?we?observe?a?child?acquire?language;? 7._________if??we?try?to?learn?a?second?language?ourselves?as?an?adult;?or??if?we?are?visually?impaired?or?hearing-impaired?or?if?we?meet?anyone?else? 8._________ who?is.?As?we?shall?see,?all?these?examples of?what?might?be?called?“language?in?exceptional?circumstances”??reveal?a?great?deal?about?the processesevolvedinspeaking, listening,writingandreading.But 9.__________ given?that?language?processes??were?normally?so?automatic,?we?also? 10.__________ need?to?carry?out?careful?experiments?to?get?at?what?is?happening.??2012年改错真题The?central?problem?of?translating?has?always?been?whether?to?translate?literally?or?freely.?The?argument?has?been?going?since?at?least? 1.__________ the?first?century?B.C.?Up?to?the?beginning?of?the?19th?century,?many?writers?favored?certain?kind?of?“free”?translation:?t he?spirit,?not?the? 2.__________ letter;?the?sense?not?the?word;?the?message?rather?the?form;?the?matter? 3.__________ not?the?manner.?This?is?the?often?revolutionary?slogan?of?writers?who? 4.___________ wanted?the?truth?to?be?read?and?understood.?Then?in?the?turn?of? 5.___________19th?century,?when?the?study?of?cultural?anthropology?suggested?that?the?linguistic?barriers?were?insuperable?and?that?the?language?was? 6.__________ entirely?the?product?of?culture,?the?view?translation?was?impossible? 7.__________? gained?some?currency,?and?with?it?that,?if?was?attempted?at?all,?it?must? 8.__________ be?as literal?as?possible.?This?view?culminated?the?statement?of?the? 9._________? extreme?“literalists”?Walter?Benjamin?and?Vladimir?Nobokov.The?argument?was?theoretical:?the?purpose?of?the?translation,?the?nature?of?the?readership,?the?type?of?the?text,?was?not?discussed.?Too?often,?writer, translator?and?reader?were?implicitly?identified?with?each?other.?Now,?the?context?has?changed,?and?the?basic?problem?remains.? 10.?_________ 2011年改错真题From a very early age, perhaps the age of five or six, Iknew that when I grew I should be a writer. Between the ages 1._____________of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to abandon thisidea, but I did so with the conscience that I was outraging my 2._____________true nature and that soon or later I should have to settle down 3._____________and write books.I was the child of three, but there was a gap offive years on either side, and I barely saw my father 4._____________before I was eight. For this and other reasons I was somewhatlonely, and I soon developed disagreeing mannerisms which 5._____________made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. I had thelonely child's habit of making up stories and holdingconversations with imaginative persons, and I think from the 6._____________very start my literal ambitions were mixed up with the feeling 7._____________of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facilitywith words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts, and I 8._____________felt that this created a sort of private world which I could get 9._____________my own back for my failure in everyday life. Therefore, the 10.____________volume of serious — i.e. seriously intended —writing whichI produced all through my childhood and boyhood would notamount to half a dozen pages. I wrote my first poemat the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation.2010年改错真题So?far?as?we?can?tell,?all?human?languages?are?equally??complete?and?perfect?as?instruments?of?communication:?that?is,??every?language?appears?to?be?well?equipped?as?any?other?to?say1____________ the?things?their?speakers?want?to?say.2____________There?may?or?may?not?be?appropriate?to?talk?about?primitive3_____________peo ples?or?cultures,?but?that?is?another?matter.?Certainly,?not?all??groups?of?people?are?equally?competent?in?nuclear?physics?or??psychology?or?the?cultivation?of?rice?.?Whereas?this?is?not?the4____________ fault?of?their?language.?The?Eskimos?,?it?is?said,?can?speak?about?snow?with?further?more?precision?and?subtlety?than?we?can?in5_____________ English,?but?this?is?not?because?the?Eskimo?language?(one?of?those??sometimes?miscalled?'primitive')?is?inherently?more?precise?and??subtle?than?English.?This?example?does?not?come?to?light?a?defect6____________ in?English,?a?show?of?unexpected?'primitiveness'.?The?position?is?simply?and?obviously?that?the?Eskimos?and?the?English?live?in?similar??7___________ environments.?The?English?language?will?be?just?as?rich?in?terms8____________ for?different?kinds?of?snow,?presumably,?if?the?environments?in?which? Englishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionasimportant.9___________ Similarly,?we?have?no?reason?to?doubt?that?the?Eskimo?language??could?be?as?precise?and?subtle?on?the?subject?of?motor?manufacture??or?cricket?if?these?topics?formed?the?part?of?the?Eskimos'?life.10____________ For obvious historical reasons, Englishmen in the nineteenth centurycould not talk about motorcars with the minute discriminationwhich is possible today: cars were not a part of their culture.But they had a host of terms for horse-drawn vehicleswhich send us, puzzled, to a historical dictionary when weare reading Scott or Dickens. How many of us could distinguishbetween a chaise, a landau, a victoria, a brougham, a coupe, a gig,a diligence, a whisky, a calash, a tilbury, a carriole, a phaeton, and a clarence?2009年改错真题The?previous?section?has?shown?how?quickly?a?rhyme?passes?from?one?school?child?to?the?next?and?illustrates?the?further?difference1.__________ betweenschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntinearly?childhood,?is?not?usually?passed?on?again?when?the?little listener ?2.__________ has?grown?up,?and?has?children?of?their?own,?or?even?grandchild 3.___________ The?period?between?learning?a?nursery?rhyme?and?transmitting?it?may?be?something?from?twenty?to?seventy?years.With?the?playground?lore,? 4.__________ therefore,?a?rhyme?may?be?excitedly?passed on?within?the?very?hour?it?is?5._________ learnt;?and?in?the?general,?it?passes?between?children?of?the?same?age,?6.___________ or?nearly?so,?since?it?is?uncommon??for?the?difference?in?age?between?playmates?to?be?more?than?five?years.?If, therefore,?a?playground?rhyme?can?be?shown?to?have?been?currently?for?a?hundred?years,?or?even?just?7.___________ for?fifty,?it?follows?that?it?has?been?retransmitted?over?and?over;?very? 8.___________ possibly?it?has?passed?along?a?chain?of?two?or?three?hundred?young?hearers?and?tellers,?and?the?wonder?is?that?it?remains?live?after?so?much?9.__________ handling,?to?let?alone?that?it?bears?resemblance?to?the10.______ _____2008年改错真题The?desire?to?use?language?as?a?sign?of?national?identity?is?a?very?natural?one,?and?in?result?language?has?played?a?prominent1.__________ part?in?national?moves.?Men?have?often?felt?the?need?to?cultivate2.__________ a?given?language?to?show?that?they?are?distinctive?from?another3.__________ race?whose?hegemony?they?resent.?At?the?time?the?United?States??????? ?4.__________ split?off?from?Britain,?for?example,?there?were?proposals?that?independence?should?be?linguistically?accepted?by?the?use?of?a5.__________ different?language?from?those?of?Britain.?There?was?even?one?????????? ?6.__________ proposal?that?Americans?should?adopt?Hebrew.?Others?favoured?the?adoption?of?Greek,?though,?as?one?man?put?it,?things?would?certainly?be?simpler?for?Americans?if?they?stuck?on?to?English7.__________? andmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,aseveryone 8.__________ knows,thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolution?of?carrying?with?the?same?language?as?before. 9.__________ Since?nearly?two?hundred?years?now,?they?have?shown?the?world 10.__________ that?political?independence?and?national?identity?can?be?complete?without?sacrificing?the?enormous?mutual?advantages?of?a?common?language.?2007年改错真题From?what?has?been?said,?it?must?be?clear?that?no?one?can??make?very?positive?statements?about?how?language?originated.??There?is?no?material?in?any?language?today?and?in?the?earliest 1.__________? records?of?ancient?languages?show?us?language?in?a?new?and ?2.__________ emergingstate.Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguage 3._________? originated?in?cries?of?anger,?fear,?pain?and?pleasure,?and?the 4.__________? necessary?evidence?is?entirely?lacking:?there?are?no?remotetribes,?no?ancient?records,?providing?evidence?of??a?language?with?a?large?proportion?of?such?cries ? 5.__________? than?we?find?in?English.?It?is?true?that?the?absenceof?such?evidence?does?not?disprove?the?theory,?but?in?other?grounds 6.___________ too?the?theory?is?not?very?attractive.??People?of?all?races?and?languages?make?rather?similar??noises?in?return?to?pain?or?pleasure.?The?fact?that7.___________?such?noises?are?similar?on?the?lips?of?Frenchmen??and?Malaysians?whose?languages?are?utterly?different,??serves?to?emphasize?on?the?fundamental?difference ?? 8.___________ betweenthesenoisesandlanguageproper.Wemaysay?that?the?cries?of?pain?or?chortles?of?amusement??are?largely?reflex?actions,?instinctive?to?large?extent, 9.____________? whereas?language?proper?does?not?consist?of?signs?but?of?these?that?have?to?be?learnt?and?that?are wholly?conventional. 10.___________ 2006年改错真题We?use?language?primarily?as?a?means?of?communication?with? otherhumanbeings.Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichwe liveastoreofwordsandmeaningsaswellasagreeingconventionsas1.________ to?the?way?in?which?words?should?be?arranged?to?convey?a?particular2.________ message:?the?English?speaker?has?in?his?disposal?vocabulary?and?a3._________?setofgrammaticalruleswhichenableshimtocommunicatehis4._________ thoughts?and?feelings,?in?a?variety?of?styles,?to?the?other?English5._________ speakers.Hisvocabulary,inparticular,boththatwhichheusesactivelyand?that?which?he?recognises,?increases?in?size?as?he?grows?old?as?a?result?of?education?and?experience. ?6. _________But,?whether?the?language?store?is?relatively?small?or?large,?the?systemremains?no?more?than?a?psychological?reality?for?the?individual,?unless?he?has?a?means?of?expressing?it?in?terms?able?to?be?seen?by?another7._________??? member?of?his?linguistic?community;?he?has?to?give?the?system?a?concrete?transmission?form.?We?take?it?for?granted?the?two?most8.___________ common?forms?of?transmission-by?means?of?sounds?produced?by?our?vocal?organs?(speech)?or?by?visual?signs?(writing).?And?these?are 9.___________ among?most?striking?of?human?achievements.10.___________2005年改错真题The?University?as?BusinesA?number?of?colleges?and?universities?have?announced?steep?tuition?increases?for?next?year—much?steeper?than?the?current,?very?low?rate?of?inflation.?They?say?the?increases?are?needed?because?of?a?loss?in?value?of?university?endowments?heavily?investing?in?common?stock.?I?am?skeptical.?1._______A?business?firm?chooses?the?price?that?maximizes?its?net?revenues,?irrespective?fluctuations?in?income;?and?increasingly?the?outlook?of? 2._________ universities?in?the?United?States?is?indistinguishable?from?those?of? 3._________ business?firms.?The?rise?in?tuitions?may?reflect?the?fact?economic? 4._________ uncertainty increases?the?demand?for?education.?The?biggest?cost?of?being?in?the?school?is?foregoing?income?from?a?job?(this?is?primarily?a? 5._________ factor?in?graduate?and?professional-school?tuition);?the?poor?one's?job?prospects, the?more?sense?it?makes?to? 6.__________ reallocate?time?from?the?job?market?to?education,?in?order?to?make?oneself?more?marketable.??Thewayswhichuniversitiesmakethemselvesattractivetostudents7._________ include?soft?majors,?student?evaluations?of?teachers,?giving?students??a?governance?role,?and?eliminate?required?courses.?Sky-high?tuitions?8.____________ have?caused?universities?to?regard?their?students?as?customers.?Just?as?business?firms?sometimes?collude?to?shorten?the?rigors?of?competition,?9.___________ universities?collude?to?minimize?the?cost?to?them?of?the?athletes?whom?they?recruit?in?order?to?stimulate?alumni?donations,?so?the?best??athletes?now?often?bypass?higher?education?in?order?to?obtain?salaries?earlier?from?professional?teams.?And?until?they?were?stopped?by?the?antitrust?authorities,??the?Ivy?League?schools?colluded?to?limit?competition?for?the?best?students,?by?agreeing?not?to?award?scholarships?on?the?basis?of?merit?rather?than?purely?of?need—just?like?business?firms?agreeing?not?to?give?discounts?on?their?best?customer.? 10?___________One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congressis the power to investigate. The power is usually delegtated tocommittees —either stading committees,special committees set for a specific purpose, 1.___________or joint committees consisted of members of both houses. 2.___________ Investigations are held to gather information on the need forFuture legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed,to inquire into the qualification and performance of members andofficials of the other branches, and in rare occasions, to lay the 3.___________ groundwork for impeachment proceedings. Frequently, committeesrely outside experts to assist in conducting investigative hearings 4.___________and to make out detailed studies of issues. 5.____________ There are important corallaries to the investigative power.One is the power to publicize investigations and its results. 6.___________most committee hearings are open to public and are reported 7.___________widely in the mass media. Congressional investigationnevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakes 8.___________to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issuses.9.__________ Congressional committees also have the power to compeltestimony from unwilling witnesses, and to cite fro contemptof Congress witnesses who refuse to testify and for perjurythese who give false testimony. 10.__________2003年改错真题Demographic?indicators?show?that?Americans?in?the?postwarperiod?were?more?eager?than?ever?to?establish?families.?They?quicklybrought?down?the?age?at?marriage?for?both?men?and?women?and?broughtthe?birth?rate?to?a?twentieth?century?height?after?more?than?a?hundred1.________ years?of?a?steady?decline,?producing?the?“baby?boom.”?These?young2.________ adults?established?a?trend?of?early?marriage?and?relatively?largefamilies?that?went?for?more?than?two?decades?and?caused?a?major3.___________but temporaryreversaloflong-termdemographicpatterns.Fromthe?1940s?through?the?early?1960s,?Americans?married?at?a?high?rate4.__________and atayoungeragethantheirEuropecounterparts. ??5.__________? Less?noted?but?equally?more?significant,?the?men?and?women?who6._________???? formed?families?between?1940?and?1960?nevertheless?reduced?the7._________?? divorce?rate?after?a?postwar?peak;?their?marriages?remained?intact?toa?greater?extent?than?did?that?of?couples?who?married?in?earlier?as?well8.__________as?l ater?decades.?Since?the?United?States?maintained?its?dubious?????????? ?9.__________ distinction?of?having?the?highest?divorce?rate?in?the?world,?thetemporary?decline?in?divorce?did?not?occur?in?the?same?extent?in10.________ _Europe.?Contrary?to?fears?of?the?experts,?the?role?of?breadwinner?and homemaker?was?not?abandoned.There?are?great?impediments?to?the?general?use?of?a?standard?in?pronunciation??comparable?to?that?existing?in?spelling?(orthography).?One?is?the?fact that?pronunciation?is?learnt“naturally”?and?unconsciously,?and?orthography?is?learnt 1.____________ deliberately?and?consciously.?Large?numbers?of?us,?in?fact,?remain?throughout?our?lives?quite?unconscious?with?what? 2.____________our?speech?sounds?like?when?we?speak?out,?and?it?often? 3.____________ comes?as?a?shock?when?we?firstly?hear?a?recording?of?ourselves.? 4.____________It?is?not?a?voice?we?recognize?at?once,?whereas?our?own?handwriting?is?something?which?we?almost?always?know.?We?begin?the?“natural” 5.___________ learning?of?pronunciation?long?before?we?start?learning?to?read?or?write,?and?in?our?early?years?we?went?on?unconsciously?imitating?and? 6.___________ practicing?the?pronunciation?of?those?around?us?for?many?more?hours?per?every?day?than?we?ever?have?to?spend?learning?even?our?difficult? 7.__________ English?spelling.?This?is?“natural”?therefore,?that?our?speech-sounds? 8.__________ should?be?those?of?our?immediate?circle;?after?all,?as?we?have?seen,?speech?operates?as?a?means?of?holding?a?community?and? 9.__________ giving?a?sense?of “belonging”.?We?learn?quite?early?to?recognize?a?“stranger”, someone?who?speaks?with?an?accent?of?a?different? Community—perhaps?only?a?few?miles?far. 10.__________ 2001年改错真题During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the verylifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yieldsand the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. 1.________The marketing of wheat became an increasing favorite topic of conversation.2.______ War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing thewestern crop. For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain sellingas carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat priceswere generally low in the autumn, so farmers could not wait for 3.____________markets to improve. It had happened too often that they sold their wheatsoon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, 4.____________just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,5.________ producer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to 6.________become involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened7.________to run wild.Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal 8.___________ government appointed a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveriesfrom the crops of 1917 and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended,and farmers sold at prices fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 9._________1919, the government appointed the first Canadian Wheat Board,with total authority to buy, sell, and set prices. 10.___________2000年改错真题The grammatical words which play so large a part in Englishgrammar are for the most part sharply and obviously differentfrom the lexical words. A rough and ready difference which mayseem the most obvious is that grammatical words have“ less 1.___________ meaning”, but in fact some grammarians have called them 2.___________ “empty” words as opposed in the “full” words of vocabulary. 3.__________ But this is a rather misled way of expressing the distinction. 4.__________ Although a word like the is not the name of something as man is,it is very far away from being meaningless; there is a sharp 5.__________ difference in meaning between “man is vile and” “the man isvile”, yet the is the single vehicle of this diff erence in meaning. 6.___________ Moreover, grammatical words differ considerably amongthemselves as the amount of meaning they have, even in the 7.___________ lexical sense. Another name for the grammatical words has been“little words”. But size is by no mean a good criterion for 8.___________ distinguishing the grammatical words of English, when weconsider that we have lexical words as go, man, say, car. Apart 9.___________ from this, however, there is a good deal of truth in what somepeople say: we certainly do create a great number of obscurity 10.__________ when we omit them. This is illustrated not only in the poetry ofRobert Browning but in the prose of telegrams and newspaper headlines.1999年改错真题The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric 1.____________ human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing 2.____________with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modem hunter-gatherers,including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that onehalf emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate onfishing and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirdsand more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from plants. Detailed 3.__________ studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University ofLondon, showed that gathering is a more productive source of foodthan is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 4.___________ edible calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. 5.__________ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung 6.___________ diet, and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, ifthey escape fatal infections or accidents, these contemporaryaborigines live to old ages despite of the absence of medical care. 7.___________ They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little dentaldecay, no high blood pressure, on heart disease, and their bloodcholesterol levels are very low( about half of the average 8.__________ American adult), if no one is suggesting what we return to 9.___________an aboriginal life style, we certainly could use their eating habitsas a model for healthier diet.1998年改错真题When a human infant is born into any community in any partof the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided 1.____________ neither of them have been damaged in any way either before 2.___________or during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born childrenare completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to。
英语专业八级改错练习题及参考答案
英语专业八级改错练习题及参考答案英语专业八级改错练习题及参考答案Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosed their responsibilities __1__ to kins (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place __2__ for superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. __3__ However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you if you are a resident of a smaller community. __4__ But, for the most part, this fact has a few significant consequences. __5__ It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else.Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationship do not differ between more and less urban __6__ people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than do big __7__ city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Or are residents of large communities __8__ any likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation __9__ than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust for strangers. __10__答案：1.loosed改为loosened。
优选英语专业八级改错真题及答案持续更新部分详解文字答案校对版
1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字/答案校对版）2017年改错真题Theabilitytocommunicateistheprimaryfactorthatdistinguisheshuman beingsfromanimals.Anditistheabilitytocommunicatewellwhich1.________ distinguishesoneindividualfromanother.Thefactisthatapartfromthebasicnecessities,oneneedsto beequippedwithhabitsforgoodcommunicationskills,thusthisis2.________ whatwillmakeoneahappyandsuccessfulsocialbeing.Inordertodevelopthesehabits,oneneedstofirstacknowledge thefactthattheyneedtoimprovecommunicationskillsfromtimetotime. Theyneedtotakestockofthewayhowtheyinteractandthedirection3.________ inwhichtheirworkandpersonalrelationsaregoing.Theonlyconstantinl ifeischange,themoreoneacceptsone’sstrengthsandworks4._______ towardsdealingwiththeirshortcomings,speciallyintheareaof5.________ communicationskills,thebetterwillbetheirinteractionsand themoretheirsocialpopularity.Thedominatedquestionthatcomeshereis:Howtoimprove6.________ communicationskills?Theanswerissimple.Onecanfindplentyofliteratureonthis.Therearealsoexperts,whoconduct workshopsandseminarsbasedoncommunicationskillsofmenandwomen.Infact,alargenumberofcompaniesarebringingin trainerstoregularlymakesessionsonthesubject,inorderto7.________ helptheirworkforcemaintainbetterinterpersonalworkrelations.Todayeffectivecommunicationskillshavebecomeapredominant factorevenwhilerecruitingemployees.Whileinterviewingcandidates, mostinterviewersjudgethemonthebasisoftheskillstheycommunicatewith. Theybelievethatsomeskillscanbeimprovisedonthejob;butabilityto8.________ communicatewellisimportant,aseveryemployeebecomesthe representingfaceofthecompany.Therearetrainers,whospecializedindeliveringcustom-made9._______ programsonthesubject.Throughthesessionstheynotonlyfacilitate bettercommunicationskillsintheworkplace,butalsolookinto theproblemsinthemannerofbeingabletoconveymessageseffectively.10._______2016年改错真题Allsocialunitsdevelopaculture.Evenintwo-personrelationships, aculturedevelopsintime.Infriendshipandromanticrelationships,1._________ forexample,partnersdeveloptheirownhistory,sharedexperiences,languagepatterns,habits,andcustomsgivethatrelationshipaspecial2._________ character—acharacterthatdiffersitinvariouswaysfrom3._________otherrelationships.Examplesmightincludespecialdates,places,songs,oreventsthatcometohaveauniqueand importantsymbolicmeaningforthetwoindividuals.Thus,any4._________ socialunit—whetherarelationship,group,organization,or society—developsaculturewiththepassageoftime. Whilethedefiningcharacteristicsofeachcultureareunique, allculturessharecertainsamefunctions.Therelationshipbetween5.__________ communicationandcultureisaverycomplexintimateone.6.__________ Culturesarecreatedthroughcommunication;thatis,communicationis themeansofhumaninteraction,throughitculturalcharacteristics7.__________ arecreatedandshared.Itisnotsomuchthatindividualssetouttocreateaculturewhentheyinteractin relationships,groups,organizations,orsocieties, butratherthanthatculturesareanaturalby-productofsocialinteraction.8._________ Inasense,culturesarethe“residue”ofsocialcommunication. Withoutcommunicationandcommunicationmedia,itwouldbeimpossibleto haveandpassalongculturalcharacteristicsfromoneplaceandtimeto9.__________ another.Onecansay,furthermore,thatcultureiscreated,shaped,10._________ transmitted,andlearnedthroughcommunication.2015年改错真题When?I?was?in?my?early?teens,?I?was?taken?to?a?spectacular?show?on?ice?by?the?mother?of?a?friend.?Looked?round?at?the?luxury?of?the????????1._____ ___rink,?my?friend’s?mother?remarked?on?the?“plush”?seats?we?had?been?given.?I?did?not?know?what?she?meant,?and?being?proud?of?my??????????????????2._ _______??vocabulary,?I?tried?to?infer?its?meaning?from?the?context.?“Plush”?was?clearly?intended?as?a?complimentary,?a?positive?evaluation;?that????????3.______ __??much?I?could?tell?it?from?the?tone?of?voice?and?the?context.?So?I???????????????4.?_ _______?started?to?use?the?word.?Yes,?I?replied,?they?certainly?are?plush,?and?so?are?the?ice?rink?and?the?costumes?of?the?skaters,?aren’t?they??My?friend’s?mother?was?very?polite?to?correct?me,?but?I?could?tell?from?her????5.______ __??expression?that?I?had?not?got?the?word?quite?right.?Often?we?can?indeed?infer?from?the?context?what?a?word?roughly?means,?and?that?is?in?fact?the?way?which?we?usually?acquire?both??????????????6.?__ ______?new?words?and?new?meanings?for?familiar?words,?specially?in?our????????????7.?___ _____?own?first?language.?But?sometimes?we?need?to?ask,?as?I?should?have?asked?for?plush,?and?this?is?particularly?true?in?the???????????????????????????????8.________aspect?of?a?foreign?language.?If?you?are?continually?surrounded?by?????????????9____ ____speakers?of?the?language?you?are?learning,?you?can?ask?them?directly,??but?often?this?opportunity?does?not?exist?for?the?learner?of?English.?So?dictionaries?have?been?developed?to?mend?the?gap.????????????????????????????10 .?_________2014年改错真题Thereiswidespreadconsensusamongscholarsthatsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)emergedasadistinctfieldofresearchfromthelate1950stoearly1960s.Thereisahighlevelofagreementthatthefollowingquestions??????1.__________ have?possessed?the?most?attention?of?researchers?in?this?area:?2.__________◆Isitpossibletoacquireanadditionallanguageinthe samesenseoneacquiresafirstlanguage?????????????????????????????3.__________◆Whatistheexplanationforthefactadultshave????????????????????4.__________ moredifficultyinacquiringadditionallanguagesthanchildrenhave?◆Whatmotivatespeopletoacquireadditionallanguages?◆Whatistheroleofthelanguageteachinginthe?????????????????5.___________acquisitionofanadditionallanguage?◆Whatsocio-culturalfactors,ifany,arerelevantinstudyingthelearningofadditionallanguages?Fromacheckoftheliteratureofthefielditisclearthatall????????????6.__________ theapproachesadoptedtostudythephenomenaofSLAsofarhaveonethingincommon:Theperspectiveadoptedtoviewtheacquiring ofanadditionallanguageisthatofanindividualattemptstodo?????7.___________so.Whetheronelabelsit“learning”or“acquiring”anadditionallanguage,itisanindividualaccomplishmentorwhatisunder??????????????8.___________ focusisthecognitive,psychological,andinstitutionalstatusofan?????????????individual.Thatis,thespotlightisonwhatmentalcapabilitiesareinvolving,whatpsychologicalfactorsplayaroleinthelearning??????????9.___________ oracquisition,andwhetherthetargetlanguageislearntinthe classroomoracquiredthroughsocialtouchwithnativespeakers.?10.___________2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics?is?the?name?given?to?the?study?of?the?psychological?processes? ?involved?in?language.?Psycholinguistics?study?understanding,??production?and?remembering?language,?and?hence?are?concerned?????1.__________ with?listening,?reading,?speaking,?writing,?and?memory?for?language.?One?reason?why?we?take?the?language?for?granted?is?that?it?usually???2.__________ happens?so?effortlessly,?and?most?of?time,?so?accurately.???????????????3.__________ ?Indeed,?when?you?listen?to?someone?to?speaking,?or?looking?at?this?page,??4._______ _?you?normally?cannot?help?but?understand?it.?It?is?only?in?exceptional??circumstances?we?might??become?aware?of?5.________ _the?complexity?involved:?if?we?are?searching?for?a?word?but?cannot?remember?it;??if?a?relative?or?colleague?has?had?a?stroke?which?has?6._________ influenced??their?language;?if?we?observe?a?child?acquire?language;?7._________ if??we?try?to?learn?a?second?language?ourselves?as?an?adult;?or??if?we?are?visually?impaired?or?hearing-impaired?or?if?we?meet?anyone?else?8._________ who?is.?As?we?shall?see,?all?these?examplesof?what?might?be?called? “language?in?exceptional?circumstances”??reveal?a?great?deal?about?the?processes?evolved?in?speaking,listening,?writing?and?reading.?But?9.__________ given?that?language?processes??were?normally?so?automatic,?we?also?10.__________ need?to?carry?out?careful?experiments?to?get?at?what?is?happening.??2012年改错真题The?central?problem?of?translating?has?always?been?whether?to?translate?literally?or?freely.?The?argument?has?been?going?since?at?least?1.__________ the?first?century?B.C.?Up?to?the?beginning?of?the?19th?century,?many?writers?favored?certain?kind?of?“free”?translation:?t he?spirit,?not?the?2.__________ letter;?the?sense?not?the?word;?the?message?rather?the?form;?the?matter?3.__________ not?the?manner.?This?is?the?often?revolutionary?slogan?of?writers?who?4.___________ wanted?the?truth?to?be?read?and?understood.?Then?in?the?turn?of?5.___________19th?century,?when?the?study?of?cultural?anthropology?suggested?that?the?linguistic?barriers?were?insuperable?and?that?the?language?was?6.__________ entirely?the?product?of?culture,?the?view?translation?was?impossible?7.__________? gained?some?currency,?and?with?it?that,?if?was?attempted?at?all,?it?must?8.__________ be?asliteral?as?possible.?This?view?culminated?the?statement?of?the?9._________? extreme?“literalists”?Walter?Benjamin?and?Vladimir?Nobokov.The?argument?was?theoretical:?the?purpose?of?the?translation,?the?nature?of?the?readership,?the?type?of?the?text,?was?not?discussed.?Too?often,?writer,translator?and?reader?were?implicitly?identified?with?each? other.?Now,?the?context?has?changed,?and?the?basic?problem?remains.?10.?_________ 2011年改错真题Fromaveryearlyage,perhapstheageoffiveorsix,I knewthatwhenIgrewIshouldbeawriter.Betweentheages1._____________ ofaboutseventeenandtwenty-fourItriedtoabandonthisidea,butIdidsowiththeconsciencethatIwasoutragingmy2._____________ truenatureandthatsoonorlaterIshouldhavetosettledown3._____________ andwritebooks.Iwasthechildofthree,buttherewasagapoffiveyearsoneitherside,andIbarelysawmyfather4._____________beforeIwaseight.ForthisandotherreasonsIwassomewhatlonely,andIsoondevelopeddisagreeingmannerismswhich5._____________ mademeunpopularthroughoutmyschooldays.Ihadthelonelychild'shabitofmakingupstoriesandholding conversationswithimaginativepersons,andIthinkfromthe6._____________verystartmyliteralambitionsweremixedupwiththefeeling7._____________ ofbeingisolatedandundervalued.IknewthatIhadafacility withwordsandapoweroffacinginunpleasantfacts,andI8._____________ feltthatthiscreatedasortofprivateworldwhichIcouldget9._____________ myownbackformyfailureineverydaylife.Therefore,the10.____________ volumeofserious—i.e.seriouslyintended—writingwhich Iproducedallthroughmychildhoodandboyhoodwouldnot amounttohalfadozenpages.Iwrotemyfirstpoemattheageoffourorfive,mymothertakingitdowntodictation.2010年改错真题So?far?as?we?can?tell,?all?human?languages?are?equally??complete?and?perfect?as?instruments?of?communication:?that?is,??every?language?appears?to?be?well?equipped?as?any?other?to?say??????????1________ ____the?things?their?speakers?want?to?say.?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????2____________There?may?or?may?not?be?appropriate?to?talk?about?primitive??????3__________ ___peoples?or?cultures,?but?that?is?another?matter.?Certainly,?not?all??groups?of?people?are?equally?competent?in?nuclear?physics?or??psychology?or?the?cultivation?of?rice?.?Whereas?this?is?not?the?????????????4_______ _____fault?of?their?language.?The?Eskimos?,?it?is?said,?can?speak?about?snow?with?further?more?precision?and?subtlety?than?we?can?in????????????5________ _____English,?but?this?is?not?because?the?Eskimo?language?(one?of?those?? sometimes?miscalled?'primitive')?is?inherently?more?precise?and??subtle?than?English.?This?example?does?not?come?to?light?a?defect???????6_________ ___in?English,?a?show?of?unexpected?'primitiveness'.?The?position?is?simply?and?obviously?that?the?Eskimos?and?the?English?live?in?similar??7__________ _environments.?The?English?language?will?be?just?as?rich?in?terms?????????8________ ____for?different?kinds?of?snow,?presumably,?if?the?environments?in?which??Englishwas?habitually?used?made?such?distinction?as?important.???????????9________ ___Similarly,?we?have?no?reason?to?doubt?that?the?Eskimo?language??could?be?as?precise?and?subtle?on?the?subject?of?motor?manufacture??or?cricket?if?these?topics?formed?the?part?of?the?Eskimos'?life.?????????????10______ ______Forobvioushistoricalreasons,Englishmeninthenineteenthcentury couldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththeminutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday:carswerenotapartoftheirculture. Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus,puzzled,toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.Howmanyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise,alandau,avictoria,abrougham,acoupe,agig,adiligence,awhisky,acalash,atilbury,acarriole,aphaeton,andaclarence?2009年改错真题The?previous?section?has?shown?how?quickly?a?rhyme?passes?from?one?school?child?to?the?next?and?illustrates?the?further?difference???????????1.______ ____?between?school?lore?and?nursery?lore.?In?nursery?lore?a?verse,learnt?in?early?childhood,?is?not?usually?passed?on?again?when?the?littlelistener?2.__________ has?grown?up,?and?has?children?of?their?own,?or?even?grandchild?????????3.________ ___The?period?between?learning?a?nursery?rhyme?and?transmitting?it?may?be?something?from?twenty?to?seventy?years.With?the?playground?lore,?4.__________ therefore,?a?rhyme?may?be?excitedly?passedon?within?the?very?hour?it?is?5._________ learnt;?and?in?the?general,?it?passes?between?children?of?the?same?age,?6.__________ _or?nearly?so,?since?it?is?uncommon??for?the?difference?in?age?between? playmates?to?be?more?than?five?years.?If,therefore,?a?playground?rhyme?can?be?shown?to?have?been?currently?for?a?hundred?years,?or?even?just?7.__________ _for?fifty,?it?follows?that?it?has?been?retransmitted?over?and?over;?very?8.___________ possibly?it?has?passed?along?a?chain?of?two?or?three?hundred?young?hearers?and?tellers,?and?the?wonder?is?that?it?remains?live?after?so?much?9._________ _handling,?to?let?alone?that?it?bears?resemblance?to?the???????????????????????????10._ __________2008年改错真题The?desire?to?use?language?as?a?sign?of?national?identity?is?a?very?natural?one,?and?in?result?language?has?played?a?prominent?????????1._________ _part?in?national?moves.?Men?have?often?felt?the?need?to?cultivate?????????2.________ __a?given?language?to?show?that?they?are?distinctive?from?another??????????3.________ __race?whose?hegemony?they?resent.?At?the?time?the?United?States????????4._________ _split?off?from?Britain,?for?example,?there?were?proposals?that?independence?should?be?linguistically?accepted?by?the?use?of?a??????????5._________ _different?language?from?those?of?Britain.?There?was?even?one???????????6._________ _proposal?that?Americans?should?adopt?Hebrew.?Others?favoured?the?adoption?of?Greek,?though,?as?one?man?put?it,?things?would?certainly?be?simpler?for?Americans?if?they?stuck?on?to?English?????????7.__________??and?made?the?British?learn?Greek.?At?the?end,?as?everyone?????????????8._________ _?knows,?the?two?countries?adopted?the?practical?and?satisfactory?solution?of?carrying?with?the?same?language?as?before.??????????????????9._________ _Since?nearly?two?hundred?years?now,?they?have?shown?the?world???10.__________ that?political?independence?and?national?identity?can?be?complete?without?sacrificing?the?enormous?mutual?advantages?of?a?common?language.?2007年改错真题From?what?has?been?said,?it?must?be?clear?that?no?one?can??make?very?positive?statements?about?how?language?originated.??There?is?no?material?in?any?language?today?and?in?the?earliest?????????1.__________ ?records?of?ancient?languages?show?us?language?in?a?new?and??????????2.__________ ?emerging?state.?It?is?often?said,?of?course,?that?the?language???????????3._________? originated?in?cries?of?anger,?fear,?pain?and?pleasure,?and?the??????????4.__________? necessary?evidence?is?entirely?lacking:?there?are?no?remote????tribes,?no?ancient?records,?providing?evidence?of??a?language?with?a?large?proportion?of?such?cries????????????5.__________?than?we?find?in?English.?It?is?true?that?the?absence??????of?such?evidence?does?not?disprove?the?theory,?but?in?other?grounds6.___________ too?the?theory?is?not?very?attractive.??People?of?all?races?and?languages?make?rather?similar??noises?in?return?to?pain?or?pleasure.?The?fact?that?????????????????7.___________? such?noises?are?similar?on?the?lips?of?Frenchmen??and?Malaysians?whose?languages?are?utterly?different,??serves?to?emphasize?on?the?fundamental?difference???????????8.___________?between?these?noises?and?language?proper.?We?maysay?that?the?cries?of?pain?or?chortles?of?amusement??are?largely?reflex?actions,?instinctive?to?large?extent,?????????????????9.____________ ?whereas?language?proper?does?not?consist?of?signs?but?of?these?that?have?to?be?learnt?and?that?arewholly?conventional.10.___________ 2006年改错真题?We?use?language?primarily?as?a?means?of?communication?with??other?human?beings.?Each?of?us?shares?with?the?community?in?which?we??live?a?store?of?words?and?meanings?as?well?as?agreeing?conventions?as?????1._____ ___to?the?way?in?which?words?should?be?arranged?to?convey?a?particular????????2._____ ___message:?the?English?speaker?has?in?his?disposal?vocabulary?and?a??????????3.______ ___??set?of?grammatical?rules?which?enables?him?to?communicate?his??????????????4._________thoughts?and?feelings,?in?a?variety?of?styles,?to?the?other?English??????????????5.___ ______??speakers.?His?vocabulary,?in?particular,?both?that?which?he?uses?actively?and?that?which?he?recognises,?increases?in?size?as?he?grows?old?as?a?result?of?education?and?experience.???????????????????????????????????????? ??6._________But,?whether?the?language?store?is?relatively?small?or?large,?the?system??? remains?no?more?than?a?psychological?reality?for?the?individual,?unless?he?has?a?means?of?expressing?it?in?terms?able?to?be?seen?by?another??????7._______ __???member?of?his?linguistic?community;?he?has?to?give?the?system?a?concrete?transmission?form.?We?take?it?for?granted?the?two?most??????????8._______ ____common?forms?of?transmission-by?means?of?sounds?produced?by?our?vocal?organs?(speech)?or?by?visual?signs?(writing).?And?these?are????????9._________ __among?most?striking?of?human?achievements.????????????????????????????????10.___ ________2005年改错真题The?University?as?BusinesA?number?of?colleges?and?universities?have?announced?steep?tuition? increases?for?next?year—much?steeper?than?the?current,?very?low?rate?of? inflation.?They?say?the?increases?are?needed?because?of?a?loss?in?value?of? university?endowments?heavily?investing?in?common?stock.?I?am?skeptical.?1._______ A?business?firm?chooses?the?price?that?maximizes?its?net?revenues,?irrespective?fluctuations?in?income;?and?increasingly?the?outlook?of?2._________ universities?in?the?United?States?is?indistinguishable?from?those?of?3._________ business?firms.?The?rise?in?tuitions?may?reflect?the?fact?economic?4._________ uncertaintyincreases?the?demand?for?education.?The?biggest?cost?of?being?in?the?school?is?foregoing?income?from?a?job?(this?is?primarily?a?5._________ factor?in?graduate?and?professional-school?tuition);?the?poor?one's?job?prospects,the?more?sense?it?makes?to?6.__________reallocate?time?from?the?job?market?to?education,?in?order?to?make?oneself?more?marketable.???The?ways?which?universities?make?themselves?attractive?to?students7._________ include?soft?majors,?student?evaluations?of?teachers,?giving?students??a?governance?role,?and?eliminate?required?courses.?Sky-high?tuitions?8.____________ have?caused?universities?to?regard?their?students?as?customers.?Just?as?business?firms?sometimes?collude?to?shorten?the?rigors?of?competition,?9.___________ universities?collude?to?minimize?the?cost?to?them?of?the?athletes?whom?they?recruit?in?order?to?stimulate?alumni?donations,?so?the?best??athletes?now?often?bypass?higher?education?in?order?to?obtain?salaries?earlier?from?professional?teams.?And?until?they?were?stopped?by?the?antitrust?authorities,??the?Ivy?League?schools?colluded?to?limit?competition?for?the?best?students,?by?agreeing?not?to?award?scholarships?on?the?basis?of?merit?rather?than?purely?of?need—just?like?business?firms?agreeing?not?to?give?discounts?on?their?best?customer.?10?___________2004年改错真题Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.S.Congress isthepowertoinvestigate.Thepowerisusuallydelegtatedto committees—eitherstadingcommittees, specialcommitteessetforaspecificpurpose,1.___________ orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersofbothhouses.2.___________InvestigationsareheldtogatherinformationontheneedforFuturelegislation,totesttheeffectivenessoflawsalreadypassed, toinquireintothequalificationandperformanceofmembersand officialsoftheotherbranches,andinrareoccasions,tolaythe3.___________ groundworkforimpeachmentproceedings.Frequently,committees relyoutsideexpertstoassistinconductinginvestigativehearings4.___________ andtomakeoutdetailedstudiesofissues.5.____________Thereareimportantcorallariestotheinvestigativepower. Oneisthepowertopublicizeinvestigationsanditsresults.6.___________ mostcommitteehearingsareopentopublicandarereported7.___________ widelyinthemassmedia.Congressionalinvestigation neverthelessrepresentoneimportanttoolavailabletolawmakes8.___________ toinformthecitizenryandtoarousepublicinterestsinnationalissuses.9.__________ Congressionalcommitteesalsohavethepowertocompel testimonyfromunwillingwitnesses,andtocitefrocontempt ofCongresswitnesseswhorefusetotestifyandforperjury thesewhogivefalsetestimony.10.__________2003年改错真题Demographic?indicators?show?that?Americans?in?the?postwar???period?were?more?eager?than?ever?to?establish?families.?They?quickly????? brought?down?the?age?at?marriage?for?both?men?and?women?and?brought???the?birth?rate?to?a?twentieth?century?height?after?more?than?a?hundred????????1._____ ___years?of?a?steady?decline,?producing?the?“baby?boom.”?These?young?????????2._____ ___adults?established?a?trend?of?early?marriage?and?relatively?large???families?that?went?for?more?than?two?decades?and?caused?a?major????????3.________ ___but?temporary?reversal?of?long-term?demographic?patterns.?From???the?1940s?through?the?early?1960s,?Americans?married?at?a?high?rate???4.__________ ???and?at?a?younger?age?than?their?Europe?counterparts.????????????????????????5.__ ________??Less?noted?but?equally?more?significant,?the?men?and?women?who???????6.________ _????formed?families?between?1940?and?1960?nevertheless?reduced?the?????????7.________ _??divorce?rate?after?a?postwar?peak;?their?marriages?remained?intact?to???a?greater?extent?than?did?that?of?couples?who?married?in?earlier?as?well???8._______ ___as?later?decades.?Since?the?United?States?maintained?its?dubious???????????9.____ ______distinction?of?having?the?highest?divorce?rate?in?the?world,?the???temporary?decline?in?divorce?did?not?occur?in?the?same?extent?in?????????????10.___ ______Europe.?Contrary?to?fears?of?the?experts,?the?role?of?breadwinner?andhomemaker?was?not?abandoned.2002年改错真题There?are?great?impediments?to?the?general?use?of?a?standard?in?pronunciation??comparable?to?that?existing?in?spelling?(orthography).?One?is?the?factthat?pronunciation?is?learnt“naturally”?and?unconsciously,?and?orthography?is?learnt???1.____________ deliberately?and?consciously.?Large?numbers?of?us,?in?fact,?remain?throughout?our?lives?quite?unconscious?with?what?2.____________our?speech?sounds?like?when?we?speak?out,?and?it?often?3.____________comes?as?a?shock?when?we?firstly?hear?a?recording?of?ourselves.?4.____________ It?is?not?a?voice?we?recognize?at?once,?whereas?our?own?handwriting?is?so mething?which?we?almost?always?know.?We?begin?the?“natural”5.___________ learning?of?pronunciation?long?before?we?start?learning?to?read?or?write,?and?in?our?early?years?we?went?on?unconsciously?imitating?and?6.___________ practicing?the?pronunciation?of?those?around?us?for?many?more?hours?per?every?day?than?we?ever?have?to?spend?learning?even?our?difficult?7.__________ English?spelling.?This?is?“natural”?therefore,?that?our?speech-sounds?8.__________ should?be?those?of?our?immediate?circle;?after?all,?as?we?have?seen,?speech?operates?as?a?means?of?holding?a?community?and?9.__________giving?a?sense?of“belonging”.?We?learn?quite?early?to?recognize?a? “stranger”,someone?who?speaks?with?an?accent?of?a?different? Community—perhaps?only?a?few?miles?far.???????????????????10.__________2001年改错真题Duringtheearlyyearsofthiscentury,wheatwasseenasthevery lifebloodofWesternCanada.Peopleoncitystreetswatchedtheyields andthepriceofwheatinalmostasmuchfeelingasiftheyweregrowers.1.________ Themarketingofwheatbecameanincreasingfavoritetopicofconversation.2.______ Warsetthestageforthemostdramaticeventsinmarketingthewesterncrop.Foryears,farmersmistrustedspeculativegrainselling ascarriedonthroughtheWinnipegGrainExchange.Wheatprices weregenerallylowintheautumn,sofarmerscouldnotwaitfor3.____________ marketstoimprove.Ithadhappenedtoooftenthattheysoldtheirwheat soonshortlyafterharvestwhenfarmdebtswerecomingdue,4.____________ justtoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich.Onvariousoccasions,5.________producergroups,askedfirmercontrol,butthegovernmenthadnowishto6.________ becomeinvolving,atleastnotuntilwartimewhenwheatpricesthreatened7.________ torunwild.Anxioustocheckinflationandrisinglifecosts,thefederal8.___________ governmentappointedaboardofgrainsupervisorstodealwithdeliveriesfromthecropsof1917and1918.GrainExchangetradingwassuspended, andfarmerssoldatpricesfixedbytheboard.Tohandlewiththecropof9._________1919,thegovernmentappointedthefirstCanadianWheatBoard, withtotalauthoritytobuy,sell,andsetprices.10.___________2000年改错真题Thegrammarareforthemostpartsharplyandobviouslydifferent?________ meaning”,butinfactsomegrammarian shavecalledthem2.___________“empty”wordsasopposedinthe“full”wordsofvocabulary.3.__________Butthisisarathermisledwayofexpressingthedistinction.4.__________itisveryfarawayfrombeingmeaningless;thereisasharp5.__________vile”,yettheisthesinglevehicleofthisdiff erenceinmeaning.6.___________themselvesastheamountofmeaningtheyhave,eveninthe7.___________lexi“littlewords”.Butsizeisbynomeanagood criterionfor8.___________considerthatwehavelexicalwordsasgo,man,say,car.Apart9.___________fromthis,however,thereispeoplesay:wecertainlydocreateagreatnumberofobscurity10.__________RobertBrowningbutintheproseoftelegramsandnewspaperheadlines.1999年改错真题The?hunter-gatherer?tribes?that?today?live?as?our?prehistoric?1.____________? human?ancestors?consume?primarily?a?vegetable?diet?supplementing?2.____________ with?animal?foods.?An?analysis?of?58?societies?of?modem?hunter-gatherers,? including?the?Kung?of?southern?Africa,?revealed?that?one?half?emphasize?gathering?plant?foods,?one-third?concentrate?on?fishing?and?only?one-sixth?are?primarily?hunters.?Overall,?two-thirds?and?more?of?the?hunter-gatherer’s?calories?come?from?plants.?Detailed?3.__________? studies?of?the?Kung?by?the?food?scientists?at?the?University?of?London,?showed?that?gathering?is?a?more?productive?source?of?food?than?is?hunting.?An?hour?of?hunting?yields?in?average?about?100?4.___________? edible?calories,?as?an?hour?of?gathering?produces?240.?5.__________??Plant?foods?provide?for?60?percent?to?80?percent?of?the?Kung?6.___________?diet,?and?no?one?goes?hungry?when?the?hunt?fails.?Interestingly,?if?they?escape?fatal?infections?or?accidents,?these?contemporary?aborigines?live?to?old?ages?despite?of?the?absence?of?medical?care.?7.___________? They?experience?no?obesity,?no?middle-aged?spread,?little?dental?decay,?no?high?blood?pressure,?on?heart?disease,?and?their?blood?cholesterol?levels?are?very?low(?about?half?of?the?average?8.__________? American?adult),?if?no?one?is?suggesting?what?we?return?to?9.___________?an?aboriginal?life?style,?we?certainly?could?use?their?eating?habits?as?a?model?for?healthier?diet.1998年改错真题When?a?human?infant?is?born?into?any?community?in?any?part?of?the?world?it?has?two?things?in?common?with?any?infant,?provided??1.___________ _neither?of?them?have?been?damaged?in?any?way?either?before?2.___________or?during?birth.?Firstly,?and?most?obviously,?new?born?children?are?completely?helpless.?Apart?from?a?powerful?capacity?to?pay?attention?to?their?helplessness?by?using?sound,?there?is?nothing???3.___________? the?new?born?child?can?do?to?ensure?his?own?survival.?Without?care?from?some?other?human?being?or?beings,?be?it?mother,?grandmother,?or?human?group,?a?child?is?very?unlikely?to?survive.?This?helplessness?of?human?infants?is?in?marked?contrast?with?the?capacity?of?many?new?born?animals?to?get?on?their?feet?????4.___________ within?minutes?of?birth?and?run?with?the?herd?within?a?few?hours.?Although?young?animals?are?certainly?in?risk,?sometimes??????5.___________? for?weeks?or?even?months?after?birth,?compared?with?the?human?infant?they?very?quickly?develop?the?capacity?to?fend?for?them.?6.__________?It?is?during?this?very?long?period?in?which?the?human?infant??is?totally?dependent?on?the?others?that?it?reveals?the?second?feature???7.__________? which?it?shares?with?all?other?undamaged?human?infants,?a?capacity?to?learn?language.?For?this?reason,?biologists?now?suggest?that?language?be?"species?specific"?to?the?human?race,?that?is?8.__________?to?say,?they?consider?the?human?infant?to?be?genetic?programmed9._________?in?such?way?that?it?can?acquire?language.?This?suggestion?implies?10.__________ that?just?as?human?beings?are?designed?to?see?three-dimensionally?and?in?colour,?andj ust?as?they?are?designed?to?stand?upright?rather?than?to?move?on?all?fours,?so?they?ar e?designed?to?learn?and?use?language?as?part?of?their?normal?developments?as?well-fo rmed?human?beings.1997年改错真题Classic?Intention?MovementIn?social?situations,?the?classic?Intention?Movement?is?"the?chair-grasp".?Host?and?guest?have?been?talking?for?some?time,?but?now?the?host?has?an?appointment?to?keepand?can?get?away.?His?urge?to?go?is?1.___________?held?in?check?by?hisdesire?not?be?rude?to?his?guest.?2.___________?。
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析
英语专业八级改错练习题及答案解析About half of the infant and maternal deaths in developing countries could be avoided if women had used family planning methods to prevent high risk ____1____pregnancies, according to a report publishing recently by the Johns Hopking ____2____University.The report indicates that 5.6 million infant deaths and 2,000,000 maternal Deaths could be prevented this year if women chose to have theirs children ____3____within the safest years with adequate intervals among births and limited their ____4____families to moderate size.This amounts to about half of the 9.8 million infant and 370.000 maternal deaths in developing countries, excluded China, estimated for this year by ____5____the United Nation’s Children’s Fund and the US Centers for Disease Control respectably. China was excluded because very few births occur in the high ____6____risk categories.The report says that evidences from around the world shows the risk of ____7____maternal or infant ill and death is the highest in four specific types of ____8_____pregnancy; pregnancies before the mother is 18 year old; those after the ____9____mother is 35 years old; pregnancies after four births; and those lesser than ____10____two years apart.参考答案及解析:1 将had used 改为 used。
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1995-2017年英语专业八级改错真题及答案（文字/答案校对版）2017年改错真题Theabilitytocommunicateistheprimaryfactorthatdistinguisheshuman beingsfromanimals.Anditistheabilitytocommunicatewellwhich1.________ distinguishesoneindividualfromanother.Thefactisthatapartfromthebasicnecessities,oneneedsto beequippedwithhabitsforgoodcommunicationskills,thusthisis2.________ whatwillmakeoneahappyandsuccessfulsocialbeing.Inordertodevelopthesehabits,oneneedstofirstacknowledge thefactthattheyneedtoimprovecommunicationskillsfromtimetotime. Theyneedtotakestockofthewayhowtheyinteractandthedirection3.________ inwhichtheirworkandpersonalrelationsaregoing.Theonlyconstantinl ifeischange,themoreoneacceptsone’sstrengthsandworks4._______ towardsdealingwiththeirshortcomings,speciallyintheareaof5.________ communicationskills,thebetterwillbetheirinteractionsand themoretheirsocialpopularity.Thedominatedquestionthatcomeshereis:Howtoimprove6.________ communicationskills?Theanswerissimple.Onecanfindplentyofliteratureonthis.Therearealsoexperts,whoconduct workshopsandseminarsbasedoncommunicationskillsofmenandwomen.Infact,alargenumberofcompaniesarebringingin trainerstoregularlymakesessionsonthesubject,inorderto7.________ helptheirworkforcemaintainbetterinterpersonalworkrelations.Todayeffectivecommunicationskillshavebecomeapredominant factorevenwhilerecruitingemployees.Whileinterviewingcandidates, mostinterviewersjudgethemonthebasisoftheskillstheycommunicatewith. Theybelievethatsomeskillscanbeimprovisedonthejob;butabilityto8.________ communicatewellisimportant,aseveryemployeebecomesthe representingfaceofthecompany.Therearetrainers,whospecializedindeliveringcustom-made9._______ programsonthesubject.Throughthesessionstheynotonlyfacilitate bettercommunicationskillsintheworkplace,butalsolookinto theproblemsinthemannerofbeingabletoconveymessageseffectively.10._______2016年改错真题Allsocialunitsdevelopaculture.Evenintwo-personrelationships, aculturedevelopsintime.Infriendshipandromanticrelationships,1._________ forexample,partnersdeveloptheirownhistory,sharedexperiences,languagepatterns,habits,andcustomsgivethatrelationshipaspecial2._________ character—acharacterthatdiffersitinvariouswaysfrom3._________otherrelationships.Examplesmightincludespecialdates,places,songs,oreventsthatcometohaveauniqueand importantsymbolicmeaningforthetwoindividuals.Thus,any4._________ socialunit—whetherarelationship,group,organization,or society—developsaculturewiththepassageoftime. Whilethedefiningcharacteristicsofeachcultureareunique, allculturessharecertainsamefunctions.Therelationshipbetween5.__________ communicationandcultureisaverycomplexintimateone.6.__________ Culturesarecreatedthroughcommunication;thatis,communicationis themeansofhumaninteraction,throughitculturalcharacteristics7.__________ arecreatedandshared.Itisnotsomuchthatindividualssetouttocreateaculturewhentheyinteractin relationships,groups,organizations,orsocieties, butratherthanthatculturesareanaturalby-productofsocialinteraction.8._________ Inasense,culturesarethe“residue”ofsocialcommunication. Withoutcommunicationandcommunicationmedia,itwouldbeimpossibleto haveandpassalongculturalcharacteristicsfromoneplaceandtimeto9.__________ another.Onecansay,furthermore,thatcultureiscreated,shaped,10._________ transmitted,andlearnedthroughcommunication.2015年改错真题When?I?was?in?my?early?teens,?I?was?taken?to?a?spectacular?show?on?ice?by?the?mother?of?a?friend.?Looked?round?at?the?luxury?of?the????????1._____ ___rink,?my?friend’s?mother?remarked?on?the?“plush”?seats?we?had?been?given.?I?did?not?know?what?she?meant,?and?being?proud?of?my??????????????????2._ _______??vocabulary,?I?tried?to?infer?its?meaning?from?the?context.?“Plush”?was?clearly?intended?as?a?complimentary,?a?positive?evaluation;?that????????3.______ __??much?I?could?tell?it?from?the?tone?of?voice?and?the?context.?So?I???????????????4.?_ _______?started?to?use?the?word.?Yes,?I?replied,?they?certainly?are?plush,?and?so?are?the?ice?rink?and?the?costumes?of?the?skaters,?aren’t?they??My?friend’s?mother?was?very?polite?to?correct?me,?but?I?could?tell?from?her????5.______ __??expression?that?I?had?not?got?the?word?quite?right.?Often?we?can?indeed?infer?from?the?context?what?a?word?roughly?means,?and?that?is?in?fact?the?way?which?we?usually?acquire?both??????????????6.?__ ______?new?words?and?new?meanings?for?familiar?words,?specially?in?our????????????7.?___ _____?own?first?language.?But?sometimes?we?need?to?ask,?as?I?should?have?asked?for?plush,?and?this?is?particularly?true?in?the???????????????????????????????8.________aspect?of?a?foreign?language.?If?you?are?continually?surrounded?by?????????????9____ ____speakers?of?the?language?you?are?learning,?you?can?ask?them?directly,??but?often?this?opportunity?does?not?exist?for?the?learner?of?English.?So?dictionaries?have?been?developed?to?mend?the?gap.????????????????????????????10 .?_________2014年改错真题Thereiswidespreadconsensusamongscholarsthatsecondlanguageacquisition(SLA)emergedasadistinctfieldofresearchfromthelate1950stoearly1960s.Thereisahighlevelofagreementthatthefollowingquestions??????1.__________ have?possessed?the?most?attention?of?researchers?in?this?area:?2.__________◆Isitpossibletoacquireanadditionallanguageinthe samesenseoneacquiresafirstlanguage?????????????????????????????3.__________◆Whatistheexplanationforthefactadultshave????????????????????4.__________ moredifficultyinacquiringadditionallanguagesthanchildrenhave?◆Whatmotivatespeopletoacquireadditionallanguages?◆Whatistheroleofthelanguageteachinginthe?????????????????5.___________acquisitionofanadditionallanguage?◆Whatsocio-culturalfactors,ifany,arerelevantinstudyingthelearningofadditionallanguages?Fromacheckoftheliteratureofthefielditisclearthatall????????????6.__________ theapproachesadoptedtostudythephenomenaofSLAsofarhaveonethingincommon:Theperspectiveadoptedtoviewtheacquiring ofanadditionallanguageisthatofanindividualattemptstodo?????7.___________so.Whetheronelabelsit“learning”or“acquiring”anadditionallanguage,itisanindividualaccomplishmentorwhatisunder??????????????8.___________ focusisthecognitive,psychological,andinstitutionalstatusofan?????????????individual.Thatis,thespotlightisonwhatmentalcapabilitiesareinvolving,whatpsychologicalfactorsplayaroleinthelearning??????????9.___________ oracquisition,andwhetherthetargetlanguageislearntinthe classroomoracquiredthroughsocialtouchwithnativespeakers.?10.___________2013年改错真题Psycho-linguistics?is?the?name?given?to?the?study?of?the?psychological?processes? ?involved?in?language.?Psycholinguistics?study?understanding,??production?and?remembering?language,?and?hence?are?concerned?????1.__________ with?listening,?reading,?speaking,?writing,?and?memory?for?language.?One?reason?why?we?take?the?language?for?granted?is?that?it?usually???2.__________ happens?so?effortlessly,?and?most?of?time,?so?accurately.???????????????3.__________ ?Indeed,?when?you?listen?to?someone?to?speaking,?or?looking?at?this?page,??4._______ _?you?normally?cannot?help?but?understand?it.?It?is?only?in?exceptional??circumstances?we?might??become?aware?of?5.________ _the?complexity?involved:?if?we?are?searching?for?a?word?but?cannot?remember?it;??if?a?relative?or?colleague?has?had?a?stroke?which?has?6._________ influenced??their?language;?if?we?observe?a?child?acquire?language;?7._________ if??we?try?to?learn?a?second?language?ourselves?as?an?adult;?or??if?we?are?visually?impaired?or?hearing-impaired?or?if?we?meet?anyone?else?8._________ who?is.?As?we?shall?see,?all?these?examplesof?what?might?be?called? “language?in?exceptional?circumstances”??reveal?a?great?deal?about?the?processes?evolved?in?speaking,listening,?writing?and?reading.?But?9.__________ given?that?language?processes??were?normally?so?automatic,?we?also?10.__________ need?to?carry?out?careful?experiments?to?get?at?what?is?happening.??2012年改错真题The?central?problem?of?translating?has?always?been?whether?to?translate?literally?or?freely.?The?argument?has?been?going?since?at?least?1.__________ the?first?century?B.C.?Up?to?the?beginning?of?the?19th?century,?many?writers?favored?certain?kind?of?“free”?translation:?t he?spirit,?not?the?2.__________ letter;?the?sense?not?the?word;?the?message?rather?the?form;?the?matter?3.__________ not?the?manner.?This?is?the?often?revolutionary?slogan?of?writers?who?4.___________ wanted?the?truth?to?be?read?and?understood.?Then?in?the?turn?of?5.___________19th?century,?when?the?study?of?cultural?anthropology?suggested?that?the?linguistic?barriers?were?insuperable?and?that?the?language?was?6.__________ entirely?the?product?of?culture,?the?view?translation?was?impossible?7.__________? gained?some?currency,?and?with?it?that,?if?was?attempted?at?all,?it?must?8.__________ be?asliteral?as?possible.?This?view?culminated?the?statement?of?the?9._________? extreme?“literalists”?Walter?Benjamin?and?Vladimir?Nobokov.The?argument?was?theoretical:?the?purpose?of?the?translation,?the?nature?of?the?readership,?the?type?of?the?text,?was?not?discussed.?Too?often,?writer,translator?and?reader?were?implicitly?identified?with?each? other.?Now,?the?context?has?changed,?and?the?basic?problem?remains.?10.?_________ 2011年改错真题Fromaveryearlyage,perhapstheageoffiveorsix,I knewthatwhenIgrewIshouldbeawriter.Betweentheages1._____________ ofaboutseventeenandtwenty-fourItriedtoabandonthisidea,butIdidsowiththeconsciencethatIwasoutragingmy2._____________ truenatureandthatsoonorlaterIshouldhavetosettledown3._____________ andwritebooks.Iwasthechildofthree,buttherewasagapoffiveyearsoneitherside,andIbarelysawmyfather4._____________beforeIwaseight.ForthisandotherreasonsIwassomewhatlonely,andIsoondevelopeddisagreeingmannerismswhich5._____________ mademeunpopularthroughoutmyschooldays.Ihadthelonelychild'shabitofmakingupstoriesandholding conversationswithimaginativepersons,andIthinkfromthe6._____________verystartmyliteralambitionsweremixedupwiththefeeling7._____________ ofbeingisolatedandundervalued.IknewthatIhadafacility withwordsandapoweroffacinginunpleasantfacts,andI8._____________ feltthatthiscreatedasortofprivateworldwhichIcouldget9._____________ myownbackformyfailureineverydaylife.Therefore,the10.____________ volumeofserious—i.e.seriouslyintended—writingwhich Iproducedallthroughmychildhoodandboyhoodwouldnot amounttohalfadozenpages.Iwrotemyfirstpoemattheageoffourorfive,mymothertakingitdowntodictation.2010年改错真题So?far?as?we?can?tell,?all?human?languages?are?equally??complete?and?perfect?as?instruments?of?communication:?that?is,??every?language?appears?to?be?well?equipped?as?any?other?to?say??????????1________ ____the?things?their?speakers?want?to?say.?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????2____________There?may?or?may?not?be?appropriate?to?talk?about?primitive??????3__________ ___peoples?or?cultures,?but?that?is?another?matter.?Certainly,?not?all??groups?of?people?are?equally?competent?in?nuclear?physics?or??psychology?or?the?cultivation?of?rice?.?Whereas?this?is?not?the?????????????4_______ _____fault?of?their?language.?The?Eskimos?,?it?is?said,?can?speak?about?snow?with?further?more?precision?and?subtlety?than?we?can?in????????????5________ _____English,?but?this?is?not?because?the?Eskimo?language?(one?of?those?? sometimes?miscalled?'primitive')?is?inherently?more?precise?and??subtle?than?English.?This?example?does?not?come?to?light?a?defect???????6_________ ___in?English,?a?show?of?unexpected?'primitiveness'.?The?position?is?simply?and?obviously?that?the?Eskimos?and?the?English?live?in?similar??7__________ _environments.?The?English?language?will?be?just?as?rich?in?terms?????????8________ ____for?different?kinds?of?snow,?presumably,?if?the?environments?in?which??Englishwas?habitually?used?made?such?distinction?as?important.???????????9________ ___Similarly,?we?have?no?reason?to?doubt?that?the?Eskimo?language??could?be?as?precise?and?subtle?on?the?subject?of?motor?manufacture??or?cricket?if?these?topics?formed?the?part?of?the?Eskimos'?life.?????????????10______ ______Forobvioushistoricalreasons,Englishmeninthenineteenthcentury couldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththeminutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday:carswerenotapartoftheirculture. Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus,puzzled,toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.Howmanyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise,alandau,avictoria,abrougham,acoupe,agig,adiligence,awhisky,acalash,atilbury,acarriole,aphaeton,andaclarence?2009年改错真题The?previous?section?has?shown?how?quickly?a?rhyme?passes?from?one?school?child?to?the?next?and?illustrates?the?further?difference???????????1.______ ____?between?school?lore?and?nursery?lore.?In?nursery?lore?a?verse,learnt?in?early?childhood,?is?not?usually?passed?on?again?when?the?littlelistener?2.__________ has?grown?up,?and?has?children?of?their?own,?or?even?grandchild?????????3.________ ___The?period?between?learning?a?nursery?rhyme?and?transmitting?it?may?be?something?from?twenty?to?seventy?years.With?the?playground?lore,?4.__________ therefore,?a?rhyme?may?be?excitedly?passedon?within?the?very?hour?it?is?5._________ learnt;?and?in?the?general,?it?passes?between?children?of?the?same?age,?6.__________ _or?nearly?so,?since?it?is?uncommon??for?the?difference?in?age?between? playmates?to?be?more?than?five?years.?If,therefore,?a?playground?rhyme?can?be?shown?to?have?been?currently?for?a?hundred?years,?or?even?just?7.__________ _for?fifty,?it?follows?that?it?has?been?retransmitted?over?and?over;?very?8.___________ possibly?it?has?passed?along?a?chain?of?two?or?three?hundred?young?hearers?and?tellers,?and?the?wonder?is?that?it?remains?live?after?so?much?9._________ _handling,?to?let?alone?that?it?bears?resemblance?to?the???????????????????????????10._ __________2008年改错真题The?desire?to?use?language?as?a?sign?of?national?identity?is?a?very?natural?one,?and?in?result?language?has?played?a?prominent?????????1._________ _part?in?national?moves.?Men?have?often?felt?the?need?to?cultivate?????????2.________ __a?given?language?to?show?that?they?are?distinctive?from?another??????????3.________ __race?whose?hegemony?they?resent.?At?the?time?the?United?States????????4._________ _split?off?from?Britain,?for?example,?there?were?proposals?that?independence?should?be?linguistically?accepted?by?the?use?of?a??????????5._________ _different?language?from?those?of?Britain.?There?was?even?one???????????6._________ _proposal?that?Americans?should?adopt?Hebrew.?Others?favoured?the?adoption?of?Greek,?though,?as?one?man?put?it,?things?would?certainly?be?simpler?for?Americans?if?they?stuck?on?to?English?????????7.__________??and?made?the?British?learn?Greek.?At?the?end,?as?everyone?????????????8._________ _?knows,?the?two?countries?adopted?the?practical?and?satisfactory?solution?of?carrying?with?the?same?language?as?before.??????????????????9._________ _Since?nearly?two?hundred?years?now,?they?have?shown?the?world???10.__________ that?political?independence?and?national?identity?can?be?complete?without?sacrificing?the?enormous?mutual?advantages?of?a?common?language.?2007年改错真题From?what?has?been?said,?it?must?be?clear?that?no?one?can??make?very?positive?statements?about?how?language?originated.??There?is?no?material?in?any?language?today?and?in?the?earliest?????????1.__________ ?records?of?ancient?languages?show?us?language?in?a?new?and??????????2.__________ ?emerging?state.?It?is?often?said,?of?course,?that?the?language???????????3._________? originated?in?cries?of?anger,?fear,?pain?and?pleasure,?and?the??????????4.__________? necessary?evidence?is?entirely?lacking:?there?are?no?remote????tribes,?no?ancient?records,?providing?evidence?of??a?language?with?a?large?proportion?of?such?cries????????????5.__________?than?we?find?in?English.?It?is?true?that?the?absence??????of?such?evidence?does?not?disprove?the?theory,?but?in?other?grounds6.___________ too?the?theory?is?not?very?attractive.??People?of?all?races?and?languages?make?rather?similar??noises?in?return?to?pain?or?pleasure.?The?fact?that?????????????????7.___________? such?noises?are?similar?on?the?lips?of?Frenchmen??and?Malaysians?whose?languages?are?utterly?different,??serves?to?emphasize?on?the?fundamental?difference???????????8.___________?between?these?noises?and?language?proper.?We?maysay?that?the?cries?of?pain?or?chortles?of?amusement??are?largely?reflex?actions,?instinctive?to?large?extent,?????????????????9.____________ ?whereas?language?proper?does?not?consist?of?signs?but?of?these?that?have?to?be?learnt?and?that?arewholly?conventional.10.___________ 2006年改错真题?We?use?language?primarily?as?a?means?of?communication?with??other?human?beings.?Each?of?us?shares?with?the?community?in?which?we??live?a?store?of?words?and?meanings?as?well?as?agreeing?conventions?as?????1._____ ___to?the?way?in?which?words?should?be?arranged?to?convey?a?particular????????2._____ ___message:?the?English?speaker?has?in?his?disposal?vocabulary?and?a??????????3.______ ___??set?of?grammatical?rules?which?enables?him?to?communicate?his??????????????4._________thoughts?and?feelings,?in?a?variety?of?styles,?to?the?other?English??????????????5.___ ______??speakers.?His?vocabulary,?in?particular,?both?that?which?he?uses?actively?and?that?which?he?recognises,?increases?in?size?as?he?grows?old?as?a?result?of?education?and?experience.???????????????????????????????????????? ??6._________But,?whether?the?language?store?is?relatively?small?or?large,?the?system??? remains?no?more?than?a?psychological?reality?for?the?individual,?unless?he?has?a?means?of?expressing?it?in?terms?able?to?be?seen?by?another??????7._______ __???member?of?his?linguistic?community;?he?has?to?give?the?system?a?concrete?transmission?form.?We?take?it?for?granted?the?two?most??????????8._______ ____common?forms?of?transmission-by?means?of?sounds?produced?by?our?vocal?organs?(speech)?or?by?visual?signs?(writing).?And?these?are????????9._________ __among?most?striking?of?human?achievements.????????????????????????????????10.___ ________2005年改错真题The?University?as?BusinesA?number?of?colleges?and?universities?have?announced?steep?tuition? increases?for?next?year—much?steeper?than?the?current,?very?low?rate?of? inflation.?They?say?the?increases?are?needed?because?of?a?loss?in?value?of? university?endowments?heavily?investing?in?common?stock.?I?am?skeptical.?1._______ A?business?firm?chooses?the?price?that?maximizes?its?net?revenues,?irrespective?fluctuations?in?income;?and?increasingly?the?outlook?of?2._________ universities?in?the?United?States?is?indistinguishable?from?those?of?3._________ business?firms.?The?rise?in?tuitions?may?reflect?the?fact?economic?4._________ uncertaintyincreases?the?demand?for?education.?The?biggest?cost?of?being?in?the?school?is?foregoing?income?from?a?job?(this?is?primarily?a?5._________ factor?in?graduate?and?professional-school?tuition);?the?poor?one's?job?prospects,the?more?sense?it?makes?to?6.__________reallocate?time?from?the?job?market?to?education,?in?order?to?make?oneself?more?marketable.???The?ways?which?universities?make?themselves?attractive?to?students7._________ include?soft?majors,?student?evaluations?of?teachers,?giving?students??a?governance?role,?and?eliminate?required?courses.?Sky-high?tuitions?8.____________ have?caused?universities?to?regard?their?students?as?customers.?Just?as?business?firms?sometimes?collude?to?shorten?the?rigors?of?competition,?9.___________ universities?collude?to?minimize?the?cost?to?them?of?the?athletes?whom?they?recruit?in?order?to?stimulate?alumni?donations,?so?the?best??athletes?now?often?bypass?higher?education?in?order?to?obtain?salaries?earlier?from?professional?teams.?And?until?they?were?stopped?by?the?antitrust?authorities,??the?Ivy?League?schools?colluded?to?limit?competition?for?the?best?students,?by?agreeing?not?to?award?scholarships?on?the?basis?of?merit?rather?than?purely?of?need—just?like?business?firms?agreeing?not?to?give?discounts?on?their?best?customer.?10?___________2004年改错真题Oneofthemostimportantnon-legislativefunctionsoftheU.S.Congress isthepowertoinvestigate.Thepowerisusuallydelegtatedto committees—eitherstadingcommittees, specialcommitteessetforaspecificpurpose,1.___________ orjointcommitteesconsistedofmembersofbothhouses.2.___________InvestigationsareheldtogatherinformationontheneedforFuturelegislation,totesttheeffectivenessoflawsalreadypassed, toinquireintothequalificationandperformanceofmembersand officialsoftheotherbranches,andinrareoccasions,tolaythe3.___________ groundworkforimpeachmentproceedings.Frequently,committees relyoutsideexpertstoassistinconductinginvestigativehearings4.___________ andtomakeoutdetailedstudiesofissues.5.____________Thereareimportantcorallariestotheinvestigativepower. Oneisthepowertopublicizeinvestigationsanditsresults.6.___________ mostcommitteehearingsareopentopublicandarereported7.___________ widelyinthemassmedia.Congressionalinvestigation neverthelessrepresentoneimportanttoolavailabletolawmakes8.___________ toinformthecitizenryandtoarousepublicinterestsinnationalissuses.9.__________ Congressionalcommitteesalsohavethepowertocompel testimonyfromunwillingwitnesses,andtocitefrocontempt ofCongresswitnesseswhorefusetotestifyandforperjury thesewhogivefalsetestimony.10.__________2003年改错真题Demographic?indicators?show?that?Americans?in?the?postwar???period?were?more?eager?than?ever?to?establish?families.?They?quickly????? brought?down?the?age?at?marriage?for?both?men?and?women?and?brought???the?birth?rate?to?a?twentieth?century?height?after?more?than?a?hundred????????1._____ ___years?of?a?steady?decline,?producing?the?“baby?boom.”?These?young?????????2._____ ___adults?established?a?trend?of?early?marriage?and?relatively?large???families?that?went?for?more?than?two?decades?and?caused?a?major????????3.________ ___but?temporary?reversal?of?long-term?demographic?patterns.?From???the?1940s?through?the?early?1960s,?Americans?married?at?a?high?rate???4.__________ ???and?at?a?younger?age?than?their?Europe?counterparts.????????????????????????5.__ ________??Less?noted?but?equally?more?significant,?the?men?and?women?who???????6.________ _????formed?families?between?1940?and?1960?nevertheless?reduced?the?????????7.________ _??divorce?rate?after?a?postwar?peak;?their?marriages?remained?intact?to???a?greater?extent?than?did?that?of?couples?who?married?in?earlier?as?well???8._______ ___as?later?decades.?Since?the?United?States?maintained?its?dubious???????????9.____ ______distinction?of?having?the?highest?divorce?rate?in?the?world,?the???temporary?decline?in?divorce?did?not?occur?in?the?same?extent?in?????????????10.___ ______Europe.?Contrary?to?fears?of?the?experts,?the?role?of?breadwinner?andhomemaker?was?not?abandoned.2002年改错真题There?are?great?impediments?to?the?general?use?of?a?standard?in?pronunciation??comparable?to?that?existing?in?spelling?(orthography).?One?is?the?factthat?pronunciation?is?learnt“naturally”?and?unconsciously,?and?orthography?is?learnt???1.____________ deliberately?and?consciously.?Large?numbers?of?us,?in?fact,?remain?throughout?our?lives?quite?unconscious?with?what?2.____________our?speech?sounds?like?when?we?speak?out,?and?it?often?3.____________comes?as?a?shock?when?we?firstly?hear?a?recording?of?ourselves.?4.____________ It?is?not?a?voice?we?recognize?at?once,?whereas?our?own?handwriting?is?so mething?which?we?almost?always?know.?We?begin?the?“natural”5.___________ learning?of?pronunciation?long?before?we?start?learning?to?read?or?write,?and?in?our?early?years?we?went?on?unconsciously?imitating?and?6.___________ practicing?the?pronunciation?of?those?around?us?for?many?more?hours?per?every?day?than?we?ever?have?to?spend?learning?even?our?difficult?7.__________ English?spelling.?This?is?“natural”?therefore,?that?our?speech-sounds?8.__________ should?be?those?of?our?immediate?circle;?after?all,?as?we?have?seen,?speech?operates?as?a?means?of?holding?a?community?and?9.__________giving?a?sense?of“belonging”.?We?learn?quite?early?to?recognize?a? “stranger”,someone?who?speaks?with?an?accent?of?a?different? Community—perhaps?only?a?few?miles?far.???????????????????10.__________2001年改错真题Duringtheearlyyearsofthiscentury,wheatwasseenasthevery lifebloodofWesternCanada.Peopleoncitystreetswatchedtheyields andthepriceofwheatinalmostasmuchfeelingasiftheyweregrowers.1.________ Themarketingofwheatbecameanincreasingfavoritetopicofconversation.2.______ Warsetthestageforthemostdramaticeventsinmarketingthewesterncrop.Foryears,farmersmistrustedspeculativegrainselling ascarriedonthroughtheWinnipegGrainExchange.Wheatprices weregenerallylowintheautumn,sofarmerscouldnotwaitfor3.____________ marketstoimprove.Ithadhappenedtoooftenthattheysoldtheirwheat soonshortlyafterharvestwhenfarmdebtswerecomingdue,4.____________ justtoseepricesrisingandspeculatorsgettingrich.Onvariousoccasions,5.________producergroups,askedfirmercontrol,butthegovernmenthadnowishto6.________ becomeinvolving,atleastnotuntilwartimewhenwheatpricesthreatened7.________ torunwild.Anxioustocheckinflationandrisinglifecosts,thefederal8.___________ governmentappointedaboardofgrainsupervisorstodealwithdeliveriesfromthecropsof1917and1918.GrainExchangetradingwassuspended, andfarmerssoldatpricesfixedbytheboard.Tohandlewiththecropof9._________1919,thegovernmentappointedthefirstCanadianWheatBoard, withtotalauthoritytobuy,sell,andsetprices.10.___________2000年改错真题Thegrammarareforthemostpartsharplyandobviouslydifferent?________ meaning”,butinfactsomegrammarian shavecalledthem2.___________“empty”wordsasopposedinthe“full”wordsofvocabulary.3.__________Butthisisarathermisledwayofexpressingthedistinction.4.__________itisveryfarawayfrombeingmeaningless;thereisasharp5.__________vile”,yettheisthesinglevehicleofthisdiff erenceinmeaning.6.___________themselvesastheamountofmeaningtheyhave,eveninthe7.___________lexi“littlewords”.Butsizeisbynomeanagood criterionfor8.___________considerthatwehavelexicalwordsasgo,man,say,car.Apart9.___________fromthis,however,thereispeoplesay:wecertainlydocreateagreatnumberofobscurity10.__________RobertBrowningbutintheproseoftelegramsandnewspaperheadlines.1999年改错真题The?hunter-gatherer?tribes?that?today?live?as?our?prehistoric?1.____________? human?ancestors?consume?primarily?a?vegetable?diet?supplementing?2.____________ with?animal?foods.?An?analysis?of?58?societies?of?modem?hunter-gatherers,? including?the?Kung?of?southern?Africa,?revealed?that?one?half?emphasize?gathering?plant?foods,?one-third?concentrate?on?fishing?and?only?one-sixth?are?primarily?hunters.?Overall,?two-thirds?and?more?of?the?hunter-gatherer’s?calories?come?from?plants.?Detailed?3.__________? studies?of?the?Kung?by?the?food?scientists?at?the?University?of?London,?showed?that?gathering?is?a?more?productive?source?of?food?than?is?hunting.?An?hour?of?hunting?yields?in?average?about?100?4.___________? edible?calories,?as?an?hour?of?gathering?produces?240.?5.__________??Plant?foods?provide?for?60?percent?to?80?percent?of?the?Kung?6.___________?diet,?and?no?one?goes?hungry?when?the?hunt?fails.?Interestingly,?if?they?escape?fatal?infections?or?accidents,?these?contemporary?aborigines?live?to?old?ages?despite?of?the?absence?of?medical?care.?7.___________? They?experience?no?obesity,?no?middle-aged?spread,?little?dental?decay,?no?high?blood?pressure,?on?heart?disease,?and?their?blood?cholesterol?levels?are?very?low(?about?half?of?the?average?8.__________? American?adult),?if?no?one?is?suggesting?what?we?return?to?9.___________?an?aboriginal?life?style,?we?certainly?could?use?their?eating?habits?as?a?model?for?healthier?diet.1998年改错真题When?a?human?infant?is?born?into?any?community?in?any?part?of?the?world?it?has?two?things?in?common?with?any?infant,?provided??1.___________ _neither?of?them?have?been?damaged?in?any?way?either?before?2.___________or?during?birth.?Firstly,?and?most?obviously,?new?born?children?are?completely?helpless.?Apart?from?a?powerful?capacity?to?pay?attention?to?their?helplessness?by?using?sound,?there?is?nothing???3.___________? the?new?born?child?can?do?to?ensure?his?own?survival.?Without?care?from?some?other?human?being?or?beings,?be?it?mother,?grandmother,?or?human?group,?a?child?is?very?unlikely?to?survive.?This?helplessness?of?human?infants?is?in?marked?contrast?with?the?capacity?of?many?new?born?animals?to?get?on?their?feet?????4.___________ within?minutes?of?birth?and?run?with?the?herd?within?a?few?hours.?Although?young?animals?are?certainly?in?risk,?sometimes??????5.___________? for?weeks?or?even?months?after?birth,?compared?with?the?human?infant?they?very?quickly?develop?the?capacity?to?fend?for?them.?6.__________?It?is?during?this?very?long?period?in?which?the?human?infant??is?totally?dependent?on?the?others?that?it?reveals?the?second?feature???7.__________? which?it?shares?with?all?other?undamaged?human?infants,?a?capacity?to?learn?language.?For?this?reason,?biologists?now?suggest?that?language?be?"species?specific"?to?the?human?race,?that?is?8.__________?to?say,?they?consider?the?human?infant?to?be?genetic?programmed9._________?in?such?way?that?it?can?acquire?language.?This?suggestion?implies?10.__________ that?just?as?human?beings?are?designed?to?see?three-dimensionally?and?in?colour,?andj ust?as?they?are?designed?to?stand?upright?rather?than?to?move?on?all?fours,?so?they?ar e?designed?to?learn?and?use?language?as?part?of?their?normal?developments?as?well-fo rmed?human?beings.1997年改错真题Classic?Intention?MovementIn?social?situations,?the?classic?Intention?Movement?is?"the?chair-grasp".?Host?and?guest?have?been?talking?for?some?time,?but?now?the?host?has?an?appointment?to?keepand?can?get?away.?His?urge?to?go?is?1.___________?held?in?check?by?hisdesire?not?be?rude?to?his?guest.?2.___________?。