常见的字母与字母组合发音规则
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常见的字母与字母组合发音规则
常见的字母与字母组合发音规则
(I)元音字母及元音字母组合拼读规则
●元音字母的发音
(一)元音字母a
1.重读开音节/ei/ paper;late;make;lake;face
2.重读闭音节/æ/ bag;fat;cat;ladder;mass
(*例外:any一些/e/ ;many许多/e/ )3.非重读音节/ə/ 或/i/
即:/ə/ ——ago;al ong;among;above;aloud /i/ —— comrade;village;manager;palace;private;necklace
*连续相同的辅音(字母),一般只发一个音,而且归属后一个音节段。
如上的ladder,village.
4.在字母w或wh后面,发/ɔ/ was;wash;what;want;
(*例外:water水/ɔ:/ )
5.a在诸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath组合里,重读时均发/a:/
即:dance;France;chance ask;mask;task;basket class;grass;glass;pass;——(*例外:mass/æ/ )
fast;cast;past;last;master;father;path;bath;—— (*例外:maths/æ/ )
(二)元音字母e
1.重读开音节/i:/ me;he;she;these;evening
2.重读闭音节/e/ hen;get;set;tell;echo
3.非重读音节/i/ useless;ticket;basket;pocket;before;below;
(三)元音字母i或y
1.重读开音节/ai/ China;try;my;hi;time;guide;
2.重读闭音节/i/ sit;hit;ill;little;system;
3.非重读音节/i/ unit ;study
(四)元音字母o
1.重读开音节/əu/ no;so;go;home;photo;
2.重读闭音节/ɔ/ not;hot;box;fox;cock;
cost;
3.非重读音节/ə/ purpose;concern
4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前,均发/ʌ/
son;month;come;ton;(*例外:Tom/ɔ/ ) love;dove;glove;above;another
mother;brother;become;some
5.两个单词:woman/‘w u-mən/ 女人(单数);women/‘w i-min/ 女人(复数)
(五)元音字母u
1.重读开音节/ju:/ pupil;stud ent;use;cube
2.重读闭音节/ʌ/ 或/u/
即:/ʌ/ —— cut;luck;umbrella;us /u/ —— put;full;pull
3.非重读音节/ə/ autumn ;August;support
●元音字母组合的拼读规则
(一)元音字母a的字母组合
1.ai或ay在重读音节中/ei/ rain;train;
brain;pain day;may;play;stay;lay
*ay在非重读音里/i/ 或/ei/ Sunday;
Monday;Tuesday;
Thursday;Friday 2.al+ 绝大多数辅音字母/ɔ:/ small;wall;
call;talk;walk;
chalk
或/ɔ: l/ also;always
*al后面是k时,只发/ɔ:/
al+f或m时,al发/a:/ half;calm
-al在词尾非重读/(ə)l/ medal;metal;
(例外 canal运河,
重音在后/æl/ ) 3.-ance在重读时/a: ns/ chance;dance;
France
在非重读时/əns/ importance;performance;
ambulance
4.-ant非重读/ənt/ assistant;important;
peasant
5.-ange一般/eindʒ/ change;danger;strange ;(*但 orange /indʒ/ )
6.-age 一般/idʒ/ village;carriage;
marriage
7.-ask一般重读时/a: sk/ ask;mask;
task ;basket
8.-ass一般重读时/a: s/ class;glass;
grass;pass;(*但
mass/æ/ )
9.-ast一般重读时/a: st/ last;past;fast;
cast
-aste一般/eist/ waste;paste;taste 10.-ath一般/a: θ/ bath;path;(*但maths/æθ/ )
或/a: ð/ father;rather;(*但
gather/æð/ )
11.-au一般/ɔ:/ cause;autumn ;August;
(*但 because/ɔ/ ) -augh(t)/ɔ: (t)/ caught;taught;daughter
(*例外:laugh/la:f/ )
12.-aw/ɔ:/ draw;saw;law;awful
13.a在字母w或wh后面,a发/ɔ/ was;wash;want;what;(*但 water/ɔ:/ )
14.-ar重读音时/a:/ party;car;farm;army;yard;hard;star
在字母w或音/w/ 后面时/ɔ:/ war;warm;
warn ;towards;
*quarter 在非重读音时/-ə/ beggar;
dollar;solar
15.-are一般/-εə/ hare;bare;dare;stare;rare;care;parent
16.-air一般/-εə/ chair;fair;hair;pair;stair;repair
17.-able 一般/eibl/ able;cable;tabl e;stable
(二)元音字母e的组合
1.-ea重读音节有四个音,分别是下列:
-ea/i:/ team;meat;lead;teach;read;
mean;please;steal
-ea/e/ threat;bread;meant;read(过去式和过去分词 );peasant
-ea/iə/ real;really
-ea/ei/ great;break
2.-ee/i:/ feel;week;keep;three;steel;
street;sweep;see
*但是一个例外:coffee/i/
3.-eer/iə/ deer;pioneer;engineer;
volunteer
4.-er重读音节/ə:/ her;term;service;
Germany
非重读/ə/ worker;paper;western;teacher 特殊读法/a:/ clerk
5.-ere/iə/ here;mere
-ere 或者发/εə/ there;where
6.-ear有三种音,分别是;
-ear/iə/ ear;dear;near;clear;tear (n.);beard
-ear /ə:/ early;earth;learn;heard
-ear /a:/ heart
*tear作为动词时,发/εə/
7.-ei /ei/ eight;weigh;weight
-ei /ai/ height
-ei /i:/ receive
8.-ey重读/ei/ they;hey;survey
-ey重读/i:/ key
-ey非重读/i/ monkey;donkey;valley;volleyball
*-et非重读/it/ pocket;ticket;rocket 9.-ew 一般/ju:/ new;few;knew
-ew 或者发/u:/ grew;threw
-ew还可以发/əu/ sew
10.-ege /idʒ/ college
11.-est /i s t/ biggest;modest;happiest;
12.词尾的-ed在浊音后/d/ lived;studied
-ed在清音后/t/ worked;finished
-ed在字母t或d后/id/ wanted;needed
(三)元音字母i或y的组合
1.-ie在重读音节中,或在辅音字母前,发/i:/ field;piece;achieve
-ie在词尾/ai/ lie;die;tie
2.-igh(t)在重读音节/ai(t)/ high;night;light;bright
3.-ir在重读音节/ə:/ girl;firm;circle;first;third
4.-ire在重读音节/‘aiə/ fire;tired;hire;retired;wire
5.-ild/aild/ child;wild
6.-ind/aind/ find;kind;mind;wind;(*但window/ind/ )
7.-ing/iŋ/ king;wing;sing;doing;making
8.-(a)tion/(ei)ʃn/ nation;pronunciation;information;composition
-stion/tʃ n/ question
-sion/ʃn/ 或/ʒn/ mission使命;precision 精密
9.-ye在词尾/ai/ good-bye;bye-bye
10.-ist/i s t/ list;fist;
(四)元音字母o的组合
1.-oa在重音时/əu/ boat;coat;road;goat;toad
-oar在重音时/ɔ:/ blackboard;aboard
2.-oi,-oy在重音时/ɔi/ boiler;point;join;
oil
boy;toy;joy;loyal
3.-oo一般/u:/ soon;too;zoo;room;noon;food;mood;boot;moon
*单词room和其他名词构成合成词时,常发短音。
如 classroom/u/ …等等。
在字母k或有时在t,d之前时/u/ cook;look;book;took;foot;good;
4.-or在重音时/ɔ:/ for;horse;important;
morning;born
-or在字母w后面/ə:/ work;word;world;worse;worth
(*但是 wore ,worn例外,均发/ɔ:/ ) -or在非重音时/ə/ monitor;doctor;professor;forget;
forwards;forgive;conductor
5.-oar一般/ɔ:/ board;aboard;blackboard
6.-oor一般/ɔ:/ 或在美式英语里发/ɔə/ door;floor
-oor 还发/uə/ poor
7.-ore在重音时/ɔ:/ snore;more;before;foreign;forest
8.-ou一般/au/ shout;loud;round;found
-ou还发/ʌ/ country;countryside;trouble -ou 还发/u:/ wound;wounded
9.-ough(t)发/ɔ:(t)/ ought;brought;bought;fought;thought
(*例外: cough/k ɔf/ )
10.-oe/əu/ toe;hoe;Joe
11.-old/əu l d/ old;hold;cold;told
12.-ost/əu s t/ post;most;host;ghost
(*例外cost/ɔs t/ )
13.-our在重音时/au/ sour;our;hour;
还发/ɔ:/ four;course;pour
还发/uə/ tour;gourd
-our 在词尾(非重音)/ə/ colour;neighbour;favourite
14.-ow在重音时/au/ now;cow;down;how;town
-ow在重音或非重音中/əu/ low;yellow;
below;follow;grow tomorrow;window;widow;know;show
(五)元音字母u的组合
1.-u在字母ll或sh之前,或者在字母b,p或
f之后,均发/u/ 如: full;bull;pull;push;bush
字母l,r或j+u 构成的开音节,u发/u:/
rule;true;blue;June
2.-ue在词尾/ju:/ argue;continue
3.-ui在字母j或r后面时,发/u:/ fruit;juice
-ui在字母b或g后面,或者紧接重音节后面的一个音节时发/i/ ,如:build;guilty;
biscuit
(*即就是说字母u不发音)
4.-ur在重音时/ə:/ turn;return;Thursday;nurse;purse
在非重音时/ə/ surprise;Saturday
-ure在重音时/(j)uə/ pure/juə/ ;
manure/juə/ ;sure/uə/
-ture发/tʃə/ picture;future;mixture (II) ●辅音字母及辅音字母组合的拼读规则
辅音字母一般都发字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面试列举如下:
1.b在一般情况下/b/ back;big;lab;
brother
b和u在一起,u常发/i/ building;
build;busy
-bt一般/t/ debt;doubt
2.c在字母e,i或y前面时/s/ city;
Bruce;juice;bicycle;face;central c在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前/k/ cup;cold;cattle;duck;
bicycle;cap;cut;class;
c在词尾时也发/k/ ,但后面有e,那还发/s/ gymnastic/k/ ;music/k/ ;grace/s/ ;Bruce/s/
-cc在元音字母a,o,u和辅音字母之前/k/ occasion;according;occupy;acclaim
在元音字母e和i之前/ks/ accent;success
-ci有时发/ʃ/ social
-ch 有三种音/tʃ/ /k/ 或/ʃ/ 如下:/tʃ/ China;rich;chick;chalk
/k/ school;chemist;chemistry;chemical;ache;technology
/ʃ/ machine;parachute;moustache -tch/tʃ/ catch;match;fetch;hatch;butcher
-ck/k/ duck;luck;ticket;pocket;black;cock
3.d在一般情况下/d/ did;made;desk;duck;doubt;damage
-ds发/dz/ birds;hands
dr在元音字母前/dr/ dry;dress;
driver;drill
-dge一般/dʒ/ bridge;fridge;judge;
edge
4.f在一般情况下/f/ five;flag;life;
l eaf
5.g在字母e,i或y前面/dʒ/ large;general;gymnastics;age;energy
*例外: give;forgive;get;forget等,g 都发/g/
在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前/g/ goat;game;guard;ghost;glass
在词尾也发/g/ big;egg;fig;flag
-gn/n/ ,即g不发音foreign;sign;gnaw -gh发/f/ 或/-/ (*既不发音 ) /-/ high;thought;light;brought
/f/ laugh;cough
-dge发/dʒ/ bridge;knowledge;judge *gue-,gua-和gui-在词首时一般u都不发音guess;guest;guard;guide
而-gue在词尾发/g/ league;colleague 6.h在一般情况下/h/ help;behave;hell o;hit;hurry
h在字母r或x后面不发音 rhino;exhibition
7.j在一般情况下/dʒ/ joy;judge;injure;journey;January;jar;just
8.k在一般情况下/k/ king;milk;kick;kiss;lock;knock
k后面是n时,k不发音,即kn发/n/ knock;knee;know;knowledge;knife
9.l在元音字母前发/l/ (*即“勒”音,供参考 ) light;look;let;lab;live
l在辅音字母或词尾时发/l/ (*即“尔”音,供参考 ) cold;sell;chalk
10.m在一般情况下/m/ meet;meat;mother;come;make;Tom
m后面是b时,b不发音,即-mb发/m/ comb;tomb;climb;bomber
11.n在一般情况下/n/ in;now;next;ton;nest
n在m后面时,n常不发音,即-mn发/m/ autumn;column
但后面有后缀或构成合成词,则n还要发音的autumnal;columnist
-ng常发/ŋ/ 或/ŋg/ 发/ŋ/ si ng;king;English ;young
发/ŋg/ finger;younger;language -nk常发/ŋk/ ba nk;sink;sank;sunk;ink;thank
12.p在一般情况下/p/ map;cap;people;pest
-ph/f/ photo;phantom;philosophy;physics;phrase
13.que在一般情况下/k/ unique;cheque
qu一般发/k w/ quarter;quick;quilt;quiet;quite;queen
14.r在元音字母前才发音/r/ (*即音同“略”供参考 ) room;read;rest;around r在辅音字母或词尾前,一般不发音 car;star;jar
rh在元音字母前只发/r/ rhyme;rhino;rhetoric
15.s在词首和词尾、清辅音之前或之后,或者在词尾同时在短元音之后,一般发/s/ 如: see;some;set;sister;works;lips;newspaper;yes;this
注:一条发音习惯,欧美人在发/s/ 音后面的
清辅音时,习惯上把该清辅音发成相对应的浊辅音(而书写音标的时候,还是写成清辅音),试举例如下:
如:school---音标/s k u: l/ ,而习惯念成/s g u: l/
street---音标/s tr i: t/ ,而习惯念成/s dr i: t/
stubborn---音标/‘s t ʌ b n/ ,而习惯念成/‘s d ʌ b n/
student---音标/‘s t j u: d ə
n t/ ,而习惯念成/‘s d j u: d ən t/
space---音标/s p ei s/ ,而习惯念成/s b ei s/
steal---音标/s t i: l/ ,而习惯念成/s d i: l/
就是这样,像这样的单词还有很多。
这里只列举这么多了。
s在两个元音之间或者在浊辅音和元音之间时,发/z/
如: these;nose;l ose;rise;wisdom;observe
词尾的s在浊辅音或元音之后(即在浊音之后),发/z/
如: pigs;plays;flags;eggs;toys;boys
词尾的,,,s,在长元音之后,发/z/ hers;yours
s还可以发/ʃ/ sure;Russia
-sh一般发/ʃ/ sheep;ship;wish;show;shift;fish
-sch一般情况下/s k/ school;scheme(计划)
-sion一般情况下/ʃn/ tension;succession
在元音字母后/ʒn/ decision;conclusion
-sure在元音字母后/ʒə/ measure;pleasure
16. t在一般情况下/t/ tooth;cat;teach;tool;hit
cut;let;ten;table;taste;
-th一般发/θ/ 或/ð/ ,即发/θ/ thin;tooth;youth;think;thigh
发/ð/ that;with;this;these;those -tr/tr/ try;trust;trip;trouble;tree;street
-tion/ʃn/ information;organization;pronunciation;production
(*一个例外: question/tʃn/ ) -ture/tʃə/ picture;mixture;future 17.v在一般情况下/v/ very;live;vehicl e;vase;valley;village
18.w在元音字母之前/w/ wear;wind ow;widow;week;weak;wisdom
wr/r/ write;wrong;wrist;written
wh/h/ who;whom;whose;whole
wh/w/ what;which;when;where;why
aw/ɔ:/ draw;saw;law;lawyer;awful
ew/j u:/ few;threw;grew;knew;new
ow/əu/ own;owner;low;slow;know;below ow/au/ now;cow;crown
19.x在一般情况下/ks/ box;fox;next;textile
位于元音字母之前且重音落在后一个音节上时,发/gz/ exam;exist;anxiety
20.y在元音字母之前/j/ you;youth;yes;young
21.z在一般情况下/z/ zoo;quiz;zebra;zero;zipper。