人教版高中英语选修8：(渝冀辽闽鄂鲁琼浙) Grammar (1)

Grammar—Revise the Appositive
(words，phrases and clauses)
感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题
1．以上句子中加黑部分是同位语，同位语可以由名词、代词、数词、名词性短语或句子充当。

2．句1和句2由句子充当同位语；而句3由短语充当同位语。

3．句1和句2都是由陈述句作同位语，由that引导。

一、同位语(the Appositive)
1．定义：同位语是句子成分的一种，它位于名词、代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词、代词、数词、名词性短语或从句充当。

2．同位语的表现形式：
(1)名词、代词、数词、名词性短语等在句中作同位语。

I myself will do the experiment.(反身代词)
我将亲自做这项实验。

She is the oldest among them six.(数词)
她是他们6人中年纪最大的。

Tu Youyou，a famous scientist，comes from China.(名词性短语)
屠呦呦，一位著名科学家，来自中国。

(2)从句在句中作同位语。

He told me the news that the plane had exploded.(从句)
他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。

(3)由such as，that is，of，or等引导的同位语。

The city of Beijing has greatly changed since 2000.
自从2000年以来，北京市发生了巨大的变化。

It is zoology，or the study of animals.
这是动物学，即对动物的研究。

3．特殊同位语归纳
(1)不定式用作同位语
Is this your purpose to avoid being punished?
这就是你避免被惩罚的目的吗？
(2)动词-ing用作同位语
He’s getting a job tonight driving a truck.
他今晚将得到一个开卡车的差事。

The first plan，attacking at night，was turned down.
第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。

注意：同位语并不影响其后句子谓语动词的“数”。

The students each have a dictionary.
学生每人都有一本词典。

二、同位语从句
在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。

同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。

它一般放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt，promise，question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释，或说明前面名词的具体含义。

1．同位语从句的连接词
引导同位语从句的连接词有连词that，whether；连接代词what，who等和连接副词when，where，why，how等。

其中that，whether不作成分，that无实际意义，whether意为“是否”；其他连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。

引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不省略。

The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。

He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go there.
他还没有做出决定是否去那里。

I have no idea where he lives.
我不知道他住在哪里。

2．同位语从句的注意事项
分隔式同位语从句：有时同位语从句与其所解释说明的名词会被其他成分隔开，从而形成分隔式同位语从句，这样做主要是为了保持句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻。

A saying goes that practice makes perfect.(从句被谓语goes分开)
常言道，熟能生巧。

3．同位语从句和定语从句的区别
注意：判定同位语从句的简易方法：
我们可以在名词和从句之间加be动词，使之构成一个新句子，如果合乎逻辑、句子通顺，则是同位语从句。

The news that she told me is that Tom will go abroad next year.(that she told me是定语从句)她告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。

(不可以说The news was that she told me...)
The news that Tom would go abroad was told by her.(that Tom would go abroad是同位语从句)
汤姆将出国的消息是她说的。

(可以说The news was that Tom would go abroad.)
单句语法填空
1．While they are rare north of 88°，there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in Canada.(2019·全国Ⅰ)
2．Scientists have obtained more evidence that plastic is finding its way into the human body.(2019·江苏)
3．The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018·天津)
4．The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.There is too much work
to do.(2016·天津)
5．—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?
—Yeah，but I have no idea why he did it；that’s one of his favorite universities.(2014·重庆) 6．The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief that you are better than anyone else on the sports field.(2013·浙江)
7．I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.(2012·浙江)
8．The notice came around two in the afternoon that the meeting would be postponed.(2012·江苏)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I have no idea what made my mother so angry that day.
2．The news that he left our company really surprised us all.
3．The fact that most of us are short of money really upsets us at present.
4．Report has it that the Smiths are leaving the town.
5．Here is his suggestion that we (should) go(go) to the countryside at once.
6．There is some doubt whether the sports meeting will be held on time.
7．The problem how we can persuade him to quit his plan hasn’t been settled.
8．The question who will take his place is still not clear.
9．The Great Wall of China is the longest wall in the world，built by Qin Shihuang，the first emperor of China.(2018·湖北鄂州高中高三三模)
10．This is due to the fact that anxiety produces a raised sense of awareness and physiological readiness to fight or fly.(2018·广东湛江高三二模)
Ⅱ.完成句子
11．The news that the housing prices will fall has really made some people excited.
房价将要下跌的消息确实使一些人很兴奋。

12．I insisted on an answer to the question whether he was coming or not.
我坚持要求他就对于是否会来给出一个回答。

13．It’s hard to make a decision who would be the proper person in charge of the factory. 很难决定谁是能够管理这个工厂的合适人选。

14．Next comes the question what you want it for?
接下来就是这个问题：你要它干什么用？
15．The suggestion whether we (should) set up a company needs great consideration.
我们是否要成立公司的提议需要慎重考虑。