跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释
Define the following terms:
1.Culture: it refers to a learned set of shared interpretations about
beliefs, values, norms and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people.
2.Intercultural communication: It is communication between people
from different cultural backgrounds, or it refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
3.Denotative meaning tends to be described as the definitional, literal,
obvious or commonsense meaning of a word.
4.Connotative meaning is used to refer to the socio-cultural
associations of the word.
5.In case of inductive reasoning, one stores a number of specific
instances and induces a general law or rule or conclusion that governs or subsumes the specific instances.
6.Deductive reasoning is a movement from a generalization to specific
instances: specific subsumed facts are inferred or deduced from a general principle.
7.Analytical thinking patterns：analyze and dissect things into
elements in order to understand them properly. The emphasis is upon the parts rather than the whole of things.
8.Synthetic thinking patterns：synthesize elements into a unit, with
the emphasis on the “whole”.
9.Verbal Communication：refers to communication done both orally
and in written language
10.Linguistic Determinism: is the idea that language and its structures
limit and determine human knowledge or thought.
11.Linguistic Relativity: holds that the structure of a language affects
the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world.
12.Nonverbal Communication：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a
communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.
13.Body language：refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated
with body movements. It includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate.
14.Monochronic time (M Time)：It schedules one event at a time. In
these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like
a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.
15.Polychronic time (P Time)：It schedules several activities at the
same time. In these culture people emphasize the
involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.
16.Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular
group of people，or in certain for religious or social reasons.
17.Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague
term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
18.Paralanguage refers to the rate, pitch and volume qualities of the
voice, which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message.
19.Individual culture: individuals tend to define themselves by the
extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to others.
People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.
20.Collectivist culture: place little value on individual identity and great
value on gro up identity. It has been labeled as “we” culture because basic unit is the in-group or collective.。