SAR processing in both low earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous SAR (GeoSAR) configurations

146Strong planning under uncertainty in domains with numerous but identicalelements (a generic approach)Original Research ArticleTheoretical Computer Science, Volume 379, Issues 1-2, 12 June 2007, Pages84-119Max Kanovich, Jacqueline VauzeillesShow preview | Purchase PDF (619 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articles147Advanced budgeting: a journey to advanced management systems Original Research ArticleManagement Accounting Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, September 1995, Pages 253-265Peter Bunce, Robin Fraser, Lionel WoodcockClose preview | Purchase PDF (449 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstractAbstractThis paper summarizes a journey that has taken the CAM-I advanced management systems (AMS) program's Advanced Budgeting study group from an initial interest in better budgeting towards a recognition that a wider framework is needed to meet wider objectives (Woodcock, 1994). The work in advanced budgeting started from two different approaches. The first evolved from CAM-I's research into the application of activity-based costing (ABC) to product costing, during which the group became convinced that it could be applied with benefit to activity planning and budgeting. The second approach came from a recognition that the ultimate purpose of a management system is to link strategies and operations in the most effective way. As strategies are changing in response to many competitive and structural pressures, it seems evident that new management systems are needed to reflect these new realities. An initial conceptual framework for advanced budgeting was developed and tested with field visits. As a result, it was concluded that traditional budgeting is dysfunctional, but the solution is not better budgeting nor stand-alone advanced budgetingsystems. Rather, the advanced budgeting key goals can only be achieved through anadvanced management system which has a business process orientation and integrates anumber of different management functions and initiatives within an on-going system. Thiswill require significant changes in systems and culture. The work can be seen in retrospectas an accumulation of knowledge about the advanced management systems that will beneeded to meet the challenges and opportunities of a new and volatile market place. Withthat broader objective now in focus, it can be seen that an important staging has beenreached, but that the journey continue.On the technical and economic issues involved in the co-firing of coal and waste in148a conventional pf-fired power station Original Research ArticleFuel, Volume 83, Issues 7-8, May 2004, Pages 905-915S. N. Ireland, B. Mcgrellis, N. HarperClose preview | Purchase PDF (333 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractThe introduction of co-firing schemes to large-scale utility plant has to date been limited inthe UK. The need to conform to ever more stringent emissions legislation, reduced levels ofcarbon dioxide (CO2), and the recently introduced Renewables Obligations Certificates(ROCs) means that conventional power stations are having to change their operatingphilosophy and encompass new technologies and operating techniques.The current paper describes some of the key work associated with the feasibility, design,and construction stages of a 100,000 tonne/annum dried sewage sludge co-firing facilityattached to an existing 2,400 MWe pf-fired power station. The scheme is one of the first ofits type and the largest in the UK, and represents an important milestone in the complexprogress of integrating a biomass fuel with a conventional boiler process.Critical steps in the initial feasibility phase of the design process are described, such as thedetailed evaluation of the raw materials suitability for co-firing in terms of the chemical andphysical properties of the waste fuel. The resultant raw material properties are presentedas input data to a detailed computer model developed by Sinclair Knight Merz (Europe) Ltd, the output of which indicates the co-firing potential of the composite fuel with respect to its impact on plant efficiency, thermal balance, flue gas characteristics, system performance (throughput, materials and maintenance) and potential for environmental impact. Specific areas of interest are highlighted such as fuel volatility, emission levels, trace element partitioning, ash composition and behaviour, fouling and slagging mechanisms and predicted erosion and corrosion levels.Consenting requirements of the co-firing schemes have also been considered, with the Integrated Pollution Control (IPC), Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), Town and Country Planning and the Electricity Act (Section 36 Consent) being examined. Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. Fuel availability3. Fuel characterisation4. Co-firing potential5. Fuel handling6. Flue gas characteristics and emissions7. Plant operational issues8. Consenting and environmental constraints9. Summary and conclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences149Aging management of containment structures in nuclear power plants Original Research ArticleNuclear Engineering and Design, Volume 166, Issue 3, 1 November 1996, Pages 367-379D. J. Naus, C. B. Oland, B. R. Ellingwood, H. L. Graves III, W.E. NorrisClose preview | Purchase PDF (1102 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | ReferencesAbstractResearch is being conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory under US Nuclear Regulatory commission (USNRC) sponsorship to address aging management of nuclear power plant containment and other safety-related structures. Documentation is being prepared to provide the USNRC with potential structural safety issues and acceptance criteria for use in continued service evaluations of nuclear power plants. Accomplishments include development of a Structural Materials Information Center containing data and information on the time variation of 144 material properties under the influence of pertinent environmental stressors or aging factors, evaluation of models for potential concrete containment degradation factors, development of a procedure to identify critical structures and degradation factors important to aging management, evaluations of non-destructive evaluation techniques, assessments of European and North American repair practices for concrete, review of parameters affecting corrosion of metals embedded in concrete, and development of methodologies for making current condition assessments and service life predictions of new or existing reinforced concrete structures in nuclear power plants. Article Outline• References150Quantitative examinations for multi joint arm trajectory planning—using a robust calculation algorithm of the minimum commanded torque change trajectory Original Research ArticleNeural Networks, Volume 14, Issues 4-5, May 2001, Pages 381-393 Yasuhiro Wada, Yuichi Kaneko, Eri Nakano, Rieko Osu, Mitsuo KawatoClose preview | Purchase PDF (335 K) | Related articles | Related reference workarticlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractIn previous research, criteria based on optimal theories were examined to explain trajectory features in time and space in multi joint arm movement. Four criteria have been proposed. They were the minimum hand jerk criterion (by which a trajectory is planned in an extrinsic-kinematic space), the minimum angle jerk criterion (which is planned in an intrinsic-kinematic space), the minimum torque change criterion (where control objects are joint links; it is planned in an intrinsic-dynamic-mechanical space), and the minimum commanded torque change criterion (which is planned in an intrinsic space considering the arm and muscle dynamics). Which of these is proper as a criterion for trajectory planning in the central nervous system has been investigated by comparing predicted trajectories based on these criteria with previously measured trajectories. Optimal trajectories based on the two former criteria can be calculated analytically. In contrast, optimal trajectories based on the minimum commanded torque change criterion are difficult to be calculated, even with numerical methods. In some cases, they can be computed by a Newton-like method or a steepest descent method combined with a penalty method. However, for a realistic physical parameter range, the former becomes unstable quite often and the latter is unreliable about the optimality of the obtained solution.In this paper, we propose a new method to stably calculate optimal trajectories based on the minimum commanded torque change criterion. The method can obtain trajectories satisfying Euler–Poisson equations with a sufficiently high accuracy. In the method, a joint angle trajectory, which satisfies the boundary conditions strictly, is expressed by using orthogonal polynomials. The coefficients of the orthogonal polynomials are estimated by using a linear iterative calculation so as to satisfy the Euler–Poisson equations with a sufficiently high accuracy. In numerical experiments, we show that the optimal solution can be computed in a wide work space and can also be obtained in a short time compared with the previous methods.Finally, we perform supplementary examinations of the experiments by Nakano, Imamizu, Osu, Uno, Gomi, Yoshioka et al. (1999). Estimation of dynamic joint torques and trajectoryformation from surface electromyography signals using a neural network model. Biological Cybernetics, 73, 291–300. Their experiments showed that the measured trajectory is the closest to the minimum commanded torque change trajectory by statistical examination of many point-to-point trajectories over a wide range in a horizontal and sagittal work space. We recalculated the minimum commanded torque change trajectory using the proposed method, and performed the same examinations as previous investigations. As a result, it could be reconfirmed that the measured trajectory is closest to the minimum commanded torque change trajectory previously reported.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Optimal criteria for trajectory planning and calculation algorithm2.1. Minimum hand jerk criterion2.2. Minimum angle jerk criterion2.3. Minimum torque change criterion2.4. Minimum commanded torque change criterion3. A prediction algorithm for trajectories based on the minimum commanded torque change criterion using the Euler–Poisson equation3.1. Euler–Poisson equation3.2. A system of orthogonal polynomials for expression of the minimum commanded torque change trajectory3.2.1. A difference trajectory Δθi(t)3.3. An estimation algorithm of parameter a ik3.3.1. A linear summation concerning parameter a ik3.3.2. A discretization of the movement time4. Numerical experiments of point-to-point movement on the horizontal and sagittal planes5. Consideration6. SummaryAcknowledgementsAppendix A. AppendixA.1. Jacobian polynomialA.2. Jacobian polynomial of k+1Appendix B. Quantitative examination of the spatial and time features of trajectoriesReferencesresults 126 - 150404 articles found for: pub-date > 1994 and tak(((Large shopping mall) or (department store manager) or (property management) or (planning work) or wholesale or (retail business center)) and (Fashion or (shopping area) or private or companies or building or new or consumer or services) and (underground or city or life or (fashion fun) or Forefront or planning or concepts or covering or variety or business) and (conditions or ground or indoor or (ice skating) or rink or country's or first or "world-class" or Alibaba or "Large-scale" or theme or park or entertainment) and (children or entertainment or center or form or unprecedented or "large-scale" or new or pattern or consumption or car))Edit this search | Save this search | Save as search alert | RSS FeedClose preview | Purchase PDF (261 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractGeosynchronous orbits have the unique characteristic that their orbital period is equal to one sidereal day. This configuration does provide coverage on a regional scale. This is a potential advantage in terms of system usage as the demand for some satellite services is concentrated in certain regions of the globe. This paper investigates both active and passive configurations, highlighting their different features and advantages. A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) simulator has been developed to study the influence of integration time on SAR processing in both low earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous SAR (GeoSAR) configurations. Different scenarios with targets affected by noise sources with various decorrelation time have been simulated in order to test the system response. Simulations show that in a geosynchronousSAR the long integration time averages out non-stationary signals within the resolution cell converting their influence to background clutter. Indeed, noise rejection is effective even if noise amplitude is one order of magnitude larger than the signal itself.The features that have been demonstrated via numerical simulations could be exploited in new SAR applications. SAR interferometry can benefit of the increased temporal correlation as all the high frequency components of interferometric phase noise have been previously filtered out. Fine temporal sampling is a feature that might be exploited for disaster management and might lead to major advances in the understanding of rapidly evolving phenomena on the ground surface. Future applications can be foreseen also in soil moisture retrieval and other related agricultural applications.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Geosynchronous SAR characteristics2.1. Coverage2.2. Orbit characteristics2.3. Target coherence and noise rejection3. Active systems4. Passive systems5. Multistatic SAR6. Applications6.1. Interferometry6.2. Soil moisture detection7. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesClose preview | Purchase PDF (960 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractExperiments have been performed to study pedestrian flow through bottlenecks under oversaturated conditions. The data underline a new phenomenon in pedestrian flows: when high-density conditions occur upstream of a bottleneck, the maximum capacity of the bottleneck (i.e. the maximum number of pedestrians that can flow through the bottleneck in a given time interval) can drop. This is referred to as “capacity drop” and should be carefully taken into account when dealing with building evacuation philosophy.Controlling the population density upstream of a bottleneck can maximise the flow through it (i.e. by avoiding capacity drop) and shorten the building evacuation time significantly. This paper focuses on alarm times and egress routes (in terms of their geometrical characteristics like length, width) as means for controlling population densities and therefore reducing building evacuation time.Specifically, the proposed methodology includes an optimisation algorithm that explores the research space (defined by all the possible Route-Alarm Time schedule plans where a Route-Alarm Time schedule plan is in turn defined by a set of alarm times and a set of egress routes) and aims to find the Route-Alarm Time schedule plan that minimises the building evacuation time. We call building evacuation time the temporal gap between the time the first person starts to egress the building until all people have reached an area of safety outside the building.A newly proposed movement model, embedded into the optimisation algorithm, allows the building evacuation time for a given Route-Alarm Time schedule plan to be assessed by simulating the egress dynamics.This movement model is able to reproduce the capacity drop phenomenon observed in the experimental work and can therefore assess the building evacuation time taking into account the capacities of the various bottlenecks adjusted to take into account the actual upstream densities.The optimisation algorithm, with the movement model embedded in it, has been implemented in an object-oriented simulator.The Route-Alarm Time schedule planning refers to a phased evacuation in a static environment where all the egress paths are viable and the pedestrian population is well-trained.Article Outline1. Introduction1.1. Capacity and the capacity drop phenomenon1.2. Building evacuation and Route-Alarm Time schedule planning2. Empirical evidence of capacity drop3. The movement model4. Optimisation4.1. The research space4.1.1. Feasible sets of egress routes4.1.2. Feasible sets of alarm times4.2. The overall optimisation problem4.2.1. The lower level problem4.2.1.1. Transition rule4.2.1.2. SA4.2.2. The upper level problem5. Case study6. ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesVitae事事向上司汇报是对还是错？日前，在前程无忧的论坛上有一则题为“有必要做任何工作前都向领导汇报吗？”的投票帖，从该投票调查中发现，67.65%的人表示“没必要”，其余32.35%的人则认为“应该这么做”。