Module12Unit3语法专项英语构词法九年级英语上册讲义(学生版)

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Unit 3 语法专项英语构词法
知识精讲
构词法就是按照一定规律来创造新词的方法。

学习英语构词法基础知识很有用，不仅使我们深刻理解英语单词的形成规律，还可以让我们学会举一反三，更巧妙地记忆单词，扩大词汇量。

英语构词法主要有三种：转化法、合成法和派生法。

其中，合成法也叫复合法。

1.转化法
英语中，有些单词兼有多个词性。

把一个单词由一种词性转换为另一种或几种词性而词形不变，但有时候会有发音方面的细微变化（主要是重音的转移）。

这种构词方法就叫转化法。

（1）名词转化为动词
book n. 书book v. 预定
back n.后背back v.支持
hand n. 手hand v.交给
nurse n. 护士护理
water n.水water v.浇水
（2）动词转化为名词
drink v.喝drink n.饮料
look v.看look n. 看
talk v.说话talk n.谈话
walk v.走路walk n. 步行，散步
try v.尝试try n.试图，努力
go v. 去go n. 尝试，努力
（3）形容词转化为名词
light adj. 明亮的light n.光，光线
right adj. 正确的right n. 正当；权利；右边
wrong adj. 错误的wrong n. 坏事；错误的或不公平的行为
young adj. 年轻的young n. 年轻人（the young）
old adj.年老的old n. 老年人（the old）
（4）形容词/副词转化为动词
slow adj.慢的slow v.放慢
perfect adj. 完美的perfect v.使完美
better adj./adv.
better v. 使更好，改善，改进
（5）形容词转化为副词
enough adj. 足够的enough adv. 足够地
long adj. 长的;long adv. 长久地
straight adv. 直的straight adv.直地
hard adj. 硬的;困难的;hard adv. 努力地；猛烈地
2.合成法/复合法
由两个或两个以上独立且意义不同的单词连在一起合成一个新词，一般来说，前一个词修饰或限定后一个词，这种构词法叫做合成法，也叫复合法。

合成的词叫合成词或复合词。

合成词一般看其词，知其意。

（1）合成名词
●名词+名词weekday(工作日)，weekend(周末)，newspaper(报纸)
●代词+名词shewolf（母狼），shegoat（母山羊）
●形容词+名词blackboard(黑板), freshman(大一新生)
●副词+名词 overcoat(外套)，downstairs(底楼，楼下；此词还可做adj.或adv.)
●动词+名词typewriter(打字机)
●动名词+名词readingroom(阅览室)，swimmingpool（游泳池）
●名词+动名词handwriting（书写），sightseeing (观光，游览)
●动词+副词breakthrough（突破）， gettogether（聚会）
●副词+ 动词outbreak(战争、疾病等爆发) , oute(结果，效果)
●名词+介词+名词 motherinlaw(婆婆) editorinchief（主编）
（2）合成动词
●名词+动词 babysit（看孩子） sleepwalk （梦游）
●形容词+动词 whitewash（粉刷）
●副词+动词 outnumber(数目超过) ，overwork (过度工作)，underestimate(低估)
（3）合成形容词
●名词+形容词 worldfamous(世界著名的), dutyfree(免税的)
●形容词+名词largescale(大规模的), long term(长期的)
●副词+形容词 overanxious(过度焦虑的), evergreen(长青的)
●名词+过去分词 manmade（人造的）, handmade(手工的), stateowned(国有的)
●名词+现在分词 peaceloving(爱好和平的)，Frenchspeaking(讲法语的)
●形容词+现在分词 goodlooking(好看的) ， easygoing（随和的）
●副词+过去分词 welleducated(受过良的)，wellknown(著名的)
●副词+现在分词 hardworking(努力工作的) , farreaching(广泛的)
●形容词+名词+ed warmhearted(热心的) , absentminded(心不在焉的)
●数词+名词+ed threelegged(三条腿的) tenstoried(十层楼高的)
●数词+名词+形容词 eightyearold(八岁大的) 700meterlong(七百米长的)
（4）合成副词
●形容词＋名词 meanwhile(与此同时)，anyway(不管怎样)
●形容词＋副词 everywhere(到处,处处)，anywhere(任何地方)，nowhere(任何地方都不,无处)
●副词＋副词however(然而，但是)
（5）合成代词
●代词宾格＋self/selves himself herself itself themselves
●物主代词＋self/selves myself ourselves yourself yourselves
●形容词＋名词anything nothing everything somebody anybody nobody
（6）合成介词
●副词＋名词 inside outside
●介词＋副词 without within
●副词＋介词into
3.派生法
英语构词法中，在一个词根前面或后面加上一个词缀构成一个新词，这种构词法叫派生法。

加在词根前面的词缀叫前缀，加在词根后面的词缀叫后缀。

词根承载单词的基本语义。

比如impossible的词素分析如下：
im(不，表否定) poss (能力,能够)ible (可能的，形容词后缀)
前缀词根后缀
前缀与后缀的不同作用
一般来说，前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。

如possible(可能的)是形容词，impossible（不可能的）
还是形容词，但词义改变了，im是否定前缀，意为“不”，这就叫前缀改变词义；再比如possible(可能的)是形容词，possibility (可能)是名词，ty是名词词缀，这就叫后缀改变词性。

除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不改变词义，少数后缀也可改变词义。

特殊情况特殊记，同学们记住词缀总诀：前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性。

常见的前缀和后缀汇总表
ly，形容词后缀friendly, daily, weekly, lovely, lively, lonely ly，副词后缀carefully, happily, quickly, especially, suddenly
en(材料的) ,形容词后缀en结尾过去分词做形容词golden, wooden, woolen
broken, stolen, fallen, drunken，spoken
en(使变得……)，多接在形容词之后，动词后缀widen(加宽),broaden(开扩) , shorten(缩短)，strengthen(加强)，weaken（削弱，变弱）
fy(使…化), 动词后缀beautify(美化), purify(净化), qualify(有资格) ate(做,造成), 动词后缀educate(教育)，graduate(毕业), locate(位于)
ise英式/ize美式(使...化) , 动词后缀realise/realize(意识到), memorise/memorize(记住), globalise/globalize(全球化)
语法专练英语构词法
题组A 基础过关练
单选题（本大题共50小题，共100.0分）
1.Kate is girl. She's very happy at school.
A. a eighteenyearold
B. an eighteenyearold
C. an eighteenyearsold
D. a eighteenyearsold
2.Helen was the winner of the ______ race. We were proud of her.
A. 100metres
B. 100metre
C. 100 metres
D. 100 metre
3.The _______ documentary describes _______ in the future.
A. two hours’; how Shanghai will be like
B. twohour; how Shanghai will be like
同步练习
C. twohour; what Shanghai will be like
D. two hour’s; what Shanghai will be like
4._______ exciting news! We will have a _______ holiday after the exam.
A. What an; two months
B. How an; two months
C. What; twomonth
D. How; two months’
5.Look! There is________over there. Do you know him?
A. a 8yearold boy
B. an 8yearold boy
C. a 8years old boy
D. an 8years old boy
6.— Hi, Jim! What's your plan?
— I will be on ____ holiday.
A. a twoday
B. a two day
C. a twoday's
D. a twodays
7.Which of the following is a pound word just like "snowball"?
A. building
B. introduce
C. weekend
D. petition
8.______ news! Our family will go to Guilin for a ______ visit.
A. What an excited; six days'
B. What excited; six days'
C. What an exciting; sixday
D. What exciting; sixday
9.—Why are you so happy?
—Because we'll enjoy ______ holiday.
A. seven days
B. a sevenday
C. a sevendays
10.______ young people went to the theatre to watch the______ play.
A. Thousands of; 130 minutes
B. Thousands of; 130minutes
C. Thousands of; 130minute
D. Thousand of; 130minute
11."Weekday" is a pound word. Which of the following is another pound word?
A. hopeless
B. direction
C. unfortable
D. gentleman
12.Our Chinese teacher often gives us a ________ test before class.
A. fiveminute
B. five minutes
C. fiveminutes
D. five minute
13.I hear we will have a ________ holiday in ________.
A. threeday; three days
B. three day’s; three days’
C. threeday; three day’s
D. three days; threedays
14.Which of the following words is formed in the same way as snowball?
A. daily
B. actor
C. pancake
D. discussion
15.Is the theme park far from here?
No. It is only a ______bus ride away.
A. twentyminute
B. twentyminutes
C. twentyminute’s
D. twentyminutes’
16.Which of the following words is NOT a pound（合成词）word?
A. toothache
B. weekend
C. meaningful
D. blackboard
17.Which of the following words is formed the same way as “toothache”?
A. useless
B. unusual
C. lovely
D. weekday
18.We cannot add “un” to___________to give it the opposite（相反的）meaning.
A. certain
B. important
C. fortable
D. active
19.The wedding dress is inexpensive but wellmade. In the word inexpensive, the in means ______.
A. very
B. more
C. not
D. less
20.We can put "un—" before the following words except ________.
A. correct
B. fortable
C. certain
D. interesting
21.We can add "im" to ____ to give it the opposite meaning.
A. certain
B. necessary
C. fortable
D. possible
22.Which of the following words has a different prefix to make it have an opposite meaning?
A. active
B. honest
C. correct
D. direct
23.We can put the prefix "un" before the following words to give them the opposite meaning except .
A. patient
B. fortable
C. happy
D. certain
24.You can use a machine .
A. washing; to do some washing
B. washes; do some washing
C. wash; to washes
D. washing; to wash nothing
25.You shouldn't ____ your daughter at home. She can receive better ____ at school.
A. educate; educate
B. education; education
C. educate; education
D. education; educate
26.—What's Anna like？
—She is ______. She likes to help her friends.
A. help
B. helpful
C. helps
D. helped
27.George treats everyone with ________ and warmth, spreading positive energy.
A. kind
B. kindly
C. kindness
D. kindless
28.Which of the following suffixes (后缀）means "without"?
A. able
B. ful
C. ous
D. less
29.Which of the following words can add a "ly" to form an adjective?
A. real
B. bad
C. usual
D. friend
30.Tom is not in good ______, because he has ______ eating habits.
A. healthy; health
B. health; healthy
C. health; unhealthy
D. unhealthy; health
31.“You must be ________ to others,” the woman said to me ________.
A. polite; politely
B. politely; polite
C. polite; polite
D. politely; politely
32.—Did you get the points at the meeting?
—Yes, of course. I listened ________ all the time.
A. careful enough
B. carefully enough
C. enough careful
D. enough carefully
33.Edison was a great ________.He _______over 10,000 _______during his life.
A. invent ,invented, inventions
B. inventor ,invented, invention
C. inventor ,invented, inventions
D. inventor ,invents, inventions
34.—The radio says it is a day today.
—Yes. Look! It is heavily now.
A. rain; raining
B. rainy; rainy
C. rainy; raining
35.I was floating ______ in a cloud in the sky.
A. fortable
B. fortably
C. fort
D. unfortable
36.The girl is very kind. She has two bright ________ eyes.
A. smile
B. smiles
C. smiled
D. smiling
37.Mr. Harris looks _______ today. He's looking _______ at every student in his class, even the naughty boys．
A. happily; happy
B. unhappy; happily
C. happy; unhappily
D. happy; happily
38.The television is a ______ machine.
A. newlyinvented
B. newinvented
C. newlyinvent
D. newlyinvention
39.In the words homeless and useless, the —less means ______.
A. be full of
B. without
C. very
D. can
40.The climbers made a fire during the night in order to be _______ in the mountain．
A. safe
B. safely
C. save
D. safety
41.Could I use your puter to send an email？
Sure，but you must wait a few minutes．I _______ some information about Easter．
A. downloaded
B. download
C. am downloading
D. was downloading
42.You look excited．What happened？
I saw a rabbit and ran _________ the field after it．
A. through
B. cross
C. across
D. crossing
43.Although the old man lives ____，he doesn't feel ____at all．
A. by himself， alone
B. alone， lonely
C. lonely，alone
44.Why do you like _____？
I think it is great fun．
A. act
B. acts
C. action
D. acting
45.What made James so ____
He couldn't find his ticket anywhere．
A. dangerous
B. successful
C. careful
D. upset
46.I'm ________ that they invited me to their party because I don't know them well.
A. interested
B. interesting
C. surprised
D. surprising
47.Classmates in our grade __________ a big family. Everyone really __________ living in a place __________ that.
A. are like; likes; like
B. like; likes; is like
C. are like; like; likes
D. like; is like; likes
48.My classmate Sandy often ________ a lot and feels ________ her exam results.
A. worried, worried
B. worries about, worry
C. worries, worried about
D. worries, worries about
49.Columbus'（哥伦布) was quite an event in the world.
A. discover
B. discovery
C. discovered
D. discoveries
50.All living things should be respected, _______ plants and animals.
A. include
B. including
C. includes
D. included
题组B 能力提升练
单句语法填空用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空（本大题共10小题，共10.0分）
51.I want to be a good (sing) like Han Hong.
52.With the help of the teacher, there has been a great in her spoken English.(improve)
53.Jack plays the violin very well. He will be a (violin) in the future.
54.In China, people usually eat (tradition) food on special days.
55.The (win) of this year's Young Star Award is Daniel! Well done!
56.We all know that Chinese has the most in the world. (speak)
57.It's of Tom to push in before others in public. (polite)
58.More and more people like to buy books on the Internet as the books on the Internet are . (expensive)
59.English usually say "Excuse me" before asking for help. (speak)
60.It is to go into a person's room without knocking（敲）at the door first. (polite)。