写作Unit5ResearchPaperwriting--byWHZ
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Research Paper
Chapter 5
Outline
Definition General steps Sections comprising a research paper
Definition
A research paper is a presentation of a researcher’s investigations on a selected topic backed up by the ideas or information of others in the field.
Collecting information
Bibliographical information
When gathering second-hand information, jot down full bibliographical information (author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page numbers, URLs, creation or modification dates on Web pages, and your date of access) on your work sheet for later retrieval.
• Method—How (what material, what method, and what procedures do you get answers to your research question?
• Results—What is your answer to the question?
A Sample outline
I. Introduction II. Body
A. Weight control 1. Aids self-control 2. Burns calories 3. Encourages a healthy diet 4. Suppresses appetite
B. Psychological well-being 1. Aids sleep 2. Inhibits depression 3. Intensifies vitality
• Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)
• …is as yet undetermined. • (The research subject)…; however, (the
related problem)…remains unsolved.
focuses on… • This research is designed to determine/
measure/evaluate… • The author intends/attempts to outline the
framework of/obtain some knowledge of…
III. Conclusion
Writing the paper
Write a rough draft; Revise the draft as often as necessary; Edit the format of the text, citations,
notes and bibliography according to the requirements of a journal you want to contribute this paper.
• Introduction • method • results or findings • discussion and conclusion
Introduction
• The purpose and background of present study
• The scope and focus to develop the study
Steps to a research paper
• Choosing the topic
Specific topics make better papers than very broad or general ones.
A broad topic: The Ims
• Descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form. But it does not capture the specific content of the paper, owing to which it is less common.
Overview of a Research Paper
The front matter The body The end matter
The front matter
• Title: Research theme • Author’s name(s) • Abstract: Conceptional description (the
The end matter
• references and appendixes Following one of the two main types of
reference formats: APA and MLA
Abstract Writing
• An abstract describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper. An abstract has to be interesting and informative. As electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research papers in many subject areas today, abstracts have become increasingly important. So everything relevant to potential readers should be in the abstract.
To present results, findings and conclusion
• Problems, argumentation and hypothesis
Method
• Theoretical framework or models and research design
• Experimental apparatus and procedures
• Descriptions of data treatment
• (Previous studies) have examined…,( the related problem) is that…,despite…
To state the purpose of the present study
• This paper advances the view that… • The purpose/intention of this paper is that… • The primary goal/aim of this paper is that… • The work /investigation presented in this paper
A specific topic: International Cooperation
as Exemplified by the World Bank
• It is aimed to tell other people your findings and claims on a selected topic.
Results or Findings
• Figures (graphs, tables and diagrams) • Generalization of the results • Comments or explanations of the
results
Discussion and Conclusion
Evaluating materials
Analyze, synthesize, sort and digest the information collected.
• Outlining the paper
An outline helps you to think through your topic carefully and organize it logically before you start writing.
scope); Procedures and methodology; Main findings, conclusion and implications or suggestions • key words : Terms to generalize research concerns
The body
• Conclusion—What implications does the answer imply?
Features of an abstract
• Concise • Objective • Consistent • Complete • Brief
Useful expressions
To define the background and argument of the present study
Two types of abstract
• Informative abstract extracts everything relevant from the paper, including the primary research objective or purpose, method employed in solving the problems, principal findings or results, and major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper.
Structure of an informative abstract
• Background—Why do you want to do the research?
• Research question —What question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?
• A brief review of original hypothesis and other researchers’ findings
• Highlights or further explanations of the findings of the present study
• Limitations of the d\study • Suggesting implications
• (Problems in certain research area) are…, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned, because…
• While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to…, (the present agreement) is still problematic.
Chapter 5
Outline
Definition General steps Sections comprising a research paper
Definition
A research paper is a presentation of a researcher’s investigations on a selected topic backed up by the ideas or information of others in the field.
Collecting information
Bibliographical information
When gathering second-hand information, jot down full bibliographical information (author, title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page numbers, URLs, creation or modification dates on Web pages, and your date of access) on your work sheet for later retrieval.
• Method—How (what material, what method, and what procedures do you get answers to your research question?
• Results—What is your answer to the question?
A Sample outline
I. Introduction II. Body
A. Weight control 1. Aids self-control 2. Burns calories 3. Encourages a healthy diet 4. Suppresses appetite
B. Psychological well-being 1. Aids sleep 2. Inhibits depression 3. Intensifies vitality
• Although (the research subject)…, (the related problem)
• …is as yet undetermined. • (The research subject)…; however, (the
related problem)…remains unsolved.
focuses on… • This research is designed to determine/
measure/evaluate… • The author intends/attempts to outline the
framework of/obtain some knowledge of…
III. Conclusion
Writing the paper
Write a rough draft; Revise the draft as often as necessary; Edit the format of the text, citations,
notes and bibliography according to the requirements of a journal you want to contribute this paper.
• Introduction • method • results or findings • discussion and conclusion
Introduction
• The purpose and background of present study
• The scope and focus to develop the study
Steps to a research paper
• Choosing the topic
Specific topics make better papers than very broad or general ones.
A broad topic: The Ims
• Descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form. But it does not capture the specific content of the paper, owing to which it is less common.
Overview of a Research Paper
The front matter The body The end matter
The front matter
• Title: Research theme • Author’s name(s) • Abstract: Conceptional description (the
The end matter
• references and appendixes Following one of the two main types of
reference formats: APA and MLA
Abstract Writing
• An abstract describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper. An abstract has to be interesting and informative. As electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research papers in many subject areas today, abstracts have become increasingly important. So everything relevant to potential readers should be in the abstract.
To present results, findings and conclusion
• Problems, argumentation and hypothesis
Method
• Theoretical framework or models and research design
• Experimental apparatus and procedures
• Descriptions of data treatment
• (Previous studies) have examined…,( the related problem) is that…,despite…
To state the purpose of the present study
• This paper advances the view that… • The purpose/intention of this paper is that… • The primary goal/aim of this paper is that… • The work /investigation presented in this paper
A specific topic: International Cooperation
as Exemplified by the World Bank
• It is aimed to tell other people your findings and claims on a selected topic.
Results or Findings
• Figures (graphs, tables and diagrams) • Generalization of the results • Comments or explanations of the
results
Discussion and Conclusion
Evaluating materials
Analyze, synthesize, sort and digest the information collected.
• Outlining the paper
An outline helps you to think through your topic carefully and organize it logically before you start writing.
scope); Procedures and methodology; Main findings, conclusion and implications or suggestions • key words : Terms to generalize research concerns
The body
• Conclusion—What implications does the answer imply?
Features of an abstract
• Concise • Objective • Consistent • Complete • Brief
Useful expressions
To define the background and argument of the present study
Two types of abstract
• Informative abstract extracts everything relevant from the paper, including the primary research objective or purpose, method employed in solving the problems, principal findings or results, and major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper.
Structure of an informative abstract
• Background—Why do you want to do the research?
• Research question —What question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?
• A brief review of original hypothesis and other researchers’ findings
• Highlights or further explanations of the findings of the present study
• Limitations of the d\study • Suggesting implications
• (Problems in certain research area) are…, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned, because…
• While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to…, (the present agreement) is still problematic.