英语16种时态超经典整理

英语的16种时态之五兆芳芳创作
1.一般现在时the present tense
2.一般过来时the past tense
3.一般未来时the future tense
4.一般过来未来时the past future tense
5.现在进行时the present continuous tense
6.过来进行时the past Continuous Tense
7.未来进行时the future continuous tense
8.过来未来进行时the past future continuous tense
9.现在完成时the Present Perfect Tense
10.过来完成时the Past Perfect Tense
11.未来完成时the future perfect tense
12.过来未来完成时the past future perfect tense
13.现在完成进行时the present perfect continuous tense
14.过来完成进行时the past perfect continuous tense
15.未来完成进行时the future perfect continuous tense
16.过来未来完成进行时the past future perfect continuous tense
一、一般时态
1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时暗示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段频频产生的动作或状态，常和副词usually，often，always sometimes，regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week 等连用.例如：
1）The moon moves round the earth..
2）Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
(2)在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment 以及if，unless 等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通经常使用一般现在时代替未来时.例如：
1）I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2）I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
(3)某些暗示起始的动词，可用一般现在时暗示按规则、筹划或安插要产生的动作，这类动词有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave 等.例如：
1）The plane leaves at three sharp.
2）The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
(4)在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as 等引导的从句中，也经常使用一般现在时代替未来时.例如：
1）Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2）You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2．一般过来时
（1）暗示过来某一特定时间所产生的、可完成的动作或状态，常与暗示确切过来时间的词、短语或从句连用.例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
（2）暗示过来习惯性动作.例如：
1）He always went to class last.
2）I used to do my homework in the library.
（注意与be used to doing短语的区别）
3．一般未来时
1）暗示未来打算进行或期待产生的动作或状态.例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2）几种替代形式：
1）be going to +v在口语中普遍使用，暗示准备做或将产生的事情.例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2）be to +v暗示筹划安插要做的事，具有“需要”的强制性意义.例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3）be about to +v暗示行将产生的事情.例如：
He was about to start.
4）be due to +v暗示预先确定了的事，肯定产生的事.例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5）be on the point/verge of +v –ing强调行将产生的某种事态.例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、进行时态
1．现在进行时
（1）暗示现在正在进行的动作，常与now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等连用.例如：
Don’t d isturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
（2）暗示现阶段经常产生的动作，常与always，continually，forever，constantly等连用.例如：My father is forever criticizing me.
（3）暗示按照筹划或安插在最近要进行的事情.具有这种语法功效的动词仅限于过渡性动词.即暗示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词.经常使用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等.例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
（4）有些动词不克不及用进行时，这是一类暗示“感到，豪情，存在，从属”等的动词.如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，（暗示感到的词）；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive（暗示豪情的动词）；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain（暗示存在状态的动词）；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form（暗示占有与从属的动词）；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember（暗示思考理解的动词）.但是如果它们词义改动，便也可用进行时态.例如：1）Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
（look 在此为联系动词，意为“显得，看上去”）
2）Tom is looking for his books.
（look 在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”）
2．过来进行时
过来进行时暗示一个过来的动作产生时或产生后，另一个过来的动作正在进行，或暗示过来频频的习惯，常与always，continually，constantly等动词连用.例如：
1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3．未来进行时
未来进行时主要暗示未来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或暗示要在未来某一时刻开始，并持续下去的动作.经常使用来暗示礼貌的询问、请求等.例如：
1）This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2）What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4．完成进行时
（现在、过来、未来）完成进行时是（现在、过来、未来）完成时的强调形式，将放在完成时态部分讲述.
三、完成时态
完成时态通常暗示已完成或从事的动作.它可分为：
1．现在完成时
（1）现在完成时用来暗示对目前状况仍有影响的，方才完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或过来某一时刻产生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）.例如：
1）I have just finished my homework.
2）Mary has been ill for three days.
（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等.例如：
1）I haven’t been there for five years.
2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
（3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最初级+ n +定语从句.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通经常使用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过来时，从句谓语动词通经常使用过来完成时.例如：（1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
（2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2．过来完成时
（1）暗示过来某时间前已经产生的动作或情况，这个过来的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来暗示；或暗示一个动作在另一个过来动作之前已经完成.例如：
1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过来完成时，暗示过来的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现.例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, b ut I wasn’t able to get away.
另外两种暗示“过来想做而未做的事”的表达方法是：
1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
（3）过来完成时经常使用于以下固定句型：
1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过来完成时+ when + 过来时.例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2）no sooner +过来完成时+ than +过来时.例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3）by (the end of ) +过来时间，主句中谓语动词用过来完成时.例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
3．未来完成时
未来完成时暗示在未来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作产生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来暗示
一种猜测.常与未来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) + 暗示未来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) + 暗示未来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上暗示未来动作的句子等.例如：
1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.
3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4．完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过来完成进行时，未来完成进行时.
（1）现在完成进行时暗示过来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过来某一时刻.例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
（2）过来完成进行时暗示过来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过来某一时刻.例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
（3）未来完成进行时暗示在未来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到未来某一时刻.例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：时态一致
时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容.通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态.一般原则是：1、当主句谓语使用现在时或未来时，从句的谓语按照具体情况使用任什么时候态
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
“Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.”
“There’s a lot of excitement on the street.”
“There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?”
2、当主句谓语使用过来时的时候，从句的谓语必须使用过来规模的时态
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、当从句是暗示没有时间概念的真理时，从句的谓语应使用一般现在时.例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
注：在此种情况下，即便主句谓语用了过来式的各类时态，从句谓语也应用一般现在时.
4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况
利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时，还应注意，若主语动词是暗示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词，从句谓语只能用虚拟语气，不克不及遵循时态一致原则.例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
动词的语态
语态也是动词的一种形式，英语有两种语态：主动语态和主动语态.主动语态暗示主语是动作的执行者，而主动语态暗示主语是动作的承受者.
1）We use electricity to run machines.（主动语态）
2）Electricity is used to run machines.（主动语态）
1．不克不及用于主动语态的动词和短语
（1）在英语中，不及物动词不克不及用于主动语态，但有些不及物动词（包含短语）容易引起误用.如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of.
（2）某些暗示状态或特征的及物动词，如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有主动语态.
2．主动语态的时态形式
经常使用的主动语态有表1 所列的几种时态形式.表1
时间一般时进行时完成时
现在am askedam being asked
is askedis being asked
are asked are being asked
过来was be askedwas being asked
were be asked were being asked
未来shall be asked shall have been asked
will be askedwill have been asked
过来should be asked should have been asked
未来would be asked would have been asked
3．短语动词的主动语态
短语动词转换为主动语态时，通常被看作是一个动词，前面的介词或副词不克不及拆开或省略.例如：1）So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2）All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4．“get + -ed分词”的主动语态
“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果，而非动作自己，经常使用来暗示突发性的，出乎意料的偶然事件.例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外，“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事，是主动的行动而不是主动的行动.例如：
get dressed（穿衣服）get divorced（离婚）get engaged（订婚）get confused（迷惑不解）get lost（迷路）get washed（洗脸）get married（结婚）
5．能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改成主动语态
（1）能带两个宾语的动词改成主动语态时，一次只能由一个宾语作主语，另一个宾语被保存下来.例如：1）We showed the visitors our new products.（主动语态）
2）The visitors were shown our new products.（主动语态）
3）Our new products were shown to the visitors.（主动语态）
（2）能带复合宾语的动词改成主动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变成主语补足语.例如：
1）The teacher appointed him League secretary.（主动语态）
2）He was appointed League secretary.（主动语态）
6．主动语态与系表结构的区别
（1）The novel was well written.（系表结构）
（2）The novel was written by Diskens.（主动语态）
7．少数动词的主动语态有时有主动的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能这样用的动词还有read（读起来），clean（擦起来），wash（洗起来），write（写起来）.
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need这样用的动词还有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等.
例4：The meat is cooking.
例5：The book written by the professor is printing.。