语法知识时态
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静态动词或表示短暂动作的动态动词
• 动态动词: 表运动状态的动词 jump, hit, open, close （表短暂动作） • 静态动词：表相对静止状态的动词 如be 动词，表感觉的动词 feel, 表心理状态的 动词think( 表示的意义具有持续性)
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
• • I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. • 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. • I am doing my homework now. • 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明 的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表 示正在进行的动作的客观状况。
用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。
（1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? I wanted to ask you about that. Did you want to speak to me now? I wondered if you could help me. （2）情态动词 could, would，例如： Could you lend me your bike?
Brief Introduction
• 英语动词有两种时（现在时，过去时）， 两种体（进行体和完成体），两种态（主 动态，被动态），三种式（陈述式，祈使 式，虚拟式）
I. Uses of Simple Present 1. 表不受时限的客观存在，包括客观真理、
格言事实等
• The earth moves around the sun. • Shanghai lies in the east of China. • Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.
quotations引用 titles标题
II Uses of Simple Past 表过去时间 We had a meeting yesterday afternoon. 一般过去时表示的时间与现在不发生关系， 已成为过去/不复存在，比较：
I studied in Canada for 7 years.
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the simple past: 1. I’ll make sure that everything _____ (be) in order. is 2. I hope (that) I ______________ (see) you there. see / will see 3. See that you ______ (be) ready at 8 o’clock. are 4. I’m getting tired --- it’s time we _______ (go) went home. 5. I’d rather you _______ (buy) a car. bought
4. 在一些特殊场景中的呈现 5. Tough tone, severe warning
and pointБайду номын сангаасng directions
表示强硬语气、严厉警告或指点道路 You mind your own business.
管你自己的事吧（别多管闲事）。
You take the first turning ahead, then cross a bridge and you (will) see the city library.
前面第一个路口左拐，然后过了桥就看见市图书馆了。
6. 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现 在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
Chapter 8
动词的时与态 Tense and Aspect
什么是时态？
一个中心，两个基本点 一个中心：是以“谓语 动词”为中心，要牢 牢抓住这个中心不放。
两个基本点：就是时间 和状态。
时态的选择
1. 虽然哥伦布证明了地球是圆的，但是直到第一艘人造飞船 升上太空，人们对这一事实才有了直观的了解。 2. 在电子书籍真正吸引读者之前，很多问题需要解决。 3. 机器人在不久的将来会进入我们的日常生活。 4. 先进科技使得患癌症的穷人现在可以获得一些原本昂贵的 药物。 5. 如果我们忽视环境保护，全球性的生态危机就快到了。 6. 在阿姆斯壮第一次踏上月球之前，人们就想象过月球表面 会是什么样子。 7. 从前人们认为繁殖必定是涉及两性的。 8. 在地球变得不适宜居住的时候，人类已经移民到另外的星 球。
been doing
has had been doing will
have been doing
shall
过 should 去 do 将 来 would
should should be doing have been done have been doing would would would
Key Points: 1. Uses of simple present; 2. Uses of simple past; 3. Uses of present progressive; 4. Uses of past progressive.
3）if/ when 引导的条件分句或时间分句中
注：1）和2）中的分句可换成将来时，3）不能
5. 一般现在时表过去时间
I hear you have got a part-time job.
= I heard you got/ had got a part-time job. 能用一般现在时表示过去时间的动词: tell, say, hear, learn, gather（了解，推测， 得知） 等 或称作：历史性现在时 (Historic Present)
2. 表现在习惯动作，现在习惯性经常性发生 的动作，常与频度副词连用( always,
hardly ever= almost never)
我们常10点钟上床睡觉.
We are usually in bed by 10.
He cycles to work every day.
3. 表现时状态和现在瞬间动作，只适用于
一般现在时
Simple Past 一般过去时 Future Time 将来时间
Present Perfective Progressive 现在完成进行体 Past Perfective Progressive 过去完成进行体
代表过去 某一时间
代表以过去 为基准的将 来某一时间
代表 现在
代表将来 某一时间
用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。
If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing. If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.
注意比较下列句型：
◎ It is time for sb. to do sth “到……时间了；该……了”，例如： It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 ◎ It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了；早该……了”，例如： It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 ◎ would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”，例如： I'd rather you came tomorrow. 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已 不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住 在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
一般现在
现在进行
现在完成
现在完成进行
一般过去
过去进行
过去完成
过去完成进行
过去将来
过去将来进行 过去将来完成
过去将来 完成进行
一般将来
将来进行
将来完成
将来完成进行
一般 现 在 过 去 将 来
进行
完成 have
完成进行
do does
did will
do
shall
am have is doing done are has was doing had done were will will be doing have done shall shall should
Present
现在时
Past
过去时
Progressive
进行体
Perfective
完成体
Present Progressive Simple Present 现在进行体 Past Progressive 过去进行体
Present Perfective 现在完成体 Past Perfective 过去完成体
He left for San Francisco the day before yesterday. 他前天启程去旧金山。 World war II broke out in 1939. 第二次世界大战于1939年爆发。
Past habit 过去习惯的动作、过去反复发生的事情
I often went fishing in that river.我常去那条河钓鱼。 This neighborhood was once an exclusive residential area. 这一带曾经是高级住宅区。
( 现已不在加拿大) I have studied in Canada for 7 years. （现可能在加拿大也可能在别地） 翻译：1. 从前有座山，山上有座庙，庙里住着一个老和尚。 2. He aimed, fired, and missed.
Past event 过去的动作和状态、过去发生的事情
三种句型
1）I hope/ I bet + that 分句中, 可用一般现在时表将来 I hope he likes my gift. (will like)
I bet it rains tomorrow. (will rain)
2）see ( to it)/ make sure/ make certain + that 分句中 I’ ll see that nobody disturbs you ( will disturb).
• 动态动词: 表运动状态的动词 jump, hit, open, close （表短暂动作） • 静态动词：表相对静止状态的动词 如be 动词，表感觉的动词 feel, 表心理状态的 动词think( 表示的意义具有持续性)
现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
• • I don't want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. • 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. • I am doing my homework now. • 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明 的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表 示正在进行的动作的客观状况。
用过去时表示现在，表示语气委婉礼貌。
（1）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? I wanted to ask you about that. Did you want to speak to me now? I wondered if you could help me. （2）情态动词 could, would，例如： Could you lend me your bike?
Brief Introduction
• 英语动词有两种时（现在时，过去时）， 两种体（进行体和完成体），两种态（主 动态，被动态），三种式（陈述式，祈使 式，虚拟式）
I. Uses of Simple Present 1. 表不受时限的客观存在，包括客观真理、
格言事实等
• The earth moves around the sun. • Shanghai lies in the east of China. • Water boils at 100 centigrade degrees.
quotations引用 titles标题
II Uses of Simple Past 表过去时间 We had a meeting yesterday afternoon. 一般过去时表示的时间与现在不发生关系， 已成为过去/不复存在，比较：
I studied in Canada for 7 years.
Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or the simple past: 1. I’ll make sure that everything _____ (be) in order. is 2. I hope (that) I ______________ (see) you there. see / will see 3. See that you ______ (be) ready at 8 o’clock. are 4. I’m getting tired --- it’s time we _______ (go) went home. 5. I’d rather you _______ (buy) a car. bought
4. 在一些特殊场景中的呈现 5. Tough tone, severe warning
and pointБайду номын сангаасng directions
表示强硬语气、严厉警告或指点道路 You mind your own business.
管你自己的事吧（别多管闲事）。
You take the first turning ahead, then cross a bridge and you (will) see the city library.
前面第一个路口左拐，然后过了桥就看见市图书馆了。
6. 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现 在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.
Chapter 8
动词的时与态 Tense and Aspect
什么是时态？
一个中心，两个基本点 一个中心：是以“谓语 动词”为中心，要牢 牢抓住这个中心不放。
两个基本点：就是时间 和状态。
时态的选择
1. 虽然哥伦布证明了地球是圆的，但是直到第一艘人造飞船 升上太空，人们对这一事实才有了直观的了解。 2. 在电子书籍真正吸引读者之前，很多问题需要解决。 3. 机器人在不久的将来会进入我们的日常生活。 4. 先进科技使得患癌症的穷人现在可以获得一些原本昂贵的 药物。 5. 如果我们忽视环境保护，全球性的生态危机就快到了。 6. 在阿姆斯壮第一次踏上月球之前，人们就想象过月球表面 会是什么样子。 7. 从前人们认为繁殖必定是涉及两性的。 8. 在地球变得不适宜居住的时候，人类已经移民到另外的星 球。
been doing
has had been doing will
have been doing
shall
过 should 去 do 将 来 would
should should be doing have been done have been doing would would would
Key Points: 1. Uses of simple present; 2. Uses of simple past; 3. Uses of present progressive; 4. Uses of past progressive.
3）if/ when 引导的条件分句或时间分句中
注：1）和2）中的分句可换成将来时，3）不能
5. 一般现在时表过去时间
I hear you have got a part-time job.
= I heard you got/ had got a part-time job. 能用一般现在时表示过去时间的动词: tell, say, hear, learn, gather（了解，推测， 得知） 等 或称作：历史性现在时 (Historic Present)
2. 表现在习惯动作，现在习惯性经常性发生 的动作，常与频度副词连用( always,
hardly ever= almost never)
我们常10点钟上床睡觉.
We are usually in bed by 10.
He cycles to work every day.
3. 表现时状态和现在瞬间动作，只适用于
一般现在时
Simple Past 一般过去时 Future Time 将来时间
Present Perfective Progressive 现在完成进行体 Past Perfective Progressive 过去完成进行体
代表过去 某一时间
代表以过去 为基准的将 来某一时间
代表 现在
代表将来 某一时间
用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气。
If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing. If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.
注意比较下列句型：
◎ It is time for sb. to do sth “到……时间了；该……了”，例如： It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 ◎ It is time sb. did sth. “时间已迟了；早该……了”，例如： It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 ◎ would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”，例如： I'd rather you came tomorrow. 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已 不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义：现在还住 在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)
一般现在
现在进行
现在完成
现在完成进行
一般过去
过去进行
过去完成
过去完成进行
过去将来
过去将来进行 过去将来完成
过去将来 完成进行
一般将来
将来进行
将来完成
将来完成进行
一般 现 在 过 去 将 来
进行
完成 have
完成进行
do does
did will
do
shall
am have is doing done are has was doing had done were will will be doing have done shall shall should
Present
现在时
Past
过去时
Progressive
进行体
Perfective
完成体
Present Progressive Simple Present 现在进行体 Past Progressive 过去进行体
Present Perfective 现在完成体 Past Perfective 过去完成体
He left for San Francisco the day before yesterday. 他前天启程去旧金山。 World war II broke out in 1939. 第二次世界大战于1939年爆发。
Past habit 过去习惯的动作、过去反复发生的事情
I often went fishing in that river.我常去那条河钓鱼。 This neighborhood was once an exclusive residential area. 这一带曾经是高级住宅区。
( 现已不在加拿大) I have studied in Canada for 7 years. （现可能在加拿大也可能在别地） 翻译：1. 从前有座山，山上有座庙，庙里住着一个老和尚。 2. He aimed, fired, and missed.
Past event 过去的动作和状态、过去发生的事情
三种句型
1）I hope/ I bet + that 分句中, 可用一般现在时表将来 I hope he likes my gift. (will like)
I bet it rains tomorrow. (will rain)
2）see ( to it)/ make sure/ make certain + that 分句中 I’ ll see that nobody disturbs you ( will disturb).