国际经济与贸易专业外文翻译--中国对外贸易模式研究

国际经济与贸易专业外文翻译中国对外贸易模式研究
外文原文
Analysis on the model o f Chinese foreign trade
This p aper clarified contact actual implementation in China shall actively future import substitution and export-oriented strategy model combining the compound in view,and expounds the select and implement the strategic mode of economic exhibition should consider the problem.
A country's foreign economic development strategy mode can be summarized as import substitution and export-oriented two basic modes of population,th e market in China,its large capacity development space,bu t also vast exist,and per capita under developed productivity development and utilization of natural resources are limited and economic efficiency,low enough and limited capital accumulation restraints.This kind of situation determines that China cannot implement single import-substituted strategy,also cannot implement single export-oriented strategy should be implemented,and import substitution and export-oriented combination of complex strategy,can we mak e full use of and development of domestic and foreign two resources and markets,t o better achieve strategic balance and China's economic development goals.
1.Implementation o f import substitution and export-oriented
strategy model combining with China
1.1In China since last century the development situation o f pp
By the middle of the last century,in a single planned economic system restriction and the influence of political and economic environment at home and abroad,China's foreign economic development strategy,with a single plan experience associated economic system closing economic development strategy mode namely single import-substituted strategy mode.In this economy under the guidance of the strategic thought,from the1950s t o the late 1970s,after20years of construction and development,our preliminary realized industrialization,creating a mor e complete suitable for China's national conditions of industrial system,and have achieved some results.However,implementing a single import substitution didn't achieve desired success.When our country is economically backward agricultural country,the construction funds shortage,industrial technology is low,national low per capita income,residents purchasing power and consumption level is very low,this kind of situation has determined t he domestic market at the limited space in China.Therefore, in the implementation of import substitution strategy,development in the process of import substitution industry difficulties and of all obstacles.Meanwhile,the industrial system in China in countries under the highly pr otected is established and developed,enterprise mainly rely on increase production inputs t o expand the scale of production,t o realize the economic growth,its economic infrastructure,technology strength rather weak,the industrial equipment dated,enterprise's lack of market ideas,a lack of market awareness,consumption,high cost of enterprise and economic high quality and economic benefit is low,the international market competition ability and export disabilities,this kind of situation is serious impact on the alternative levels of improving,and restricted the development of import and export trade in China.First incompetence,and export export ability inadequacy and influenced directly restricts the import,introduce adv anced technology from abroad,and the end result is the proportion of China in international trade from the19531.5%dropped to1977o.6%.And in the s ame period,Japan and other emer ging east Asian economies bu t borrowing and seize this period world economic prosperity and international trade development will bring gr eat opportunity,implement export-oriented strategy,mak e full use of the international market and
its resources,and actively develop export-oriented economy,the development of its economy, its much to raise the economic strength.Unfortunately,our country missed the chance to develop export-oriented economy.
1.2Since China's reform and opening trade development
In1979China began to gradually implement opening,economic reform policy.S tarted from a single planned economy into planned economy to market economy,combining economic system then to1992established a system of socialist market economy.China's economic development strategy is also associated with the reform of the economic structure and g e t innovation,in the implementation of import substitution strategy is introduced, meanwhile,export orientation strategy,began t o develop export-oriented economy and achieved considerable development.Our country is a developing country,industrialization development process is in the intermediate stage,according t o the international development of the general rule of industrialized countries,a period of our country should implement Jackie import substitution and export orientation and development strategy,this is actually "composite"industrialization development strategy.According t o the international division of labor theory,a comparative adv antage in our country should be within the industry,such as labor-intensive industries thr ough foreign absorbing funds,technology,project,talent and so on a series of can in a relatively short period of time effectively improve our country industrialization level,improve our pr oduct international market competition ability of the measur es and formulate actively encourage export foreign trade policy,encourage and mak e efforts to expand the product export.However,in the international market competition developed countries in manipulation and control status,developing countries at a no t equal status,developing country exports primary pr oducts imported products for export trading prices of primary products,developing countries disadvantage.Therefore,our country should in product,price,cost of a comparative adv antage n o t capital intensive industries and tech-intensive industry field,continue t o implement the strategy of import substitution to set up,consolidate,the development of domestic industrial base,perfect our country's industrial development system.
2.Import substitution and combination of export-oriented
strategy is necessary
2.1China international and domestic market
2.1.1China trade dev elopment prospects
For our country,our domestic market for development space,although economic volume is broad,only accounted for25%of the Japanese,American12%.But China's economic growth rate faster growth rate of7%-every year,mo r e than9%,far higher than the3%t o4% in developed countries.The national economy growth,determines the rapid growth of the national income,the rapid growth of the national income personal income increase makes residents,thereby improving the residents purchasing power and consumption levels,it exp anded the total social needs.Then,if the single export-oriented strategy,mainly rely on imported from abr o ad commodity t o meet the need of domestic market consumption market, obviously doesn't work,is also unable t o realize.Can predict,in our country's huge population b ase in front,the future of social purchasing power and a gg r ega te demand will continue t o improve,new consumer market will k eep formation and appear.The expansion of domestic market this market and the growth of total,is not only the market"quantity"of simple expansion,and the market's"mass''get promoted continuously.From this point,China's domestic market in the future for quite a long time,it is quite wide development space for the enterprise,it will be a huge market opportunities,it is import substitution industrial development o pe n s up a br o ad prospect and space.Therefore,our country industrialization development direction,and its overall goal should be facing domestic market,its pr oduct market objectives should be also the domestic market of the consumers.That is,thr ough meet domestic market demand,from domestic market to promote economic development. Therefore,impossible t o China's economy as a whole and all industrial areas have included the export-oriented orbit.
2.1.2China's import and export oriented
Of course,we cannot therefore refute export-oriented,if n ot export orientation,do no t expand export,import substitution industry also could n ot succeed.In the development of import substitution of economy at the sa me time,should because when,in parts of the situation,part industry,part of the enterprise the export orientation strategy,establish the export-oriented economy.In order t o mak e full use of the international economic conditions
obtained thr ough the development of export,import adv anced technology and foreign equipment,production replace imported products supply domestic market,economic globalization and regional economic integration has become the tr end of the economic development,if we pu t too much emphasis on the domestic market and ignore the huge international market is untimely;Similarly,if pu t too much emphasis on the international market and ignore the domestic market on economic growth role is one-sided.W e should mak e full use of both domestic and overseas market to provide power for sustained economic growth,which is implemented to China's national conditions,namely,the economic development strategy,import substitution and export orientation and development strategy, essence is a"composite''industrialization development strategy.
3.Economic development strategy model selection and
determined
3.1Should be taken into account in the domestic and international economic and political environment impact
For a nation t o choose economic development strategy,establish economic development model,we should consider international economic and political environment,domestic social economic system and national economic development foundation and development goals of influence and restriction role.Must a country period of economic development strategy, economic development pattern should a d a pt and obey the period of international economic and political environment,domestic social economic system and the development of domestic economy b a s e d and development objectives,and with the international economic and political environment,domestic social economic system and the development of domestic economy foundation and development goals change constantly adjusted by due to the above,avoid the development of influence and restriction factor to changes in the economic and strategic decision making mistakes.International economic and political environment contains the international political environment and change period,international security environment and change,the international economic relations and its development trend,the international market dynamic and change tr end and international economic relations theory and theories of the emergence,development,innovation and its role and influence.International economic
and political environment is to develop export-oriented mode have t o first consider the question,of course,international economic and political environment on import substitution industrialization is also a major influence.For the domestic social and economic system,main is t o focus on this period of national economic system pr esent situation and future trends and possible targets and related measur es and policies
And regulations,etc.Domestic economic development foundation or refers to a country, including this situation of resource endowment,economic development at the stage and level, the domestic market pr oduct supply and demand relation and changes,economic structure and industrial technology present situation and u pg ra de of economic development tendency,and strategic goals and positioning,etc.
Comprehensive national conditions,China's economic system,the international environment and the internal factors of economic and strategic consideration,the implementation of import substitution and export-oriented combination of economic development strategy will be long-term choice of science,and in the process of continuously according t o information feedback,promptly t o economic development strategy and the corresponding economic model appropriate adjustments,innovation,taking the strain of the new situation hair and requirements.
3.2The applicable conditions strategic mode t o implement step, multilayered composite strategy
For this problem,should be taken into account in import substitution type and export-led strategic adv antage and applicable environment and conditions,and two strategic mutual stimulative effect.Generally speaking,should no t a comparative adv antage in the capital tech-intensive industry,continue t o import substitution competency of strategy.Because our country is still mo r e weak industrial base,and economic development,industrial development imbalance in foundation is bad,the industry in the field of production the durable alternative consumer products is necessary,shall continue in the durable consumer goods industries in implementing import substitution,achieved certain industrial scale and industrial level,its import substitution fields namely exp anded to the consumer durables industry and basic industries and development t o export-oriented industries.And in industry developing fast, technical level is higher,and even reached the international advanced level of industrial areas
should implement durable consumer goods,and to replace export-driven economic development.Meanwhile,a comparative adv antage in China within the labor-intensive industries in introducing foreign capital,continued thr ough a series of measur es to increase competitiveness,adopt of export encouraged policies implementation export-led strategy.
3.3The government should take the necessary compound protection policy and incentives
Implement complex strategic pattern,the government should take the necessary compound protection policy and incentives.As to the import substitution industry cultivation and the protection and pr omotion of the industrial level,export orientation industry support and encourage and promote the original import substitution industry upgrading and translated into export-oriented industries.Practice has proved,import substitution and export-oriented model smoothly with whether the implementation of its success,all need consistent with the condition,need corresponding policy me ans and tools,and forming a corresponding mechanism and play a role.Meanwhile,the hybrid strategy model selection and implementation should also be considered,fully mobilize the enthusiasm of different market subjects,coordinating all social economic subject,in all sectors of the economy and regional balance development,and continuing t o inject new vitality into the economic development and power,mak e development,the innovation to become the aware behavior,mak e enterprises from different social economic subject parties bits,all levels play its internal power and vigor,form complex economic model effect.
3.4Should export orientation and comprehensive evaluation o f import-substituted strategy mode
For import substitution and export-oriented strategy pattern appraisal,should combine two strategic mode the essential contents of the structure and the development conditions and environmental analysis scientific conclusions could be drawn.The s a me countries in different stages of development of implementing import-substituted strategy or export-oriented strategy in the allocation of resources when different emphasis.Import-substituted strategy emphasize development and use of domestic market resources,export orientation strategy emphasized in
comparative advantage,emphasize the international division of labor,develop and utilize international market resources.These two ideas respectively expounds import-substituted strategy and export-oriented strategy thinking of the meaning,bu t he d o es no t throw import-substituted strategy or export-oriented strategy p aper tries to know,combined, evaluation and utilization,no comprehensive analysis of their interaction and mutual influence and consequences,because appear n o t too full.Only pu t import-substituted strategy and export-oriented strategy development strategic comprehensive up comprehensive analysis,by comparing t o clear their respective advantages,suitable condition and selection weaknesses and negative effect,can achieve in the implementation developing its long,avoid its short,realize two strategy model of complementary and alternative,accomplished already fully develop domestic market,and develop international market;Ma de full use of domestic resources,and mak e full use of international resources.
中文译文
中国对外贸易模式研究
本文联系实际阐明我国今后应积极实施进口替代和出口导向相结合的复合型战略
模式的观点，并阐述了在选择和实施经济展战略模式时应考虑的问题。

一个国家的对外经济发展战略模式可概括为进口替代和出口导向两种基本模式我
国人口众多，市场容量大，其发展空间广阔，但也同时存在着生产力不发达、人均自然资源有限且开发利用不够、经济效益低、资金积累有限等制约因素。

这种情况决定了我国不能实施单一的进口替代战略，也不能实施单一的出口导向战略，而应实施进口替代和出口导向相结合的复合型战略，才能充分利用和开发国内、国外两种资源、两个市场，才能更好地实现战略平衡和我国经济发展目标。

一.实施进口替代和出口导向相结合的战略模式符合中国情
（一）上世纪中页以来中国的发展状况
上世纪中叶，受我国单一的计划经济体制制约和国内外政治经济环境的影响，我国的对外经济发展战略经历了与单一的计划经济体制相联系的封闭型经济发展战略模式
即单一的进口替代战略模式。

在这一经济战略思想的指导下，从上世纪五十年代至七十年代末，经过20多年的建设和发展，我国初步的实现了工业化，创建了较为完整的适合我国国情的工业体系，取得了一定的成效。

但是，实施单一的进口替代并没有取得预期的成功。

当时我国是经济落后的农业大国，建设资金不足，工业技术低，国民人均收入低，居民的购买能力和消费水平都很低下，这种情况决定了当时我国国内市场空间有限。

因此，在实施进口替代战略、发展进口替代工业的过程中困难和阻力重重。

同时，我国的这种工业体系是在国家高度保护下建立和发展起来的，企业主要依靠增加生产要素的投入来扩大生产规模，实现经济增长，其经济基础、技术力量相当薄弱、工业装备陈旧，企业缺乏市场观念、缺乏市场意识，消耗高、企业成本高居而经济质量和经济效益则较低，国际市场竞争能力和出口创汇能力低下，这种情况既严重影响了替代层次的提高，
又制约了我国进出口贸易的发展。

先是出口创汇能力不足，而出口创汇能力不足又影响了进口，直接制约了从国外引进先进技术，其最终的结果是我国在国际贸易中的比重的从1953年的1.5%下降到了1977年的o.6%。

而在同期，日本等东亚新兴经济国家却借助和紧紧抓住这一时期世界经济的繁荣和国际贸易发展带来的重大机遇，实施出口导向战略，充分利用国际市场及其资源，积极发展外向型经济，发展本国经济，极大的提升了本国经济实力。

遗憾的是，我国错失了这一发展外向型经济的良机。

（二）改革开放以来中国贸易发展状况
1979年我国开始逐步实施对外开放、对内改革的方针。

开始从单一的计划经济体制转变为计划经济与市场经济相结合经济体制，再发展到1992年建立社会主义市场经济体制。

我国的经济发展战略也伴随着经济体制的改革而得到创新，在实施进口替代战略的同时，引入了出口导向战略，开始发展外向型经济并取得长足的发展。

我国是一个发展中国家，工业化发展进程正处在中期阶段，根据国际上工业化国家发展的一般规律，这一时期我国应实施济进口替代与出口导向并举发展的战略，这实际上就是“复合型”工业化发展战略。

根据国际分工理论，应在我国具有比较优势的产业领域内如劳动密集型产业，通过对外引进资金、技术、项目、人才等一系列能够在较短的时间内有效的提高我国工业化水平、提高我国产品国际市场竞争能力的措施和制定积极鼓励出口的外贸政策，鼓励和努力扩大产品出口。

但是，在国际市场竞争中发达国家处于操纵和控制地位，发展中国家处于不平等地位，发展中国家出口初级产品进口制成品的交换价格对出口初级产品的发展中国家不利。

因此，我国应在产品、价格、成本等不具有比较优势的资本密集产业和技术密集产业领域，继续实行进口替代战略，以建立、巩固、发展国内工业基础，完善我国工业发展体系。

二.实行进口替代与出口导向相结合的战略更是必要的
（一）中国的国际国内市场
1.中国贸易发展的前景
对于我国来说，我国国内市场发展空间广阔，尽管经济总量不大，只约占日本的25%，美国的12%。

但我国的经济增长速度较快，增长率每年达到7%-9%以上，远远高于发达国家的3%至4%。

国民经济的高速增长，决定了国民收入的快速增长，国民收入的快速增长
使得居民个人收入大幅提高，从而提高了居民的购买能力和消费水平，这就扩大了社会总需求。

这时，如果实施单一的出口导向战略，主要依靠从国外进口商品来满足国内市场消费市场的需要，显然是行不通的，也是无法实现的。

可以预测，在我国巨大的人口基数面前，未来我国社会购买力和社会总需求仍将继续提高，新的消费市场将不断的形成与出现。

国内市场这种规模的扩大和市场总量的增长，不仅仅是市场“量”的简单扩张，而且市场的“质’’不断得到提升。

从这一点来说，我国国内市场在未来相当长的时间内，其发展空间是相当广阔的，这对于企业来说，必将是巨大的市场机会，这就为进口替代工业的发展开拓了广阔的前景和空间。

因此，我国工业化的发展方向，其总体目标应当是面对国内市场，其产品的市场目标也应该是国内市场的消费者群。

即通过满足国内市场的需求，由国内市场来推动经济的发展。

因此，不可能把我国的整个经济与所有工业领域都纳入出口导向的轨道。

2.中国的进出口导向
当然，我们也不能因此而否定出口导向，如果没有出口导向，不扩大出口，进口替代工业也就不可能取得成功。

在发展进口替代经济的同时，应因时、因势在部分地区、部分产业领域、部分企业实行出口导向战略，建立出口导向的经济。

以充分利用国际经济条件，通过发展出口取得外汇，进口先进技术和设备，生产替代进口产品供应国内市场，当今经济全球化和区域经济一体化已成为经济发展的潮流，如果我们过于强调国内市场而忽视庞大的国际市场是不合时宜的；同样，如果过于强调国际市场而忽视国内市场对经济增长的推动作用也是片面的。

我们应充分利用国内外两个大市场为经济持续增长提供动力，这就是实施符合我国国情的经济发展战略，即进口替代与出口导向并举发展的战略，实质是一种“复合型’’工业化发展战略。

三.经济发展战略模式的选择和确定
（一）应综合考虑国内、国际经济政治环境的影响和作用
对于一个国家来说，选择经济发展战略，建立经济发展模式时，应考虑国际经济政治环境、国内社会经济制度和国内经济发展基础与发展目标的影响和制约作用。

一个国家一定时期的经济发展战略、经济发展模式应适应和服从这一时期的国际经济政治环境、国内社会经济制度和国内经济发展的基础与发展目标要求，并随着国际经济政治环境、国内社会经济制度和国内经济发展的基础与发展目标的变化而不断调整，避免由由
于上述影响和制约因素的发展变化而造成经济战略决策上的失误。

国际经济政治环境包含了这一时期国际政治环境与变化、国际安全环境与变化、国际经济关系及其发展趋势、国际市场动态与变化趋势、国际经济关系理论和学说的产生、发展、创新及其作用与影响等。

国际经济政治环境是制定出口导向模式时不得不首先考虑的问题，当然国际经济政治环境对进口替代产业同样是有重大影响的。

对于国内社会经济制度，主要是要重点关注这一时期国家经济体制的现状和未来变化趋势与可能的目标以及相关的措施、政策和法规等。

国内经济发展基础或指国情，包括这一国家的资源禀赋、经济发展所处的阶段与水平、国内市场产品供求关系与变化、经济结构和产业技术的现状与升级趋向、经济发展的战略目标和定位等。

综合我国国情、我国的经济体制、国际环境以及经济战略的内在因素考虑，我国实施进口替代和出口导向相结合的经济发展战略将是科学的长期的选择，并在实施过程不断的根据信息反馈，及时对经济发展战略和相应的经济模式进行适当调整、创新，以应变新的形势发和要求。

（二）战略模式的适用条件有步骤、分层次地实施复合型战略
对于这个问题，应综合考虑进口替代型和出口导向型战略的优势和适用环境与条件以及两种战略的相互促进作用。

一般来说，应在不具比较优势的资本技术密集产业，继续分层次地实行进口替代的战略。

由于我国工业基础仍然比较薄弱，并且经济发展、产业发展不平衡，在基础较差的产业领域中生产非耐用替代消费品产品是必要的，应继续在非耐用消费品的工业领域中实施进口替代，在达到了一定的工业规模和工业层次后，其进口替代的领域即拓展到耐用消费品工业和基础工业，并且发展到出口导向产业。

而在产业发展较快，技术水平较高，甚至达到国际先进水平的工业领域应实行耐用消费品替代，并向出口导向型经济发展。

同时，在我国具有比较优势的劳动密集型产业内，则继续通过引进外资等一系列增强竞争力的措施，采取鼓励出口的政策，实施出口导向型战略。

（三）政府应采取必要的复合型保护政策和鼓励政策
实施复合型战略模式，政府应采取必要的复合型保护政策和鼓励政策。

如对进口替代产业的培育与保护并提升其工业层次、对出口导向产业的支持与鼓励并促进原有进口替代产业的升级并转变为出口导向产业。

实践证明，进口替代与出口导向模式的实施是
否顺利和成功，都需要具备与其相符合的条件，需要相应的政策手段与工具，并形成相应的机制和发挥作用。

同时，复合型战略模式的选择和实施，还应考虑充分调动各市场主体的积极性，协调社会各经济主体、各经济部门和各地区的平衡发展，不断为经济发展注入新的活力和动力，使开发、创新成为企业的自觉行为，使社会不同的经济主体从各方位、各层次发挥出其内在的动力和活力，形成复合型经济模式效应。

（四）应综合评价出口导向和进口替代战略模式
对于进口替代和出口导向战略模式的评价，应结合两种战略模式的实质内容、结构以及发展条件和环境进行分析才能得出科学的结论。

同一国家在不同的发展阶段实施进口替代战略或出口导向战略时在资源配置的侧重点不同。

进口替代战略强调开拓和利用国内市场资源，出口导向战略强调比较优势，强调参加国际分工、开拓和利用国际市场资源。

这两种思路分别阐述了进口替代战略和出口导向战略思想的内涵，但没有把进口替代战略或出口导向战略综合起来加以认识、阐述、评价和运用，没有综合分析两者的相互作用、相互影响和后果，因显得而不太全面。

只有把进口替代战略和出口导向战略发展战略综合起来全面分析，通过比较才能明确各自的优势、适用条件及其选择劣势和负面作用，才能做到在实施过程扬其长、避其短，实现两种战略模式的互补和替代，做到既充分开发国内市场，又开拓国际市场；既充分利用国内资源，又充分利用国际资源。

即充分开发和利用“两个市场”和“两种资源”，并充分发挥其优势。