高中英语语法详讲 名词词组讲解语法以及习题

名词和名词词组
名词词组是以名词为中心词的词组,名词的类别又决定着名词词组的性质以及随后的动词单、复数形式,即主谓一致问题,所以讲名词要从它的类别谈起。

名词分类和名词词组的句法功能
分述如下。

1)名词分类
名词分类可从不同的角度进行:可以根据构词法分类;可以根据词汇意义分类;也可以根据语法意义分类等。

a)简单名词、复合名词、派生名词
按照构词法,英语的名词可分为简单名词( Simple Noun)、复合名词( Compound Noun)和派生名词( Derivative Noun)。

简单名词指包含一个自由词素的名词,如man, chair,land, ship, water,gas, faith, beauty等。

复合名词指由两个或两个以上自由词素合成的名词,如farmland, seaside, roommate, diehard k固分子), forget-me-not(勿忘草)等。

派生名词指由动词、形容词、简单名词加词缀构成的名词,如arrangement, expectation, ability, greatness, questionnaire, )普通名词和专有名词
英语名词,按其词汇意义,可分为两大类:
普通名词( Common Noun)和专有名词( Proper Noun)。

普通名词表示同一类的人或物(包括抽象概念)的名称,又可分为个体名词( Individual noun),如boy, house, tiger, insect等;
集体名词( Collective Noun),如family,team, cattle, police 词和名词词等;
物质名词( Material Noun),如air,snow, bread,rice等;
抽象名词表示个人、国家、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称,如Anderson, China, Abstract Noun), glory, honesty, fai lure, education 等。

专有名词San Francisco, British Airways, the People's Congress
英语名词,按其语法特征,又可分为可数名词( Count/ Countable 可数名词和不可数名词Noun)和不可数名词(Non- -count/ Uncountable Noun)。

可数名词有单、复数形式;不可数名词一般没有单、复数之分,但有时也可以复数形式出现,表示不同的意义。

可数名词和不可数名词的划分贯穿在上述基于词汇意义划分的各类名词中:个体名词都是可数名词,有单、复数形式,可以计数,比如说a car, two cars, one peach,
ten peaches;
集体名词有的可数,有的不可数,比如可以说 a family, two families,却不可以说①a furniture, * several furnitures;物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词通常不可以计数,从而是不可数名词。

列表如下
个体名词可数名词
普通名词集体名词
抽象名词不可数名词
物质名词
专有名词
可数名词与不可数名词的划分关系到名词与限定词的搭配,也关系到主语和谓语动词的一致,中国人学英语,须多加注意
2)名词词组的句法功能
如前所述,名词词组的结构模式是
(限定词)+(前置修饰语)+名词+(后置修饰语)
例如
a boy
a little boy
a lovely little boy
a most lovely little boy
a most lovely little boy at play
a most lovely little boy in red at play
a most lovely little boy living next door
a most lovely little boy whose mother is a doctor
又例如
apple
some apples
some tasty apples
some crisp, tasty apples
some crisp, tasty apples for sale
some crisp, tasty apples imported from the United States
some crisp, tasty, red apples I just bought for Christmas
名词词组用途广泛,它可在句中充当除谓语动可以外的各种成分。

比如作主语
Children at play seldom remember what time it is .
The boys quarrelling over the game each insisted that the other
作主语补语
That was an attractive little black chair
My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal
作宾语
They gave him a first-rate education
In the hall, I saw some extremely valuable pictures
作宾语补语
They elected him chairman of the board(董事长)
The School board(教育局) have appointed her Superintendent of the city' s schools(市督学)
作同位语
Mr Brown, director of the coal (煤矿主管), should be responsible for the accident.
Alice, a professor of the department, will be invited to our English evening.
作介词补足成分(即介词“宾语”)
We teachers should be concerned about the students' moral culture(德育)
Within the house not hing stirs. In the garden I can hear the sing ing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings.
作状语和连词
He returned last night.
A photo is taken each time ( =whenever) this button is pushed.
She phoned her parents the moment (= as soon as) she reached the hotel.
下面做一则练习,要求根据上下文填入适当的名词
EXERCISE
Fill in a suitable noun to complete each of the following sentences
1. Can you describe the car? The police need a full order to find it.
2. I've already arranged for your appointment, and this cannot be changed.
3. Very few people attended the lecture. The speaker was dis appointed at the poor .
4.It was a very peculiar story. Its made it even more fascinating
5. He expected to win the election, but the vote he got exceeded his .
6. There's no point in arguing about this situation, because this can never be resolved
7.She usually depends on her husband's judgement. He enjoys her on him .
8. His furniture design was original. Because of its it won an award.
9. That comedian(喜剧演员) loves to exaggerate. His humour is based on of his misfortunes.
10. The tailor will measure you for the suit. We will keep are cord of your
or future use
11. Drinking water must be pure. Chemicals are added to maintain its .
12. The scientist persisted in making the experiment. His resulted in the discovery of a new vaccine(疫苗).
13. We can extend your time for two weeks, but no further will be allowed
14. The Senator(参议员) stated that he would not seek re-election The newspapers printed his on the first page.
15. His contributions to charity(慈善事业) were generous.His was appreciated by those he helped
16.He knocked on the kitchen door. He had been told to deliver the groceries at the rear
17. The young boy had no friends there. His made him unhappy.
18. The professor never remembered where he had left his notes. He was known for his .
19.The children were laughing and having a good time. Apparently their lives were filled with
20. Although the newspapers described the crisis, many people underestimated the of the world situation.。