英语词汇学-Unit-03-Word-fromation

Back-formation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly thought to be its derivative. It involves the shortening of a longer word by cutting away an imagined/supposed derivational suffix.
NATO ← the North Atlantic Treaty Organizatio← light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation（激光）
ASEAN ← the Association for South-East Asian Nations（东南亚国家联盟）
E-school = electronic school（网络学校）
01
H-bomb = hydrogen bomb（氢弹）
03
U-boat = undersea boat（潜艇）
05
E-tail = electronic retail（电子零售）；
02
V-day = victory day（胜利日）
apocope (back clipped) dorm(itory), disco(theque), expo(sition), gas(oline), hi(gh)-fi(delity), memo(randum), rep(resentative), aphaeresis (front clipped) (violon)cello, bus, cab, phone, front and back clipped flu, fridge syncope (middle clipped, contraction) fossil(iz)ation, pacif(ic)ist gov't (government), can’t
Blending (making a word by putting together parts of other words)
4 types of blends head + end telecast (television broadcast) motel (motor hotel), botel head + head Amerind (American Indian), comsat (communication satellite), Interpol (international police)
Back-formation
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Onomatopoeia
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Words from Proper Names
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Exercises
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Clipping (shortening a word or words by leaving out letters or syllables)
Initialism—General (the use of initialization in words where each letter is pronounced)
CPPCC (the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference) D.J. (disc jockey) GDP (Gross Domestic Product) GNP (Gross National Product) CPI (consumer price index) IOC (International Olympic Committee) BBC, ABC, NBC, CBS, CNN, AP c/o =care of P.S. =postscript RSVP=Reponde s’il vous plait
Initialism—Web-chatting
ASAP AAMOF (as a matter of fact) BTW BBL (be back later) BRB (be right back) CU (see you) CUL (see you later) FE (for example) FTF (face to face)
Clipping
Clipping in phrases: daily (paper), finals (final examinations) IOU (I owe you), Clipping in style informal Changes needed in clipping for the sake of sound bike (bicycle), coke (Coca-Cola),
Initialism—IT
AGP ← Accelerate Graphics Processor AI ← Artificial Intelligence BBS ← Bulletin Board System CAD ← Computer-Aided Design CAI ← Computer-Assisted Instruction CD ← Compact Disk CPU ← Central Processing Unit DPI ← Dots Per Inch
FTP ← File Transfer Protocol HTTP ← Hypertext Transfer Protocol IC ← Integrate circuit IP ← Internet Protocol LCD ← Liquid Crystal Display LED ← light-emitting diode OS ← Operating System PPM ← Pages Per Minute USB ←Universal Serial Bus VGA ← Video Graphics Array
Diachronic evidence (历时证据): editor: first recoded in 1712 edit: first recoded in 1793, almost a hundred years later.
Back-formation logic
Back-formation is created by analogy according to the following proportion (比例式). writer: write :: peddler: ? revision: revise :: television: ? write is to writer as peddle is to peddler. revise is to revision as televise is to television.
202X
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Word formation 2
汇报日期
English Lexicology Unit 3
Contents
Abbreviation (shortening) Clipping Initialism Acronym Blending Aphesis
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FYI (for your information) IC (I see) IMO (in my opinion) IOW (in other words) LOL (laughing out loudly) OIC (Oh, I see) TIA (Thanks in advance) TTUL (Talk to you later) TY (Thank you) VG (very good)
professor
prof
’fessor
When pronounced casually, the first unstressed syllable may be omitted.
An instance of clipping
An aphetic form
A clipping
Back-formation
head + word paratroop (parachute troops) heliport (helicopter port) word + head masscult (mass culture) More examples: netizen, brunch, Taikonaut email，sci-fi (or scifi), infortainment，glocalization (全球本土化)
04
Initialism—Compound
Acronym (words derived from the initials of several words, pronounced as a word, not as a list of letters)
APEC ← Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation （亚太经济合作组织）
peddle
televise
Affixation
Back-formation
Aphesis (词首非重读短元音的脱落)
Aphetic forms are a special kind of shortening characterized by the omission of the initial unstressed syllable as in ’scuse me (excuse me) and ’cause (because).
UNESCO ← the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization（联合国教科文组织）
ROM ← read only memory（只读内存）
Acronym-Intentional coincidence
近年来，首字母拼音词出现了一个有趣的现象，人们有意或无意地把首字母英语词汇学拼音词拼写成与现存的词相同的样子，并借用其读音。 SALT “限制战略武器会谈”(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) BASIC English “英美国际通用科技商业英语”（British-American-Scientific-International-Commercial English） Basic (Beginners’ All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)（一种计算机代码） CALL (Computer Assisted Language Learning)
editoredit
edit + or edit
But how can I judge which is right?
Diachronic evidence (历时证据):
The word edit is often cited as an example of back-formation. In other words, edit is not the source of editor, as dive is not the source of diver, which is the expected derivational pattern; rather, the opposite is the case. Edit in the sense “to prepare for publication,” first recorded in 1793, comes from editor, first recorded in 1712 in the sense “one who edits.”