反意疑问句

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反意疑问句(Disjunctive questions)
一.什么是反意疑问句
反意疑问句,也叫附加疑问句,是英文中常见的一种句型,它提出情况或看法,询问对方同意与否,被广泛应用于英语口语。

它通常由“陈述句+简略疑问句”两部分组成,第一部分提出一种看法,第二部分用来质疑问或表示证实。

陈述部分与疑问部分的动词时态和动词性质应保持一致,而且肯定和否定形式通常彼此相反,即陈述为部分肯定式时,疑问部分用否定式,陈述部分为否定式时,疑问部分用肯定式。

二.反意疑问句的类型
反意疑问句有四种类型:(1)肯定陈述+否定简短问句;(2)否定陈述+肯定简短问句;(3)肯定陈述+肯定简短问句;(4)否定陈述+否定简短问句。

其中,前两种运用最为广泛。

除此之外,反意疑问句还有“祈使句+简短问句”的形式,这种用法通常用于减弱祈使语气。

如: Carry this parcel for me, can you? 给我拿一下包,好吗?
三.反意疑问句的用法
◇注意:反意疑问句前后两部分谓语应是,“肯定陈述+否定疑问”或“否定陈述+肯定疑问”;简略问句如果是否定式,not应与be,do,will等系动词、助动词、情态动词缩写;简略问句的主语不用名词,应用人称代词;当说话者的目的不在疑问,而是为了加强语气时,用降调;当说话者的目的在疑问,则用升调;陈述部分含“too...to”时,是否定句。

1.反意疑问句的主语问题
1) 基本原则。

反意问句部分的主语应与陈述部分主语一致,且只能是代词。

如:
误:Paris is a beautiful city, isn’t Paris?
正:Paris is a beautiful city, isn’t it? 巴黎是个美丽的城市,是吗?
2) 当陈述部分为there be句型时。

反意问句仍用there作“主语”。

如:
There is little to be done now, is there? 现在没有什么办法可想了,是吗?
3) 当陈述部分的主语是指示代词时。

反意问句用it, they等代词。

如:
That is a new car, isn’t it? 这是一辆新汽车,是吗?
4) 当陈述部分的主语是不定代词one时。

其反意问句可用one(正式)或you(非正式)。

如:One can’t be too careful, can one (you)? 越仔细越好,不是吗?
5) 当陈述部分的主语是复合不定代词时。

若陈述部分的主语为somebody, someone, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等复合不定代词,其反意问句的主语在正式文体中用he,在口语或非正式文体中通常用they。

如:
Nobody was hurt, weren’t they? 没有一个人受伤,是吗?
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)
当陈述部分的主语是something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词时,其反意问句的主语要用it。

如:
Nothing is important, is it? 没有什么重要的,不是吗?
Everything was going well, wasn’t it?一切都很顺利,是吗?
6) 陈述部分的主语是I,疑问部分要用aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister,aren't I? 我和你姐姐一样高,对吗?
I’m wrong,aren’t I? 我错了,是吗?
I’m older than you,aren’t I? 我年纪比你大,对不对?
2.反意疑问句的谓语问题
1) 含be(is, are, was, were)动词的反意疑问句
其句型是:句型1:主语+ be+其它,isn’t (aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t) + 主语?
句型2:主语+ be not+其它,is (are, was, were) + 主语?
①You are from America, aren’t you? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
②It isn’t very cold today, is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
③Tom was away yesterday, wasn’t he? Yes, he was. No, he wasn’t.
④The Green weren’t at home last night, were they? Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.
⑤Mary is reading English now, isn’t she? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
⑥Your parents aren’t going to have a party this Sunday, are they? Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.
⑦The girls were singing when the teacher came in, weren’t they?
Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
注意:There be句型,反意问句仍用there作“主语”
①There is an old picture on the wall, isn’t there?
Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
②There aren’t any children in the room, are there?
Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
③There wasn’t a telephone call for me, was there?
Yes, there was. No, there wasn’t.
④There were enough people to pick apples, weren’t there?
Yes, there were. No there weren’t.
2) 行为动词的一般现在时的反意疑问句
其句型是:句型1:主语+动词原形+其它,don’t I (you, we, they)?
句型2:主语+ don’t+动词原形+其它,do I (you, we, they)?
句型3:主语+动词第三人称单数+其它,doesn’t he (she, it)?
句型4:主语+ doesn’t+动词原形+其它,does he (she, it)?
①You often watch TV in the evening, don’t you? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
②The students don’t study hard, do they? Yes, they do. No, they don’t.
③Mary studies Chinese hard, doesn’t she? Yes, she does. No, she doesn’t.
④The boy doesn’t often go to school by bike, does he?
Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
⑤The first class begins at eight, doesn’t it? Yes, it does. No, it doesn’t.
3) 行为动词的一般过去时的反意疑问句
其句型是:句型1:主语+动词过去式+其它,didn’t+主语?
句型2:主语+didn’t+动词原形+其它,did +主语?
①You watched TV last night, didn’t you? Yes, I did./ No, I didn’t.
②Jim’s parents didn’t go to Hong Kong last month, did they?
Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t.
③The rain stopped, didn’t it? Yes, it did./ No, it didn’t.
④Mr. Clarke didn’t buy a car, didn’t he? Yes, he did./ No, he didn’t.
4) 一般将来时的反意疑问句
其句型是:句型1:主语+will+动词原形+其它,won’t+主语?
句型2:主语+ won’t +动词原形+其它,will +主语?
①The boys will play games, won’t they? Yes, they will. / No, they won’t.
②It won’t stop raining, will it? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.
③Mr. Smith will visit our school next week, won’t he? Yes, he will. / No, he won’t. 注意:There be句型的一般将来时
①There will be a basketball match tomorrow, won’t there?
Yes, there will. / No, there won’t.
②There won’t be too much pollution in the future, will there?
Yes, there will. / No, there won’t.
5)现在完成时的反意疑问句
其句型是:句型1:主语+have+动词过去分词+其它,haven’t+主语?
句型2:主语+ haven’t +动词过去分词+其它,have +主语?
句型3:主语+has+动词过去分词+其它,hasn’t+主语?
句型4:主语+ hasn’t +动词过去分词+其它,has +主语?
①You have been to Shanghai before, haven’t you? Yes I have. No, I haven’t.
②You haven’t been to Shanghai before, have you? Yes I have. No, I haven’t.
③Jack has done his homework, hasn’t he? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
④Jack hasn’t done his homework, has he? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
6)现在完成进行时的反意疑问句
其句型是:句型1:主语+have been+动词现在分词+其它,haven’t+主语?
句型2:主语+ haven’t been +动词现在分词+其它,have +主语?
句型3:主语+has been +动词现在分词+其它,hasn’t+主语?
句型4:主语+ hasn’t been +动词现在分词+其它,has +主语?
①You have been skating for five hours, haven’t you? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
②You haven’t been skating for five hours, have you? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
③Bob has been collecting kites since 1999, hasn’t he? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
④Bob hasn’t been collecting kites since 1999, has he? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
7)含有情态动词的反意疑问句
★在通常情况下,当陈述部分含有情态动词时,反意疑问句会重复前面同样的情态动词:其句型是:句型1:主语+情态动词+动词原形+其它,情态动词否定形式+主语?
句型2:主语+情态动词否定形式+动词原形+其它,情态动词+主语?
①You can speak French, can’t you? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
②They can’t understand me, can they? Yes, they can. / No, they can’t.
③Ann could swim when she was six, couldn’t she? Yes, she could. / No, she couldn’t.
④The students must study hard, mustn’t they? Yes, they must. / No, they needn’t.
⑤The boy can read and write, can’t he? 这男孩会读写,是吗?
⑥We shouldn’t help him, should we? 我们不应该帮助他,对吗?
⑦You couldn’t lend me any money, could you? 你不会借钱给我,对吗?
★当陈述部分含有may 时
反意疑问句根据情况可用mayn’t, mightn’t, won’t等:
I may leave now, mayn’t I? 我可以走了,行吗?
He may be here next week, mightn’t (won’t) he? 他下星期可能来这里,是吗?
★当陈述部分含有needn’t时
反意疑问句通常用need,有时也用must:
We needn’t tell him, need (must) we? 我们不必告诉他,对吗?
★当陈述部分含有ought to时
含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't (美国英语) / oughtn't (英国英语)+主语。

如:
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
We ought to leave early, oughtn’t (shouldn’t) we? 我们应该早点动身,对不对?
★当陈述句部分有情态动词must时,反意疑问部分有四种情况:
1)must表示“必须、禁止“时,反意疑问部分要用must (mustn’t) 。

例You mustn’t stop your car here, must you? 你不能把车停在这地方,知道吗?
2)must表示“有必要”时,反意疑问句部分要用needn’t。

例They must finish the work today, needn’t they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作,是吗?3)当must用来表示对现在的情况进行“推测”时,反意疑问部分要根据must后面的动词采用相应的形式。

例He must be good at math, isn’t he? 他数学一定学得很好,是吗?
4)当must用来表示对过去的情况进行“推测”(must + have done)时,如强调对过去情况的推测(一般句中有过去的时间状语),反意疑问句部分要用“didn’t + 主语”;如果强调动作的完成(一般没有过去时间状语),反意疑问句部分要用“haven’t / hasn’t + 主语”。

例She must have read the novel last week, didn’t she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说了,是吗?
You must have told her about it, haven’t you? 你一定把这事告诉她了,是吗?
3.陈述部分为祈使句的反意疑问句
这种类型较特殊,前一部分是祈使句,后一部分是肯定疑问形式。

回答也较灵活。

大致可分为三种句型:
句型1:Let me (us) +动词原形+其它,shall I (we) ?
若表示请求,反意问句用will you,若表示表示建议用shall we。

如:
Let us know your address, will you? 请把你的地址告诉我们,好吗?
Let us go swimming together, shall we? 我们一起去游泳好吗?
Let me open the door, shall I? Yes, please. /No, thanks.
注:当请求对方允许自己(第一人称复数)做某事时,要用Let us,这里的us 不包括听话对方在内,不能缩写为Let's.
如两个同学对老师说:
Please let us remove the bookshelf for you. 让我俩给你移动一下书架。

句型2:Let’s+动词原形+其它,shall we?
注:Let's是Let us的缩写。

包括说话人和听话人双方在内,含有催促、建议或请对方一起行动的意思。

在听话人表示赞同、建议时可只用Let's。

如:
---Shall we go by train?
---Yes,let's.
Let’s phone her now, shall we? 我们现在就给她打电话,好吗?
Let’s go to the cinema tonight, shall we? 今晚咱们去看电影,好吗?
Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Good idea! / Sorry, I can’t.
注:let’s…只表示建议,所以其后反意问句总是用shall we。

而let us…既可表示建议请求,也可表示建议(较正式),其后的反意问句要根据这两种不同情况分别使用will you和shall we。

句型3:其它形式的祈使句,will (won’t , would ) you?
Mail the letter today, will you? 今天就把信发掉,好吗?
Try to be back by two, won’t you? 设法两点之前回来,好吗?
If you want help, let me know, would you? 如果你需要帮助,告诉我,好吗?
Come into the classroom, will you? OK.
Please be careful, will you?
Try to be back by two, won’t you? 设法两点之前回来,好吗?
If you want help, let me know, would you? 如果你需要帮助,告诉我,好吗?
注:若陈述部分为否定式,则反意问句部分只用will you。

如:
Don’t forget to post the letter, will you? 请别忘了寄信。

有时根据语境的需要,反意问句也可以用can you, can’t you 等。

如:
Give me some cigarettes, can you? 给我些香烟,可以吗?
Walk faster, can’t you? 走快点,不行吗?
一般说来,用will you, won’t you, would you 等构成的反意问句语气较委婉。

如:
比较:Be quiet, will you? 请安静,好吗?
Be quiet, can’t you? 你不能安静点吗?
4.陈述部分为主从复合句或并列复合句的反意疑问句
1)当陈述部分为主从复合句时。

反意问句一般应视主句情况而确定。

带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。

如:
She said that I did it, didn’t she? 她说是我干的,是吗?
They know how much it cost, don’t they? 他们知道这花了多少钱,是吗?
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
2) 当陈述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句(注意否定的转移)。

如:
I think that he is wrong, isn’t he? 我认为他错了,是吗(他错了吗)?
I don’t think he likes it, does he? 我认为他不喜欢它,是吗(他喜欢吗)?
I don’t suppose he will come, will he? 我想他不会来了,是吗?
注:这类用法主要限于主语为第一人称且think等动词为一般现在时的情形。

如果不是则不能否定从句,如:
He thought they were wrong, didn't he?
而不能说weren't they.
3)并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。

如:
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he? 5.陈述部分有动词have的反意疑问句
1)当have 为助动词时。

其反意问句沿用同样的助动词。

如:
He has read it, hasn’t he? 他读过了它,是吗?
2)当have 为实义动词时。

要分两种情况。

如:
①若表示“所有”,反意问句可以用have,也可以用do。

如:
He has a lot of friends here, hasn’t he? 他在这儿有许多朋友,是吗?
但是若陈述部分用的是have的否定式,则反意问句用have 还是用do,取决于陈述部分的动词形式。

如:
He hasn’t any money, has he? 他没有钱,是吗?
He doesn’t have any money, does he? 他没有钱,是吗?
②若表示“吃”、“玩”等意思,反意问句要用do。

如:
He has supper at 5, doesn’t he? 他5点吃晚餐,是吗?
He had a good time at the party, didn’t he? 他在晚会上玩得很开心,是吗?
3) 当用于have to时。

通常也有两种可能:若表示经常性的行为,则多用加助动词do的形式;若表示特定的行为,则多用have。

如:
He often has to get up early, doesn’t he? 他经常要早起,是吗?
He has to go to bed late tonight, hasn’t he? 他今晚要迟睡,是吗?
6.特殊情况的反意疑问句
1)当陈述部分是I’m…时。

反意疑问句通常用aren’t I。

如:
I’m wrong, aren’t I? 我错了,是吗?
I’m older than you, aren’t I? 我年纪比你大,对不对?
2)陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。

如:
I wish to have a word with you, may I? 我希望可以和你说话,可以吗?
I wish to go with them, may I? 我想同他们一起去,可以吗?
3)当陈述部分为省略句时。

反意疑问句的主语通常应视省略的情况而定。

如:
A nice girl, isn’t she? 她是个好姑娘对吧?
What a nice day, isn’t it? 天气真好,是吧?
4)陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或usedn't +主语。

如:
He used to take pictures there, didn't ( usedn't) he?。

He used to come here, usedn’t (didn’t) he? 他过去常来这儿,是吗?
5)陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 如:
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 你最好自己读,是吗?
He’d better leave here, hadn’t he? 他最好离开这儿,是吗?
6) 若陈述部分含有带否定前缀的词,反意问句仍用否定式。

如:
It is unfair, isn’t it? 这不公平,不是吗?
It is impossible, isn’t it? 那是不可能的,是吗?
7) 陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。

The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用wouldn't +主语。

如:
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。

如:
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分由neither…nor, either…or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。

Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
11) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。

如:
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用need (dare ) +主语。

We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。

She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?
13)若陈述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, nothing, nowhere等否定词或半否定词,其反意问句部分要用肯定式。

如:
Dick rarely got drunk, did he? 迪克很少喝醉,是吗?
Few people like such a man, do they? 很少有人会喜欢那样的人,是吗?
He seldom comes to see you, does he? 他很少来看你,是吗?
Nothing in the book is interesting, is it? 这本书里没有一点是有趣的,是吗?
14) 同向反意疑问句。

即陈述部分和疑问部分同时为肯定或同时为否定。

这类反意疑问句往往具有一定的感情色彩,表示强调、惊讶、怀疑等。

如:
"I’m afraid you failed the exam." "I failed, did I? What a shame!" “你恐怕没考及格。

”“没及格?真丢人。


注:这类反意疑问句的陈述部分句首有so或oh时,如:
So you did not go, didn’t you? 所以你就没去,是不是?
"He’s an artist." "Oh, he’s an artist, is he?" “他是位艺术家。

”“啊,他是艺术家吗?”
15) 当主句是由so引起的一个句子,而且译为“这么说来”时,疑问部分的谓语形式(肯定或否定)应与主句保持一致。

So you have seen the film, have you?
So he has not been to Beijing, hasn't he?
7.反意问句的回答及翻译
1)肯定反意问句的回答。

当陈述部分为否定式,反意问句为肯定式时,其回答往往与汉语不一致,需特别引起注意:
---It isn’t cheap, is it? 它不便宜吧?
---Yes, it is.不,很便宜。

---He doesn’t love her, does he? 他不爱她,是吗?
---No, he doesn’t. 是的,他不爱她。

---His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议,是吗?
---Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不,她参加了。

/ 是的,她没参加
2)否定反意问句的回答。

当陈述部分为肯定式,反意问句为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般只需照情况回答即可。

如:
---It’s new, isn’t it? 是新的,对吗?
---Yes, it is. 对,是新的。

---He wants to go, doesn’t he? 他想去,对吗?
---No, he doesn’t.不,他不想去。

---He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球,不是吗?
---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。

/ 不是。

3)回答反意问句的原则。

回答反意问句通常应根据实际情况来确定,如有人问你You are asleep, aren’t you? 你应回答No, I’m not. 因为既然你能回答,肯定你还没有asleep。

但如果别人问你You aren’t asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着,对吗),你也只能回答No, I’m not.(是的,还没有睡着),而不能回答为Yes, I’m not. 也不能回答成Yes, I am.
8.反意问句和非反意问句
有些结构看似反意问句,但其实不是,请看以下两例。

如:
I think he will win, don’t you? 我认为他会赢,你说呢?
I think its price will go up, don’t you? 我认为它的价格会上升,你认为呢?
以上两句中的don’t you 为don’t you think so 之省略。

请再看两例。

如:
Many people have read the book, have you? 许多人都读过这本书,你读过吗?
Some students are interested in football, are you? 有些学生对足球感兴趣,你呢?
第一句中的have you 为have you read it 之省略,第二句中的are you为are you interested in football之省略。

9.做反意疑问句的步骤:
1)首先判断用肯定还是否定。

2)然后选取引导词。

3)最后确定人称代词。

具体步骤:
a. 陈述部分用肯定时,疑问部分用否定,陈述部分用否定时,疑问部分用肯定
b. 反意疑问句的疑问部分引导词与将陈述部分变为一般疑问句时所用引导词保持一致。

c. 根据前面陈述部分的主语来确定相应的人称代词。

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