句子成分及基本类型

句子成分
句子成分的定义
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。

句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。

但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。

主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。

He will take you to the hospital. 他会带你去医院。

Three plus four is seven. 三加四等于七。

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

Smoking is not allowed in public places. 公共场所不允许吸烟。

Whether or not they will come depends on the weather. 他们来不来取决于天气。

谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。

简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

He practices running every morning.
The plane took off at ten o’clock.
复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。

We are students.
注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。

表语
表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。

Our teacher of English is an American.
Is it yours?
The weather has turned cold.
The speech is exciting.
Three times seven is twenty-one?
His job is to teach English.
His hobby is playing football.
The meeting is of great importance.
Time is up. The class is over.
The truth is that he has never been abroad.
注意：系动词用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。

状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。

He is a teacher.
持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand. He always kept silent at meeting.
表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look.
He seems (to be) very sad.
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run
The rumor proved false.
His plan turned out a success.
宾语
宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

She covered her face with her hands. 她用双手蒙住脸。

We haven't seen her for a long time. 我们好长时间没看到她了。

Do you mind opening the window? 打开窗户你介意吗？
Give me four please. 请给我四个。

He wants to dream a nice dream. 他想做一个好梦。

We need to know what others are doing. 我们需要了解其他人都在干什么。

I lived in Japan in 1986. 我1986年住在日本。

双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）
Lend me your dictionary, please.
后接to的有：write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等。

He sent the novel to William yesterday.
后接for的有：leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等。

She bought a gift for her mother.
宾语补足语
1.有些动词除了要有宾语外，有时候还需要有宾语补足语，才能使句子意义完整。

2.宾语补足语是补充宾语的一个成分，通常放于宾语之后。

宾语和宾语补足语构成复合宾语。

3.能接宾语补足语的的动词一定是及物动词。

4.宾语补足语是说明宾语是什么，做什么，处于什么状态的成分，它的逻辑主语是动作的发出者。

5.带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：“及物动词+宾语+宾补”。

宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语等
His father named him Dongming.
They painted their boat white.
Let the fresh air in. （副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
We saw her entering the room.
We found everything in the lab in good order.
定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。

定语可由形容词、分词、名词、代词、不定式短语、动名词、介词短语、从句等成分表示：
They are women workers.
Tom's father didn't write home until yesterday.
Equal pay for equal work should be introduced.
The play has three acts.
This is her first trip to Europe.
China is a developing country.
You haven't kept your promise to write us often.
My cat has a good nose for milk.
Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.
状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，条件，结果，方式，条件，伴随或程度等情况。

因此就有相应的时间状语，原因状语，地点状语等。

These products are selling quickly.
He is knee deep in snow.
The best fish swim near the bottom
She sat there doing nothing.
We'll send a car over to fetch you.
She was slow to make up her mind.
Strike while the iron is hot.
位置：修饰动词时，通常放在所修饰的动词之后或句末。

The girls are singing happily.
He runs fast.
为了强调可放句首。

Over the river there is a new bridge.
When I came, they were doing their homework.
In front of the building, there is a big tree.
同位语
1.同位语对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位。

2.同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。

3.通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任。

This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.
Are you three ready to start out?
We all have the opinion that the basketball match was encouraging.
插入语
1.插入语对一句话做一些附加的解释，用来表示说话者对句子所表达意思的态度的句子成分
2.通常与句子的其他部分没有语法上的联系，把他删除之后句子仍然完整
3.插入语可能是一个短语或者句子。

4.插入语可以放在句首，句中，句末，一般用逗号或分号隔开。

通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe...)等。

To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.
五种简单句型
基本句型一、主＋谓
此类句型中句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

基本句型二、主＋系＋表
句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。

这类动词叫做连系动词。

基本句型三、主＋谓＋宾
句中谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。

这类动词叫做及物动词。

基本句型四、主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾
此句型中谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。

这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。

通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，介词往往被省略。

基本句型五、主＋谓＋宾＋宾补
本句型中动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。