Language----Change
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consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis（插音 ）.
For example:
emty → empty glimse → glimps spinle → spindle
timer → timber
第22页，共45页。
e.Prothesis (字首添字母或音节)
It is very common in the change of pronunciation of some forms from Latin to Spanish, for example,
schola--------escuela
spiritus -------espiritu In fact, Spanish speakers who are learning
• Romans gradually withdraw from Britain and then Germanic tribes came.
第7页，共45页。
The arrival of Anglo-Saxons
• Status：
•
Most basic terms in our language
Latin elements
• Christianity: many words about religion and foreign products were borrowed.
• E.g. angel, bishop, candle, church, school, priest,copper,pine,etc.
Language change is extensive, taking place in vir tually all aspects such as phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, and semantics.
第4页，共45页。
Old English(450~1150)
adjoining sounds. (相邻的两个音)
bridd
bird
hros
horse
acsian ask
waeps wasp
2.Nonadjoining sounds
Latin
Spanish
Parabola------------palabra (word)
Periculum-----------peligro (danger)
modern terms (e.g. give,law,skin,take,etc)
第10页，共45页。
古英语的词汇不是完全由日尔曼语的成分组成，日尔 曼语的成分是主要地位，但同时也有一些借词
• 凯尔特借字：Lunden “London,伦敦” cumb “deep valley
Cumberlandbinn “basket 篮子 ” luh “lake 湖”
• Alliteration(头韵)
• E.g.
• might and main
• friend and foe
• labor of love
第9页，共45页。
The Viking
• Scandinavia • Influence: • Culture fusion • old Norse brings a number of common
"nicht" /nixt/
night
sorh /sorx/
sorrow
2./k/ sound in /kn - / clusters in the word initial
position
"knight“ [nait] "knee" [ni:]
3.Another sound loss is the deletion of a word-final
literature.
第14页，共45页。
• 4. Great changes in languages:
the Norman lords spoke French;
Latin became the principal tongue of the clergymen and scholars.
haws spu:n bre:k
bruk
neim
第19页，共45页。
b) Sound loss
Some sounds in English have simply
disappeared from the general pronunciation of
English.
1.the voiceless velar fricative / x /
• The Consequence of the Conquest 1. Politically, a feudal system and a
centralized government established . 2. Religiously, the Catholic Church had a
much stronger control. 3. Normans brought to England their own
• Beowulf (贝奥武夫):
•
1069 compound words in this
epic which is totally 3183 lines.
• Affix(词缀):
•
for-，in-，-ful，-dom，-hood，-ship，-ness，
-the，-ful，-ish
第8页，共45页。
第17页，共45页。
Sound changes
第18页，共45页。
a) Vowel sound change
five mouse house spoon
break
broke
name
Old English fi:v mu:s
hu:s spo:n br:k
bro:k
na:m
Modern English faiv maus
sound change
syntactic change
lexical change
Conclusion
第2页，共45页。
Introduction
Time changes all things :there is no reason why language should escape this universal law
English as a second language will often add a vowel sound to the beginning of some English words. strange------estrange
story----------estory
第23页，共45页。
第13页，共45页。
The Norman Conquest
• In 1066, at the battle of Hastings, William, the energetic Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons and became the king
Language Change
By Group Two
第1页，共45页。
Teaching Contents
Introduction
Major periods in the history of English
Old English
Middle English
Changes in the development of language
第12页，共45页。
Historical Background
• what are the important events in this period?
• The Norman Conquest • 1381 uprising • Hundred Years War(1337-1453) • War of Roses (1455-1485)
第5页，共45页。
Old English(450~1150)
• God’s wrath toward Britain:Angles,Saxons,Jutes
• Christianity(6th~8th)
• Viking (8th~9th)
第6页，共45页。
What the Romans did for English
common English spoke old English;
London dialect became the basis of Middle English.
第15页，共45页。
Impact of Norman French vocabulary
• 1) governmental: noble, parliament. • 2) military: battle, navy, aid, marche recent change in sound
In some words, the unstressed [i] is often omitted: Medicine [medsin] instead of [medisin]
vowel segment(部分), a phenomenon called
apocope(词尾脱落)
name:
/na:mə / / neim/
第20页，共45页。
c) Sound Movement
1.Metathesis （换位 ） refers to sound change
because of a reversal in the positions of two
Ferdinand de Saussure Linguistic (1857-1917)
第3页，共45页。
Introduction
Language change is universal, continuous, and to a considerable degree, regular and systematic.
• 5) cuisine: sauce, boil, soup, pastry, fry, roast, toast.
• 6) personal names: Charles, William, Richard
第16页，共45页。
Middle English Literature
• a wider range of subjects • a greater diversity of styles and genres. • reflects the medieval Christian doctrine
peace, war. • 3) judicial system: judge, justice, court, suit,
defendant, crime, murder, attorney, heir. • 4) ecclesiastical（教会的）: clergy, altar, pray .
ancor “hermit 隐士”
clugge “bell 钟”，
cursian “curse 诅咒” • 拉丁语借字： caseus “cheese干酪”
• 斯堪的维亚语借字：人名和地名中。-by,-thorp,thwaite,-toft 日常生活用语，形容词，动词等。
第11页，共45页。
Middle English period (1066- 1485)
3.Dialect variant(方言的变形)
Pretty good---purty good
Ask---aks
第21页，共45页。
d) Sound addition
Sound addition includes the gain or insertion(插入)
of a sound. A change that involves the insertion of a
• Julius Caesar(55BC~410AD) :Britain was under control for 300years by Romans.
• Official language: Latin (but most people speak Celtic(凯尔特语)
• 10000 words from French came into common usage in English.
For example:
emty → empty glimse → glimps spinle → spindle
timer → timber
第22页，共45页。
e.Prothesis (字首添字母或音节)
It is very common in the change of pronunciation of some forms from Latin to Spanish, for example,
schola--------escuela
spiritus -------espiritu In fact, Spanish speakers who are learning
• Romans gradually withdraw from Britain and then Germanic tribes came.
第7页，共45页。
The arrival of Anglo-Saxons
• Status：
•
Most basic terms in our language
Latin elements
• Christianity: many words about religion and foreign products were borrowed.
• E.g. angel, bishop, candle, church, school, priest,copper,pine,etc.
Language change is extensive, taking place in vir tually all aspects such as phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, and semantics.
第4页，共45页。
Old English(450~1150)
adjoining sounds. (相邻的两个音)
bridd
bird
hros
horse
acsian ask
waeps wasp
2.Nonadjoining sounds
Latin
Spanish
Parabola------------palabra (word)
Periculum-----------peligro (danger)
modern terms (e.g. give,law,skin,take,etc)
第10页，共45页。
古英语的词汇不是完全由日尔曼语的成分组成，日尔 曼语的成分是主要地位，但同时也有一些借词
• 凯尔特借字：Lunden “London,伦敦” cumb “deep valley
Cumberlandbinn “basket 篮子 ” luh “lake 湖”
• Alliteration(头韵)
• E.g.
• might and main
• friend and foe
• labor of love
第9页，共45页。
The Viking
• Scandinavia • Influence: • Culture fusion • old Norse brings a number of common
"nicht" /nixt/
night
sorh /sorx/
sorrow
2./k/ sound in /kn - / clusters in the word initial
position
"knight“ [nait] "knee" [ni:]
3.Another sound loss is the deletion of a word-final
literature.
第14页，共45页。
• 4. Great changes in languages:
the Norman lords spoke French;
Latin became the principal tongue of the clergymen and scholars.
haws spu:n bre:k
bruk
neim
第19页，共45页。
b) Sound loss
Some sounds in English have simply
disappeared from the general pronunciation of
English.
1.the voiceless velar fricative / x /
• The Consequence of the Conquest 1. Politically, a feudal system and a
centralized government established . 2. Religiously, the Catholic Church had a
much stronger control. 3. Normans brought to England their own
• Beowulf (贝奥武夫):
•
1069 compound words in this
epic which is totally 3183 lines.
• Affix(词缀):
•
for-，in-，-ful，-dom，-hood，-ship，-ness，
-the，-ful，-ish
第8页，共45页。
第17页，共45页。
Sound changes
第18页，共45页。
a) Vowel sound change
five mouse house spoon
break
broke
name
Old English fi:v mu:s
hu:s spo:n br:k
bro:k
na:m
Modern English faiv maus
sound change
syntactic change
lexical change
Conclusion
第2页，共45页。
Introduction
Time changes all things :there is no reason why language should escape this universal law
English as a second language will often add a vowel sound to the beginning of some English words. strange------estrange
story----------estory
第23页，共45页。
第13页，共45页。
The Norman Conquest
• In 1066, at the battle of Hastings, William, the energetic Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons and became the king
Language Change
By Group Two
第1页，共45页。
Teaching Contents
Introduction
Major periods in the history of English
Old English
Middle English
Changes in the development of language
第12页，共45页。
Historical Background
• what are the important events in this period?
• The Norman Conquest • 1381 uprising • Hundred Years War(1337-1453) • War of Roses (1455-1485)
第5页，共45页。
Old English(450~1150)
• God’s wrath toward Britain:Angles,Saxons,Jutes
• Christianity(6th~8th)
• Viking (8th~9th)
第6页，共45页。
What the Romans did for English
common English spoke old English;
London dialect became the basis of Middle English.
第15页，共45页。
Impact of Norman French vocabulary
• 1) governmental: noble, parliament. • 2) military: battle, navy, aid, marche recent change in sound
In some words, the unstressed [i] is often omitted: Medicine [medsin] instead of [medisin]
vowel segment(部分), a phenomenon called
apocope(词尾脱落)
name:
/na:mə / / neim/
第20页，共45页。
c) Sound Movement
1.Metathesis （换位 ） refers to sound change
because of a reversal in the positions of two
Ferdinand de Saussure Linguistic (1857-1917)
第3页，共45页。
Introduction
Language change is universal, continuous, and to a considerable degree, regular and systematic.
• 5) cuisine: sauce, boil, soup, pastry, fry, roast, toast.
• 6) personal names: Charles, William, Richard
第16页，共45页。
Middle English Literature
• a wider range of subjects • a greater diversity of styles and genres. • reflects the medieval Christian doctrine
peace, war. • 3) judicial system: judge, justice, court, suit,
defendant, crime, murder, attorney, heir. • 4) ecclesiastical（教会的）: clergy, altar, pray .
ancor “hermit 隐士”
clugge “bell 钟”，
cursian “curse 诅咒” • 拉丁语借字： caseus “cheese干酪”
• 斯堪的维亚语借字：人名和地名中。-by,-thorp,thwaite,-toft 日常生活用语，形容词，动词等。
第11页，共45页。
Middle English period (1066- 1485)
3.Dialect variant(方言的变形)
Pretty good---purty good
Ask---aks
第21页，共45页。
d) Sound addition
Sound addition includes the gain or insertion(插入)
of a sound. A change that involves the insertion of a
• Julius Caesar(55BC~410AD) :Britain was under control for 300years by Romans.
• Official language: Latin (but most people speak Celtic(凯尔特语)
• 10000 words from French came into common usage in English.