Chapter2-第二节-2010
2010年英语二作文范文
2010年英语二作文范文Title: The Influence of Social Media on Communication in 2010 Introduction:The year 2010 saw a significant rise in the influence of social media on communication. The emergence of platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube revolutionized the way people interacted with one another. This essay will delve into the impact social media had on various aspects of communication during the year 2010.Chapter 1: Redefining CommunicationSocial media platforms provided individuals with new avenues for communication. People could now connect with friends, family, and even strangers from all around the globe instantly. The popularity of Facebook and Twitter allowed users to share their thoughts, opinions, and experiences with a wider audience. The concept of "likes," "retweets," and "shares" made it easier for people to express agreement, validate opinions, and provide support, thereby generating a sense of community.Chapter 2: The Democratization of NewsIn 2010, social media became an integral part of news consumption. Citizen journalism took center stage as individuals used platforms like Twitter to report real-time events. The role of social media in the Arab Spring and other political movements demonstrated its potential to bypass traditional news channels and provide unfiltered information. However, the challenge of verifying and regulating this content also emerged, blurring the lines between fact and fiction in the news.Chapter 3: Transforming Advertising and MarketingThe rise of social media in 2010 marked a turning point in advertising and marketing strategies. Businesses recognized the importance of having a social media presence to engage with customers. Platforms like YouTube allowed for the easy creation and sharing of ads and content, reaching a wider audience at a fraction of traditional advertising costs. Influencer marketing also gained momentum, with companies collaborating with social media personalities to promote products and services.Chapter 4: Privacy and Security ConcernsAs social media usage skyrocketed, concerns surrounding privacy and security became prevalent. Users began to question the extent to which their personal information was being collected and shared. Data breaches and online scams raised alarms about the vulnerability of personal data stored online. This, in turn, led to discussions about the need for better regulation and user awareness regarding data protection.Conclusion:The year 2010 witnessed the transformative impact of social media on communication. It provided individuals with new ways to connect and share, amplifying their voices and fostering a sense of community. Social media's democratization of news challenged traditional media channels, while businesses embraced its potential for advertising and marketing. However, privacy and security concerns also arose, demanding greater regulation and user vigilance in protecting personal information. The influence of social media on communication in 2010 laid the foundation for thesubsequent evolution and integration of these platforms in our lives.Chapter 5: Revolutionizing Political CommunicationIn 2010, social media played a significant role in shaping political discourse and mobilizing people for political causes. Platforms like Facebook and Twitter became important tools for political campaigns, allowing candidates to reach and engage with a larger audience. They provided a space for open discussions, organizing rallies, and sharing political ideology. The Arab Spring, for example, saw the power of social media in mobilizing citizens to demand political change and fight against oppressive regimes. Chapter 6: Influencing Cultural ShiftsThe rise of social media in 2010 also influenced cultural shifts and norms. The sharing of content and ideas on platforms like YouTube helped to popularize new forms of music, art, and entertainment. Viral trends and challenges spread rapidly through social media, contributing to the creation of new cultural phenomena. Social media also provided a space for underrepresented voices and marginalized communities to be heard, challenging traditional power structures and promoting diversity. Chapter 7: Enhancing Education and LearningSocial media platforms brought about significant advancements in education and learning. In 2010, educators began to embrace social media as a tool for collaboration, information sharing, and student engagement. Teachers and professors began using platforms like Facebook and Twitter to facilitate discussions, share resources, and provide real-time feedback to students. Online learning platforms and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) gained popularity, offering opportunities for students from all over the world toaccess quality education.Chapter 8: Impact on Mental Health and WellbeingThe rapid rise of social media in 2010 also brought about concerns regarding its impact on mental health and wellbeing. Research indicated that excessive use of social media could lead to feelings of loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Comparison with others' curated online lives and the pressure to maintain a positive image created anxiety and stress among users. Social media addiction and excessive screen time also became concerns, leading to discussions about responsible usage and the need for digital detoxes.Chapter 9: Future Implications and ChallengesAs social media continued to evolve and grow in influence, it became evident that it would have long-lasting implications and ongoing challenges. The need for regulations to safeguard user data and privacy became even more prominent. The spread of misinformation and fake news became a global concern, highlighting the necessity for media literacy and critical thinking skills. Social media platforms faced pressure to combat harassment, hate speech, and online bullying, creating a safer online environment for users.Conclusion:The year 2010 marked a significant turning point in the influenceof social media on communication. Its impact was felt across various domains, including personal communication, news consumption, advertising and marketing, politics, education, culture, and mental health. While social media brought numerousbenefits, it also presented challenges and risks that demanded attention and proactive solutions. As we move forward, it is crucial to strike a balance between embracing the positive aspects of social media and navigating the potential pitfalls that come with it. The influence of social media in 2010 laid the foundation for the continued evolution and integration of these platforms into our daily lives, ultimately shaping the way we communicate, interact, and perceive the world.。
2010英语二text2
2010英语二text2"How to Lead a Healthy Lifestyle"Introduction: [The importance of leading a healthy lifestyle]Living a healthy lifestyle is essential for our overall well-being and happiness. It not only helps to prevent chronic diseases but also boosts our energy levels, improves mental health, and increases our longevity. However, the fast-paced modern world and sedentary lifestyles have made it increasingly challenging to maintain healthy habits. In this article, we will explore step-by-step how to lead a healthy lifestyle and reap its countless benefits.Step 1: [Establishing a balanced and nutritious diet]The foundation for a healthy lifestyle is a balanced and nutritious diet. Begin by incorporating a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats into your daily meals. Plan your meals ahead of time to ensure that you are getting all the necessary nutrients. Avoid processed and sugary foods as they contribute to weight gain, inflammation, and an increased risk of chronic diseases. Remember to stay hydrated by drinking plenty ofwater throughout the day.Step 2: [Regular physical activity]Regular physical activity is paramount to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Engaging in 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week is recommended. This can include brisk walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, or participating in a sport. Additionally, integrate strength training exercises into your routine to build muscle, increase metabolism, and improve overall body composition.Step 3: [Adequate sleep and stress management]Adequate sleep is vital for bodily functions and overall well-being. Aim for 7-8 hours of uninterrupted sleep every night. Establish a bedtime routine that includes relaxation techniques such as reading, listening to calming music, or taking a warm bath. Limit your exposure to electronic devices before bed as they can disrupt your sleep patterns.Furthermore, stress management is crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Stress can negatively impact both physical and mental health. Engage in activities that promote relaxation and stress relief such as meditation, deep breathing exercises, yoga, or engaging in hobbies you enjoy. Additionally, learn to prioritize tasks, delegate responsibilities, and set realistic goals to minimize stress levels.Step 4: [Maintaining a healthy weight]Excess weight can lead to various health complications such as heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. To maintain a healthy weight, it is important to balance calorie intake and physical activity. Monitor portion sizes and choose wholesome, nutrient-dense foods. Avoid crash diets or quick-fix weight loss methods as they are often unsustainable and can have negative health consequences. Strive for gradual weight loss through a combination of balanced eating and regular exercise.Step 5: [Regular health check-ups and preventive measures]Regular health check-ups and screenings are essential tomaintaining a healthy lifestyle. Schedule annual appointments with your healthcare provider for a comprehensive physical examination and necessary tests. This can help detect potential health issues early on and allow for timely medical interventions. Additionally, stay up to date with vaccinations and adopt preventive measures such as wearing sunscreen, practicing safe sex, and quitting smoking to safeguard your health.Conclusion:Leading a healthy lifestyle requires commitment, discipline, and consistency. By establishing a balanced and nutritious diet, engaging in regular physical activity, getting adequate sleep, managing stress, maintaining a healthy weight, and taking preventive measures, you can optimize your overall well-being and significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Remember, small changes in your daily routine can lead to substantial long-term benefits, so start taking steps towards a healthier lifestyle today.。
2010计算机导论Chapter2复习提纲
任课教师：战德臣，聂兰顺
2.2 基本思想与基本过程
1. 语义符号化思想 语义符号化是指将现实世界的语义用符号表达，进而进行基于符号的计算的一种思维， 将符号赋予不同语义，则能计算不同的问题。 例如， 《易经》将现实世界分为阴和阳，阴即０，阳即１，进一步用阴阳的组合与变化， 即０,1 的组合与变化来反映大千世界的变化规律，例如八卦，用三位０,1 码的组合，每一种 组合抽象于一种自然现象，如“乾卦”抽象于天，表达具有天的特性的事物，则天为乾卦的 本体语义，而如果将乾卦放在“家庭空间”中，则表征“父” ，而如果放在“身体空间”中， 则表征“首” ，因此，符号可以被绑定不同的语义。由此符号化，则二十四节气的演变、生 命规律的演变等都可以用 0 和１，即阴和阳的变化来反映了。 2. 计算的实现：电子电路级的实现，即基于 0 和 1 的电子实现； 现实世界的各种信息可表示成０和１， 可基于０和１进行算术运算和逻辑运算， 在实现 过程中，能够表示０和１的元器件有很多，典型的如继电器开关：开(表示１)、关(表示０)， 电路中的电信号：低电平(表示０)、高电平(表示１)，二极管、三极管等不仅实现表示，还 实现控制。 利用基本元器件，如二极管、三极管可封装集成后制造“与”门、 “或”门、 “非”门等 门电路，并能确认这些基本门电路的正确性。 再将“与”门、 “或”门、 “非”门等门电路进行组合，形成更为复杂的组合电路。布尔 代数与数字逻辑是判断组合电路正确性的工具。 微处理器、内存储器等就是不断组合已有的门电路、组合电路，并将其集成在一块芯片 上所形成的。 3. 计算的实现：程序级的实现，即图灵机 图灵认为：所谓计算就是计算者(人或机器)对一条两端可无限延长的纸带上的一串 0 或 1，执行指令一步一步地改变纸带上的 0 或 1，经过有限步骤最后得到一个满足预先规定的 符号串的变换过程。基本思想： “基本动作”就是机器将输入转变为输出， “指令”是对基本 动作的控制， “程序”是有先后次序关系的指令串即控制规则， “自动执行”是依控制规则自 动将输入处理为输出， “输入/输出”及“程序”均用符号表达及最终由 0 和 1 表达。 上述思想可用形式化模型表达。图灵机是一个七元组 P = (Q, , , , q0, B, F )，其中 Q 是有穷状态集，是有穷输入字符集， 是有穷输入带字符集，＝<q,X,Y,R/L/N,p>是状 态转移函数，表示：在当前状态 q 下，将字符 X 转换为字符 Y,同时，控制纸带向左、向右 移动或不动，然后将状态改为 p。q0 是初始状态，B 是空格符，F 是有穷终结状态集。 图灵机模型被认为是计算机的基本理论模型， 即计算机是使用相应的程序来完成任何设 定好的任务，是一种离散的、有穷的、构造性的问题求解思路，一个问题的求解可以通过构 造其图灵机(即程序)来解决。图灵认为：凡是能用算法方法解决的问题也一定能用图灵机解 决; 凡是图灵机解决不了的问题任何算法也解决不了，此即图灵可计算性问题。 4. 冯.诺依曼计算机和存储程序思想 冯.诺依曼计算机的五大基本部件：运算器、控制器、存储器、输入设备和输出设备。 其中运算器负责执行逻辑运算和算术运算，控制器负责读取指令、分析指令并执行指令，以 调度运算器进行计算， 存储器负责存储数据和指令， 输入设备负责将程序和指令输入到计算 机中，输出设备是将计算机处理结果显示或打印出来。 冯.诺依曼计算机的基本思想是存储程序的思想，即程序在执行之前事先存储在存储器 中，这样机器就可连续地从存储器中读取指令执行指令，实现连续自动的计算。 2-4
chap_2
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Slide 23
市场均衡的变化
收入增加和原材料价 格下降
P
D
D’
S
S’
D增加大于S增加
价格略微上涨（从P1 升到P2）和数量大幅 上升（从Q1升到 Q2）
P2 P1
Q1
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Quantity
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand Slide 11
供给和需求
Price ($ per unit) The demand curve slopes downward demonstrating that consumers are willing to buy more at a lower price.
5) 短期和长期弹性
6）理解并预测市场状况改变所造成的结 果 7) 政府干预的结果—价格控制
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Slide 3
2.1 供给和需求
供给曲线
假设其他能够影响供给量的因素不变,供给 曲线表示:对于每一个给定的价格,生产者所 愿意出售的某种商品的数量
P0
D Q0
Chapter 2: The Basics of Supply and Demand
Quantity
Slide 16
市场机制
均衡或市场出清价格的特征
1)QD
= QS
APES_Chapter_2_Science_Matter_Energy_and_Systems_2010-09
Science
world follow orderly cause-and-effect patterns that can be understood through careful observation, measurements, experimentation, and modeling.
Concept
2-1 Scientists collect data and develop theories, models, and laws about how nature works. – endeavor to discover how nature works and to use that knowledge to make predictions about what is likely to happen in nature.
• Studies how climate systems work, document past
climate changes, and project future changes.
The 4th IPCC report, 2007 • Very likely (90-99% probability) that the
story
• Polynesians arrived about 800 years ago
• Population may have reached 3000
• Used trees in an unsustainable manner, but rats
may have multiplied and eaten the seeds of the trees
王关富商务英语阅读 第二版chapter 2 详解
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Given that the scale of the downturn was so epochal, it should not be surprising that the nature of the recovery would likewise be the stuff of history. And it has been. As they make their way to Davos for the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) by helicopter, bus, car or train (which is the right way to do it), the members of the global economic and political elite will find themselves coming to terms with something they have never known before. Given –considering 鉴于 考虑到 Epochal 新纪元的;划时代的;有重大意义的 epoch 时代纪元 Epochal decisions made by Roosevelt and Churchill. 罗斯福和邱吉尔做出的有重大意义的决定 epochal stupidity. 无与伦比的愚蠢 Make one‘s way to 前往某处 He looked around , then made his way to the lavatory. DAVOS Davos 瑞士达沃斯 是“世界经济论坛”the World Economic Forum (WEF) 的主办 地. Come to terms with 勉强接受 妥协 安于 It took a long time for him to come to terms with his disability. Buyers can‘t come to terms with the car‘s styling, and its high price proved a bitter pill.不得不接受的现实 考虑到经济衰退幅度如此的跨时代，经济复苏进程会很慢也是理所当然的，对此我们 不应该感到吃惊。事实也正如我们所料，复苏进程确实很慢。全球经济政治精英乘直 升飞机、大巴、小汽车或是火车前往达沃斯参加一年一度的世界经济论坛会议，此次 会议上，全球经济政治精英会发现自己开始接受一些闻所未闻的事情。
Chapter 2 Period II
Secondperiod p18,19,20
Teaching Aims:
1. Language focus:
The main reading passage is about the daily life of a “whiz-kid” student who runs her own business while still at school. After learning the passage, make the students study hard and try their best to make our country stronger and richer.
Copy the new words
Students are required to do some exercises to consolidate what they’ve learnt.
To make the students put what they have learnt into practical use.
2. Ability aims:
To let the students inquire aboutinformation by asking questions.
To train the students’ ability of reading.
To help them to read for specific information.
Attract the students’ attention.
To help students be familiar with theformat of this report.
--chapter2第1-2节反切、《切韵》系韵书
一、反切产生之前的注音方法
（一）读若法
勼，聚也。从勹九声。读若鸠。(《说文·勹 部》)
觭，读为奇伟之奇。(《周礼·春官·大卜》郑玄 注)
汉时人未有反切，故于字之难知者多注云读若，赵宦 光《说文长笺》凡例曰：古无音切之法，音声之道无 边，而同音者甚少，故许氏但有读若，若者犹言相似 而已。可口授而不可笔传也。（顾炎武《音论》）
第二章 韵书为主的时期
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中国古代语言学研究一种倾向——重书 面语而轻口语
字（词）义、字形
语音
文字三要素： 形、音、义
语音研究阶段：南北朝——明代
2
主要内容
第一节 反切的兴起 第二节 《切韵》系列韵书 第三节 《中原音韵》系列韵书 第四节 声母研究与等韵学 第五节 文字学 第六节 训诂学
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吕静《韵集》，夏侯该《韵略》，阳休之《韵 略》，周思言《音韵》，李季节《音谱》，杜 台卿《韵略》等，各有乖互。江东取韵，与河 北复殊。因论南北是非，古今通塞。欲更捃选 精切，除削疏缓，萧（该）颜（之推）多所决 定。魏著作（渊）谓法言曰：“向来论难，疑 处悉尽，何不随口记之。我辈数人，定则定 矣。”法言即烛下握笔，略记纲要，博问英辩， 殆得精华。
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原因：适应诗赋的需要
莫友芝《韵学源流》：“今韵者，隋唐以来历 代诗家承用之谱也。”
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（三）韵书的兴起
最早的韵书
魏时有李登者，撰《声类》十卷，凡一万一千五百 二十字，以五声命字，不立诸部。（唐封演《封氏 闻见记·文字》）
晋·吕静《韵集》
六朝，“诸家音韵锋出”。《隋书·经籍志》等文献 的记载，陆法言《切韵》之前音韵书已经多达十几种 。 随着《切韵》问世，以前这些音韵著作都消亡了。
2010考研英语二阅读
2010考研英语二阅读In the 2010 English II Reading section of the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination, there were three passages that covered various topics. In this article, we will analyze each passage and discuss the main ideas and key points.Passage 1: "The Impact of Climate Change on Polar Bears"This passage focuses on the impact of climate change on polar bears. It discusses how the melting of Arctic sea ice, which is their primary habitat, has resulted in a decline in the polar bear population. The passage explains that the reduction in sea ice limits the bears' access to food and disrupts their hunting patterns.Furthermore, the passage highlights the importance of polar bears in the Arctic ecosystem and how their decline can have far-reaching consequences. It also mentions the efforts being made to protect polar bears and mitigate the effects of climate change.Passage 2: "The Benefits and Risks of Genetically Modified Crops"The second passage delves into the topic of genetically modified (GM) crops. It presents both the benefits and risks associated with GM crops. The benefits mentioned include increased crop yield, enhanced nutritional value, and resistance to pests and diseases.On the other hand, the passage also addresses the potential risks of GM crops, such as the development of resistance in pests, cross-contamination with non-GM crops, and the unknown long-term effects on human health and the environment.Moreover, the passage discusses the controversy surrounding GM crops and the need for stricter regulations and labeling to ensure consumer awareness and choice.Passage 3: "The Evolution of Social Media and Its Impact on Society"The final passage explores the evolution of social media and its impact on society. It traces the development of social media platforms from their early beginnings to their current dominance in communication and information sharing.The passage highlights the positive aspects of social media, such as facilitating global connections, promoting social activism, and providing a platform for marginalized voices. However, it also acknowledges the negative consequences, including privacy concerns, cyberbullying, and the spread of misinformation.Furthermore, the passage discusses the role of social media in shaping public opinion, political campaigns, and the economy. It emphasizes the need for responsible usage and regulation to harness the potential benefits while mitigating the risks.In conclusion, the 2010 English II Reading section of the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination covered diverse topics, including the impact of climate change on polar bears, the benefits and risks of genetically modified crops, and the evolution of social media and its impact on society. These passages provided valuable insights into important issues and showcased the candidates' reading comprehension skills.。
Chapter 2-2 作业解答
1. 用一台稳定度为0.1%的9V 的稳压电源做标准，采用微差法测量一台10V 的普通电源的输出电压U 0，要求测量相对示值误差小于等于±0.5%。
欲用1V 量程的电压表测量微差电压，应选几级的电压表？
解： 设1V 量程电压表测量的相对误差x
%.%.%x γ50=10+V 9V
1•=
%..x 4404410=9×0.1%)-(0.5%=≈
因测量值即为表的量限，最大相对误差就是其最大引用误差
∴选高于2.5级1V 量程的电压表即可。
2. 等精密度测量30次，剔除系统误差后，已知测量值x=75.045，标准差的估计值为0.0303， 试估算当置信概率为95%时，该测量值的真值范围。
解1： 已知置信概率取95%；且等精密度测量30次。
∴可知其置信系数t ≈2
005530==∴03030=.n σˆ
σˆ.σˆx ，
被测量的真值范围：03475=2×00550-04575=-...σˆt x x
05675=2×00550+04575=+...σˆt x x
∴被测量的真值范围在75.035~75.056之间。
解2： 已知置信概率取95%；且等精密度测量30次。
查置信系数表得：t a = 2.04
被测量的真值范围：03475=042×00550-04575=-....σˆt x x
05675=042×00550+04575=+....σˆt x x
∴被测量的真值范围在75.035~75.056之间。
组织行为学－chapter2.能力和知觉
第二节知觉一、知觉的概念知觉（perception）是个体为了对他们所在环境赋予意义而组织和解释感觉印象的过程。
这种反应是个体以已有的经验为基础，对环境事物作出的主观解释。
知觉在影响组织中的个体行为方面起着重要的作用。
这是因为，人们的行为是以他们对现实的知觉为基础的，而不是以现实本身为基础的。
假如我们所期待的知觉与组织的实际期望是一致的，那么可能产生有效的绩效。
反之，我们的知觉是对现实的歪曲或不准确的描述，那么结果将是不适当的行为和无效的绩效。
二、影响知觉的因素1.知觉者知觉者之所以存在这种差异，与他们经验、经历和知识有关，也用他们的性格、性别、情感、好恶有关。
2.知觉对象对象的背景、声音、外型、大小、运动、新奇等等都会影响人的知觉判断一个实体越实在，人的知觉受物质实体的影响就越大，就越接近实际，个体知觉的差异就越小。
一个实体越抽象，或了解越不充分，人的知觉受实体的影响就越小，而受其他因素的影响就越大。
对那些外观比较相似，或在时间、空间上比较接近的知觉对象，人们常常会将他们归为同一类，而它们可能毫无相关或仅仅在于外表比较相似。
3.情景在不同的情景下，人们对同一事物的知觉感受也不一样。
当一个人在高压之下，如时间压力、环境条件限制下，他的知觉和接受信息的能力将会减弱，知觉判断就容易发生偏差。
对比也是影响人的知觉差异的原因之一。
作为管理者必须认识到，员工是根据知觉而不是客观现实作出反映的。
当知觉歪曲或不准确时，人们会作出以组织的观点来看不适当的或不受欢迎的行为。
管理者要想使下属的行为符合组织的目标，必须保证下属正确得感知信息；为了使组织成员更有效地工作，必须确保其成员准确的理解组织对他们的期望。
三、归因理论（Attribution Theory）归因理论认为，我们对个体行为的不同判断取决于我们对特定行为归因于何种意义的解释。
人们总是试图对影响人的行为的因素做出解释，包括外部原因和内部原因或直接原因和间接原因。
Chapter2 知识组织系统_分类法
2.2.1 分类法概述
类型
按分类法编制的结构形式： 列举式分类法 组配式分类法 体系－组配式分类法
2.2.1 分类法概述
结构——宏观结构
编制说明 基本大类表 基本类目表
主表
索引 附表 使用手册
分类法的宏观结构
2.2.1 分类法概述
结构——微观结构——类目
什么是分类法
定义
分类法是指将类或组按照其相互间的关系，组成的系统化 结构，并体现为许多类目按照一定的原则和关系组织起来的 体系表，是分类工作的依据和工具。
类（Class 或Category ）或组(Group)：符合同一标准的事物 构成一个类或组。
近义词
分类系统（Classification System） 分类表、类目表
CC类表,包括大类、惯用类、分面公式中各分面的焦点号码表，以及 四种附表（共同点、时间点、空间点、语言点）
特点：篇幅较小，按分面公式进行组配，并且要遵照分类规则进行。 将所有分类特征归纳为五种基本范畴：
本体（Personality） ：事物本身的各种体现 物质（Matter） ：构成事物的材料 能量（Energy） ：事物的各种活动、影响、状态和问题 空间（Space） ：事物存在或发生的地点 时间（Time） ：事物存在或发生的时期
简称《中图法》 （ Chinese Library Classification，简称CLC ） 目前我国应用最广泛的综合型分类法 它是由国家图书馆等单位组织全国力量，以学科 分类为基础，并结合图书的特性所编制的分类法。
《中图法》历史
1957年《中小型图书馆分类表草案》(简称《中小型表》) 1964年《中国图书馆图书分类法草案》（下册） 1971年 在北京图书馆倡导下着手编辑 1973年 完成试用本 1975年《中国图书馆图书分类法》第1版 1980年《中国图书馆图书分类法》第2版 1990年《中国图书馆图书分类法》第3版 1999年《中国图书馆图书分类法》第4版起改名为《中国图书馆分类法》 2000年 建立《中图法》网站 / 2001年6月 《中图法》（第四版）电子版 ……搜索引擎版，满足互联网信息分类组织和检索 2010年3月 网络版 2010年9月 第五版
数字集成电路设计chapter2
GND
数字集成电路 EE141
制造
27
CMOS工艺层次
Layer Name Pattern Description Representation
NW SP SN AA GT CT M1
数字集成电路 EE141
N-Well P+ implant N+ implant Active Area Poly gate Contact Metal-1
数字集成电路 EE141
制造
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封装 Packaging
数字集成电路 EE141
制造
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封装需求
� 电学：低寄生 � 机械：可靠性、坚固性 � 热学：有效散热 � 经济性：低成本
数字集成电路 EE141
制造
40
压焊技术
Wire Bonding
Substrate Die Pad
Lead Frame
淀积形成多晶硅
离子注入形成漏源和接触区域
开接触孔和通孔窗口 淀积和金属，并成形
9
数字集成电路 EE141
制造
CMOS 工艺步骤
p-epi + p N Si SiN 34 p-epi + p SiO 2 (b) After deposition of gate-oxide and sacrificial nitride (acts as a buffer layer) (a) Base material: p+ substrate with p-epi layer
数字集成电路 EE141
制造
31
同一层设计规则 —— GT
�
Minimum width of a GT region for channel length of 1.8V PMOS/NMOS 0.18 um
chapter2-2同步发电机励磁系统
第二节 同步发电机励磁系统
二、交流励磁机励磁系统
(一)他励交流励磁机励磁系统
交流副励磁机
交流励磁机
起励电源
400 Hz
AE 100Hz
V
磁场开关
交流发电机
G
TA
滑环
TV
可控整流器
自
励
恒
励磁调节器
压
调
节 器
触发器
放大器
电压检测
调差
图 2-11 他励交流励磁机励磁系统原理接线
第二节 同步发电机励磁系统
建投资。 （3）直接利用晶闸管取得励磁能量，机端电压与机组转速
的一次方成正比，故静止励磁输出的励磁电压与机组转速 的一次方成比例。而同轴励磁机励磁系统输出的励磁电压 与转速的平方成正比。这样，当机组甩负荷时静态励磁系 统机组的过电压就低。
• （二）、无刷励磁系统
永磁发电机
旋转元件
N
AE
S
励磁开关
可控硅整流器
G
TA
TV
励磁调节器
图 2-17 无刷励磁系统原理接线图
第二节 同步发电机励磁系统
（1）无炭刷和滑环，维护工作量可大为减少。 （2）发电机励磁由励磁机独立供电，供电可靠性高。并且由于无刷，整
个励磁系统可靠性更高。 （3）发电机励磁控制是通过调节交流励磁机的励磁实现的，因而励磁系
第二节 同步发电机励磁系统
• 同步发电机的励磁电源实质上是一个可控 的直流电源
直流励磁机 换流困难 交流励磁机 缩短主轴长度 发电机自并励
去掉滑环和电刷 无刷励磁系
第二节 同步发电机励磁系统
一、直流励磁机励磁系统 （一）自励直流励磁机励磁系统 • 发电机转子绕组由专用的直流励磁机供电 • 调整励磁机磁场电阻，可改变励磁机励磁电流 （二）他励直流励磁机励磁系统 • 他励直流励磁机的励磁绕组是由副励磁机供电的，
Chapter 2 Incoterms 2000 & 2010(补充练习)(1)
Chapter 2 Incoterms 2000I. Term TranslationActual delivery 象征性交货Customs formalities 清关Delivery 风险转移Unloading 船舷Loading 卸货费Physical delivery 习惯做法II. Multiple choice1. There are mainly _____ sets of international rules related o interpretation of trade terms.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five2. There are altogether ______ terms defined respectively by the Incoterms 2000 & 2010.A. 11, 13B. 9, 11C. 12, 13D. 13, 113. Among all the Incoterms ______ imposes the minimum obligation and cost to the seller.A. EXWB. CIFC. DESD. DDP4. Among all the Incoterms _____ imposes the minimum obligation and cost to the buyer.A. CIFB. FOBC. DDPD. EXW5. According to the Incoterms 2000 under FCA the risk of goods will be transferred from theseller to the buyer________.A. when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer.B. when the goods are delivered to the named place in the exporting country.C. when the goods are given to the nominated carrier.D. when the goods are loaded on the vehicle of the carrier.6. FOB and CFR share one thing that ___________.A. risk is transferred when the goods pass the ship’s railB. they can be used in any mode of transport.C. the seller will be responsible for the unloading at the port of destination.D. none of the above7. According to the Incoterms 2000 under CIF if the goods get loose from the hook and fallinto the sea during loading stage, ______ should hold liable for the loss.A. the buyerB. the sellerC. the carrierD. both the seller and buyer.8. The Incoterms 2000 requires the buyer to handle the import customs clearance exceptunder ________.A. EXWB. FCAC. DDPD. DDU9. Under __________ term it is especially important for the seller to provide shipment noticeto the buyer.A. FOBB. CIFC. FASD. CFR10. The FAS term requires ______ to clear the goods for export.A. the buyerB. the sellerC. the insurerD. either the buyer or the seller11. Under CIP, ____ has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damageto the goods during the carriage.A. the carrierB. the buyerC. the sellerD. none of the aboveIII. True or false statements1._______The EXW term indicates an actual delivery.2._______ If the sales contract contains provisions contrasting to the definition of theIncoterm used, as far as the provisions are legally recognized by relevant lawsand regulations, they will be valid.3.________FOB, interpreted in any sense, always requires the seller to handle the exportcustoms formalities.4.________FCA and CPT have one thing in common that the seller delivers when thegoods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the buyer.5.________Both CIP and CPT should be followed by named port of destination.6.________Since under CFR the risk will be transferred when the goods are delivered,the seller will not hold any responsibility if the buyer finds the goodsnot in conformity with the contracted specifications.7.________According to the Incoterms 2010 under DAT the buyer is not responsible forunloading the goods the vessel.8.________All the C group terms require the seller to bear the main costs of carriage andrisk during the transport.9._______ Under CIF the seller has to purchase insurance, therefore he has to bear therisk during the ocean transport.10._______ All the D group terms are arrival contract terms and they all indicate actualdelivery.11.________ DAP requires the seller to clear the goods for export and import.12. ________DAP requires the seller to unload the goods at the named place of destination.13. ________Incoterms CIF, CPT, DAT and DAP require the Seller to carry out insurance.14.________The Incoterms® rules describe mainly the tasks, costs and risks involved in thedelivery of goods from sellers to buyers.15. _______Under the Incoterms rule EXW, FCA, DAT, DAP, DDP, FAS and FOB, thenamed place is the place where delivery takes place and where risk passes fromthe seller to the buyer.16. _______Under the Incoterms rule CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF, the named place is the place ofdelivery.17._______ When applying Incoterms, it’s better to specify the place or port as precisely aspossible so as to make the rule work best.18._______ Under DAT, the Seller accomplishes its obligation of delivery when the goodsare placed under the buyer’s disposal unloaded from the arriving vehicle19. _______Incoterms do not determine the transfer of title to the goods, nor the remedies forbreach of contract.20._______Incoterms apply to service contracts and define contractual rights or obligations.IV. Judge wheter the following price terms are correct or not. If not, make corrections.1.U.S. $55 per ton CIFC5 Shanghai2.Pound 200 per carton CFR New Zealand3.U.S.$150 per ton FOB New York4.FF580 per dozen less than 1% commission5.EUR2,700 per case CIFC2 DubaiV. Sentence Translation1. The price quoted includes 5% commission on FOB basis.2. Under CPT, CIP, “carrier” means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes toperform or to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland wateway or by a combination of such modes.3. Under FCA, the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the seller’s premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.4. Under FOB, the seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vessel nominated by the buyer. And the buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ship’s rail at the named port of sh ipment.。
chapter2第1-2节反切、《切韵》系韵书
《切韵》的问世，标志着汉语音韵学的成熟。 第一次全面研究了汉语的音韵结构。
可惜现在也见不到它的原本，它也被后来的韵 书所取代。后来韵书是在它的基础上扩大而成， 因此，它的大致面貌可从后来的经扩大了的韵 书中了解。
19
《切韵》系韵书——中古汉语语音系列
《切韵》 《唐韵》（唐·孙缅） 《广韵》（宋·陈彭年、丘雍等） 《集韵》 《五音集韵》 平水韵
12
3．较为公允的观点
上古已有二合音汉字存在，但不能说那就是反切，因 为那时候并没有大量运用这种方法注音，不能算是注 音方法。
来源于西域也不太恰当。在反切产生过程中受过拼音 文字的启发是肯定的，但不一定是照搬。拼音文字的 拼音和反切在原则上有相似，但有不同：拼音文字用 字母拼音，反切用两个汉字拼音；拼音文字直接拼音， 反切则是间接拼音。
（2）《廣韻》的體例
①分卷、韻和小韻 ②又音 ③四聲相配 ④獨用和同用
54
②又音 又音的表示
55
1.《廣韻》的性質和體例
（2）《廣韻》的體例
①分卷、韻和小韻 ②又音 ③四聲相配 ④獨用和同用
56
③四聲相配(一)
四聲相配的含義 《廣韻》韻母相同而僅僅聲調不同的各韻可以
匹配起來
平
上
去
唐 AN 蕩 AN 宕 AN
条件：反切注音法
几千字反切，推测声和韵有多少类。把上万常 用字分成若干组，每组字音相同，前头加一个 “○”，第一字下注上反切。
若干组音节后半发音相同，放一处叫一个 “韵”。每韵用第一字作代表。例如：所有某 些组后半发-ong音的字抄到一起，用第一个 字“东”作代表，就叫东韵。
若干个韵总结集成一部书——韵书。
认知驱动第二章第二节读后感
认知驱动第二章第二节读后感English Response:Cognitive Drive, Chapter 2, Section 2 delves into the concept of motivational drives and how they shape our behavior. According to the authors, motivational drives are "internal states that direct an organism toward goal-directed behavior." These drives are essential for survival, as they prompt us to seek out food, water, shelter, andother resources necessary for our well-being.The authors identify two main types of motivational drives: primary drives and secondary drives. Primary drives are innate, biological needs for basic necessities likefood and water, while secondary drives are learned needs acquired through experience and culture. For example, the need for social interaction is a secondary drive that we develop through our relationships with others.One of the key points discussed in this section is theYerkes-Dodson Law. This law states that the relationship between arousal and performance is an inverted U-shape. Moderate levels of arousal can enhance performance, but excessively high levels of arousal can lead to decreased performance. This is because high arousal can interfere with our ability to focus and make decisions.The authors also explore the concept of homeostasis, which refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment. When the body is in a state of homeostasis, it is functioning optimally. Motivational drives help us to maintain homeostasis by prompting us to take actions that restore the body to its optimal state.中文回答：认知驱动第二章第二节探討了动机驱力概念及其如何塑造我们的行为。
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C
T f T f*
Tf
返回
T
§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
例1：将2.76g甘油溶于200g水中，计算溶液的凝固点约
为多少？(甘油分子量为92，水的凝固点为273.00K)
解：查Kf（水）= 1.86
2.76 92 △T f K f bB 1.86 1000 200
1.86 0.15 0.279 K
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2013-8-14
Chapter 2
溶液与离子平衡
第二节
稀溶液的依数性
Colligative Property of Solutions
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
溶液的通性
蒸汽压下降 沸点上升
稀溶液的依数性
775 cB= 8.314 310
mol.dm-3=0.3mol.dm-3
或:cB=0.3mol.dm-3×180g.mol-1=54g.dm-3 =54g/1000g ×100% =5.4 % (质量分数）
等渗溶液
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
0.3mol.L-1NaCl溶液的渗透压约为0.3mol.L-1葡萄糖溶液渗透 压的2倍。
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
由于在NaCl溶液中，每个NaCl粒子可以离解成 1个Na+和1个Cl－。而葡萄糖溶液是非电解质溶 液，所以0.3mol•L-1NaCl溶液的渗透压约为 0.3 mol•L-1葡萄糖溶液的2倍。
P
渗 透
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反渗透
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
渗透压定律
溶液浓度c/g· dm 10.03 20.14 40.60 61.38
1877年，Pfeffer 的实验结果，
在0 ℃蔗糖溶液的渗透压 -3
渗透压/atm 0.68 1.34 2.75 4.04
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
蒸气压(vapor pressure): 在密闭系统中、一定温 度下，物质的蒸发与凝聚速率相等时蒸气所产生 的压力，称为该物质的饱和蒸气压，简称蒸气压。 * 相同温度下，不同物质蒸气压不同； * 同一种物质，温度不同，蒸气压不同。
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△Tb K b b B 0.52 0.2 0.104
Tb 373 .0 0.104 373 .1K
用此关系式也可以求MB的分子量
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
三、溶液的凝固点降低
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
溶液的凝固点是指固态纯溶剂和液态溶液平衡时的温度
Ps Pl时的温度
△T f T f T f
*
A'
P
B'
溶液 纯溶剂
△T f K f bB
Kf为溶剂的凝固点降低常数 bB为溶质的质量摩尔浓度
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P
固 态 纯 溶 剂
A
B
Tb*Tb
2013-8-14
T f K f bB K f
WB MB
WA
3
3.90
8.40
MB
16.2 10
289 .6 278 .5
M B 182内容 回主目录 返回
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
四、溶液的渗透压
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*
解：
P溶液 3167 .73 31.36 3136 .37 ( Pa)
利用此关系式也可求溶质或溶剂的分子量
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
二、溶液的沸点升高
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
Π=cBRT
渗透压公式中，对电解质溶液来说，浓度
cB(或mB)是1升溶液中能产生渗透效应的溶质分 子与离子总物质的量，称为渗透物质的量浓度。
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
对非电解质的稀溶液来说，渗透压的大小可表示为：
P渗 V nRT
n P渗 RT CM RT bBRT V
在溶液浓度很稀时：CM≈bB
故在一定温度下，稀溶液的渗透压可看作近似地 与溶液的质量摩尔浓度bB成正比。
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
纯溶剂的蒸气压与溶液蒸气压的差叫溶液蒸气压下降
P溶剂 P溶液 P
P xB P
*
( P 表示P溶剂）
*
在一定温度下， 难挥发的非电解质的稀溶液的蒸 气压下降值与溶液中溶质的摩尔分数成正比。
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的单位为升(L)时，R值为8.314kPa•L•K-1•mol-1。
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
范特霍夫公式
ΠV=nBRT
或
Π=cBRT
在一定的温度下，稀溶液的渗透压与溶液中所 含溶质的物质的量成正比，而与溶质的本性无关， 称为稀溶液的依数性或溶液的通性。
§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
例题： 64.8g的蔗糖(C12H22O11,M=342)溶于1000g水 解：经查表得 Kb=0.52 (Kb是与溶剂有关的值）
中,求该溶液的沸点Tb。[Tb(H2O)=373.0K(100℃)]
nB mB 1 64.8 1 bB 0.2 3 m A M B m A 342 1000 10
凝固点降低 渗 透 压
只与溶质的相对含量有关，而与溶质的本性无关。
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
难挥发的非电解质 稀溶液的依数性
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
一、溶液的蒸汽压下降
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
拉乌尔(Rauolt F M,法国物理学家)定律的数学 表达式: nB p = pA* nA + nB 式中: p — nB — nA — pA*— 溶液蒸气压下降, Pa 溶质的物质的量, mol 溶剂的物质的量 , mol 纯溶剂的蒸气压, Pa 。
溶液的蒸气压等于外界压力时的温度称为该溶液的沸点
A'
P
B'
溶液 纯溶剂
P — Tb 为溶剂的沸点
*
p
P — Tb为溶液的沸点
Tb
P
固态 纯溶 剂
A
B
Tb Tb
T
*
即：溶液沸点升高。
C
T f T f*
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Tb*Tb
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△Tb K b b B
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
分析原因：难挥发的糖分子占据溶液的部分表面，
减少了单位时间内从溶液中逸出的溶剂分子数目。
P糖水表面
钟罩内的 H 2Og
P纯水表面
P溶液 P溶剂
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（前者总是低于后者）
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
溶液的蒸气压下降(vapor pressure lowering): 相同温度下，溶液的蒸气压低于纯溶剂的蒸气 压的性质，称溶液蒸气压下降。 p = p* - pB
对于相同浓度的非电解质溶液，在一定温度下，
因为单位体积溶液中所含溶质的粒子(分子)数 目相等，所以渗透压是相同的。
0.3mol•L-1葡萄糖溶液与0.3mol•L-1蔗糖溶液的渗透压相同。
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
对于相同浓度的电解质溶液和非电解质溶液的 渗透压则不相同。
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
1885年，van’t Hoff 把这些数据归纳、比较，发现 V , 为一常数，并与理想气体常数 R 值相似. T n 因而认为稀溶液的渗透压定律与理想气体定律相似，
V nRT
n 或 RT cRT mRT V
范特荷甫公式表示，在一定温度下，溶液的渗透压与单 位体积溶液中所含溶质的粒子数(分子数或离子数)成正 比，而与溶质的本性无关。
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
物质的蒸气压—— 温度关系图
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§2.2 稀溶液的依数性
钟罩
如果同时把纯水和糖水
放入钟罩内,则: 糖水V 增大,纯水V减小。