计算机网络原理(英文版)课件Chapter2.
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计算机文化基础双语课件-Chapter2 computer hardware
– integrated circuit is an superthin slice of semiconducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements, such as wires, transistors, capacitors, logic gates, and resistors.(p28 )
Digital processing
• A machine code instruction has two parts: the op code and the operand.
• Eg: instruction: add 1
Op code
Operand
P31 f1-36 00000100
00000001
RAM
Address M1 Address M2 Address M3
Control Unit Instruction pointer
M12
Instruction Register AMDUDL two number
CPU Performance Factors
- Moore law
- “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”.
Hardware System
输入设备
存储器
输出设备
运算器
控制器
数据流 控制流
• Information processing cycle
§ 2.2: Microprocessors
What is a microprocessor?
is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions
Digital processing
• A machine code instruction has two parts: the op code and the operand.
• Eg: instruction: add 1
Op code
Operand
P31 f1-36 00000100
00000001
RAM
Address M1 Address M2 Address M3
Control Unit Instruction pointer
M12
Instruction Register AMDUDL two number
CPU Performance Factors
- Moore law
- “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link”.
Hardware System
输入设备
存储器
输出设备
运算器
控制器
数据流 控制流
• Information processing cycle
§ 2.2: Microprocessors
What is a microprocessor?
is an integrated circuit designed to process instructions
计算机网络英文教材ppt第二章
Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
30
2.5.3 The Local Loop: Modems, ADSL, and Wireless
Figure 2-23. The use of both analog and digital transmission for a computer to computer call. Conversion is done by the modems and codecs.
3
Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
DTE
DCE
传输介质 DCE
DTE
用户环境
通信系统
Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
用户环境
4
Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
DTE: Equipment that hopes to connect the network. Such as computer, terminal, etc.
2
Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
The definition of physical layer:
the interface between DTE(Data
Terminal Equipment) and
DCE(Data Communications
Equipment)
Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
27
2.5.1 Structure of the Telephone System
(a) Fully-interconnected network. (b) Centralized switch. (c) Two-level hierarchy.
计算机网络英文课件Chapter1
Introduction 1-11
client/server model
r r
peer-peer model:
r r
Network edge: connection-oriented service
Goal: data transfer
between end systems handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time
Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models 1.8 History
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
r
router server local ISP
workstation mobile
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP
Internet: “network of
networks”
r r
loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
client/server model
r r
peer-peer model:
r r
Network edge: connection-oriented service
Goal: data transfer
between end systems handshaking: setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time
Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 What is the Internet? 1.2 Network edge 1.3 Network core 1.4 Network access and physical media 1.5 Internet structure and ISPs 1.6 Delay & loss in packet-switched networks 1.7 Protocol layers, service models 1.8 History
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
r
router server local ISP
workstation mobile
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, FTP, PPP
Internet: “network of
networks”
r r
loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
计算机网络英文版课件1
Development of computer network
T
T
HOST
T
T
T
T
T
HOST
TTT
T
T
HOST CCP
T
T
H
T
T
C
CCP
T
HOST
T
T
CCP
C CommunicaCt
T
HOST
T T
ion subnet
H
H
T
T
T
T
Resource subnet
T
computer network vs. distributed system
Wide Area Networks(2)
❖A stream of packets from sender to receiver. ❖Store-and-forward (packet-switched): a packet
is stored in an intermediate router in its entirety, stored there until the required output line is free, and then forwarded.
❖ Software: This is what actually makes computer networks–not the hardware!
➢ Protocols: describe how two communicating parties exchange
information.
➢ Services: describe what a network offers to parties that want
精品课件-微机原理及应用实践(英文版)陈志平-Chapter2
Chapter 2 8086 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Chapter２ MICROPROCESSOR-BASED SYSTEMS
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor 2.3 8086 CPU Registers 2.4 8086 Pins and Functions 2.5 8086 Memory Organization 2.6 8086 Memory and I/O Operation Cycles
3
Chapter 2 8086 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
CX register (Count) 计数寄存器 Destination Index (DI) 目标变址寄存器 Direction Flag (DF) 方向标志位 demultiplex 信号分离 DX register (Data) 数据寄存器 even address 偶地址 Execution Unit(EU) 执行单元 general-purpose registers 通用寄存器 Instruction Pointer (IP) 指令指针寄存器 instruction queue 指令队列 Interrupt enable Flag (IF) 中断标志位
2
Chapter 2 8086 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
KEY TERMS
address generation adder 地址加法器 Arithmetic [] Logical Unit (ALU) 算术逻辑单元 Auxiliary [] Flag (AF) 辅助进位标志位 AX register (Accumulator) 累加器 Bank High Enable ( BHE ) 总线高位有效信号 Base Pointer (BP) 基址指针 bus control logic 总线控制电路 Bus Interface Unit(BIU) 总线接口单元 BX register (Base) 基址寄存器 Carry Flag (CF) 进位标志位 Code Segment (CS) 代码段寄存器
Chapter２ MICROPROCESSOR-BASED SYSTEMS
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor 2.3 8086 CPU Registers 2.4 8086 Pins and Functions 2.5 8086 Memory Organization 2.6 8086 Memory and I/O Operation Cycles
3
Chapter 2 8086 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
CX register (Count) 计数寄存器 Destination Index (DI) 目标变址寄存器 Direction Flag (DF) 方向标志位 demultiplex 信号分离 DX register (Data) 数据寄存器 even address 偶地址 Execution Unit(EU) 执行单元 general-purpose registers 通用寄存器 Instruction Pointer (IP) 指令指针寄存器 instruction queue 指令队列 Interrupt enable Flag (IF) 中断标志位
2
Chapter 2 8086 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
KEY TERMS
address generation adder 地址加法器 Arithmetic [] Logical Unit (ALU) 算术逻辑单元 Auxiliary [] Flag (AF) 辅助进位标志位 AX register (Accumulator) 累加器 Bank High Enable ( BHE ) 总线高位有效信号 Base Pointer (BP) 基址指针 bus control logic 总线控制电路 Bus Interface Unit(BIU) 总线接口单元 BX register (Base) 基址寄存器 Carry Flag (CF) 进位标志位 Code Segment (CS) 代码段寄存器
通信原理(英文版)
can be generalized to power signal.
10
Energy spectral density
Let the energy of an energy signal s(t) be E, then the energy
of
the
signal
is
decided
byE
s2 (t)dt
is
S() s(t)e jt dt
The inverse Fourier transform of S() is the original signal:
s(t) S ()e jtd
【Example 2.3】Find the frequency spectral density of a rectangular pulse.
0, 当t 0,
u(t)
1,
当t 0
1
u(t) = d(t)
0
Fig. 2.2.6 Unit step function
t
➢ Difference between frequency spectral density S(f) of
energy signal and frequency spectrum of periodic power
Chapter 2 Signals
2.1 Classification of Signals
2.1.1 Deterministic signals and random signals
➢ What is deterministic signal? ➢ What is random signal?
计算机网络英文版课件-第2章 The Physical Layer
• To computer scientists, (digital) bandwidth is the maximum data rate of a channel, a quantity measured in bits/sec.
Amplitude Amplitude
••• Time
f
3f
9f
Frequency
b. Frequency-domain decomposition of the composite signal
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
18
Time and frequency domain of a nonperiodic composite signal
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
6
Units of period and frequency
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
7
Simplex, half-duplex, or full-duTransmission
• The timing of a signal is unimportant. • Information is received and translated by agreed upon patterns.
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
3
Type of Data
Amplitude Amplitude
••• Time
f
3f
9f
Frequency
b. Frequency-domain decomposition of the composite signal
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
18
Time and frequency domain of a nonperiodic composite signal
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
6
Units of period and frequency
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
7
Simplex, half-duplex, or full-duTransmission
• The timing of a signal is unimportant. • Information is received and translated by agreed upon patterns.
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
Computer Networks, Chapter 2 The Physical Layer
3
Type of Data
计算机网络英文课件
wired links wireless links LANs
layer-2 packet is a frame, encapsulates datagram
data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagrams from one node to adjacent node over a link
compute checksum of received segment check if computed checksum equals checksum field value:
NO - error detected YES - no error detected. But maybe errors nonetheless? More later ….
instantiation and implementation of various link layer technologies
Ethernet：broadcast channel PPP：point to point channel
chapter5-2
Link Layer Roadmap
chapter5-7
Full-duplex, Half-duplex, Simplex
Adapters Communicating
datagram sending node frame adapter link layer protocol frame adapter rcving node
link layer implemented in “adapter” (aka NIC)
计算机网络英文课件
Chapter 1: Computer Networks and the Internet
Resource sharing, high reliability, saving money Powerful communication medium(electronic mail, videoconference) e-commerce (electronic commerce)
Introduction and Overview
Uses of Computer Networks Mobile Users
Mobile computers, such as notebook computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs), are one of the fastest-growing segments of the computer industry. merger of cell phones and PDAs into tiny wireless computers, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) portable office wireless networks on campus wireless networks on military Privacy Freedom of speech Copyright ……
Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information. The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves, infrared, and communication satellites can also be used. Networks come in many sizes, shapes and forms.
Resource sharing, high reliability, saving money Powerful communication medium(electronic mail, videoconference) e-commerce (electronic commerce)
Introduction and Overview
Uses of Computer Networks Mobile Users
Mobile computers, such as notebook computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs), are one of the fastest-growing segments of the computer industry. merger of cell phones and PDAs into tiny wireless computers, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) portable office wireless networks on campus wireless networks on military Privacy Freedom of speech Copyright ……
Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information. The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves, infrared, and communication satellites can also be used. Networks come in many sizes, shapes and forms.
计算机网络原理(英文版)课件 Chapter3
different source IP addresses and/or source port numbers directed to same socket
10/74
Chapter 3 -Transport Layer
Connectionless demux (cont)
DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(6428);
network data link physical
network data link physical
network data link physical
(UDP) :
r
network data link physical
no-frills extension of “besteffort” IP (不对 尽最大努力服务” 不对”尽最大努力服务 不对 尽最大努力服务”
Ì network layer: logical communication
between hosts Ì transport layer: logical communication between processes
r
relies on , enhances, network layer services
seq02consecutiveunack?edpktsallowedkbitseqotherheaderdatabasenextseqnumbasen0base1已经被确认的包basenextseqnum1还没有被确认的包nextseqnumbasen1还可以发送的包basen不能发送的包连续的未被确认的包的最大数量序号窗口窗口滑动窗口2474chaptertransportlayer由于人类活动或者自然过程引起某些物质进入大气中达到足够的浓度滞留足够的时间并因此导致大气环境质量下降影响人类生活的现象
计算机网络英文教材ppt第三章
1. Character count
● Technology：use a field in the header to specify the number of
characters in the frame.
● Problem：the count can be garbled by a transmission error.
思考题
当帧里的下列比特序列在链路上发送时，真实 的比特序列是什么 110101111101011111101011111110
3.1.3 Error Control
●错误产生原因：噪声 ●错误类型：数据帧出错、数据帧丢失 ●噪声
○白噪声: 随机错误，某一码元与前后码元无关的错误，单 个出现 ○冲击噪声:突发错误，某一码元与前后码元有关的错误， 成串密集出现Βιβλιοθήκη 数据虚通路数据实通路
数据实通路
数据链路/逻辑链路 数据链路层提供的 数字信道
=
（物理）链路
+
通信规程
物理层提供的无源 点到点物理线路段
数据链路层协议
3.1.1 Services Provided to the Network Layer
Three services: 1. Unacknowledged connectionless service 2. Acknowledged connectionless service 3. Acknowledged connection-oriented service
3.1.2 Framing
●帧同步：以帧为单位进行传送，指出哪里是帧的开 始和结束。 ●为什么成帧?
○提高传输效率
○差错控制
● Framing methods:
电路原理课件讲义英文版 Chapter_2
Resistor: the circuit element used to model the current-resisting behavior of a material (Simplest passive element)
Ohm’s Law:
Ohm’s Law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
KCL: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (based on the law of
conservation of charge)
KVL: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (based on the principle of
conservation of energy)
i1 i2 (i3 ) (i4 ) (i5 ) 0 or i1 i2 i3 i4 i5
i1 i5
Closed Boundary
i4
i3 i2
Application of KCL
Series of current sources : a circuit cannot contain two different currents, I1 and I2, in series, unless I1= I2; otherwise, KCL will be violated Parallel of current sources: the combined current is the algebraic sum of the current supplied by the individual sources.
Ohm’s Law:
Ohm’s Law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
KCL: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (based on the law of
conservation of charge)
KVL: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (based on the principle of
conservation of energy)
i1 i2 (i3 ) (i4 ) (i5 ) 0 or i1 i2 i3 i4 i5
i1 i5
Closed Boundary
i4
i3 i2
Application of KCL
Series of current sources : a circuit cannot contain two different currents, I1 and I2, in series, unless I1= I2; otherwise, KCL will be violated Parallel of current sources: the combined current is the algebraic sum of the current supplied by the individual sources.
计算机网络双语课件第一章.ppt
company network
allows multiple communicating end systems to share a link, a switches, or
ISP(Internet Service Provider)
the whole path
chapter 1-6
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
What’s a protocol？
human protocols:
“what’s the time?” “I have a question”
introductions
…there are specific msgs we send, and specific actions we take in response to the received reply msgs or other events
Route or Path
links and switches sequence that a
A
packet traversed from source to
destination
e.g., A->B the route is dynamic ,not dedicated
Packet switching
connection-oriented service
handshaking:
setup (prepare for) data transfer ahead of time
▪ send control packets to each other
▪ Hello, hello back human protocol
计算机专业英语第二版
• Personal Digital Assistants: much smaller than even the subnotebooks. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) weypical PDA combines pen input, writing recognition, personal organizational tools, and communication capabilities in a very small package. Figure 1.2 shows an example of a PDA.
• Supercomputers are special, high-capacity computers used by very large organizations principally for research purposes. Among their uses are oil exploration and worldwide weather forecasting. An example of a supercomputer is shown in Figure 1.3.
••分析小 理型速：计度句算和中机数T，据h也 存ey被 储指称 能的为 力是中 介小型 于机 微型， 型计是 机算像 和机书 大；桌 型大 机短小 之语的间fa机。ll器中in。型b它公et们司we的或en处大 意思型是公“司的介部于门两一者般之把它间们”用，于i特n t殊he用ir途p。ro例ce如ss，in可g s以pe使e用ds它an们d做 data研-s究to或rin监g视ca某p一ac个iti生es产是过介程词。短小型语公作司状一语般。使用小型机进行一般
分析：in exchange for less weight 是介词短语作目的状 语，意思是“为了换取较轻的重量”。
计算机网络英语课件(第一章)
The Important Concepts (9)
Network. Two or more computers linked by communication lines. 网络：用一些通信线路链接起来两个或更多的计算机。 Noise. In data communication，electronic interference. 噪音：在数据通信中的电子干扰。 Polling. Asking a series of terminals，or checking a series of buffers，one by one，to see if they have data to transmit. A technique for determining who gets to transmit data next. 查询：逐个地询问一组终端或检查一组缓冲寄存器，看看它们 是否有数据要发送。一种确定下一个该谁发送数据的技术。
The Important Concepts (5)
Modem. An acronym for MOdulator— DEModulator. A de-vice that converts data from the computer’s internal digital form to analog wave form，and back again. Used to link computer equipment to a telephone line. 调制解调器：调制器和解调器的缩写词。一种能把 数据从计算机内部的数字量形式转换成模拟量形式， 并且还能转换回来的设备。该设备用于链接计算机 设备与电话线路。
The Important Concepts (2)
计算机网络原理
EE284 Lecture Note Nick McKeown Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Stanford University
2: Application Layer
2
Reading Assignment: Chapter 2
2: Application Layer 15
Transport service requirements of common apps
Note: applications with
P2P architectures have client processes & server processes
2: Application Layer 12
Sockets
process sends/receives
messages to/from its socket socket analogous to door
IP address and port numbers associated with process on host. Example port numbers:
identifier includes both
HTTP server: 80 Mail server: 25
to send HTTP message
2: Application Layer
11
Processes communicating
Process: program running within a host. within same host, two processes communicate using inter-process communication (defined by OS). processes in different hosts communicate by exchanging messages Client process: process that initiates communication Server process: process that waits to be contacted
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