专业英语(塔科马大桥)

合集下载

塔科马

昵称：舞动的格蒂（Galloping Gertie）桥梁形式：悬索桥主跨：2800英尺（853米）全长：5000英尺（1524米）通航净空：195英尺（59.4米）通车日期：1940年7月1日坍塌日期：1940年11月7日人们希望在这里建桥的愿望可以追溯到1889年为北太平洋铁路建造栈桥的提议，但20世纪20年代人们才达成一致意见。

1923年，塔科马商业总会开始竞选活动并发行债券。

一些著名桥梁的工程师，包括金门大桥的总工程师约瑟夫·斯特劳斯（Joseph Strauss）和麦金纳大桥的建造者大卫·斯坦曼（David Steinman）被召集商量桥梁的建造方案。

斯坦曼提出的几项商会基金方案1929年得到通过，但在1931年议会决定取消协议，理由是斯坦曼在筹集资金方面“不够积极”。

此外还有一个问题是筹集的资金还要用来买断一家私营渡轮公司在塔科马海峡的渡河业务独家经营权。

塔科马海峡大桥的建造计划最终还是在1937年得以继续，华盛顿州立法机关制定了华盛顿州的桥梁税并拨款5000美元研究塔科马市和皮尔斯县对塔科马海峡建桥的需求。

从一开始，资金问题就是最大的问题，拨款并不足以支付建桥成本。

但是大桥的建设却得到了美国军方的大力支持，大桥的建成将大大方便海军在布雷默顿的造船厂和陆军在塔科马的军事基地的交通。

华盛顿州的工程师克拉克·艾尔德里奇（Clark Eldridge）提出一个初步计划，桥梁必须通过严格的实验并使用常规设计，资金则由联邦政府公共工程管理处（PWA）拨款一千一百万美元。

但是来自纽约的工程师莱昂·莫伊塞夫（Leon Moisseiff）上书联邦政府公共工程管理处，认为他可以花更少的钱建桥。

原先的建设规划要求将25英尺深（7.6米）的钢梁打入下方的路面使之硬化。

莫伊塞夫——著名的金门大桥的受尊敬的设计师和顾问工程师，建议采用8英尺（2.4米）深的浅支撑梁。

他的方案使钢梁变窄，并且使大桥更优雅，更具观赏性，同时也降低到建造成本。

专业英语[土木工程专业(路桥方向)]

Lesson 1 Careers in Civil EngineeringMany civil engineers, among them the top people in the field work in design. As we have seen ,civil engineers work on many diferent kinds of structures , so it is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind . In designing buildings ,engineers often work as consultants to architectural or construction firm.Dams, bridges, water supply systems and other large project ordinarily employ several engineers whose work is coordinated by a system enginneer who is in charge of the entire project . In many cases engineers from other disciplines are involved .In dam project , for example , electrical and mechanical engineers work on the design of the powerhouse and its equipment. In other cases , civil engineers are assigned to work on a project in another field ; in the space program , for instance ,civil engineers were necessary in the design and construction of such structures as launching pads and rocket storage facilities .Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects. It involves scheduling the work and utilizing the equipment and the materials so that costs are kept as low as possible . Safty factors must also be taken into account , since construction can be very dangerous . Many civil engineers therefore specialize in the construction phase.11许多土木工程师在设计领域工作,他们中的许多人是这个行业的佼佼者。

桥梁工程专业英语

有限元分析软件: HKS ABAQUS｜MSC/NASTRAN MSC/NASTRAN
有限元法
finite element method
有限元法: FInite Element|finite element method
积有限元法：CVFEM线性有限元法: Linear Finite Element Method
等效荷载原理：principle of equivalent loads
等效负载等效荷载等值负载: equivalentload
模型
matrixmodelmouldpattern
承载能力极限状态
承载能力极限状态: ultimate limit states
正常使用极限状态
serviceability limit state
安全系数
safety factor
标准值
standard value标准值：standard value,｜reference value
作用标准值: characteristic value of an action重力标准值：gravity standard
设计值
value of calculationdesign value
单墩
单墩: single pier单墩尾水管: single-pier draught tube
单墩肘形尾水管: one-pier elbow draught tube
结构优化设计
结构优化设计: optimal structure designing
扩结构优化设计：Optimal Struc ture Designing
液压机结构优化设计软件包: HYSOP
连续多跨
多跨连续梁: continuous beam on many supports

土木工程桥梁专业英语

Beam bridge
• a bridge that utilizes girders as the means of supporting the deck • the most commonly built and utilized bridge • the most simplified form • No moments are transferred throughout the support
Arch Bridge
One or more arches Masonry, reinforced concrete or steel deck arch bridge(上承式拱桥) through arch bridge(下承式拱桥) Spans can be longer than beam or truss
Thank you
History of Bridge Development
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge 1988-1998 the longest central span in the world (1991m)
Types of Bridges
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Beam bridge Arch Bridge Moveable bridge Cable-Stayed Bridge Suspension Bridge
BRIDGES
History of Bridge Development
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Clapper Bridge Roman Arch Bridge Zhaozhou Bridge Covered Bridge Tower Bridge Brooklyn Bridge Akashi Kaikyō Bridge

路桥工程专业英语词汇

建设,建筑,修建to build, to construct建筑学architecture修筑,建筑物building房子house摩天大楼skyscraper公寓楼block of flats (美作:apartment block)纪念碑monument宫殿palace庙宇temple皇宫,教堂basilica大教堂cathedral教堂church塔,塔楼tower十层办公大楼ten-storey office block柱column柱列colonnade拱arch市政town planning (美作:city planning)营建许可证,建筑开工许可证building permission 绿地greenbelt建筑物的三面图elevation设计图plan比例尺scale预制to prefabricate挖土,掘土excavation基foundations, base, subgrade打地基to lay the foundations砌好的砖列course of bricks脚手架scaffold, scaffolding质量合格证书certification of fitness 原材料raw material底板bottom plate垫层cushion侧壁sidewall中心线center line条形基础strip footing附件accessories型钢profile steel钢板steel plate熔渣slag飞溅welding spatter定位焊tacking引弧generating of arc熄弧quenching of arc焊道welding bead坡口beveled edges外观检查visual inspection重皮double-skin水平方向弧度radian in horizontal direction成型molding直线度straightness accuracy焊缝角变形welding line angular distortion水平度levelness铅垂度verticality翘曲变形buckling deformation角尺angle square对接焊缝butt weld母材parent metal法兰密封面flange sealing surface夹层interlayer表面锈蚀浓度surface corrosion concentration挠曲变bending deformation超声波探伤ultrasonic testing/ ultrasonic examination压力容器pressure vessel预制下料prefabrication baiting排版直径set-type diameter焊缝welding line中幅板center plate测量方法measuring method基准点datum mark跳焊skip welding允许偏差allowable variation补强板stiffening plate开孔tapping对接接头banjo fixing butt jointing角钢angle iron安装基准圆installation fundamental circle 吊装立柱hoisting upright column焊接钢管welded steel pipe向心斜拉筋centripetal canting pull rope 带板band plate槽钢胀圈channel steel expansion ring环口collar extension局部变形local distortion环缝circumferential weld顶板top plate拱顶vault顶板加强肋stiffening rib对接butt joint胎具clamping fixture卷板机plate bending rolls中心支架center bearing bracket椭圆度ovality等分线bisectrix搭接宽度lap width点焊spot welding搭接焊overlap welding对称symmetrically螺旋爬梯cockle stairs放料阀baiting valve液位计content gauge芬兰维萨拉Vailsla OY美国美科"Met-coil, USA"集中式空调系统centralized air conditioning system 裙房annex热源heat source平面位置的空间space of planimetric position密封性能sealing performance机房machine room节点timing专业"profession or discipline 都可以,要根据上下文" 连体法兰coupling flange垂直井笼vertical well cage变风量variable air rate施工面展开construction unfolds违约行为noncompliance合同交底- contract presentation管理承包商Management Contractor party工程量work amount实施的形象进度progress of implementation完工资料as-built documentation文整clear-up审核review汽车式起重机Autocrane深化图纸deepen drawing设备配置计划equipment furnishment plan结构预埋配合阶段Structure pre-embedment assistance stage精装修阶段Fine fitment stage工程施工阶段Construction stage工程竣工阶段Completion stage台钻Bench drill冲击钻Churn drill手电钻Electric portable drill砂轮切割机Abrasive cutting off machine角钢卷圆机Angle iron rolling machine管道切断器Pipe cutting machine铜管调直机Copper pipe straightening machine管道压槽机Book joint setting machine for pipes管道压槽机Book joint setting machine for pipes角向磨光机Angle polishing machine电动套丝机Electric threading machine电动卷扬机Electric winch电动试压泵Motor-driven pressure test pump手动试压泵Manual pressure test pump阀门试压机Valve pressure test device阀门试压机Valve pressure test deviceTDC(F)风管加工流水线TDC(F)air ductwork fabrication stream line等离子切割机Plasma cutting machineTDC(F)法兰条成型机TDC(F) flange strip shaping mill勾码成型机Forming machine for flange clampTDC(F)风管加工成型机TDC(F) duct fabrication shaping mill 多普勒超声波流量检测仪Doppler ultrasonic flow detector 温、湿度传感器"Temperature, humidity senor"精密声级计Precision sound level meter风管漏风量测试仪、风室式漏风测试装置"Duct air leakage tester, airchamber air leakage testing device"风罩式风量测试仪Air hood air rate tester微压计、毕托管、热球（电）风速仪"Micromanometer , pitot tube, hot bulb(electrical) anemoscope"潜水泵Submerged pump电动弯管机Electric pipe bender铜管弯管机Copper pipe bender液压弯管机Hydraulic pipe bender电动剪刀Electric clipper液压铆钉钳Hydraulic riveting clamp线槽电锯Trunking electric saw开孔器Tapper电动空压机Electric air compressor液压千斤顶Hydraulic jack液压手推车Hydraulic trolley焊条烘干箱Welding rod drying box手拉葫芦Chain block道（垫）木Sleeper转速表Tachometer电流钳型表Clip-style ammeter压力表Pressure gauge接地电阻测试仪Earthing resistance testing device 氧气表Oxygen gauge乙炔表Acetylene gauge对讲机Walkie talkie文件和资料documents and information?建设单位Construction unit安装单位Installation unit。

部队过桥不踢正步的秘密

部队过桥不踢正步的“秘密”河南省信阳高级中学陈庆威 2018.02.27一、历史故事1831年,在英国曼彻期特附近也发生过军队齐步过桥时使桥共振致塌的事故。

1849年，法国昂热市一座102米长的大桥上有一队士兵经过。

当他们在指挥官的口令下迈着整齐的步伐过桥时，桥梁突然断裂，造成226名官兵和行人丧生。

1906年，一队俄国士兵迈着整齐的步子，踏上了圣彼得堡附近的丰坦卡大桥。

突然，大桥坍塌了，桥上的士兵全都坠落下去，非死即伤，损失惨重。

塔科马海峡吊桥(英语:Tacoma Narrows Bridge)是位于美国华盛顿州塔科马的两条悬索桥。

第一座塔科马海峡大桥，绰号舞动的格蒂，于1940年7月1日通车，四个月后戏剧性地被微风摧毁，这一幕正好被一支摄影队拍摄了下来，该桥因此声名大噪。

大桥被风吹垮发生于美国太平洋时间1940年11月7日上午11时，原因是气动弹性震颤。

1968年4月的一个傍晚，在法国马赛附近的一户有12口人的家庭正在吃晚餐，突然间莫名其妙地全部死亡，与此同时，还在田里干活的另一户农民，共十口人也当场毙命。

这是什么原因引起的呢？后来经调查，才知道坐落在16千米外的国防部次声试验所正在进行次声武器试验，由于技术原因，次声波泄露．次声波与人体内脏发生共振，致使农民血管破裂，内脏损伤而迅速损伤．在我国的史籍中也有不少共振的记载。

唐朝开元年间，洛阳有一个姓刘的和尚，他的房间内挂着一幅磬，常敲磬解烦。

有一天，刘和尚没有敲磬，磬却自动响起来了。

这使他大为惊奇，终于惊扰成疾。

他的一位好朋友曹绍夔是宫廷的乐令，不但能弹一手好琵琶，而且精通音律（即通晓声学理论），闻讯前来探望刘和尚。

经过一番观察，他发现每当寺院里的钟响起来时，和尚房里的磬也跟着响了。

丁是曹绍夔拿出刀来把磬磨去几处，从此以后就不再自鸣了。

他告诉刘和尚，这磬的音律（即现在所谓的固有频率）和寺院的钟的音律一致，敲钟时由于共振，磬也就响了。

将磬磨去几处就是改变它的音律，这样就不会引起共鸣。

塔科马海峡吊桥

塔科马海峡吊桥塔科马海峡吊桥（Tacoma Narrows Bridge）是位于美国华盛顿州塔科马的两条悬索桥，也是华盛顿州16号干线的一部分。

每桥长1.6公里，横跨塔科马海峡。

第一座桥于1940年首度通车，但不到五个月便倒塌，其后重建及另建的新桥分别于1950年及2007年启用。

第一座桥倒塌事件成为了研究空气动力学卡门涡街引起建筑物共振破坏力的活教材。

摆动的桥第一条桥于1938年开始建设，当时桥梁设计共有两个方案，第一个方案由克拉克·埃德里奇（Clark Eldridge）提出，其桥面厚度设计为25呎（7.6米）；而另一个方案则由著名的金门大桥（Golden Gate Bridge）设计师之一里昂·莫伊塞弗（Leon Moisseiff）所提出，他为了减低造价，把桥面设计的厚度从25呎减至8呎（2.4米），使建设成本从1千1百万美元降至8百万美元。

当时在以经济为大前提下，莫伊塞弗的方案获得采纳。

该桥于1940年7月1日通车，但在启用后数个星期，桥面便开始出现上下摆动。

有鉴及此，有关人员在支柱上安装摄录机，以便观测摆动。

同时也吸引了不少驾车人士慕名而来，感受其振荡威力的刺激，一些大风的日子，其桥面摆动幅度甚至可达五英尺之多。

其后桥面的波动幅度不断增加，工程人员尝试加建缆索及液压缓冲装置去试图减低波动，但不成功。

在持续数个月的摆动之下，塔科马海峡吊桥最终于同年11月7日倒塌，其过程给人们拍摄记录。

当天早上，桥面的上下摆动突然停止，取而代之的是出现左右的扭力摆动，当时有两人被困在桥上，后来也成功逃离现场，然后桥面在数分钟内陆续崩塌。

这次事件没有造成人命伤亡，华盛顿州政府特为此而设立专案调查组，经过美国空气动力学家西奥多·冯·卡门在加州理工学院风洞进行模型测试，证明塔科马海峡吊桥倒塌事件的元凶，是卡门涡街引起吊桥共振。

原设计为了求美观及省钱，使用过轻的物料，造成其发生共振的破坏频率，与卡门涡街接近，从而随强风而剧烈摆动，导致吊桥崩塌。

塔科马大桥

塔科马大桥简介塔科马大桥（Tacoma Narrows Bridge）位于美国华盛顿州的塔科马市和吉格港之间，是一座横跨塔科马海湾的悬索桥，也被称为“风之桥”（Galloping Gertie）。

塔科马大桥于1940年7月1日建成通车，但在通车后仅仅几个月的时间里，塔科马大桥就因为严重的振动而垮塌，成为了工程界的一个重大教训。

建设背景建设一座横跨塔科马海湾的桥梁一直是华盛顿州政府的梦想，早在20世纪初，就有一位工程师提出了建设桥梁的设想。

然而，由于经费和技术等问题，在数十年的时间里没有任何实际行动。

直到1938年，华盛顿州政府才决定启动塔科马大桥的建设。

建设塔科马大桥不仅可以解决华盛顿州南部地区的交通问题，还可以促进经济的发展，连接吉格港和塔科马市的交通运输更加便利。

工程概况塔科马大桥总长约1800米，主塔高约已分别为128米和121米，主跨距为853米，两侧支跨分别为290米和238米。

主塔采用了钢桶拆除式沉井施工，其特点是操作空间较大，便于塔基施工。

塔科马大桥的悬索结构由两条主悬索和许多斜拉索组成，主索由钢索捆绑，斜拉索连接主索和桥面，共同承担桥面荷载。

主塔和桥面之间通过横向和纵向支撑连接，以保持桥梁的稳定。

垮塌事件塔科马大桥在1940年7月1日正式通车，然而，在通车后的几个月中，塔科马大桥就频繁出现了严重的自振现象。

当时人们发现，桥面开始产生节奏性的上下波动，整座桥梁仿佛受到了风的控制。

自振现象的频率越来越高，桥梁的振幅也越来越大。

当地人将桥梁昵称为“风之桥”，吸引了大批游客前来观赏。

然而，这一切在1940年11月7日发生了彻底的改变——塔科马大桥突然垮塌。

在垮塌事件中，塔科马大桥的主塔和主悬索都完好无损，但整个桥面却坠入了水中。

调查显示，塔科马大桥的垮塌是由于风的不断激励引起的共振效应，最终导致了桥梁的毁坏。

灾后重建塔科马大桥的垮塌震惊了全世界，并引起了对桥梁工程设计和施工的关注。

灾后重建成为了当时工程界的重要任务。

工程管理专业英语教程(第二版)熊英主编翻译

目录第一章 (2)passage1：施工管理Construction Management (2)Passage2 项目管理与计算机 (2)Project Management and the Computer (2)第二章 (3)Passage1 混凝土Concrete (3)Passage2 现代建筑与结构材料 (4)Modern Buildings and Structural Materials (4)第三章 (5)Passage1 计算机辅助制图与设计 (5)Computer Aided Drafting and Design (5)Passage2 新兴技术Emerging Technologies (7)第四章 (9)Passage1 项目管理的观点 (9)Project Management Perspective (9)Passage2项目经理The Project Manager (10)第五章 (10)Passage1 进度开发Schedule Development (10)Passage2业主的时间表-单独设计招标合同 (11)The Owner’s Schedule for Separate Design-Bid Contracts (11)第六单元： (12)文章1 施工中的质量和安全问题 (12)Quality and Safety Concerns in Construction (12)第七章 (13)Passage1 成本控制Cost Control (13)Passage2 成本控制程序Cost Control Procedure (14)第八章 (15)Passage1 房地产市场的兴起和衰落 (15)Rise and Fall of Property Market (15)Passage2 房地产市场特征 (15)Market Characteristic of Real Estate (15)第九章 (16)Passage1 一个项目的开始，完成和计划 (16)The Commencement，Completion and program of a Project (16)Passage2 土木工程合同Civil Engineering Contracts (17)第十章 (18)Passage1 施工索赔Construction Claims (18)Passage2 工程施工索赔：常见的陷阱 (18)Delay Claims in Construction Cases：Common Pitfalls (18)第十一章 (19)Passage1招标文件Bidding Documents (19)Passage2 招标有效性和安全性Competitive Bids (20)第12章 (22)Passage1 建筑的未来趋势 (22)Smart Structures and Intelligent Building (22)建设：未来趋势Construction：Future Trends (22)第一章passage1：施工管理Construction Management在施工管理中，业主与建筑师-工程师签订项目合同。

桥梁工程专业英语

不对称连续钢构桥受力分析20130322 When building a continuous girder bridge in the mountain area with rugged terrain，the amount of piers will increase. As a result，the total construction cost will rise .Moreover ,if the cantilever construction method is chosen ,the amount of provisional anchorage devices will increase ,which will also arise the construction difficulties .In this case , a continuous rigid frame bridge is preferable with its large span capacity and its convenience in the construction process where it requires no system conversion .Normally a continuous rigid frame bridge is arranged symmetrically。

However ,in some cases such as an unfavorable topographic condition or a restricted navigation condition，an unsymmetrical arrangement is usually selected .Generally，there are two kinds of unsymmetrical continuous rigid frame bridges regardless of curved ones :the one with unsymmetrical longitudinal spans ,and the one with piers having height differences .And in the practical projects，there are those with both features mentioned above .Under load action an unsymmetrical continuous rigid frame bridge will have unsymmetrical internal forces and deformations，which is different from symmetrical ones .Therefore，it is necessary to study on unsymmetrical rigid frame bridge .Based on project of western region a very good application examples of asymmetric continuous rigid frame—the Yantou River Bridge in Sinan county in Guizhou province，an analysis on unsymmetrical continuous rigid frame bridge is carried on with the help of finite element program .Several aspects studied in this paper are as follows.(1) Set up a finite element model of a continuous rigid frame bridge with unsymmetrical longitudinal spans. Keep the three parameters of pier of one side，including the height, the width in the longitudinal direction and the spacing of double thin-wall，and change those three parameters of the other side. Then compare and analyze the internal force and deformation of piers under load action. By that, features of internal force and deformation of continuous rigid frame bridge with both unsymmetrical spans and different pier heights can be acquired.(2) Set up another finite element model, a continuous rigid frame bridge with symmetrical longitudinal spans. Keep the height of pier of one side, and change the height ofpier of the other side. Then compare and analyze the internal force and deformation of piers under load action and try to find out the characteristics of internal force and deformation of continuous rigid frame bridge with symmetrical spans but different pier heights.(3) By contrast and analysis of the layouts of tendons of an unsymmetrical rigid frame bridge (The Yantou River Bridge) and a symmetrical rigid frame bridge (The Second Wujiang River Bridge), draw some conclusions on their similarities and differences .Analyze the location differences of mid-span te ndon’s control section of symmetrical and unsymmetrical rigid frame bridge and find out the variation trends of mid-span tendon’s control section of unsymmetrical rigid frame bridge.桥梁大体积混凝土结构温度应力及其敏感性因素分析20130308With the rapidly expanding of our country transportation，the capacity of bridge design and construction technology by leaps and bounds，lots of massive bridge concrete structures have been made. But also many problems appear. One obvious problem is that as a result of big-size and complexity of the structure, the temperature stress surpasses the limits frequently，the temperature cracks come along.The temperature stress as well as the resultant stress cracks are the factors which must been considered in the designing. In the new code for design of highway bridges and culverts which has been further stressed，it tells us the factor can not be neglected in the project. Although engineers have become aware of this problem，and many specialists have also done a lot of studies，but some problems are still there，we need do more still.The paper pays more attention to the analysis suited to bridge structure for the difference between massive concrete bridge structure and the general structure.Firstly the status of the research on the mass concrete and its related theory is simply described in the paper，although not much，but it has layed the necessary theoretical basis.In the Chapter IV，some research about the temperature stress of the massive concrete structures and its related factors is done. In this paper，only a few key aspects of the analysis have been studied，for example，the relationship between the rate of water flow and cooling efficiency the depth effect of outside temperature，the effect of structure size on the stressdistribution，as well as simplification of the boundary conditions. Every aspect is derived with theoretical deduction and finite element method，and more analysis is made for the bridge structure so as to get the conclusions used for the structure of massive concrete.斜拉桥大吨位曲线混凝土箱梁在拖拉施工中的控制20130315The main bridge of railway separated interchange on Jing-xin Highway is a single tower and single cable Plane cable-stayed bridge with five spans curved prestressed continue concrete beam. It is a tower and pier consolidation system, and the girder is supported by the tower and pier. This bridge connected Jing-Bao railway，13th urban railway and Jing-Zhang Inter-city railway. There are many technical difficulties and challenge in the construction of this bridge which are either rare or unprecedented in the construction practices both domestic and abroad. Take this bridge as the engineering background，this paper analyzed the hualing process，details are as follows:(l)The hualing construction of large- tonnage curve concrete box girder . Pushing and hualing construction is one common method in bridge construction .But it is rarely used for large- tonnage curves for concrete box girder. The hualing girder section has a horizontal elevation radius of 3500m，cross slope of bridge deck change dramatically ;besides，the elevation radius is 11000m. The conditions of spanning over railways increase the difficulties of construction .To ensure that the beam would be moved along within the drag track，and prevent great lateral displacement ，ensure structural safety during the hualing，accurate and reliable theoretical calculation and strict construction control measures are needed .This paper used finite element analyzed the drag construction of main beam.(2)The hualing construction control and structural stress monitoring .The real-time monitoring of the stress of girder and temporary pier during hualing process is commenced ;the results are compared with the theoretical solution .The accuracy and the speed of corrective are improved and safety of structure is guaranteed ;besides，the effect of correction is proven by this method .Given consideration to the large distance and great amount of monitoring points ,some specific points need extra -long time of monitoring ,girder and temporary pier need real — time monitoring ;the FBG sensors areintroduced in the stress monitoring during hualing process.(3)Several key issues in hualing construction are studied and investigated .After the comparative analysis of theoretical values and actual values ，reasonable analysis and solutions are proposed in this paper .The conclusion and experience in this paper could provide reference and guidance for the design and construction of similar bridge.。

路桥专业英语(整好的)

专业英语一选择puter are B useless unless they are given clear and accurare instrucctions and informationputer programming is now including in almost all engineeing B curricula.7.Acrive B recruiting for engineers often begins before the studen t’s last year in the university.8.Many different A corporations and government agencies have comperend for the services of engineers in recent years.9.They may prefer to work with one of the government agencies that B deals with wather resources.11.The civil engineer may work in research ,design,construction,Bsupervision,maintenance,o reven in sales.12.Civil engineers work on many different kinds of C structures .13.It is normal practice for an engineer to specialize in just one kind.14.In designing buildings,engineers often work as B consultants to architertural or construction firms.puter can’t solve complicated problems unless they are given D a good program.17.Electrical and mechanical engineers work on the A design of the power-house and its equipment.18.Construction is aB complicated process on almost all engineering projects.21.Much of the work of civil engineers is carried on C ourdoors .22.For example,B dams are often built in wild river valleys or gorges.25.Thrust is the pressure exered by each part of a structure on A its other parts .27.Today,scientific data permit the engineer to make careful calculations D in advance .28.The weighe of all the people,cars,furniture,machines and so on that the structure will support when it is in use is B live load .29.The force at which the live load will be exerted on the structure isC impact.32.When a saw cuts easily through a piece of wood,the wood is A in tension.33.We definde D shear as the tendency of a material to fracture along the lines of stress.34.B horizontal force acts up or down.36.The Romans also uaed a natural cement called pozzolana,made from B volcanic ash ,that became as hard as stone under water. 38.Modern cement is a mixture ofB limestone and clay .40.Different proportions of the ingredients produceconcrete with different streingth and weight.43.Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them thenecessary degree of tensile strength.44.Prestressed concrete has made it possible to developbuildings with unusual shapes.46.Many great buildings built in earlier ages are massivestructures withB thick stone walls .47.The modern engineer must also understand the Cdifferent stresses to which the materials in a structure aresubject.49.A simple contract consists of an agreement enterd intoby D two or more parties.51.Some contracts muat be made in a particular D form tobe enforceable.52.Once a person has signed a document he is assumed tohave B approved its contents.55.The contractor is not entitled to any payment if heabandons the work prior to completion.56.The retention money serves to insure D the employeragainst any defects that may arise in the work .60.That civil engineering works must be completed to thesatisfaction of the employer,or his D representative.62.The employer or C promoter of civil engineeringworks normally determines the conditions the conditionsof contract.63.In most cases the tender may be B withdrawn at anytime until it has been accepted.66.The employer is entitled to know the reasoningunderlying theC engineer’s choice of contract.68.A contract has been defined as an agreement whichdirectly creates and contemplates C an obligation.71.If there is no written agreement and C a dispute arisesin respect of the contract.73.Roadbeds B underlie highway pavement structures andthe ballast and track on which trains move.74.In recent years rippers have been used successfully toC break up loose or fractured rock .75.Where material is moved less than about 60m orsteeply downhill, drifting with a track or wheel typebulldozer is A cheapest.78.In 1923,the most used tool was a A scraper of 1/2yd3ually there areC no easy answers on equipmentselection.82.Material forB embankment commonly comes fromroadway cuts or designated borrow areas.84.Construction of pavement over high fills often was Bdeferred for a year or more after completion of the fill toallow this settement to occur.87.In this case, layer thickness,moisture control, and thenumber of passes by a roller of specified type and weightare A predeterminde.88.Field control is largely a matter of conducting thespecified procedure.89.Nearly all vegetable matter should be removed fromthe original ground and fill material.yered construction also produced greater uniformityin the material D itself and in its density and moisturecontent.92.A tuack or wheel type bulldozer is D not suitable toearthmoving considerably long hauls.95.Terminology concerned B with highway preservationvaries considerably from country to country.98.Public agencies typically dictate the major constraintswithin which these design decisions are to be made.101.Safe highways are C expensive and it appears that thedriving public does not want safe highways.104.TheB defective vehicle is a creator of accident.105.Past experience shows that of the vehicles involvedin all crashes.110.Another improvement in drivervisibility is theintroduction of the remote-controlled B outside rearviewmirror.111.The safe performance of the brake system C underhigh temperatures has been ensured.113.The highway can require mental and A physicalresponses.116.The use of uniform traffic control device will reducedriver reaction time A as well as confusion.118.A main source of accidents,the problem of B drunkendriving is the most serious of all.119.To avoid the driving after drinking,one of themethods is B breath test .二、填空121.Areas of research connected with civil engineeringinclude soil mechanics and [soil stabilization] techniques.122.thus [on-the-jod] training can be accquired totranslate theory into practice to the supervisors.123.Engineers oftten work as [consultants] toarchitectural or construction firms.rge projects ordinarly employ severl engineerswhose work is coordinated by a [systems engineer ]125.An important aspect of statistcal mathematics is[probabibity]126.Young engineers may choose to go into[environmental] or sanitary engineering.127.The weight of structure itself is known as [dead load]128.Modern cement,called [Portland cement] wasinvented in 1842.129.[Prestressed] concrete is an improved form ofreinforcement.130.As a structural material,the enormous asvantage of steel is its [tensile strrngth]131.When planning a stucture,an engineer must take into account four factors:deadload [live load] impact and safety factor.132.The three forces that can act on a structure are [vertical fore]horizontal force,and those that act upon it whit a rotating or turning motion.133.A simple contract consists of an [agreement] entered into by two or more parties.134.Theword contract is derived from the latin contractum,meaning [drawn] togther.135.This surn is known as [retention] money and serves to insure the employer against any [defects]that may arise in the work.136.One party to the contract is [liable]for beach of contrac if he fails to perform hs part of the agreement. 137.It is suffcient in order to create a legally [binding contract] if the parties express their agreement and intention to enter into such a contract.138.The contractor is not entitled to any [payment] if he abandons the woek prior to completion,and will be liable in [damages] for breach of contract.139.Excavation is the process of loosning and removing earth or rock and transporting it to a fill or to a [waste deposit].140.[Clearing] the site precedds all grading and most other construction operations.141.Rock nearly always must be drilled and blasted,then loaded with a front-end loader or [power shovel] mtotrucks or other hauling units.142.Mateerial for embankment commonly comds from roadway cuts or designated [borrow areas].143.No attempt was made to control [moiture]content or to secuew compaction.144.Loose rock includes materils such as [weathered or rotten ] rock ,or earth mixed with boulders.145.Causes of automobile accident can be categorizd into four major groups:the vehile,the,the driver,the [pedestrian].146.The redesign of windschield wipers,fresh air [ventilating] systems,had resulted in greater vehicle safety.147.Another improvement in diver visibility is the introduction of the remote-controlled outside [rearview ] mirror.148.The safe performance of the brake system has been ensured by the use of [heavy-duty] brake fluid.149.Relocation and reduction in height of the brake [pedul] has meant that the driver’s total reaction time has been reduced. 150The new design standards require [guard]rails andother structures to lessen a vehicle’s impact.三、英译中。

贝壳桥(英语版)

贝壳桥（英语版）The Shell BridgeNestled along the serene coastline, a captivating natural phenomenon emerges - the Shell Bridge. This remarkable structure, formed over centuries by the relentless tides and the unwavering tenacity of nature, stands as a testament to the power of the elements and the resilience of the natural world.The Shell Bridge is a breathtaking sight to behold. Stretching across a narrow inlet, it is composed entirely of a vast array of seashells, each one a unique and intricate work of art crafted by the ocean's perpetual dance. The bridge's surface reflects the sun's rays, casting a kaleidoscope of colors that dance and shimmer, as if the bridge itself is alive and pulsing with the rhythm of the tides.As one approaches the Shell Bridge, the sheer scale and beauty of the structure becomes increasingly apparent. The bridge is not merely a collection of shells haphazardly arranged, but a meticulously crafted masterpiece, each shell carefully placed andfitted together to form a seamless, sturdy pathway. The bridge's arches and curves mimic the undulating waves that sculpted them, creating a sense of timeless elegance and natural harmony.Crossing the Shell Bridge is an experience that transcends the physical act of traversing it. With every step, one is transported into a realm where the boundaries between land and sea blur, and the line between the natural and the otherworldly becomes indistinct. The bridge's surface is smooth and tactile, inviting visitors to run their fingers along its intricate patterns and feel the connection to the ancient, enduring forces that created it.The Shell Bridge is not merely a feat of nature's engineering; it is a living, breathing testament to the resilience and adaptive power of the natural world. Over the centuries, the bridge has endured the relentless battering of waves, the erosive forces of wind and weather, and the curious and sometimes careless hands of visitors. Yet, it has persisted, continually replenishing and rebuilding itself, adapting to the changing tides and the shifting sands that surround it.The bridge's ability to withstand the ravages of time and the elements is a testament to the inherent strength and adaptability of the natural world. Each shell that comprises the bridge is a living, breathing organism, constantly growing and evolving to meet the demands of its environment. The bridge's very existence is areminder that even in the face of adversity, life finds a way to thrive and flourish.As one walks across the Shell Bridge, the sense of connection to the natural world becomes palpable. The rhythmic crunch of shells underfoot, the salty tang of the air, and the distant cry of seabirds all combine to create a sensory experience that is both grounding and elevating. It is a moment of respite and reflection, a chance to pause and appreciate the beauty and resilience of the natural world.The Shell Bridge is not just a physical structure; it is a living, breathing symbol of the enduring power of nature. It is a testament to the interconnectedness of all living things, and a reminder that even in the face of seemingly insurmountable challenges, life finds a way to adapt and thrive. In a world increasingly dominated by human-made structures and technology, the Shell Bridge stands as a powerful reminder of the beauty and majesty of the natural world, and the vital role it plays in sustaining all life on Earth.As visitors depart the Shell Bridge, they carry with them a sense of awe and wonder, a deeper appreciation for the natural world, and a renewed commitment to protecting and preserving the delicate balance of the ecosystems that sustain us all. The Shell Bridge is not just a marvel of nature; it is a living, breathing reminder of the profound beauty and resilience of the planet we call home.。

Tacoma大桥坍塌罪魁冯

Tacoma 大桥坍塌祸首冯·卡尔曼涡脱1．一条爆炸新闻1940年11月8日美国华盛顿州的《塔科马新闻论坛》（Tacoma News Tribune ）刊登了一则轰动一时的爆炸新闻，大字标题“海峡大桥坍塌”。

塔科马大桥的坍塌，在人们心中的阴影久久不能抹去。

至今成为物理学、力学、建筑学的经典案例，在教科书中频频现身。

作为力学和工程的课题仍然是极有价值的研究对象。

翻翻网页，讨论、引述、研究的文章成千上万，居然成为一项“宏”资源。

但是，作为物理教学的资源，感觉需要深入进行定性半定量的讨论。

2．大桥坍塌的情景描述（1）当年世界第三大桥塔科马大桥（也称塔科马海峡大桥，Tacoma Narrow Bridge ）是一座跨海悬索桥，姿态苗条，造型优美，号称当时世界第三。

大桥于1940年7月1日建成通车。

塔科马大桥坐落在美国华盛顿州西部塔科马市，从塔科马峡谷到吉格港（Gig Harbor ），全长5939英尺（约1810.56米），主跨度853.4米，桥宽11.9米，工程耗资640万美元，外号“飞驰盖地（Galloping Gertie ）”。

图2是两位画家于1939年根据工程设计方案画的塔科马大桥情景图，一展线条优美，姿态雄伟的风采。

（2）坍塌经过大桥通车之前，就已经发现遇风摇晃的现象，因此通车后一直有专业人员进行监测。

1940年11月7日上午，7:30测量到风速38英里/小时（约61公里/小时），到了9:30风速达到42英里/小时1（约68公里/小时）。

引起大桥波浪形的有节奏的起伏，有人目睹为9个起伏。

10:03突然大桥主跨的半跨路面一侧被掀起来，引起侧向激烈的扭动，另半跨随后也跟着扭动（注意：这时候大桥运动发1 美国的台风警报规定：热带低压-风速33节（约16.5～38英里／小时）；热带风暴-风速为34～63节（17～32米／秒，39～73英里／小时）；飓风或台风——风速为64节（约32～33米／秒，74英里／小时）或以上。

交通专业英语-L8

paragraph 2
• Selection of bridge design．The chief factors in deciding whether a bridge will be built as a girder，cantilever， truss，arch，suspension，or some other type are： (1)Iocation；for example，across a river；(2)purposes； for example，a bridge for carrying motor vehicles； (3)span length；(4)strength of available materials； (5)cost；(6)beauty and harmony with the location． • 桥梁设计方案选择。决定一座桥梁建成梁式、悬臂式、桁架式、拱式、悬吊式或其他类型，其主要影响因素有：（1）桥址，例如，横跨河流；（2）目的：如，用于汽车交通；（3）跨径；（4）可用材料的强度；（5）造价；（6）美观及与周边地区的融合。
paragraph 5
Selection of materials．The bridge designer can select from a number of modern high-strength materials， including concrete，steel，and a wide variety of corrosion-resistant alloy steels． • 材料的选择。桥梁设计者可从许多现代高强材料中加以选择，包括混凝土、钢材，以及多种抗腐蚀合金钢。 •
paragraph 7
Concrete with compressive strengths as high as 8，000 psi(562．5 kg／sq cm)can now be produced for use in bridges，and it can be given high durability against chipping and weathering by the addition of special chemical agents and control of the hardening process． • 目前已可生产抗压强度高达8000psi（562.5 kg/cm2）的混凝土供桥梁建设使用，它能经久抵抗由硬化过程和特殊的化学作用引起的碎裂和风化作用。 •

塔桥四年级的英语作文

塔桥四年级的英语作文Tower Bridge is a famous landmark in London.塔桥是伦敦的一个著名地标。

Built in the late 19th century, it combines traditional Victorian architecture with modern engineering marvels.建于19世纪末的它，将传统的维多利亚式建筑与现代工程奇迹相结合。

The bridge is famous for its ability to open in the middle, allowing tall ships to pass through.这座桥以能够从中部开启而闻名，让高大的船只得以通过。

Walking across Tower Bridge is a thrilling experience, offering stunning views of the River Thames and the city skyline.走过塔桥是一次激动人心的体验，可以欣赏到泰晤士河和城市天际线的壮丽景色。

Students in Grade Four learn about Tower Bridge as part of their studies on London's history and culture.四年级的学生们在学习伦敦的历史和文化时，会了解到塔桥的相关知识。

They are fascinated by its unique design and the engineering feats it represents.他们对塔桥独特的设计和所代表的工程壮举感到着迷。

Visiting Tower Bridge is a fun and educational activity for the whole family.参观塔桥是全家人都会觉得有趣又有教育意义的活动。

桥梁工程专业英语100词【范本模板】

1、桥梁施工节段法施工segmental construction method无支架施工erection without scaffolding顶推法施工Incremental launching method转体法施工construction by swing纵向拖拉法erection by longitudinal pulling浮运架桥法bridge erection by floating平衡悬臂施工balanced cantilever construction悬臂浇筑法free cantilever casting method cast—in-place cantilever method导梁launching nose架桥机bridge-erection crane2、桥梁结构横梁cross beam纵梁stringerlongitudinal beam桥头搭板transition slab桥面板bridge deck slab桥面系bridge floor system盖梁bent cap单向推力墩single direction thrusted pier低承台桩基low capped pile foundation沉井open caisson刃脚cutting edge桥梁类型人行桥pedestrian bridge跨线桥over crossing bridge立交桥grade separation bridge轻轨交通桥rapid transit bridge施工便桥service bridge简支梁桥simply supported bridge刚架拱桥tied arch bridge斜腿刚架桥rigid frame bridge单索面斜拉桥cable-stayed bridge with singe cable plane斜拉-悬索组合体系桥hybrid cable-supported bridge system上承式桥deck bridge中承式桥half—through bridge下承式桥through bridge梁式桥girder bridge公铁两用桥rail—cum—road bridge《公路桥梁抗风设计规范》（JTG/TD60-01-2004）《Wind-resistent design specification for highway bridges》基本风速basic wind speed设计基本风速design standard wind speed风攻角wind attack angle静阵风系数static gust factor地表粗糙度terrain roughness空气静力系数aerostatic factor静力扭转发散aerostatic torsional divergence静力横向屈曲aerostatic lateral buckling颤振flutter驰振galloping抖振buffeting涡激共振vortex resonance颤振检验风速flutter checking wind speed静力三分力aerostatic force节段模型试验sectional model testing风振控制wind-induced vibration control《公路桥梁铅芯橡胶支座》(JT/T822—2011）《Lead rubber bearing isolator for highway bridge》设计压应力design compressive stress屈服前刚度pre—yield stiffness屈服后刚度post-yield stiffness第一形状系数1st shape factor第二形状系数2nd shape factor等效阻尼比equivalent damping ratio水平等效刚度shear equivalent stiffness弹性储能elastic strain energy铅芯屈服力lead—yield force《公路桥梁摩擦摆式减隔震支座》(JT/T852-2013）《Friction pendulum seismic isolation bearing for highway bridges》减隔震起始力bolt broken force隔震周期oscillation period竖向转角vertical rotation减隔震位移the maximum displacement capacity of the bearing减隔震转角the maximum rotation capacity of the bearing回复力re-centring force《公路桥涵设计通用规范》(JTGD60—2015）《General specifications for design of highway bridges and culverts》设计基准期design reference period设计使用年限design woking lifedesign service life极限状态limit states承载能力极限状态ultimate limit states正常使用极限状态serviceability limit states设计状况design situations结构耐久性structural durability永久作用permanent action偶然作用accidental action作用的标准值characteristic value of an action作用的代表值representive value of an action可变作用的伴随值accompanying value of a variable action可变作用的组合值quasi—permanent value of a variable action作用效应effect of action作用组合combination of actions荷载组合load combination作用基本组合fundamental combination of actions分项系数partial safety factor结构重要性系数factorfor importance of structure《公路桥梁加固设计规范》（JTG/T J22—2008)《Specifications for strengthing design of highway bridges》桥梁加固strengthing of existing bridges原构件existing structure member主要承重构件main structure member纤维复合材料fiberrein forced polymer植筋bonded rebars锚栓anchor bolt结构胶黏剂structural adhesives聚合物砂浆polymer mortar环氧混凝土epoxy resin concrete阻锈剂corrosion inhibitor for reinforcing steel in concrete增大截面加固法structure member strengthing with R。

道桥专业英语翻译——悬索桥

悬索桥悬索桥是目前解决跨径超过600米的唯一桥型。

悬索桥的原理结构要素为a柔性主缆b桥塔c锚地d吊杆e桥面和f加劲梁。

悬索通常是在施工现场将单根平行钢丝来回编织并捆扎成束，每根钢丝上都镀有锌，并且悬索上都覆盖一层保护层。

用作悬索的钢丝都经过冷拔而非热处理的。

在设计桥塔的时应特别注意美观。

桥塔很高而且具有足够的韧性以使其可以认为是与钢索整体连接的。

悬索牢固的固定在非常坚固的锚块的两侧。

那些吊杆将荷载由桥面转移到悬索上。

他们（吊杆）是由刚强度的钢丝组成并且通常是直立的。

桥面一般采用正交异性板，由加劲钢板，肋或槽型板，桥面梁等组成。

用来加固的大梁被固定在桥塔处。

固化系统用来控制空气运动并且限制桥面上局部角度的改变。

如果固化系统不够强，由风引起的扭转震荡会导致建筑物的倒塌，就像插图所说的1949年的第一座马克海峡大桥的悲剧一样。

尽管在19世纪早期许多悬索桥应暴风雨引起的不稳定而遭到破坏或倒塌，但是19世纪后期和20世纪早期那些带经过加固的笨重的具有加劲桁架的美国桥梁并没有遭此厄运。

因此空气运动诱发建筑物不稳定的可能性大部分被悬索桥的设计者和建造者所忽略，与此同时，挠度理论的发展是人们对悬索桥的性能有了进一步的认识，从而使设计师逐步采用了更多修长的桥面结构。

这些发展在1940年跨度为853米的塔克马海峡大桥完成后达到了高潮。

该桥桥面加劲仅仅采用2.4米国哦啊的桥梁，而设置任何底部横向加劲体系，因而只有很低的抗扭刚度。

刚开始它在一定的有风环境下会震荡，并且在通车后的几个月内，它的桥面就被由速度小于20m /s的风引起的震荡完全的破坏了。

这个灾难提醒设计者要确保空气运动的稳定性的重要性，并且分析这种问题已成为设计悬索桥的重要组成部分。

第二次世界大战后，大跨度悬索桥的建造一直由美国引导。

其中最有名的有马基纳克桥，美国的费雷泽诺桥和葡萄牙的塔霍河桥。

然而这些最近的桥是由美国工程师建造的。

在20世纪60年代，美国工程师也为这种那个平行多缆钢索的制造发明了一种新的方法，用预制平行钢丝束股来完成。