12. 句子间、段落间的衔接与过渡

句子间、段落间的衔接与过渡

概述过渡词的应用

英语书面表达评分标准第五档（很好）中有这样的表述：“应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构或高级词汇所致。”这就是说，学生仅运用基础词汇和基本句型，并不能体现出较强的语言运用能力，这样即使表达中无语法错误，也不能得高分；相反，尽管有些许错误，但如果目的是在有意识地使用复杂结构或较高级词汇，也不会扣多少分，仍属最高档次。

过渡词在句中是一个独立部分，是句子不可缺少的成分，它在句与句中起一个逻辑意义一致，句子之间连接承上启下的作用。同时在文章中使用好过渡词还能提高文章的档次分，句子显得逻辑性强，结构紧凑，也是语言功底好的表现。如果去掉，句子的意思就不完整，甚至不知所云。

有的学生在作文中使用过多的简单句，成了简单句的堆砌，句子之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。有的写复杂句时，动辄用so, and, then, but, or, however, yet等，这非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。如果合理使用过渡词，将单句前后合并，形成主次关系，就能把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、意义连贯、结构严谨。

衔接与过渡性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的连接(过渡)性词语是非常必要的。中学阶段应该掌握的连接(过渡)性词语可以归纳如下：

过渡性词语分述

一、表示起始关系的过渡性词语：

above all, first of all, to begin with, according to, as you know/as is known, as is shown in等。

1. According to a research, the total number is reduced to less than 1, 000 now. (2013·重庆高考书面表达)

按照调查结果，现在总数已减少到不足1 000只。

2. As we all know, good learning habits contribute to efficient study. (2013·四川高考满分作文)

我们大家都知道，好的学习习惯可以提高学习效率。

[学以致用]

翻译句子

1. 首先，我认为一个人在国外多交朋友是很重要的。

First of all, I think it important to make more friends abroad.

2. 正如图画所示，树被大风刮倒了，而小草依然在那里。

As is shown in the picture, a tree is knocked down by the strong wind, while the grass stays as it is.

二、表示时间顺序的过渡性词语：

first (ly), then, later, in the end, finally, at last, after that, afterwards, since then, immediately, suddenly, meanwhile等。

1. Finally, we should take part in sports and outdoor activities frequently. (2014·江西高考满分作文)

最后，我们应该经常参加运动和户外活动。

2. First, talk to someone you trust about how you feel. This is a good way of letting your anger out without hurting others or yourself. Second, go outdoors and play team games with your friends as physical exercise is an effective way to get rid of anger. And third, remain optimistic about your future. (2014·安徽高考满分作文)

首先，告诉你所信任的某个人你的感受。这是一种不伤害别人及自己的释放愤怒的好方法。第二，去户外和朋友们玩一些团体性的活动，因为身体锻炼是消除愤怒的一种有效的方法。第三，对未来保持乐观。

[学以致用]

上周我得了重感冒，首先是流鼻涕，但我并未当回事，然后开始咳嗽，后来感到发烧而且没力气，最后我被送进医院，不得不在床上躺了三天。

I had a bad cold last week. First, I had a running nose, but I did not take it seriously. Then I began to cough. After that, I had a fever and felt weak. Finally, I was sent to hospital and had to lie in bed for three days.

三、表示并列关系的过渡性词语：

and, or, also, as well as, neither... nor..., not only... but also..., either... or..., not... but...等。

I think we will have a good time there and I will send your photos taken there. (2013·山东高考满分作文)

我想我们会玩得很愉快，而且我将会把在那里拍的你的照片送给你。

[学以致用]

翻译句子

1. 努力学习，你就会考上重点大学。

Work hard, and you will be admitted to a key university.

2. 游泳不但对身体有好处，而且能培养我们的坚强意志。

Swimming not only benefits our health, but also helps us have a strong will.

四、表示转折关系的过渡性词语：

but, yet, however, while, in contrast, otherwise, on the contrary等。

1. However, I soon adjusted my mind of state and answered the questions calmly and carefully. (2014·四川高考满分作文)

然而，我很快调整了我的心态，并平静而认真地回答了问题。

2. On the contrary, the volunteers always claim that they are tired of the life on earth, so they are eager to experience the future life on the Mars. (2013·广东高考满分作文)

相反，这些志愿者说，他们厌倦了地球上的生活，因此他们渴望体验未来火星上的生活。

[学以致用]

翻译句子

1. 然而在我们学校，情况却大不一样。

In our school, however, things are quite different.

2. 但遗憾的是我只考虑自己的事情，没有考虑父母的想法。

But unfortunately I mind my own business without considering my parents.

五、表示因果关系的过渡性词语：

because, because of, as, in that, now that, since, for, thanks to, due to, owing to, as a result of, so, therefore, as a result/consequence等。

1. The truth is everyone will have one of those periods when things seem to be going wrong, so you don’t have to worry so much. (2014·安徽高考满分作文)

真相是每个人都会有事情看上去要变糟的时刻，所以你不必过多担心。

2. As a consequence, children become so reliant on their parents that they have no independent thought or creative ideas. (2013·福建高考书面表达)

结果，孩子们变得太依赖于父母，以至于他们没有独立的思想和创造性的想法。

看例句，学习连接词用法：

1. as a result

He never studied hard, and as a result he failed in the last examination.

2. as a result of