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GRE写作提分必备高分模板介绍

GRE写作提分必备高分模板介绍常有同学会问，GRE考试作文分数低怎么办?在解决这个问题前，大家先需要明确的是，造成作文分数低的缘由有许多，找到正确的缘由，下面我就和大家共享GRE写作提分必备高分模板正确使用方法介绍,盼望能够关心到大家，来观赏一下吧!GRE写作提分必备高分模板正确使用方法介绍解决新GRE写作分数低的几条建议1.有的放矢，充分预备。

在备考新GRE作文过程中要多预备例子，并把它们一一写下来，进行分类。

一个例子往往可以应对好几个同类的题目，这样做是效率最高的方法。

2.万事开头难，迈出第一步。

我们都可怕写新GRE作文，想到要练习写一整篇文章，往往就没有了信念。

其实我们可以从练习写作开头段，然后设计文章的提纲开头。

写开头段能够让我们以轻松一点的心情着手新GRE写作的预备，并且快速了解全部的题目，由于GRE 考试的题目数量是固定的。

3. 储备乐观词汇，用时得心应手。

从备考的开头就要着手增加working vocabulary, 当然也包含词组，成语。

平常背的词汇往往只是看到它能知道其中文的某个翻译意思，但是我们却不能敏捷运用这些词汇进行表达，更不用说在短暂的GRE写作考试时间内用它们遣词造句了。

所以，对于一些写作中常常用到的词汇、词组和成语，大家需要把握的不仅是基本的辨识力量，对于其用法也要能有所了解，记忆的时候结合句子进行背诵，在平常训练时也要加强运用方面的实际练习，这样才能做到信手拈来，挥洒自如。

GRE作文模板使用方法1. 确定文章主体框架结构，包括引出观点和总结观点的词汇，句式。

2. 确定论证过程的框架，每个支持段落都有各自的论证模式，举例，因果，对比等，确定到论证的规律引导词上;3. 通过改写句子，采纳合适的词汇代替以上两步的成果;4. 转变句式，将各类语法结构加入其中：倒装，独立主格结构，虚拟语气等。

5. 中间各段：提出分论点解释分论点总结分论点/联系主观点，即在每个分段的最终总结一下分论点和主观点之间的联系。

海淀区2024届初三一模英语试题及答案

海淀区九年级第二学期期中练习英语2024.04学校姓名准考证号1. 本试卷共8页，共两部分，38道题，满分60分。

考试时间90分钟。

考2. 在试卷和答题卡上准确填写学校名称、姓名和准考证号。

生3. 试题答案一律填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

须4. 在答题卡上，选择题用2B铅笔作答，其他试题用黑色字迹签字笔作答。

知5. 考试结束，请将本试卷、答题卡和草稿纸一并交回。

第一部分本部分共33题，共40分。

在每题列出的四个选项中，选出最符合题目要求的一项。

一、单项填空(每题0.5分，共6分)从下面各题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1. Linda and her sister are book lovers. _______ often spend time reading in the library.A. SheB. TheyC. W eD. Y ou2. - Shall we take the 7:00 bus?- OK. The concert starts _______ 7:30. W e can make it on time.A. inB. onC. atD. to3. - Must I sign up for the school music festival today?- No, you _______ . Tomorrow is the last day for signing up.A. can’tB. shouldn’tC. mustn’tD. needn’t4. Tom practices basketball every day, and he becomes _______ at it than before.A. wellB. betterC. bestD. the best5. - _______ is it from our school to the space museum?- It’s about five kilometers.A. How soonB. How longC. How farD. How much6. Remember to do warm-up exercise before swimming, _______ you may get hurt.A. soB. andC. butD. or7. - Eric, turn down the music, please. Y our little brother _______.- OK, Mom. I’m sorry.A. is sleepingB. sleepsC. was sleepingD. slept8. - Lily, what housework do you often do at home?- I _______ the dishes after dinner every day.A. doB. didC. will doD. was doing9. - Jim, I called you an hour ago, but you didn’t pick up. What were you doing?-Oh, I _______ the picnic plan with my parents.A. discussB. am discussingC. discussedD. was discussing10. Lisa _______ the Summer Palace twice since she came to Beijing.A. visitsB. visitedC. has visitedD. was visiting11. Last year, a garden _______ for students to grow vegetables in our school.A. startedB. was startedC. startsD. is started12. - Bob, can you tell me _______ the science club?- Well, I really like doing experiments.A. why you want to joinB. why do you want to joinC. when you want to joinD. when do you want to join二、完形填空(每题1分，共8分)阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选择最佳选项。

gre考试题目数量

gre考试题目数量
GRE（研究生入学考试）一共包括三个主要部分：GRE通用测试（GRE General Test）、GRE主观测试（GRE Subject Tests）、GRE分析性写作（Analytical Writing）。

1.GRE通用测试（GRE General Test）:
•Verbal Reasoning（文字推理）
•Quantitative Reasoning（数量推理）
•Analytical Writing（分析性写作）
GRE通用测试的Verbal Reasoning 和Quantitative Reasoning 各有两个分数，分别是两个25题的部分。

因此，每个分数有40题。

Analytical Writing 部分有两个写作任务。

2.GRE主观测试（GRE Subject Tests）:
•GRE主观测试是针对某些特定学科领域的测试，包括生物学、化学、文学、数学、物理和心理学等。

每个主题测试的题目
数量可能有所不同。

在实际考试中，GRE通用测试的具体题目数量可能会有微小的变化，因为GRE在一定程度上采用计算机适应性测试（CAT）的模式，根据个体考生的表现调整题目难度。

考生在准备GRE时最好直接查阅官方GRE网站或使用官方GRE材料，以确保获取最新和准确的考试信息。

考试的结构和题目数量可能会有变化，因此及时查阅官方信息以获取准确的考试信息是非常重要的。

上海高翻经验谈

原文地址：转来的上外高翻经验谈。

作者：Jason上外高翻的题型：A. 综合考试：（8：30-）1. Essay writing(三选一）（600-800字）（1）面对贫穷问题，政府和国际组织应该做更多还是更少？（2）80后的时代青年是墨守成规的终结者吗？（3）不详2. Cloze (无选项）陈冯富珍在追忆已故的李博士并接手其工作任务的讲话3. Vocal (词语匹配）比GRE还复杂B. 语音测试(12：00-13：30)C. 翻译(14:00-16:30)Us and them: thepower of enduring in nationalism民族/种族问题;美国怎么处理的;以色列为啥不承认自己是犹太国家;新移民怎么向影响边界一样影响国内的方方面面文化题：Ex: Yang liwei : China first man in space; China capital: Beijing(中英文答都可以）OEMWIKI茅于轼贾庆林黄道婆龙应台同义句改写：要求尽量接近原文的内容，可以保留划线的中心词，句型要改变，OF，AND等词可以用。

（1）什么什么问题将牵涉到我们生活的各各方面。

（2）和谐的家庭需要成员间共同学习，运动，娱乐，而不要直接给钱。

中心词family（3）虽然人类在科技和医疗方面取得了比以往更好的发展，但是面对资源枯竭，疾病的扩散和经济的萧条还是比较棘手的。

中心词technology, medicine.（4）我们等下还有事情，这个新的题目可能会诱发一系列的新问题，请大家注意，尽量简明扼要。

中心词meeting（5）由于非洲的企业缺乏必要的时间观念，很多外国客商都不愿意和他们打交道，这就导致了非洲公司想要在出口方面获得利润就比较困难。

中心词African----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 考试分上午，下午两场。

2013年-2017年CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题与答案附送备考经验2019年新编

CATTI英语三级笔译实务真题与答案附送备考经验【2013年-2017年】目录一次性通过CATTI三级和二级备考经验 (2)2017.11 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (7)2017.5 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (10)2016.11 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (12)2016.5 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (14)2015.11 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (16)2015.5 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (18)2014.11 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (20)2014.5CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (22)2013.11 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (25)2013.5 CATTI 英语三级《笔译实务》真题与答案 (27)一次性通过CATTI三级和二级备考经验其实写下经验贴几个字有点忐忑，谈不上经验，就整理一下我这一学年的翻译之路吧，就算给自己做一个阶段总结~学习情况：大一过四六级，专四优秀（80），去年11月过三笔，今年5月过二笔。

考试感想：综合：可以看出我两次综合成绩都不高，大部分人都会上70,80＋的也大有人在，所以我这个综合可以说是非常差了。

这里总结教训就是三个字：背单词！！！我之前是个不爱背单词的人，一般都凭着平时多看，然后看熟了自然就记住了，这种方法应对高考还有四六级什么的问题都不大，但是去年底考三笔的时候，我看着综合卷子真的欲哭无泪，选择题有几道中四个选项我一个都不认识，或者是眼熟但是搞不清意思，这就跟不认识是一样的。

所以去年底考完三笔我痛下决心，当天晚上就开始背单词。

背单词这事我是真的不喜欢，所以没有买单词书，因为我知道我买了肯定也不看，所以就下了APP背单词。

我曾经用过拓词，感觉界面很简洁，非常不错，后来开始用百词斩，算是比较有特色的APP，也还不错。

企业笔试常考题型

企业笔试常考题型(1)技术类笔试题1) 类型简介对于研发类和技术类职位，一般都会要求应聘者参加技术类笔试。

由于这类职位对于应聘者相关专业知识的掌握程度要求比较高，所以其题目的特点是职位实际工作中用到的技术性问题，专业性非常强。

不同企业技术类笔试题目考查的范围和深度可能会根据应聘者的学历不同而有所区别。

但一般来说，对于本科生而言，技术类笔试主要考查基本技能和专业基础知识，而不是很难的理论或者非常高深的学问，一般都是专业基础课知识。

2) 应对方法对于技术性笔试，尤其是你今天晚上刚接到通知，第二天早上就要去参加笔试的情况下，时间已经不允许你再系统地、全面地复习相关的专业知识的时候。

那么建议你考前应该结合具体职位看相关资料，了解笔试内容，做到心中有数。

其次要了解笔试重点，进行认真复习。

每个学科都有一两门概念性的课程，笔试之前多看看这方面的教材。

如果以前确实学过，那应该有笔记或者自己的复习提纲。

把最主要的、当时书里最强调的看看，把一些名词术语、理论定义以及经典例题再复习一遍，不用看得太细。

比如说，职位要求你要会C++，那笔试之前应该先用用，熟悉基本的知识点。

还有应聘编程职位，数据结构、算法等等也应该看看，尤其是数据结构。

另外保持稳定的心态也是非常重要的。

要客观冷静地对自己进行正确评估，相信自己的实力，克服自卑心理，增强自信心。

(2)Numerical Test1) 类型简介Numerical Test，即数字能力测试。

Numerical Test题目一般会给出一张图或表，然后让你根据题目要求，提取有用的信息进行简单或复杂的计算。

由于这类题目通常都有时间的限制，根据往届毕业生反馈的信息来看，基本上要达到每分钟解决一道的答题速度，才可能将题目完成，这也就需要应试者拥有眼快、手快、脑快的素质。

虽然Numerical Test要求的答题速度较快，但其计算难度较低，仅相当于初中数学水平，如果有充分的时间大部分人都能做到满分，因此此类题目的难度在于时间限制。

2025届上海华东师大二附中高三下学期联合考试英语试题含解析

2025届上海华东师大二附中高三下学期联合考试英语试题注意事项1．考生要认真填写考场号和座位序号。

2．试题所有答案必须填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。

第一部分必须用2B 铅笔作答；第二部分必须用黑色字迹的签字笔作答。

3．考试结束后，考生须将试卷和答题卡放在桌面上，待监考员收回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Different tastes among tourists from outside the mainland ________ the list of the country's attractions．A．top B．shape C．lead D．show2．Parents need to encourage kids to develop their potential _____ putting too much pressure on them.A．without B．besidesC．by D．for3．—I wonder why he has been acting so strangely these days．—Recent pressure at work may ____ his behavior．A．account for B．call for C．change for D．stand for4．If you want to see Mr. Johnson on Friday morning, make sure he is ______ ahead of time.A．approachable B．accessible C．available D．convenient5．Robert had a comfortable childhood, ______up in a pleasant house with a view of the sea.A．grew B．growingC．grown D．to grow6．When I was twenty, I had to________ before graduation and work in a clothes shop to help support my family. A．come out B．stay outC．leave out D．drop out7．Catherine came home happily, which suggested that she the final exam.A．had passed B．pass C．would pass D．should pass8．The draft regulation on the online protection of minors, ________ for public opinions by the cyberspace authorities, has drawn wide public concern.A．releasing B．having releasedC．to release D．released9．Tourists are required to _________ local customs and mind their manners when travelling abroad.A．spot B．confirmC．observe D．spread10．The artist is said during the production and thus a pirated video was sold in every part of Kenya. A．to be cheated B．being cheatedC．to have been cheated D．having been cheated11．At the end of the historic area，Wilmington displayed its ________ as a working port city：large ware-houses and a few other dated office buildings．A．achievement B．reputationC．character D．standard12．We must ______ the time that you’ve wasted this afternoon by working late to-night.A．make up for B．make out C．do up D．make up to13．It is beyond awkward when everyone around you ______________ laughing at a joke that you do not find funny, especially if it’s a joke told in a foreign language.A．run into B．bursts outC．yells out D．falls into14．That Americans have no history while Chinese have no future sounds ________; it has raised a thought provoking question, though.A．artificial B．arbitrary C．allergic D．reluctant15．If he ____hard, he would have passed the exam.A．were to work B．had workedC．should work D．was to work16．After ________________ a sandstorm warning on Sunday evening, meteorologists forecast that dusty weather will continue in parts of the country on Monday.A．breaking off B．calling off C．leaving off D．putting off17．If you, the special one in the world, want to show your ______ personality, this T-shirt is exactly what you are looking for.A．calm B．unique C．straight D．constant18．I like these English songs and they ________ many times on the radio.A．taught B．have taughtC．are taught D．have been taught19．T he 19th Party Congress drew up a blueprint for China’s development in the next three decades and more.this blueprint into reality, we must be down-to-earth in our approach, take one step at a time as we move forward and deliver solid outcomes.A．Turning B．TurnedC．Turn D．To turn20．We’d better take umbrellas—I’m sure it ________ when we arrive in London; it’s always wet there at this time of year.A．will rain B．is rainingC．will be raining D．would rain第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

托福gre词汇范围

托福gre词汇范围嘿，朋友！咱们今天来聊聊托福 GRE 词汇范围这事儿。

你说，词汇就像我们盖房子的砖头，没有足够的砖头，怎么能盖出漂亮结实的房子呢？托福和 GRE 考试里的词汇，那可就是你通往高分大厦的一块块重要砖石！托福词汇，那是个基础但又不能小觑的部分。

它就像是你日常出行的自行车，虽然看起来普普通通，却是你能灵活穿梭的必备工具。

它涵盖了生活、学习、工作等各个方面的常用词汇。

你想想，如果连题目里最基本的单词都不认识，那不是像在黑夜里走路，磕磕绊绊，啥都看不清吗？GRE 词汇呢，就像是高级跑车的零部件。

难度提升了，专业性也更强了。

它包括了很多学术、科研、人文等领域的高深词汇。

这就好比你要参加一场专业的赛车比赛，没有顶级的装备，怎么能跑得过别人呢？那这两个考试的词汇范围到底有多大呢？托福的词汇量要求一般在8000 左右，GRE 则更高，可能要 12000 甚至更多。

这数字是不是听着有点吓人？别慌！咱们一个一个来攻克。

比如说，你可以每天给自己定个小目标，背个几十上百个单词。

就像每天给自己存一笔小钱，日积月累，那就是一笔不小的财富啦！而且，背单词可不能死记硬背，得讲究方法。

你可以把单词放在句子里、文章里去理解，就像把鱼放回水里，才能活灵活现。

还有啊，别光背，得用起来。

跟朋友聊天的时候，试着用用新学的单词，这不就跟刚买了新衣服得穿出去显摆显摆一个道理嘛！再说说怎么选词汇书。

市面上的词汇书五花八门，可别挑花了眼。

有的词汇书按字母顺序排，有的按主题分类，有的有详细的例句和解释。

你得选一本适合自己的，就像选一双合脚的鞋子，才能走得舒服，走得远。

总之，托福 GRE 词汇范围虽然广，但只要咱们有决心，有方法，一步一个脚印，还怕征服不了它们吗？加油吧，朋友，相信你一定能在词汇的海洋里畅游，驶向成功的彼岸！。

2021年7月18日贵州特岗英语专业知识真题及答案1 Gre

2021年7月18日贵州特岗英语专业知识真题及答案1 Gre1. One day I a newspaper article about the retirement of an English professor at a nearby state college.A. came acrossB. came aboutC. came afterD. came at2. She was complaining that the doctor was __ too much for the treatment he was giving her.A. expendingB. offeringC. costingD. charging3. The manager spoke highly of such as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.A. virtuesB. featuresC. propertiesD. characteristics4. Since the matter was extremely , we dealt with it immediately.A. toughB. tenseC. urgentD. instant5. You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you on business first.A. would goB. will goC. wentD. have gone6. When I try to understand that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is7. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town 50 households or more.A. havingB. to haveC. to have hadD. having had8. The newcomers found it impossible to themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.A. suitB. adaptC. regulateD. coordinate9. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,____ obtaining water is not the least.A. for whichB. to whichC. of whichD. in which10. I'm sure he is up to the job he would give his mind to it.A. if onlyB. in caseC. untilD. unlessIn the waiting room, the patients, men and women, old and young, were sitting 11___ on the chairs, 12__ for their turns. Billy, a school boy, was sitting there, too. They all looked very sad 13___ Billy. He 14___ an interesting story, and there was a smile on his face. Just then, the doctor came in to say he was ready for the next patient. Billy jumped up and ran into the 15__ room. “Good morning, Doctor!〞“Good morning! What's your 16__, young man〞asked the doctor. Before Billy could say a word, the doctor made him 17__down on a bed. “Now, let me listen to your heart.〞Billy tried to speak, but the doctor told him 18 anything. “I’ll take your temperature.〞Billy tried to sit up, but the doctor stopped him. “Now openyour mouth. Mm, good.〞After a moment, the doctor said, “Well, my boy, you haven't got a bad cold. It's nothing. Mm, in fact, there is 19_ with you.〞“I know there 20_ ,〞said the boy. “I just came to get some medicine for my father.〞11.A. quickly B. quietly C. luckily D. noisily12.A. waiting B. waited C. to wait D. wait13.A. with B. and C. except D. without14.A. saw B. was seeing C. read D. was reading15.A. patients B. waiting C. sitting D. doctor's16.A. story B. trouble C. matter D. wrong17.A. to lie B. lay C. lying D. lie18.A. say B. not to say C. not say D. to say19.A. wrong nothing B. something wrongC. nothing wrongD. wrong something20.A. aren't B. are C. isn't D. isPassage OneIn one way of thinking, failure is a part of life. In another way, failure may be a way towards success. The “spider story 〞often told, Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in the 13th century, was hiding in a cave from the English. He watched a spider spinning a web. The spider tried to reach across a rough place in the rock. He tried six times without success. On the seventh time he made it and went on to spin his web. Bruce is said to have taken heart and to have gone on to defeat the English. --- Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one.So what First, always think about your failure. What caused it Were conditions right Were you in top form yourself What can you change so things will go right next timeSecond , is the goal (目标) you’re trying to reach the right one Try to do some thinking about what your real goals may be. Think about this question, “If I do succeed in this, where will it get me 〞This may help you prevent failure in things you shouldn’t be doing anyway.The third thing to bear in mind about failure is that it’s a part of life. Learn to “live with yourself 〞even though you may have failed. Remember, “You can’t win at all.〞21. This passage deals with two sides of failure. In paragraph 1, the author talks mainly about ___________.A. the value of failureB. how people would failC. famous failuresD. the cause of failure22. The underlined phrase “made it 〞means ________ .A. succeededB. failedC. gaveD. got23. The lesson the spider taught Robert Bruce seems _________ .A. productiveB. straight forwardC. sorrowfulD. deep24. The author tells you to do all things except ________ .A. to think about the cause of your failureB. to check out whether your goals are right for youC. to consider failure as a part of lifeD. to bear in mind that you will never fail in your life25. Which of the following is NOT trueA. Bruce and Edison were successful examples.B. Failure may be regarded as a way toward success.C. Edison learned a lot from the lesson the spider taught Robert Bruce.D. One may often raise a question whether his goals are worth attemptingPassage TwoWhile the private schools may be charging too much, some of the publics are risking their futures by charging too little. Low tuition is fine, as the state assigns enough money to education, as has generally been the case in Texas and California. But for years, New Jersey’s legendary resistance to taxes condemned Rutgers University to second-class status. “Of what real worth is a low-tuition policy,〞wrote Rutgers’former president, the late Edward Bloustein, “If it dooms students to an education below the quality they want andrequire〞New York State’s students might ask themselves the same. A series of protests pressured Governor Maria Cuomo into canceling a $200 rise in tuition last year (prices haven’t gone up since 1983). And what’s the result Greatly-reduced budgets, shabby campuses, course restrictions, limited library hors and various new student fees.The irony of New York and other state systems is that the percentage of higher-income students they serve is increasing at a phenomenal rate, says Arthur Hauptman of the American Council on Education. Given this changing population, more states should start playing the Robin Hood game increasing their sticker price, discounting rates to low-income students and using the rest of the money to raise the quality of their schools.The middle-class melt and the betterment of public universities are still in their very earliest stages. But these trends will intensify as the children of the burdened boomers reach college age. For the academics, it’s a wake-up call. In the next century, they’ll have to be affordable and good.26. According to some critics, the low-tuition policy of public universities might lead to____.A. the middle-class meltB. a credit crisisC. a decline in the quality of educationD. the enrollment of second-class students27. Public universities reduce the tuition because____.A. they yield to the pressure of protestersB. they get contributions from the richC. they get enough money from the stateD. they try to give lower-income students an opportunity28. It can be inferred from the passage that____.A. private universities will join in the thrice competitionB. public universities have to withdraw from the price competitionC. rich students find ways of paying less by taking the advantage of the policyD. rich students should be entitled to equal opportunities as poor students29. In order to maintain their high quality at the stone time of opening the floor to low-income students, public universities have to ______.A. enlist their students for some voluntary jobsB. exert long-term effort to improve themselvesC. count upon the financial support from the governmentD. increase the proportion of rich students and charge more from them30. This passage is mainly about _____.A. the Robin Hood gameB. ways of paying less for college educationC. difficult situation of public universitiesD. financial aid to lower—income studentsSection A: Translate the following Chinese into English (15%)31．我们得赶快，要不就会赶不上车了。

tip

呵呵好了大概就这么多，希望对大家有帮助。
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MARS的笔试用著名的SHL试题，numeric部分是中文繁体字，20分钟20 道图表计算题。我不是一个对数字敏感的人，但是在我两天突击发狠下，什么经济图表啊，GMAT数学题啊，我从一个两位数加减法和小数点都搞不清楚计算器不会用的数理白痴，变成了数学超人。这说明，我不是什么都在行的人，但是快速学习能力很重要，它可以让你想掌握什么就能掌握什么。最后笔试时，这部分我作得很顺利。
第二部分就是雅思里最郁闷的阅读题型：TRUE,FALS,CAN'T SAY。8，9个小段落吧，18分钟答题，唉～～～～
不提了，等着被REJECT
SHL知识产权保护很厉害，大家如果有机会能做做熟悉一下就好了。
另外觉得GRE和雅思考试的题目应该有借鉴意义
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英语本以为会相对好些，不过翻开试卷的第一题我就傻了，不知道是紧张还是什么，映入眼帘的字好像没一个见过的，我就生生跳过了第一篇。18分钟13篇短文32道题，为了保证速度文章基本是扫读，总览文章大概讲什么，看题中没有明显的错误就是T，臆断或明显否定就是F，其他通通为can not say，就这样，最后还剩下了我认为生词比较多跳过的两篇。然后随着HR姐姐清脆的一声：“时间到！”我知道我的玛氏之路已经画上了句号。我微笑着听她说完了最后的结束语：“感谢大家参加玛氏校园招聘，笔试结果将在一周之内通过邮件和手机通知，请大家注意保持手机畅通。”
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Goethe-Zertifikat C1 (歌德中级证书C1)考试细则 2010.2.1版

§ 1 Prüfungsbeschreibung
S§ect1ion考1 试Des描cr述iption of the Exam
§ 1.1 Bestandteile der Prüfung
Die Prüfung Goethe-Zertifikat C1 besteht aus folgenden obligatorischen Teilprüfungen:
Die Prüfung dokumentiert die fünfte Stufe – C1 – der im Gemeinsamen europäischen Referenzrahmen für Sprachen (GER) beschriebenen sechsstufigen Kompetenzskala und damit die Fähigkeit zur kompetenten Sprachverwendung.
考Th生e e页xa包m括do考cu生me的nt考s f试or题pa目rti：cipants contain the
tasks and exercises for the exam participant: –- 阅Te读xts理an解d 部ex分erc的ise文s f章or和th题e r目ea（din第g 一co至mp第re三hensi
部on分se）cti；on of the exam (Parts 1 – 3); –- 听Ta力sks部fo分r t的he题lis目te（nin第g 一co、mp二re部he分ns）ion；section of - 写the作e所xa需m 的(Pa文rts章1与an题d 目2);（第一、二部 – T分ex）ts；and exercises for the writing section of the - 口ex试am所(P需ar文ts 1章a与nd题2目); （第一、二部分）。

gmat考试复习资料

gmat考试复习资料1、《KaplanHighScore》4、《GMAT800揭密》：郑清山著1、《新东方教材》包括：阅读、逻辑、语法、数学——国内GMAT考试笔考真题、孙远绿皮作文宝典。

(1)Morethan1400GMATQuetionwithAnwerE某plainedbyTetAuthor(2)ActualEayTopic,SampleRepone,andScoringInformation(4)Tet-takingTipandStrategie(5)TetTutorial三、GMAT模考软件推荐1、《kaplan2002&kaplan2004》：Kaplan是美国著名的考试培训机构，国内的朋友对KAPLAN是的认识是通过他的著名模考软件开始的。

网友们普遍反映kaplan的摸考要比真实考试要难，甚至有朋友说，真实成绩=模考成绩+100分，事实证明，此规律对一些朋友生效，而对于很多朋友无效，所以不可尽信，当做鼓励自己信心的一个公式吧。

2、《Princeton2002/2004》：据说是与真实考试成绩最为接近的模考软件。

3、《ETSGMATPOWERPREP3》：PP3的界面与真实考试的界面完全相同，用来观察、适应题目的出现方式（字体大小，每行字数[特别是阅读行数的差异]、滚动条[注：highgmat、highgre与真实机考界面不完全不同]等）。

4、《800core的5套题》：感觉用处不大。

建议模考软件只要用1、2、3即可。

1、《GRE&GMAT数学》吴强2、《GRE&GMAT数学难题精解》钱永强3、《陈向东还有一本数学书》：以上三本书的内容：比较系统介绍GMAT数学的考试范围，对一些经典的机经考题进行解析。

1、OfficialGuide的逻辑部分；2、LSAT黄皮两册（共28套真题）：现在已经有电子版3、《GREGMATLSAT逻辑推理——分类思维训练及真题解析》（陈向东著）：很厚，俗称“砖头”，书中较为详尽讲解了GMAT逻辑的解法。

历年GRE考试真题答案及解析

历年GRE考试真题答案及解析(二) 2003年3月GRE笔考题答案类比：EDAD EBAB C反义：BECA BDAE ADA类比：EEAB CCAE E反义：EDDD EECE CB2004年10gANSWER:EAEA AACD EDAAD BEAB EAA解析SECTION 1解析1. 压缩：直径 (动宾关系)A. 围绕：空间B. 旋转：大小C. 测量：深度D. 提升：高度E. 截短：长度动宾关系，考虑‘方式’‘结果’‘感情色彩’，题干无特殊‘方式’‘感情色彩’，但结果使变小。

看左边单词找一个个性特征接近‘使变小’的选项。

此题不难，单词常见，而且C选项是以前曾考过的，见黄皮教程P81-9。

我们讲过优先选择过去出现过的正确选项，但不是看见过去的题就选，也要判断是否逻辑关系一致。

2. 损害，使有缺陷：无瑕的 (反面特征)A. 抛光：迟钝的，阴暗的，没有光泽的B. 使干净、清扫：干净的、质朴的C. 解释：困难D. 评价：有价值的E. 卖：有利可图的dull即可以指意识层面即头脑迟钝不灵光，也可以指物质层面即东西暗淡无光泽3. 桶：容器 (种属关系)此题用猜题法也能猜到是种属关系A. 窗户：玻璃B. 长柄勺：有盖的汤碗C. 汽车：火车D. 房间：房子E. 匕首、短剑：武器ACD选项容易排除，单词也常见。

答案集中在BE之间，部分同学不认识B选项单词，但E选项单词却是大家都能确定的‘匕首是武器的一种’，所以优先选择最能确定的选项，直接选 E4. 厚颜无耻的：批评(反面特征)A. 乐观的：失望、挫折B. 好斗的：激怒、挑衅C. 慈善的：赞扬D. 傲慢的：蔑视E. 胆小的：焦虑此题较难!因为看题干后第一感觉应该是：厚颜无耻的人不接受批评。

而选项中无法马上找到这样的逻辑关系。

所以这个时候要用到“大正大反”技巧!显然题干属于“大反”，故而优先在选项中找最确定的反义词，从而将A挑出。

关系解释为：厚颜无耻的人不受“批评”影响=乐观的人不受“挫折”影响。

gre作文4分算是低分吗？怎么样才能到4分

gre作文4分算是低分吗?怎么样才能到4分众所周知，gre作文的满分是6分，那么gre作文4分算是低分吗?其实不然，这是跟你申请的学校有很大的关系，最重要的就是在申请文科专业的时候作文4分及以上就会有很大的优势，一起来看看4分经验吧!gre作文4分算是低分吗?怎么样才能到4分?考生在面对两篇GRE作文时，应该如何确保高分呢?1. 两篇都不能放弃首先，大家需要明确的是，两篇作文无论哪篇都不能放弃，因为最后成绩是取两者平均值的，因此如果一篇作文分数很低，另一篇作文写得再好也会受拖累。

2. 针对中国考生特点针对中国考生普遍ISSUE弱ARGU强的特点，比较合理的得分策略是保ISSUE合格和争ARGUMENT高分。

ISSUE难度高，确保一个3.5分到4分的成绩比较稳妥，而ARGUMENT大家更容易写出出彩的好文章，可以努力尝试挑战4.5甚至5分成绩。

这样大家的作文平均分就能保持在4分以上，这就可以算是相当不错的成绩了。

怎样告别新GRE数学粗心这一大难题?说到GRE数学粗心问题，主要表现有：其一，做题时抄错数字，漏看条件，或者忘记换算单位;还经常集中在“答非所问”上，也就是说没有完全理解问题就匆忙动笔等。

对于粗心问题的解决办法有两个，首先就是不断的自我提醒。

错题一定要总结成错题集并标明详细的错误原因，如果你发现自己的错误原因里面出现了大量的“粗心–抄错数字”，“粗心–漏看条件”，或者“粗心–忘记单位换算”，那么你以后每次做题或者模考前都要提醒自己注意这些细节，正式考试前也不要忘记提醒自己。

长此以往，自己会越来越注意这些细节，从而逐渐改正做题粗心的问题。

对于出现“答非所问”的同学，请务必坚持把问题，也就是带问号的最后一句话给读两遍。

第一遍认真读，第二遍double check，确保自己正确理解问题再动笔。

对于一些症状更加严重的同学，不妨将问题也简单记在草稿纸上，解题时随时都能看得到问题，思路就不会跑偏。

可能有些同学会担心读两遍问题，包括读题时记笔记这些方法会耽误自己的做题时间。

toeic reading

7招搞定TOEIC—托业阅读！托业考试(Test of English for International Communication)，即国际交流英语考试，简称TOEIC，是单项选择的纸笔考试，考试时长2小时，共200道题，分听力和阅读两部分。

其中阅读部分共100道题，约75分钟，包括3类问题。

以下介绍7招，帮你搞定托业阅读！一、看清题目在未清楚目的时看阅读文章的内容非常浪费时间，阅读测验分3部分，若考生先详读文章内容或快速扫描全文，等对文章有一定了解时才开始看问题，那么通常到最后都会发现时间不够用。

因为阅读文章时，不知道需要注意什么内容，找什么答案。

最快找到答案的方法是知道在哪个段落可找到答案。

若已清楚每段大意，便能一接触问题时就知道哪一段最有可能包含答案。

用最短的时间了解每段大意，可用以下方法：先看每段首句，然后看次句，再看段落末句。

如到此时，还不清楚本段大意，你便需全篇都看。

介绍(Introduction)和结论(Conclusion)通常会包含很多有用资讯，应较仔细地看这两段。

二、有序读文1)先看标题——看罢标题，对全篇文章应有一个大约的了解；2)看段落题目——知道每段的大概内容，你也能从中推断文章的内容；3)看斜体字或黑体字——这也可帮助了解文章内容；4)看图表数据——有时看图片比看整段文字更有用，数字的位置最容易找，如问题有提及过，用寻找关键字的方法找答案，先看图表数据可令你更了解内容；5)看指引——如不看指引，你可能不知道应以何种方式回答问题。

有时候指引也会包含一些关于文章的资料；6)看例句——例句不单可令你了解如何正确回答问题，也可在一两句之内令你对文章有一个大概的了解，因此看例句绝不是浪费时间的事；7)最后看问题——了解阅读文章时应留意什么。

三、找准题目阅读测验的问题有时在前有时在后。

你必须清楚：测验的3部分是哪里开始，哪里完结；每部分有多少问题，哪里开始，哪里完结；应如何分配每部分的时间；应先回答哪些问题。

法国二月革命后建立

法国二月革命后建立法国七月革命2014年3月9日GRE 真题：法国二月革命篇一:法国二月革命后建立2014年3月9日GRE真题：法国二月革命法国二月革命(the February Days)是一篇经典的老GRE长阅读文章, 同时也是新GRE中经常出现的长阅读. 笔者最近在北京参加的3月9日GRE考试中, 就出现了这篇文章. 那么, 今天我们就从这篇文章出发, 聊一聊法国各种“革命”的故事.看过这篇文章的同学, 一定会被这篇文章中的各种革命的日期弄得晕头转向. 的确, 大量的时间点和陌生的历史事件是本文最大的难点. 不过大家不用着急, 等我们介绍完这些革命的背景和特点, 大家能够对号入座以后, 读这篇文章就游刃有余了. 事实上,评二月革命后法国的无产阶级运动篇二:法国二月革命后建立评二月革命后法国的无产阶级运动摘要：《法兰西阶级斗争》全称为《1848年至1850年法兰西阶级斗争》，是马克思的最重要经典著作之一。

在这部著作中，马克思第一次运用他的唯物主义观点研究整整一个历史阶段，对法国二月革命的原因、性质和进程作了精辟的分析，具体论述并进一步发展了历史唯物主义的一些重要原理。

它具体论述了资产阶级民主革命阶段无产阶级所肩负的任务，并指出资产阶级和无产阶级之间的对立从根本上决定了资产阶级的立场，他们由于惧怕无产阶级，已不愿担负起领导一切人民力量去彻底消灭封建残余、实现资产阶级民主革命的历史使命。

本文将从1848年到1850年法国资产阶级革命中无产阶级的表现出发，来谈论其行为的不成熟和带来的后世影响。

关键词：二月革命法兰西阶级斗争无产阶级运动一、二月革命胜利后无产阶级的现实状况二月革命胜利后，法国的临时政府的组成实质上是由革命中共同努力推翻七月王朝的各阶级妥协的产物。

他们虽然曾为阶级同盟和革命战友，但是他们的阶级利益却是相互冲突和矛盾的。

在临时政府的组成成分中，绝大多数是资产阶级的代表，”工人阶级只有两个代表：路易·波浪和阿尔伯。

速记gre单词

速记gre单词1. 单词：Abate- 单词释义：（使）减弱，减轻，减退。

- 单词用法：通常用作及物动词或不及物动词，如The storm abated.（暴风雨减弱了。

）也可说They abated their efforts.（他们减轻了努力程度。

）- 近义词：Diminish, reduce。

- 短语搭配：abate a nuisance（排除妨害）。

- 双语例句：- I thought my headache would never abate. It was pounding like a drum! Well, after taking some aspirin, it finally started to go away.（我原以为我的头疼永远不会减轻，它就像敲鼓一样疼！嗯，吃了些阿司匹林后，终于开始好转了。

）- The noise from the construction site didn't abate all day. It was so annoying! I felt like I was going crazy. “Can't they be a bit more considerate?” I shouted to my neighbor.（建筑工地的噪音一整天都没有减弱。

太烦人了！我感觉自己要疯了。

“他们就不能更体谅点吗？”我对邻居喊道。

）- His enthusiasm for the project has not abated. He's still as excited as a kid in a candy store.（他对这个项目的热情并没有减退。

他仍然像在糖果店的孩子一样兴奋。

）- The wind abated gradually, just like a wild horse slowly losing its fury.（风逐渐减弱了，就像一匹野马慢慢失去了它的狂暴。

gre测试题

gre测试题GRE（全称：Graduate Record Examination）是为了帮助申请研究生课程的学生评估他们的能力而设计的标准化考试。

本文将讨论GRE测试题的类型、结构和备考策略。

一、GRE考试概述GRE考试是由美国教育考试服务中心（ETS）主办的，旨在评估考生在数学、阅读和写作方面的能力。

考试分为普通GRE和专业GRE两种类型。

普通GRE包括Verbal Reasoning（词汇推理）、Quantitative Reasoning（数量推理）和Analytical Writing（分析写作）三个部分，而专业GRE则根据考生的专业背景进行测试。

二、测试题类型1. Verbal Reasoning（词汇推理）：该部分考查考生对英语词汇的理解和应用能力。

测试题包括对阅读材料的理解、填空和句子改写等。

2. Quantitative Reasoning（数量推理）：该部分考查考生的数学推理和解题能力。

测试题涵盖基本的数学概念和技巧，包括数学计算、代数、几何和数据分析等。

3. Analytical Writing（分析写作）：该部分考查考生的写作能力和逻辑思维能力。

测试题要求考生分析问题并提供有理据支持的观点。

三、测试题结构1. Verbal Reasoning：该部分共分为两个35分钟的计时部分，每个部分包含20个问题。

考生需要阅读并回答与给定文本相关的问题。

2. Quantitative Reasoning：该部分共分为两个40分钟的计时部分，每个部分包含20个问题。

考生需要解决数学问题，并使用基本的数学概念和技巧。

3. Analytical Writing：该部分共分为一个60分钟的计时部分，包含两个写作任务。

第一个任务是分析一篇给定的问题陈述，第二个任务是对一篇给定的论点进行评价。

四、备考策略1. 熟悉测试题型：了解不同部分的测试内容和要求，熟悉题型和解题技巧。

2. 制定备考计划：根据自己的时间和能力状况，制定合理的备考计划，并遵守计划进行系统的复习和练习。

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GRE笔考题VERBAL部分Section 1 填空1. Although she gives badly _______ titles to her musical compositions, they _______ unusual combinations of materials including Gregorian chant, Asian scale patterns and rhythms, electronic sounds, and bird songs.A. exotic … belieB. eccentric … deployC. traditional … excludeD. imaginative … disguiseE. conventional … incorporate2. Even though the folktales Perroult collected and retold were not solely French in origin, his versions of them were so decidedly French in style that later anthologizes of French folktales have never _______ them.A. excludedB. admiredC. collectedD. promotedE. comprehended3. In arguing against assertions that environmental catastrophe is imminent, her book does not ridicule all predictions of doom but rather claims that the risks of harm have in many cases been _________.A. exaggeratedB. ignoredC. scrutinizedD. deridedE. increased4. There seems to be no ________ the reading public’s thirst for books about the 1960’s: indeed, the normal level of interest has ______ recently be cause of a spate of popular television documentaries.A. quenching … moderatedB. whetting … mushroomedC. curtailing … warnedD. ignoring … transformedE. slaking … increased5．Despite a tendency to be overtly _______, the poetry of the Middle Ages often sparks the imagination and provides lively entertainment, as well as pious sentiments.A. divertingB. emotionalC. didacticD. romanticE. whimsical6. One of the first ______ of reduced burning in Amazon rain forests was the chestnut industry: smoke tends to drive out the insect that, by pollinating chestnut tree, allow chestnuts to develop.A. reformersB. discoveriesC. casualtiesD. criticsE. beneficiaries7. The research committee urged the archaeologist to _______ her claim that the tomb she has discovered was that of Alexander the Great, since her initial report has been based only on ______.A. disseminate … suppositionB. withdraw … evidenceC. undercut … capriceD. document … conjectureE. downplay … facts类比词8. STOMACH: DIGESTIONA. heart : pulsationB. eye : recognitionC. muscle : exertionD. skin : irritationE. ling : respiration9. DEHYDRA TE : WATERA. melt : liquidB. wither : vitalityC. anchor : stabilityD. emote : enthusiasmE. shrivel : winkle10. RA VENOUS : HUNGRYA. congenial : friendlyB. mean : wildC. obsessed : absorbedD. inept : clumsyE. sated : savory11. ELEGY : LAMENTA. epic : idolizeB. comely : pleaseC. parody : ridiculeD. sonnet : courtE. tragedy : pity12. ANECDOTE : NARRATIVEA. acronym : letterB. summary : excerptC. simile : comparisonD. metaphor : fantasyE. pseudonym : signature13. TRUNATE : LENGTHA. separate : substanceB. ventilate : circulationC. vaccinate : immunityD. transfer : locationE. cool : temperature14. GENERA TION : INDIVIDUALA. conference : speakerB. shift : laborerC. city : officialD. tree : limbE. river : stream15. RERERTOIRE : PERFORMANCEA. agenda : meetingB. catalog : libraryC. manifest : cargoD. invoice : receiptE. inventory : sale16. BLANDISHMENT : COAXA. equivocation : disputeB. assessment : inferC. augmentation : complicateD. persuasion : coerceE. explanation : enlighten短文章Industrial production of powders involves mechanical forces fracturing individual particles of material into ever-smaller particles. The theory explaining this fracturing recognizes two general types of behavior exhibited by material under stress: elastic and plastic deformation. Elastic deformation occurs when stress is placed or a brittle material, which deforms and then returns to its original shape when stress is removed. If the material is stressed too heavily, however, excess energy builds up and the material fractures. This behavior makes brittle material fracture suddenly when subjected to mechanical impact by powder-making machines. No brittle, or ductile, materials by contrast, are harder to fracture, since they respond to comparable amounts of stress by deforming plastically, that is, by changing sh ape permanently. Excess energy that builds up in the strained material is expended in deformation of the material rather than in fracturing. Plastic behavior can al so be exhibited by brittle materials as their particles become smaller during processing and thus less susceptible to fracturing.反义词28. DISA VOWA. instigateB. acknowledgeC. envisionD. ameliorateE. inculcate29. FLOURISHA. lose outB. catch upC. turn offD. waste awayE. slow down30. HYPERBOLEA. misdemeanorB. understatementC. imprecationD. concessionE. obstinacy31. RIVETINGA. appetizingB. enrichingC. wearisomeD. wastefulE. harmful32. DAMNA. undoB. entreatC. mollifyD. motivateE. extol33. REPROACHA. sustainB. advanceC. acclaimD. manipulateE. embellish34. MYOPIAA. maturityB. prescienceC. prompt responseD. good fortuneE. final event35. NICEA. restrainedB. colorlessC. obscureD. impreciseE. balanced36. LASSITUDEA. prideB. breadthC. vimD. pompE. valor37. PUSILLANIMOUSA. successfulB. sociableC. adeptD. stoutheartedE. trustworthy38. ABASEA. aggrandizeB. limitC. defyD. purifyE. destabilizeSection 3 填空1．The scientist found it puzzling that his theory encountered _______ despite widespread agreement that it was_______A. respect … crucialB. dismissal … simplisticC. skepticism … unfathomableD. opposition … indisputableE. acceptance … comprehensive2. The rate at which soil can absorb water ________ with continuous wetting, so the longer a _________ lasts, or the greater the rate of precipitation, the higher the percentage of water that will flow across the ground as runoff and enter stream channels.A. rises … delugeB. diminishes … droughtC. increases … showerD. decreases … r ainstormE. stabilizes … thaw3. The ideas expressed in the art historian’s book are more _____ than one would expect or the basis of her rather_________ treatment of her subject in the opening pages.A. compelling … intriguingB. accessible … recondit eC. hidebound … reactionaryD. insightful … innovativeE. dispassionate … evenhanded4. The meeting on environmental issues produced ________ discussion but no commitment on a plan of action: the many uncertainties surrounding global climatic change and the huge cost of efforts to limit it made the policymakers ____A. little … volubleB. heated … contentiousC. cordial … quarrelsomeD. frustrating … affableE. interminable … businesslike5. Art that endures often makes an initially disturbing impact: the profound experience that such art seeks to provoke necessarily engenders a certain ___A. familiarityB. ennuiC. upheavalD. intimacyE. tranquility6. The history of film reflects the _____ inherent in the medium itself: film combines still photographs to represent continuous motion and, while seeming to present life itself, can also offer impossible and dreamlike unrealities.A. trivialitiesB. biasesC. constraintsD. paradoxesE. liabilities7. The ______ with which the politician peppers her speeches are so memorable that many people think of her as being far more _______ than she in fact is.A. superlatives … egalitarianB. pejoratives … optimisticC. examples … soporificD. diatribes … censoriousE. malapropisms … straightforward类比8. ANTISEPTIC : DISINFECT::A. solvent : preserveB. emollient : softenC. tonic : inoculateD. antidote: poisonE. palliative: sensitize9. DOSE : MEDICINE ::A. beverage : drinkB. medal : awardC. tremor : earthquakeD. ration : foodE. temp: music10. DITCH : CANYON ::A. landslide : erosionB. boulder : graniteC. weed : vegetationD. burrow : cavernE. moon : planet11. A VERSION : DISINCLINATION ::A. assurance : doubtB. adulation : admirationC. evaluation : preferenceD. denunciation : avowalE. slander : insincerity12. AIRTIGHT : LEAK ::A. sporadic : continuityB. incorporeal : importanceC. ancient : relevanceD. arcane : solutionE. invalid : certainty13. SPURN : CONTEMPT ::A. condone : mercyB. apologize : regretC. vacillate : impressionD. balk : obstructionE. endorse : familiarity14. TEACHER : CLASSROOM ::A. bather : beachB. resident : neighborhoodC. traveler : stationD. child : playgroundE. chef : kitchen15. RESCISSION : LEGISLATION ::A. authorization : retrenchmentB. recantation : testimonyC. attainment : goalD. cessation : processE. acquittal : innocence16.POLULATION : MORTALITYA. electorate : abstentionB. workforce : attritionC. traffic : gridlockD. membership : absenteeismE. taxation : expenditure反义词28. DISSIPA TEA. pile upB. sort outC. illuminateD. hastenE. include29. TRANSIENTA. distantB. helpfulC. actualD. violetE. everlasting30. EXTRANEOUSA. indeterminateB. modifiedC. accurateD. concealedE. essential31. SEEMLYA. banalB. deceitfulC. indecorousD. eclecticE. ineffectual32. VIRULENTA. intermittentB. courteousC. defeatedD. confidentE. salubrious33. TORRIDA. gloomyB. inertC. icyD. opaqueE. smooth34. FORMIDABLEA. enticingB. invigoratingC. ambivalentD. affectionateE. negligent35. DISCURSIVEA. politeB. succinctC. floridD. candidE. impassioned36. EXECRA TIONA. misrepresentationB. engrossmentC. requisitionD. approbationE. allegiance37. VICISSITUDINOUSA. charitableB. immutableC. imitativeD. extrinsicE. endearing38. TENDENTIOUSA. uncommonB. uncooperativeC. unpretentiousD. unimportantE. unbiased短文章late-eighteenth-century political economists regarded the specialization of labor as a positive development, resulting in increasingly refined products and services. However, to their contemporaries in philosophy and the arts, this development suggested society’s disintegration into conflicting interests. The political economists acknowledged that diverse occupations represented competing perspectives on society, since what one knew was a function of what one did, but they viewed specialization as a source of social unity. Individuals who produced only one product or service must depend on others for most of the ir needs; this, specialization was the basis of social cohesion. The common good depended upon everyone’s dependency guaranteed the unity and therefore the health of society. A fundamental problem with this concept recognized even then, was that specialization seemed to preclude anyone’s being able to demonstrate that the society was unified. If everyone’s knowledge of society was tied to specialized occupational interests, who was in a position to monitor society’s overall functioning?。