管理学

1. 3 skills managers must haveTechnical-Skillsknowledge of and proficiency in a certain specialized field.lower-level managementmanaging employees who use tools and techniques to produce the organization’s products or service the organization’s customersHuman- abilityto work well with other people both individually and in a group.know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trustPlay a role in reporting to higher managers and well known to the employeesConceptual- abilitythink and conceptualize about abstract and complex situationssee the organization as a wholeunderstand the relationships among sub unitsvisualize how the organization fits into its broader environment2.Advantages and Disadvantages of being a managerA:creating a work environmentorganizational members can do their work to the best of their ability find meaning and fulfillment in their workhelp the organization achieve its goalshave the opportunity to think creatively and use your imagination.meet and work with a variety of people—both inside and outside the organization.Dtough and often thankless jobhave to deal with a variety of personalities and make do with limited resources.challenge to motivate workers in the face of uncertaintynot in full control of your destiny. Your success is dependent upon others’ work performance3.what are the three necessary components of organization?Organizationeach organization has a distinct purposeeach organization is composed of peopleall organizations develop some deliberate structure4.is scientific management out of date? Why or why not?P40(princiles of scientific management -1 use of scientific methods to define the one best way for a fob to be done.2 perspective of improving the productivety and efficiency of manual workers.3 applied the scientific method the shop floor jobs.When managers analyze the basic work tasks that must be performed, use time-and-motion study to eliminate wasted motions, hire the best-qualified workers for a job, or design incentive systems based on output, they’re using the principles of scientific management.5.the pros（优点）and cons of bureaucracy?Pros：Ideal type of organization:division of laborclearly defined hierarchydetailed rules and regulationsimpersonal relationshipsCons：hinders individual employees’ creativitylimits an organization’s ability to respond quickly to an increasingly dynamic environment. However, even in flexible organizations of creative professionals—such as Microsoft—necessary to ensure that resources are used efficiently and effectively.6.what is Hawthorne studies? What is it’s historical significance? studied the relationship between working conditions and production efficiency, including external environment and psychological influencing factors"Hawthorne effect" is the effect that when people are aware that they are being watched or observed, they will change some behaviors or verbal expression.historical significance:Howthorne studies could be used in many fields, like psychology, human resources, management and even medical treatment.For example, Hawthorne's experiment proves that in order to mobilize workers' enthusiasm for production, efforts must be made from social and psychological aspects.For instance, we, students, want to increase the efficiency of learning and communication and it is better to let ourselves noticed by the public.7. what are the two opposing views on managers ? please analyse in detail. (3-4)P49The Omnipotent Viewsomeone has to be held accountable when organizations perform poorly regardless of the reasons, and that “someone” is the manager.When profits are up, managers can be rewardedWhen profits are down, top managers are often fired in the belief that “new blood” will bring improved results.For instance, the CEO of Cott Corporation was fired because some of its largest customers were threatening to leave and the company’s share prices had declined sharply.The symbolic viewmanager’s ability to affect performance ou tcomes is influenced and constrained by external factorsAccording to this view, managers can not significantly affect an organization’s performance. Performance is influenced by factors over which managers have little control such as the economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors’ actions, industry conditions, and decisions made by previous managers.8. Describe the various ways that employees learn cultureStories: a narrative of significant events or people.Rituals：: at 8 o 'clock in the morning, all employees of panasanic company recite the spirit and sing the company songs. Every employee should give a 10-minute speech in his/her group at least once every to explain his/her understanding of the spirit of the company and social responsibility. Through this corporate ritual, employees' sense of heroism is effectively stimulated, happiness and sense of mission arise spontaneously. Through these ceremonies, the employees can make clear the values of the company and enhance the sense of belonging and pride，so the corporate culture can truly "live" in the hearts of themMaterial symbols: in creating an organization’s personality.35 The layout of an organization’s facilitiesLanguage : to identify and unite members of a cultureFor instance, a Seattle board game company, “chiff ” is used to remind employees of the need to be incessantly innovative in everything they do. “Chiff ” stands for “clever, highquality, innovative, friendly, fun.”9. ELABORATIE (by giving example) how managers’decision-making is influenced by environment.Environmental uncertainty refers to the degree of change and complexity in an organization’s environment.The first dimension of uncertainty is the degree of change.If the components in an organization’s environment changefrequently, it’s a dynamic environment.If change is minimal, it’s a stable one.A stable environment might be one with no new competitors, few technological breakthroughs by current competitors to influence the organization.For instance, Zippo Manufacturing, best known for its Zippo lighters, faces a relatively stable environment, with few competitors and little technological change. The main external concern for the company is probably the declining numbers of tobacco smokersThe other dimension of uncertainty describes the degree of environmental complexity, which looks at the number of components in an organization’s environment and the extent of the knowledge that the organization has about those components.degree of complexity and degree of change can combined into four cells1.stable and simple2.stable and complex3.dynamic and simple4.dynamic and complexHere i want to talk about Cell 1 and 4Cell 1 (stable and simple environment) represents the lowest level of environmental uncertaintymanagers have the greatest influence on organizational outcomes in cell 1Cell 4 (dynamic and complex environment) the highestmanagers have the LEAST influence on organizational outcomes in cell 4Because uncertainty poses a threat to an organization’s effectiveness, managers try to minimize itGiven a choice, managers would prefer to operate in the least uncertain environments. However, the nature of the external environment today is that most industries today are facing more dynamic change, making their environments more uncertain.10.please analyse the three different attitudes toward global business.Ethnocentric attitudeBelieve that the best work approaches and practices are those of the home countryManagers believe that people in foreign countries don’t have the needed skills, expertise, knowledge, or experience to make the best business decisions as people in the home country do.don’t trust forei gn employees with key decisions or technology.Polycentric attitudeemployees in the host country (the foreign country in which theorganization is doing business) know the best work approaches and practices for running their business.Managers with this attitude view every foreign operation as different and hard to understand. Thus, they’re likely to let employees there figure out how best to do thingsGeocentric attitudea world-oriented view that focuses on using the best approaches and people from around the globeManagers have a global view and look for the best approaches and people regardless of originFor instance, Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Nissan and Renault, was born in Brazil to Lebanese parents, educated in France, and speaks four languages fluently. His background and perspective have given him a much broader understanding to manage in a global environment, something that is characteristic of the geocentric attitude.A geocentric attitude requires developing an understanding of cross-cultural differences. That’s the type of approach successful managers will need in today’s global environment.11. what is the tool used for formulating corporate level strategy?BCG matrix—The dogs should be sold off or liquidated(清算）as they have low market share in markets with low growth potential.Managers should “milk” cash cows as much as they can, limit any new investment in them, and use the large amounts of cash generated to invest in stars and question marks with strong potential to improve market share.Heavy investment in stars will help take advantage of the market’s growth and help maintain high market share. The stars will eventually develop into cash cows as their markets mature and sales growth slows. The hardest decision for managers relates to the question marks. After careful analysis, some will be sold off and others strategically nurtured into stars.12. what is the tool used for formulation business level strategy? P232FIVE FORCES MODEL.1.Threat of new entrants.2.Threat of substitutes.3.Bargaining power of buyers.4.Bargaining power of suppliers.5.Current rivalryFive competitive forces dictate the rules of competition in any industry. And they determine industry attractiveness and profitability.。