生物医学工程专业英语及其翻译讲课稿
生物医学工程专业英语 Unit08[69页]
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comfort zone
舒适地带
Text: Biomedical Sensors
This is an equivalent of monitoring. Monitoring is a necessary activity in risky environments such as mining, diving, mountain climbing, and especially in all sorts of military and security actions. All of these broad application fields have common requirements. The biomedical sensor should be compact and should not force the wearer to leave the comfort zone. These common requirements suggest the smart (intelligent) textiles along with the notion of wearable.
Text: Biomedical Sensors
Biomedical sensors have a vital importance in modern life. We live in an epoch of computerization for every field of life. As we all know, computers can only process the data. Data must be collected, stored if necessary, and transferred to a computer. Biomedical sensors are designed for collecting data. It might be necessary to collect data for inpatients in hospital environment, in home for homebound patients, or for outpatients.
生物医学工程技术外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
生物医学工程技术外文文献翻译、中英文
翻译、外文翻译
本文旨在提供关于生物医学工程技术的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译和外文翻译的指导和技巧。
以下是一些简要说明：
外文文献翻译
- 外文文献翻译需要准确地传达原文的内容，同时确保译文自然流畅。
- 翻译时应注意专业术语的准确使用，避免将其误译或过度解释。
- 翻译人员应具备扎实的外语水平和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。
中英文翻译
- 中英文翻译需要准确传达中文原文的内容，并使其在英文环境下具有流畅性和可读性。
- 翻译时应注意中英文表达方式的差异，确保翻译后的文本符合英文语法和惯表达惯。
- 翻译人员应具备中英文双语能力和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。
外文翻译
- 外文翻译是将外文文本翻译为母语的译文。
- 翻译要保证译文准确、流畅，并符合目标语言的语法和惯表达方式。
- 翻译人员应具备对目标语言的熟悉和对生物医学工程技术领域的了解。
请注意，以上是针对文献翻译的一些基本指导，实际翻译过程中还需根据具体文献的特点和要求进行适当调整。
谢谢！。
生物医学工程的英语
生物医学工程的英语Biomedical engineering is the application of engineering principles and techniques to the field of medicine and biology. It encompasses a broad range of areas such as drug delivery, medical imaging, tissue engineering and electronics. In this article, we will discuss the key steps involved in biomedical engineering and the relevant terminology used inthis field.1. Research: The first step in biomedical engineering is research. This involves investigating the problem that needsto be solved and identifying the best possible solutions. It includes conducting experiments, developing models and prototypes, and testing them.2. Design: Once the research is complete, the next stepis design. This involves creating a blueprint of the solution that was identified during the research phase. It includes creating detailed plans and drawings, identifying materials and components required, and creating a mock-up or prototypeof the device.3. Development: The third step is the development phase, where the actual product or device is created. This involves assembling the components, testing the device, and making any necessary modifications. It also includes obtainingregulatory approvals and patents required for commercialization.4. Implementation: The final step is the implementation phase, where the product is launched and made available for use. This involves training the users, monitoring theperformance of the device, and providing ongoing support and maintenance.Now let's look at some key terminology used inbiomedical engineering:1. Biomaterials: These are materials that are used to create medical devices or implants, which interact with biological systems. Examples include metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites.2. Biomechanics: This is the study of the mechanics of biological systems, such as bones, muscles, and tissues. It includes analyzing the structure and function of these systems, and developing models to predict their behaviorunder different conditions.3. Biomedical imaging: This involves the use ofdifferent imaging techniques to visualize the internal structures of the body. Examples include X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound.4. Bioprocessing: This is the use of biological systemsor their components to produce drugs or other products. Examples include fermentation, chromatography, and cell culture.In conclusion, biomedical engineering is a rapidly growing field that combines the principles of engineering and medicine to improve healthcare outcomes. It involves research, design, development, and implementation of devices and technologies that can enhance diagnostics and treatment of diseases. Understanding the key steps and terminology used in this field is vital for anyone interested in this excitingarea of healthcare.。
生物医学工程专业英语 Unit10[66页]
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Text: Biomedical Instrumentation
Note, for example, that most voltages are in the microvolt range and that pressures are low (about 100 mm Hg=1.93 psi =13.3 kPa). Also note that all the signals listed are in the audio-frequency range or below and that many signals contain direct current (DC) and very low frequencies. These general properties of medical parameters limit the practical choices available to designers for all aspects of instrument design.
Text: Biomedical Instrumentation
The major difference between medical instrumentation and conventional instrumentation systems is that the source of signals is living tissue or energy applied to living tissue. The principal measurement and frequency ranges for each medical and physiological parameter are major factors that affect the design of all the instrument components. Most of the medical parameter measurement ranges are quite low compared with nonmedical parameters.
生物医学工程专业英语课件
5.8 微电极
electrolytic solution 电解液 electrolytic etching 电解腐蚀
storage condition储存条件 input impedance输入阻抗
phasor矢量
steady-state sinusoidal稳态正弦
effort input variable作用力输入变量
flow input variable流速输入变量
velocity速度
flow流速
第二章 基本传感器及其原理
manufacturing tolerance制造公差
electrocardiograph 心电图
input ranges输入信号的量程
minimal resolvable 最小可分辨
normal linear operating range 额定的线性工作范围
maximal operating range最大的工作量程
1.5 生物医学仪器的分类
quantity that is sensed 转换参数
organ system 生理系统
clinical medicine 临床医生 resistive 电阻的
inductive 电感的
capacitive 电容的
ultrasonic 超声波的
electrochemical 电化学的
cardiovascular 心血管
pulmonary 肺
nervous 神经
endocrine 内分泌
Pediatrics 儿科学
Obstetrics 产科学
Cardiology 心脏病学
Radiology 放射学
blood pressure 血压
可作为生物医学工程专业英语简易教程
ContentsHistory 2Radiation Physics 5X-radiography 6CT 7Nuclear Medicine 9PET 11Radiotherapy 13Radiation Protection 16Ultrasound 1919imagingUltrasoundDoppler Ultrasound 21Optical Methods 23Endoscopy 23Pulse Oximetry 25Laser Surgery 26MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 2831 ECG(electrocardiogram)Bioengineering 3232PacemakersMedical Engineering 33Cochlear Implants 34The Future 37Glossary 38Acknowledgements 40History Most people think that Medical Physics started in 1895 when Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays but, in practice, physics has been used to investigate the body for much longer than this.Hippocrates (460-377 BC), the “Father of Medicine”, may have been the first medical physicist . Over two thousand years ago, he wanted to know where an infection was on a patient’s back. He smeared mud over the patient’s back as he knew that infected tissue is warmer and would therefore dry the mud faster.Technology has improved since then, and modernthermography , which looks at heat coming from the bodyusing an infrared camera, is very different fromHippocrates' methods.When doctors wanted to be able to see inside thestomach and intestines , they first simply used a thin t with light provided by a candle. In 1868 a metal tube w passed down the throat into the stomach. This was anearly prototype of an endoscope . Large early modelswere tested on sword swallowers , and were very intimidating, with one man quoted as saying 'I'll swallow a sword, but I'll be damned if I’ll swallow a trumpet'. Modern endare smaller and more flexible, making endosopy a less unpleasant examination.ubeasoscopesIn the future, we will use camera pills that can be swallowed and travel all the way through the digestive system without any discomfort.The most common medical imaging examination today is an x-ray , or radiograph. X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen , who was passing an electric current through a glass tube with a vacuum inside, when he noticed a screen nearby start to glow. He realised that some invisible rays from the tube were causing the glow, and called them x-rays as he didn't know what they were. He set to work, trying to find out more about these strange rays.His wife became worried that he was spending so much time in hislab, and wasn't eating properly or talking to anyone. She finallypersuaded him to tell her what he was working on, and he took herinto the lab. She tried out his equipment by putting her hand in the x-ray beam for fifteen minutes, and saw an image of her hand appearon film behind it. This was the first medical x-ray image. Roentgenwas awarded the first ever Nobel prize in Physics in 1901.Soon after Roentgen’s discovery, Henri Becquerel , a Frenchman, wasexperimenting with salts that fluoresced when exposed to sunlight tosee if they would emit x-rays. One cloudy day he left a photographicplate and a uranium compund in a drawer, and when he developed the film he found that it had been exposed to something, even though it hadn’t seen any light. He realised that uranium gave off invisible rays that could ionise atoms and blacken film. He called this radioactivity.Marie Curie , along with her husband Pierre , continued the research into radioactive materials, discovering new radioactive elements Polonium (named after her homeland,Poland) and Radium. Bequerel and the Curies shared a Nobel prize for their work.For a while radiation was hugely fashionable, with people putting radium in water and thorium in toothpaste. This health craze was dangerous though, and ill effects were soon noticed. The girls who painted radium onto the dials of watches developed thoat and mouth cancers from licking their brushes, while people using radioactive products suffered symptoms such as burns, hair loss, bone diseases and various types of cancer. Marie Curie herself died from a blood disease linked to radiation exposure (Pierre, though suffering from radiation sickness, died when run over by a horse and cart) .By this time, it had been realised that, although harmful inlarge doses, small amounts of radiation could be used to treatdiseases such as cancer. The radioisotope cobalt-60 becameused in radiotherapy machines (see left) and todayradiotherapy uses high energy x-ray beams to treat tumours.Radiation PhysicsIonising radiation can be either alpha or beta particles, or high energy electromagnetic waves with enough energy to completely remove an electron from an atom.X-RadiographyX-ray radiography is one of the most commonly used methods of diagnosis. It can be used to examine broken or fractured bones, teeth, the digestive system, the lungs and to detect breast cancer.X-rays are produced when electrons hit a metal, which in hospital x-ray tubes, is usually tungsten. The x-rays then pass through the body and onto either a film cassette or digital detector (like in a digital camera).Structures in the body like bones are very dense and contain elements such as calcium thathave a high atomic number. This makes bone absorb a highproportion of the x-rays. Soft tissues like fat and muscle allow Array more x-rays to pass though. The body casts an x-ray shadow ontothe film. Where the x-rays have passed though bone, the film isless exposed so it looks white; where they have not passedthough anything the film is exposed and turns black; and wherethe x-rays have passed through soft tissues the film has differentlevels of grey.In order to make some parts of the body show up better,contrast media with a high atomic number can be used. This canbe a 'barium meal', where the patient drinks a liquid containingbarium (atomic number 56) which makes the digestive tract showup clearly on x-rays, or the patient can have an injection ofiodine (atomic number 53) which makes the blood vessels standout (this is called angiography).CT (computed tomography)A CT scan (sometimes called computed axial tomography, or a CAT scan) also uses x-rays.In a CT scan the patient lies on a table and is movedthough a doughnut-shaped machine. It creates imagesthat are slices through the patient.It does this by moving the x-ray tube and detector in acircle taking x-ray images of the slice from all anglesaround the body.A computer then processes these images to produce across sectional image (a picture of a slice through thebody).CT scans are useful as they can show a range of very different tissue types clearly: lung tissue, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels.By adding together CTslices, 3-D images can begenerated.They are often used toplan radiotherapytreatments.CT is useful for diagnosing internal inuries in trauma victims. Because a scan takes only a couple of minutes it can find problems quickly and save their lives.One problem with x-ray CT is the radiation dose to the patient. A scan of the abdomen gives a dose of 10mSv, which is equivalent to the natural background radiation exposure over 4 years. This is about 100 times more than a standard chest x-ray.Nuclear MedicineNuclear medicine uses radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes ) to image the body. X-ray images show only the structure of the body, so they can be used to see things like broken bones and some tumours. Unlike x-ray images, nuclear medicine can show the function of the body. It follows what happens to certain chemicals so it can be used to see if an organ is doing its job properly. The chemicals, called tracers , are 'labelled' with a radioactive isotope and their path followed through the body.The radioisotopes are produced in generators whereisotopes with long half-lives (e.g. molybdenum-99, half-life 67 hours) decay to isotopes with shorter lives (e.g.technetium-99m, half-life 6 hours). The shorter half-livesare necessary so that the radioactivity of the patientdoes not remain much above its normal background levelfor longer than necessary.The isotope with the shorter half life is drawn out of thegenerator in a solution and can be made into a range ofdifferent drugs (radiopharmaceuticals) that are absorbedby different parts of the body. The radiopharmaceutical isdrawn up into a syringe shielded with lead and its dosechecked before it is injected into the patient.akenThe gamma rays given offby the radioisotope are detected by a gamma-camera (adetector that takes images with gamma rays) which isconnected to a computer and gives an image of where theisotope is in the patient. The image shows where the drugis absorbed.If several pictures are t over a period of time it can also show how quickly theisotope is absorbed.These three images show the build up of a tracer in thekidneys over time. We can tell that the left kidney isblocked, as the tracer hasn’t been able to reach it.PET (Positron Emission Tomography)Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning uses beta+ emitting isotopes.The isotope decays emitting a positron (which is a positive electron, also called a beta+ particle, and is a particle of antimatter). The positron can only travel about 1mm before losing its energy and slowing down. When it slows down enough, it will meet a negativeelectron from a nearby atom, and they will 'annihilate', leaving noparticles. Their energy is converted into two gamma rays whichtravel in opposite directions so that momentum is conserved.A PET scanner has a ring of detectors so that both gamma rays areseen, and is connected to a computer which can work out where thegamma rays came from and produces an image.Not all hospitals have PETscanners as they needlarge, expensive machinescalled cyclotrons nearbyto produce the positron-emitting isotopes. The isotopes have a shorterhalf-life than the gamma emitters used intraditional nuclear medicine (e.g. Carbon-11,which has a half-life of 20.5mins).PET imaging is often used to detect tumours. As cancers are growing quickly they need a large supply of energy, which they get from glucose. A chemicalcalled fluoxyglucose can be labelled with positron emittingfluorine-15, which then collects in the tumour and shows up as abright spot in the PET scan (like in the rib in the picture on theright).Some PET scanners now have a CT scannernext to them so both types of scan can bedone at the same time. This can easily bedone as both types of scanner are shaped.This image is a combined PET/CT image. Theexcellent contrast from the PET scan, inwhich the brain and bladder show up asetail from the CT (shown in bright red, is combined with the anatomical dgrey).RadiotherapyRadiation is not just used for diagnosis, but for treating cancer as well. This is called radiotherapy .Radiotherapy uses the fact that ionising radiation damages cells, and high enough doses can kill them. The cells in cancerous tissue divide very rapidly. This makes them more susceptible to damage by radiation than healthy cells, so there is a higher chance that they will be killed. Even so, care has to be taken to ensure that only the malignant cancer cells, and not the surrounding healthy tissue, receive a high dose.This is done by mounting the system on a ring so itcan rotate around the patient, with the tumour atthe centre of the rotation. In this way the tumourgets a higher dose of radiation than thesurrounding healthy tissue.Originally, radiotherapy machines consisted of acobalt-60 source which emitted gamma rays whichirradiated the tumour. Modern hospitals use linearaccelerators (linacs for short) instead to producevery high energy x-ray beams, with a higher e than the Cobalt-60 gamma rays. In the UK, medical physicists are required by law tocalibrate the linacs to ensure that the best possible treatment is given.nergyEach treatment requires careful planning . This involves deciding which directions toirradiate the tumour from, what dose to give and, in new machines, what shape region toexpose.The size, shape and location of the tumour are worked outusing CT or MRI scans. Isodose curves, which join points thatwill receive the same dose, are drawn onto this CT scan.BrachytherapyIn Brachytherapy (meaning short-distance therapy), radioactive material is inserted into the body, inside or near to the tumour. This means the tumour receives a high dose while the surrounding tissues have a smaller exposure.Here, tiny pellets of radioactive iodine-125 have been implanted intothe prostate gland.These pellets will not be removed, but have a fairly short radioactivehalf-life so that after a while they will become inactive.The Gamma KnifeThe gamma knife is not really a knife, but a way ofperforming brain surgery without cutting through the skin,muscle or skull. It uses 201 radioactive cobalt-60 sourcesto irradiate the brain. Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays and hasa half-life of 5.26 years.The first stage in treatment is to fit a metal frame to theskull, which is done using four screws under localanaesthetic. The rigid frame allows the radiotherapy to beperformed very precisely.Then, the treatment is planned using CT or MRI images, so that the sources are correctly targeted, to irradiate the tumour and avoid healthy tissue, especially sensitive regions around the eye and cochlea.The Cobalt-60 sources are positioned in a hemisphere. The patient’s head, held in the frame, is held inside a helmet with 201 holes to precisely target the radiation. When treatment starts, the patient’s head is moved inside the unit.The gamma knife is used to treat benign and malignant tumours, blood vessel malformations, some pain conditions and some movement and psychiatric disorders. In 2006, there were three in the UK (two in London and one in Sheffield).Radiation ProtectionWhy do we use radiation?The doses of radioactivity used in medicine are small, and the benefit of being able to find out what is wrong with a patient and then treat them often outweighs the increased risk of possibly developing cancer later in life.We all receive a dose of radiation from background sources such as radioactive rocks, radon gas and cosmic rays. This can be between 1.5 and 7.5 mSv per year on average, depending on where you live. Compare this to the dose from a dental x-ray, which is about 0.01 mSv, the equivalant of about 1½ days background radiation.A chest CT scan gives a radiation dose of about 8 mSv, which isabout the same as 3½ years background exposure, but you wouldreceive the same dose from a four hour flight, about the time ittakes to fly to Greece from London, as you are higher up and haveless atmospheric protection from cosmic rays. This dose increasesyour risk of developing cancer by one in 2500, though your riskwithout ever having had an x-ray is already 1 in 3.How can we protect ourselves?There are many ways to reduce the dangers from radiation. The first is only to use it when necessary. Before people realised it was dangerous, shoe shops used to x-ray people’s feet to check that new shoes fitted properly. This no longer happens as the benefit did not justify the risk. However, the benefits of seeing where a bone is broken so it can be safely and properly mended are considered worth the small extra risk.Every x-ray examination has a strict controls about the maximum radiation dose a patient can be given, and the patient can be covered with lead-rubber shield to protect the parts of them not being examined from the radiation. This is especially used to protect reproductive organs so there is less risk of a mutation being passed on.People such as radiographers and nurses who work with radiation every day will leave the room or stand behind a lead shield when a procedure takes place, as the risk of developing problems due to radiation exposure increases with total dose. They also wear film badges which are developed regularly to check the dose they have recieved.Ultrasound Ultrasound imagingUltrasound uses sound waves with frequencies between 1 and 10MHz to look inside the body. These frequencies are too high to be heard by humans. The ultrasound waves, like all waves, can be reflected, refracted or transmitted at boundaries. It is the reflections , or echoes, which are used to produce ultrasound images.A gel is used so the probe makes good contact with the skin. Itsends out pulses of ultrasound, and measures the time taken todetect the echo and the strength of the signal. The time takenindicates how deep in the tissue the ultrasound wave is beingreflected.Ultrasound imaging isparticularly good at detectingcysts, which are pockets of fluid, in the liver, glandsand ovaries and breasts, and can be used to identifygallstones and kidney stones, which are deposits ofminerals. Large blood vessels also show up clearly.Ultrasound is commonly used during pregnancy to checkthe development of the foetus . It can show the size of the foetus which indicates how faralong the pregnancy is, check that the heart is beating and identify problems.It is thought to be safe as it doesn’t use ionising radiation.Computers can now generate 3-D ultrasound images, and 4-D (3-D over time) ultrasound scans can be made into videos for parents.This image is processed to show the skin. This is calledsurface rendering .Doppler UltrasoundThe Doppler effect is the change in the frequency of a sound due to the person listening moving relative to the source of the sound. If you move towards a source (or stand still and it moves towards you) the pitch, or frequency of the sound, increases. Likewise, if you move away from the source, the pitch of the sound decreases and it sounds lower. This can be easily noticed in the pitch of an ambulance siren as it gets closer, passes you and then moves away.The Doppler effect is used in medicine to study blood flow . It can tell you if blood is moving towards or away from the probe.This is a Doppler ultasound probe. It is being used to examine bloodflow in the radial artery , the same one that you would use tomeasure your pulse.There is some gel on the skin to make sure the probe makes a goodcontact so the sound can pass easily into the body.probe gelThis is the Doppler ultrasound signal measured from a healthyartery. When the heart beats it pushes blood at a velocity ofover 100cm/s away from the probe.The information can be colour coded and combined withconventional ultrasound images, which is particularly usefulin diagnosing blockages in blood vessels.This combined image shows the blood is all flowing in thesame direction. This indicates that the blood vessel ishealthy .In this image some blood is moving away from the probe andsome blood towards it. This is turbulent flow , like rapids in a river, and is caused by a blockage in the blood vessel.Optical methodsEndoscopyEndoscopy is a way of looking inside the human bodythrough a narrow, flexible scope. It is mostly used todiagnose problems in the oesophagus, stomach andintestines, including ulcers, bleeding and tumours. Ifsomething suspicious is seen, a biopsy(a small sample oftissue) can be taken and examined later by a pathologistto see what it is. Typically optical fibres are used totransfer light to the end of the endoscope and aminiature video camera records the image.They alsohave a biopsy channel (along which tissue can be takenor other surgical instruments can be passed) and waterpipe for washing the field of view clear.Laparoscopy is an extension of this technique where thescope is used to look inside the abdomen and pelvisthrough a small cut, or incision.In endscopic surgery, commonly known as keyhole surgery, the endoscope is passed through an incision into the patient and the surgeon, who uses knives or lasers also passed though the scope, watches what he is doing on a video screen. Keyhole surgery can be used to treat hernias and remove tumours and is often used on sportstars' injuries as the recovery time is faster than in normal open surgery.Endoscopes for remote robotic surgery are currently being tested. In 2001, doctors in New York removed the gall bladder of a woman in France using an endoscope remotely. Endoscopic pills which include a camera and transmitter are currently being developed. This would allow the whole digestive tract to be examined painlessly.Pulse OximetryOxygenated and deoxygenated blood are slightly different colours and so absorb different frequencies of light differently. By looking at the absorption of two different frequencies of light, we can distinguish between blood carrying oxygen and blood not carrying oxygen.This principle is the basis of one of the most commonlyused instruments for monitoring the body - the pulseoximeter. A pulse oximeter clips onto a finger (or ababy's foot) and has inside it one red light source, onenear-infrared light source and a detector. As theblood pulses, more blood enters the finger and theamount of light detected decreases. However, thedecrease in the amount of red light differs from thedecrease in the amount of near-infrared light. The sizeof this difference depends on the amount of oxygen inthe blood. At the same time, the blood moves through the finger in pulses, allowing the heart rate to be measured.The pulse oximeter is often used to monitor the well being of patients in intensive care and anaesthetised patient.Laser SurgeryLasers produce light that has only one wavelength, rather than a range of wavelengths like most other light sources. They are very useful in surgery as they can be focussed to a small point, enabling them to vaporise, seal or cut tissue.Eye surgeryLaser eye surgery can be used to correct long or short sight, and astigmatism (distorted vision). A surgeon cuts a thin layer of the cornea off to create a flap. A laser is then used to cut and reshape the cornea behind the flap. The flap is then closed and grows back naturally.Hair removalWhen laser light is shone onto the surface of the skin it is absorbed by melanin, the pigment that gives hair and skin their colour, and is converted into heat. If enough energy is absorbed, the part of the hair follicle that causes hair growth is destroyed, and the hair cannot grow back.As the skin contains melanin as well, it also heats up and can be damaged.Two things allow laser hair removal to be done safely:1)the hair follicle contains more melanin than the skin2)the surface area of skin is larger so it cools down faster than the hair follicleLaser hair removal therefore works best on people with pale skin and dark hair. A tan is caused by extra melanin being produced, so you should wait for a tan to fade before having laser treatment.Mole RemovalMole removal works in a similar way to hair removal.laser light and is broken up. It is then carried away bythe body and when the skin heals its colour is the sameas the surrounding skin.Port Wine StainsBlood vessels can widen (dilate) to allow more bloodthrough, so when you exercise and your body needs toget rid of heat, the blood vessels in your skin dilate andyou look red.A port wine stain is an area of red or purple skin. Theyare caused by blood vessels always being dilated, so theskin always looks red as it permanently contains a lot of blood. About 3 in 1000 babies are born with a port wine stain.Lasers can be used to destroy the tiny, dilated blood vessels, without harming the surrounding skin. Treatment works better on children than on adults.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) MRI is a way of looking inside the body and is especially good at producing images of soft tissues such as muscle, fat, cartilage and the brain. It does this by producing a map which depends on the density of hydrogen in the body.MRI uses a very strong superconducting magnet with a magnetic field strength of around 40 000 times that of the Earth. The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is a single proton, and is like a little bar magnet.When a person is lying in the magnetic field of the MRI scanner the nuclei of the hydrogenatoms in their body line up, like compassneedles in the Earth's magnetic field, eitherpointing in the direction of the field or opposite to it.Magnetic FieldThe hydrogen nuclei (protons)don’t stay still though, butmove like a spinning top aroundthe direction of the magneticfield.A radiofrequency field , an alternatingmagnetic field that has the same frequency asradio waves, is then applied. This flips some ofthe protons round and makes them all moveround together. This produces a changingmagnetic field at right angles to the largemagnetic field, which can induce a voltage in acoil of wire. This signal can be used to produce an image which, which depends on thenumber of protons and how tightly they are held by surrounding molecules.A third magnetic field has a gradient so it is stronger at one end than the other. This allows the scanner to select a slice of the body to look at, by selecting the required field strength. The gradient fields change rapidly and make the scanner very noisy.MRI is used for diagnosing many problems. It can be used toidentify tumours, diagnose multiple sclerosis (MS) and is oftenused on sportspeople to see problems with ligaments insidejoints like the knee and ankle. It can also be used to show theanatomy of the brain and how it works.MRI scan of a knee, courtesyof GE healthcare Ltd.MRI doesn't use radiation, and magnetic fields are thought to besafe. However, MRI scanners are very big and expensive. Also,because of the strong magnetic fields, all metal objects have to bekept out of the room or they would get pulled into the scanner.People with pacemakers or other implanted devices can't have MRIscans as the magnetic field would stop them working. An MRI scancan take up to 20 minutes to complete and you have to be still thewhole time as any movement would blur the image. The changingmagnetic fields also produce a lot of noise, which can be scary,and as you are inside the scanner during the scan, people withclaustrophobia can find the processupsetting.MRI produces images that are 2-D slices through the body andthey have excellent spatial resolution (i.e. you can see verysmall details in the images), making it an important tool fordoctors.ECG (Electrocardiogram)If a patient complains of chest pains or shortness of breath it is important to check that their heart is working properly. The heart is a muscle made up of four chambers which contract to push blood and around the body. The messages that tell the muscle to contract are electrical signals, and by measuring these signals we can see if there is anything wrong with the heart. This is done using an ECG.To take an ECG, three electrodes are placed on the surface of the skin: one on the right arm, one on the left arm, and one on the left leg. These contacts are connected to a machine called an electrocardiograph. This draws lines on graph paper showing the electric potential between each electrode over time.Each voltage spike is due to an electrical signal in the heart and is represented by a letter. A healthy heart should give a trace that looks something like this.Changes to this pattern could indicate a problem such as missed beats, no P-wave (the atria not contracting) or very high spikes (the ventricles working too hard due to high blood pressure).。
生物医学工程专业英语 Unit02[73页]
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Bioinformatics represents a new field at the interface of the ongoing revolutions in molecular biology and computers. Bioinformatics is defined as the use of computer databases and computer algorithms to analyze proteins, genes, and the complete collection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that comprises an organism (the genome).
bioinformatics
n. 生物信息学
molecular biology 分子生物学
computer algorithm 计算机算法
genome
n. 基因组
computer database 计算机数据库
deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
Text: Genomics and Bioinformatics
序列数据
structural data
biochemical pathway 生化途径
disease process
genome-sequencing projects
基因组测序计划
结构化数据 疾病过程
Text: Genomics and Bioinformatics
While the discipline of bioinformatics focuses on the analysis of molecular sequences, genomics and functional genomics are two closely related disciplines. The goal of genomics is to determine and analyze the complete DNA sequence of an organism, that is, its genome. The DNA encoding genes can be expressed as ribonucleic acid (RNA) transcripts and then, in many cases, further translated into protein.
生物工程生物专业技术专业英语课文翻译完整版
第一章导论1．1 生物工程的特征生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域，它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业、服务业和环境管理等方面的应用。
生物技术利用病毒、酵母、真菌、藻类、植物细胞或者哺乳动物培养细胞作为工业化处理的组成部分。
只有将微生物学、生物化学、遗传学、分子生物学、化学和化学工程等多种学科和技术结合起来，生物工程的应用才能获得成功。
生物工程过程一般包括细胞或菌体的生产和实现所期望的化学改造。
后者进一步分为：（a）终产物的构建（例如,酶，抗生素、有机酸、甾类)；（b）初始原料的降解（例如,污水处理、工业垃圾的降解或者石油泄漏)。
生物工程过程中的反应可能是分解代谢反应,其中复合物被分解为简单物质(葡萄糖分解代谢为乙醇)，又或者可能是合成代谢反应或生物合成过程,经过这样的方式,简单分子被组建为较复杂的物质(抗生素的合成)。
分解代谢反应常常是放能反应过程，相反的，合成代谢反应为吸能过程。
生物工程包括发酵工程(范围从啤酒、葡萄酒到面包、奶酪、抗生素和疫苗的生产），水与废品的处理、某些食品生产以及从生物治疗到从低级矿石种进行金属回收这些新增领域。
正是由于生物工程技术的应用多样性，它对工业生产有着重要的影响，而且,从理论上而言，几乎所有的生物材料都可以通过生物技术的方法进行生产。
据预测,到200０年,生物技术产品未来市场潜力近６50亿美元。
但也应理解,还会有很多重要的新的生物产品仍将以化学方法,按现有的生物分子模型进行合成，例如，以干扰为基础的新药。
因此,生命科学与化学之间的联系以及其与生物工程之间的关系更应阐释。
生物工程所采用的大部分技术相对于传统工业生产更经济，耗能低且更加安全,而且，对于大部分处理过程，其生产废料是经过生物降解的,无毒害。
从长远角度来看，生物工程为解决世界性难题提供了一种方法,尤其是那些有关于医学、食品生产、污染控制和新能源开发方面的问题。
１.2 生物工程的发展历史与一般所理解的生物工程是一门新学科不同的是，而是认为在现实中可以探寻其发展历史。
生物医学工程专业英语词汇（精选5篇）
生物医学工程专业英语词汇（精选5篇）第一篇：生物医学工程专业英语词汇navigate ['næviɡeit] vt.驾驶，操纵；使通过；航行于high-pitched ['hai'pitʃt]adj.声调高的；声音尖锐的；紧张的；陡的echoesn.回声；共鸣；反响（echo的复数）Submarine n.潜水艇；海底生物sonar ['səunɑ:] n.声纳；声波定位仪（等于asdic）chirp 唧唧声；喳喳声；[通信] 啁啾声divided by 除以element n.元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境detect 探测probe 探针scan 扫描foetus 胎儿rendering.翻译；表现；表演；描写；打底；（建筑物等）透视图atrium 中庭，心房（atria）heart values 心脏瓣膜ventricle 室，心室wave 波wavelength 波长Doppler shift 多普勒频移stationary固定的静止的artery 动脉blood flow 血流，血流量trace 踪迹carotid 颈动脉turbulent 混乱的，骚乱的rapid 急流deposit 在···处储存cavitation 空化physiological 生理的direct correlation 直接相关dyslexia 阅读障碍Reliable data 可靠数据ongoing 前进，不间断的misdiagnosis 误诊echo sounding 回声探测characterize vt.描绘…的特性；具有…的特征submerged 水下的，在水中的diagnostic 诊断法，诊断的gallstones 胆结石breast masses 乳房包块tumors 肿瘤innovations 创新，改革gray scale 灰度，灰阶static 静态的internal organs 内脏spectral 光谱的hand-held 手提式，便携式scanner 扫描仪clinical 临床的，诊断的Sonography 超声波扫描术platform平台superior 优秀的resolution 分辨率clarity 清晰度initially 最初地therapy 治疗法chemotherapy 化学疗法Ultrasonic waves 超声波disruptive破坏的malignant 恶性的，有害的transducer传感器pulse 脉冲Disk Storage 磁盘储存器Piezoelectric Effect 压电效应electric currents 电流crystals 晶体propagate 传播，传送Receipt 接收electrical signals 电信号Insertions 插入obstetrics 产科学gynecology 妇科学，妇科医学extensively 广阔地non-invasive 非侵入性的，非侵入的pregnancy 怀孕exclude 排除，排异ectopic 异位的molar 磨碎的cardiac pulsation 心脏搏动congenital 先天性的malformations 畸形multiple pregnancies 多胎妊娠placental position 胎位abdomen 下腹gel 胶体uterus ['ju:tərəs] n.[解剖] 子宫beams 光线thin slices 薄片recompose [,ri:kəm'pəuz] vt.改组；重写；重新安排；使恢复镇静intrauterine 子宫内的implantation 移植missed abortion 过期流产gestation age 怀孕年龄gestation [dʒes'teiʃən] n.酝酿；怀孕；妊娠期due date 到期日multiple embryos多重胚胎embryos [‘embriəuz] n.胚胎；晶胚abnormalities 畸形，异样情况Down syndrome 唐氏症Hydrops 积水first trimester早期妊娠chromosomal [‘krəuməsəuməl] adj.染色体的hydrocephalus [,haidrəu‘sefələs] n.[内科] 脑积水anencephaly [æn,ensə'feiliə, ,ænen'sefəli] n.先天无脑畸形sac 囊，液囊visualized 直观的，直视的yolk sac卵黄囊diameter 直径femur ['fi:mə] n.[解剖] 股骨；大腿骨embryo 胚胎polydactyl 多指畸形dysmorphia 畸形clubbing of feet 脚部联合cleft lipn.[口腔] 唇裂；[胚][口腔] 兔唇palate ['pælit] n.味觉；上颚；趣味spina bifida [,spainə'baifid ə,-'bi-] 脊柱裂Transvaginal 经阴道的calculations 计算amplitude 振幅duration 持续Amplification 放大Scan Converter 扫描变换器Vibrate 振动anatomical 解剖的，结构上的conventional 常见的vibrations 振动共鸣amplifier 放大器compensation 补偿sequence 序列，顺序format 格式，版式matrix 矩阵matrix 格式修改storage 存储trackball 轨迹球floppy disk 软磁碟thermal printers 热感性印刷机therapeutic 治疗的blood clots 血栓kidney stones 肾结石Portability 可移植的Veterinary 兽医的Joint 关节mysterious [mi'stiəriəs] adj.神秘的；不可思议的；难解的laureate ['lɔ:riət] adj.戴桂冠的；荣誉的rotating anode 旋转阳极fluoroscopic 荧光静的image intensifier 图像增强器fluoroscopy 荧光镜检查radiography 放射线照相术mammography 乳房x线照相术electromagnetic [i,lektrəumæɡ‘netik] adj.电磁的radiation [reidi'eiʃən] n.辐射；发光；放射物Emitted v.排放（emit的过去分词）；发散charged particles带电粒子photons ['fəu,təns] n.光子；光量.penetrate ['penitreit] vt.洞察;穿透charge [tʃɑ:dʒ] n.费用；电荷；掌管decelerate 减速collision 冲突target 目标，靶子braking radiation 制动辐射bombarding 急袭的，爆炸的vacancy 空缺，空位electron [i'lektrɔn] n.电子material [mə'tiəriəl] adj.重要的；物质的accelerated 加速的Bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射region 地区electromagnetic spectrum 电磁谱elastically [i'læstikli] adv.有弹性地；伸缩自如地Rebounding 弹回Photoelectric 光电的Compton Scattering 康普顿散射Pair Production 电子偶的产生Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射coherent [kəu'hiərənt] adj.连贯的，一致的 dominant ['dɔminənt] adj.显性的；占优势的；支配的，统治的interaction processes 互动过程relevant 有关的cross-sections 横截面Photoelectric absorption光电吸收linear attenuation coefficient线性衰减系数probability of ···的概率Avogadro [avɔ'gadrɔ] n.阿佛加德罗radiation intensity 辐射强度traversing 穿过，通过thickness 厚度molecule 分子Ionisation 电离作用release 释放free radicals 自由基，游离基hydrogen ['haidrədʒən] n.[化学] 氢peroxide [pə'rɔksaid] n.过氧化氢；过氧化物excited molecules 受激分子Barium meal钡餐Flat Panel 扁平面板Formation 形成，构造incident 附带的Subject contrast 受照者对比度Sharpness 清晰度shortened form简称absorption 吸收anatomical structure 解剖结构density 密度contrast medium 放射照影剂kilovoltage 千伏电压filtration 过滤predominate 支配，主宰，在···中占优势Hence 因此，今后Primary beam 初级束流signal to noise ratio 信噪比collimate 校准，瞄准proportion 比例tray 托盘receptor 受体，接收器air gap 气隙oblique 倾斜的geometry 几何学image formation 成像，图像形成Point source 点声源Infinite 无限的finite 有限的Penumbra 半影Focal spot 电子焦点，焦斑Penetration 参透，突破target angle 目标夹角loading capacity 负荷容量gradient 梯度，坡度，倾斜度inherent 固有的，内在的Quantum noise 量子噪声Grainy 粒状的exposure factors曝光系数at this stage 眼下scope 视野Cine电影；电影院Spot 地点，现场spot film 【放射学】缩影片；点片Curtain 幕；窗帘Slotn.位置；狭槽。
生物医学工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
生物医学工程中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照外文翻译文献Biological effects of the Magnetic Stimulation on the T oad Heart Abstract-W e stimulated the exposed toad heart by a low frequency and high energy magnetic. By analyze the data of this experiment, it shows that the pulsating of the weak toad heart would make change after stimulated by magnetic. W eak heartbeat strengthened, the single peak curve would become the two peaks curve with atria wave and ventricle wave after the magnetic stimulation. But the cycling of rhythmic pulsatile curve of toad doesn't change.I. INTRODUTIONAll life forms have magnetism. All kinds of magnetic field would have some effects on the configuration and activities of life forms that whichever environmental magnetic, additional magnetic or inside magnetic of organism. The biologic effects are related to the characteristics and附录Ⅳ英文文献及翻译the intension of the magnetic field, as well as the species and the tissues of the life forms.The experimentation showed that magnetism stimulation in some range would control the growth of rat tumour, whatever they are in or out the body. Much more they can induce the cancer cells dead.30mT magnetic stimulation would increase the content of NO in the liver and the kidney.Magnetic also can improve the activity of some enzyme and promote the regeneration of nerve tissue.Cell would increase, the bones would be concrescence, the scar would be rehabilitate.The bloodrheology and blood cell number both of human and rat would change obviously, DI the blood mucosity would be low.Heart is the most important apparatus of life. It pulsates day and night. Heart once stop pulsating, the life for danger.Numerous scholar pays attention to the role of magnetic field.But they just studied the effects of magnetic stimulation of the heart pacemaker. The experiments about direct effects of stimulate heart by magnetic is very few.The toads are our experiment animals.W e stimulated and noted by the magnetic stimulation equipment and the noted equipment of pulsatile curve made by ourselves. Analyze the results.II. STUFFA.Experiment equipments:①magnetic stimulation equipment; (magnetic intension 8-10T, impulse width 150ms,maximal stimulation frequency 5Hz);②software of noted pulsatile curve (made by ourselves);③cardiomuscular transducer;④Ringer.Sol ;⑤Batrachia instruments; ⑥clip of frog heart; ⑦cotton thread; ?burette.B.Experiment animals: toads.III. METHODA. Destroy the brain and the spinal cord of the toad by stylet:Penetrate into the occipital aperture upright with stylet,destroyed the brain upwards, take back the stylet and destroy the spinal downwards. If the limb of toad were relaxed, it showed that the brain and spinal were destroyed completely.B. Expose the toad heart: Make the toad lying on its back on the winding center. The magnetic aspect is upright through the toad heart.Cut the ventral skin of toad, snip the breastbone,expose the rat heart. Nip the heart tip by clip carefully.Make the cotton thread tied with the clip of frog hear the linked with the cardiomuscular transducer. Do not make the toad heart leave thorax, or it would disturb the experiment results.C.Noted the result:Connect the cardiomuscular transducer with the computer. Take notes the curve of toad heart without giving the stimulate of magnetic fieldD. After three minutes, noted the weak pulsatile curve.E . Make the magnetic intension 10T, electricize 10s.Stimulate the toad heart and record the pulsatile curve.IV. RESUL TSThe abscissa of cardiac rhythmic pulsatile curve is time, the ordinate is constriction power. Take notes for the pulsatile curve of toad heart that exposed just.W e can know the rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is 1.5s from fig 1 which show the cardiac rhythmic pulsatile curve of the toad which was exposed the heart just now. There are two waves in each cycle, one is atria wave, the other is ventricle wave. The atria wave is 0.5s and the ventricle wave is 1.0s. The constriction power of atria is less than that of ventricle. The amplitude of constriction power of ventricle is the 2 times of the atria.Fig. 4.1. It is rhythmic pulsatile curve of the toad without magnetic stimulation.The constriction power of toad heart would become weakerafter the toad heart was exposed for a while. At the same time,atrium wave and ventricle wave can not be already distinguished. Heart contracting amplitude were reduced obviously, do not go to the half of original atrium wave. The rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is still 1.5s.Fig. 4.2. It is the weak pulsatile curve of toad without magnetic stimulation.But we can distinguish the atria wave and the ventricle wave again after giving the toad heart a magnetic stimulation on following picture. And the amplitude of ventricle waves is more than that of the single wave. The rhythmic pulsatile cycle of the toad heart is still 1.5s.There were six toads as experiment animal in our experiment.After exposing heart a time, the rhythmic pulsatile curve all became single peak curve. Stimulate them when the single amplitudewas 0.95. Noted the data and analyze them.Following is the pulsatile curve of the six toads recorded which were stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.3. It is the pulsatile curve of the fist toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.4. It is the pulsatile curve of the second toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.5. It is the pulsatile curve of the third toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.6. It is the pulsatile curve of the fourth toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.7. It is the pulsatile curve of the fifth toad which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 4.8. It is the pulsatile curve of the six toads which heart was stimulated by magnetic field.V. COMPARISIIONRecord ventricle wave amplitude and atrium wave amplitude of the six toads after magnetic stimulation.T able. 5.1. From "T oad1"to "T oad6" expressed the six toadswhich was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad0" expressed the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic field. "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.amplitudes of atria wave amplitudes of ventricle wave T oad0 2.275 2.34T oad1 1.140 1.170T oad2 1.120 1.129T oad3 1.165 1.18T oad4 1.120 1.128T oad5 1.214 1.230T oad6 1.151 1.169T oad7 0.95 Express the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic with"T oad 0", and express the toad which pulsate weakly with"T oad 7". Make histogram to contrast by these data. The first histogram was made by the data of the pulsatile amplitudes of when toad was not gets stimulate and pulsate weakly, as well as the pulsatile amplitude of the fist stimulated toad. After magnetic stimulation, amplitudes of atria wave and ventricle wave were higher than single wave of weak heart. But it is more low than the amplitudes of heart when just exposes obviously.Fig. 5.1. The histogram was make by the amplitudes of the toad exposed heart justly and the toad which stimulated by magnetic field, the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad 0" expressed the toad which was not stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad 1" expressed the fist toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Make histogram respectively with the data of amplitude of each toad stimulated by magnetic field and the amplitude of single wave. Make histogram with the data of amplitudes of six toads stimulated by magnetic field, and compare them.Fig. 5.2. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the first toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The"T oad 1" expressed the fist toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The"T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.3. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the second toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly The "T oad2" expressed the second toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.4. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the third toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The"T oad 3" expressed the third toad which was stimulated by magnetic field. The"T oad 7" expressedthe toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.5. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the fourth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad 4" expressed the fourth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field.The "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.6. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the fifth toad which was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly. The "T oad5" expressed the fifth toadwhich was stimulated by magnetic field. The "T oad7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.7. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which puls,"T oad 6" expressed the sixth toad which was stimulated by ma "T oad 7" expressed the toad which pulsated weakly.Fig. 5.8. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field.Fig. 5.9. The histogram was made by the amplitudes of the was stimulated by magnetic field and the toad which pulsate weakly.There is discrepancy between the pulsatile a each toad which stimulated by magnetic field. This is dividual discrepancy, it is related with the strong of the experiment animals. But if compared these pulsatile amplitudes of toads which stimulated by magnetic field with amplitude of the toad which pulsated weakly at the same time of discrepancy is very not obvious.VI. CONCLUSIONSThere are a P wave and a QRS wan pare the pulsatile curve with the electrocardiogram to we can discover that the P wave that express atrium constriction is earlier than atria wave.the ORS wave that express ventricle constriction is earlier than ventricle constriction is earlier than ventricle wave. Heart constriction connected closely with the change of biological electricity of cardiac muscle. Before heart contracts,must occur on muscle cell membrane a movement potential that can be conducted, passthrough then excited-contract unite can just arouse muscle cell contract to respond. The P wave and QRS wave of electrocardiogram reflect atrium and ventricle respectively with the electrical change in polarization course. Atrium wave and ventricle wave reflect atrium and ventricle respectively the mechanical campaign. Mechanical campaign is only initiated from electrical campaign. So P wave is earlier than atrium wave, QRS wave are earlier than ventricle sixth toad which wave.When the pulsatile rhythmically of heart stopped or in disorder.the electric attack would be helpful on clinic data. The magnetism stimulation may have the same effects as the electric stimulation based on electromagnetism.The pulsatile curve of toad which just exposed heart can divide into atrium wave and ventricle wave. After a time, heart is weak gradually, right now, heart contracts intensity weakens obviously. Atrium wave can not already distinguish with ventricle wave on the curves of toad weak pulsatilecurve Original two summit curves change to single summit curve,and contract range reduces obviously. Do not go to the half of original atrium wave. But heart pulsatile period still ask 1 second. Stimulate toad heart, the direction of magnetic field vertical cross toad heart center from the back to belly. T ake T oad 6 notes at once, the pulsatile curve of toad recovery became original two summit curves. And the amplitude of ventricle six toads which wave worth than single wave is in height of.T ested result proves that the magnetic stimulation of high energy can promote toad heart strength obviously, but for the pulsatile curve period does not be acted on obviously. Can make the curve of pulsatile curve already can not be districted the atrium wave and ventricle of the weak heart recovery that atrium constrictionwith ventricle constriction alternately.The cell of cardiac muscle has special electrical physiology.Electrical stimulate can affect the electrical physiology moving of heart obviously. Magnetic field and electric field have the characteristic that changes mutually. The role of extra magnetic field can also arouse the ion current in the organism toad 7 cell of cardiac muscle to occur change. Therefore, it changes the electrical physiological campaign of the cell of cardiac muscle, change heart contract condition.Compared with direct electrical stimulation, the magnetic stimulation has a lot of advantages. It shows by clinical information, eliminate the heart shake of human body with current (go through chest wall) to need the energy of 150-350 J probably, directly eliminate heart shake to need the energy of 16-24 J probably. Specific size and the current distribution of electrode have relevant uniformity. The magnetism of biological organization is even basically, magnetic field reaches the deeply layer organization of organism very easily on toad through skin and skeleton. The magnetic stimulation does not have wound. The resistance rate of skin and skeleton is great.Induction current and organization resistance become inverse ratio. There is a small current passes through organism when was stimulated by magnetic field, so person does not have uncomfortable feeling. The body and coil are not contacted in the magnetic stimulation therefore we can stimulate directly without doing any handling for skin in advanced, will not arouse pain.And the body does not have electricity connect with environment, so have very good safety.Just start for the study of biological effects of the magnetic stimulation on life-form.Quantification of the effects of the magnetic stimulation of pulsatile curve still needs to be studyfurtherACKNOWLEDGMENTThis paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinese (No. 59977024)REFERENCES[1] A.B. Smith, C.D. Jones, and E.F. Roberts, "Article Title", Journal,Publisher, Location, Date,pp. 1-10.。
生物医学工程专业英语
生物医学工程专业英语
生物医学工程专业英语
• 2.4 • 论文摘要的写作首先要学会模仿，然后是要 遵循规定。可以根据自己的情况，采用翻译 式的写法，即先写好中文摘要，然后翻译成 英文摘要，这是初学者常采用的方法。 • 2.4.1 • 2.4.2 • 2.4.3 《Science》 • 2.4.4 《Nature》 • 2.5 写作摘要的10
生物医学工程专业英语
• 4.5 专业论文的检索与三大检索——SCI、 EI、ISTP • 三大检索——SCI、EI、ISTP的全称分别如
• SCI——Science Citation Index《科学引文 索引》 • EI——Engineering Index《工程索引》 • ISTP——Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings《科技会议录索引》 • 4.5.1 科学引文索引SCI
生物医学工程专业英语
图1.1 IEEE-BMES Information Page-Field of Interest
生物医学工程专业英语
• 1.2 • 在国家自然科学基金委员会NSFC的分类管 理中，生物医学工程属生命科学部四处管理， 生命科学四处的资助范围包括：神经科学 （神经生物学、神经病学和精神病学）、心 理学、生物医学工程学、医学影像学和放射 医学。 • 1.3 • 1.3.1 • 1.3.2
生物医学工程专业英语
生物医学工程专业英语
• 不同的刊物，对论文的结构有不同的要求。 这里以介绍生物医学工程专业期刊的论文结 构为主，适当介绍其他期刊，特别是综合科 技期刊的论文结构。 • 4.2.1 IEEE-EMBS • IEEE-EMBS的出版物（publications）分为 图书和专业期刊。 • 4.2.2 刊物名称和编辑部联系方式 • 刊物名称和编辑部联系方式如表4.1
生物医学工程专业英语
生物医学工程专业英语Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering (1)Lesson 1 A History of Biomedical Engineering (1)Lesson 2 What is a Biomedical Engineer? (7)Unit 2 Biomedical Instrumentation (15)Lesson 3 Basic Instrumentation Systems (15)Lesson 4 The Electrocardiogram (ECG) (26)Lesson 5 Measuring the Blood Pressure (31)Lesson 6 Heart Pacemaker (35)Unit 3 Medical Imaging (38)Lesson 7 An Introduction (38)Lesson 8 Basic Knowledge on X-rays in Medical Radiology (42)Part 1 X-RAYS (42)Part 2 The production of X-rays: X-ray spectra (46)Part 3 The interaction of X-rays with matters (52)Lesson 9 CT Scan (56)Lesson 10 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (60)Lesson 11 Ultrasonic Sensor (64)Lesson 12 Positron Emission Tomography (69)Unit 4 Hospital Management (76)Lesson 13 Hospital Information Systems (76)Lesson 14 Picture archiving and communication system (87)Unit 5 Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering (93)Lesson 15 Biomaterial (93)Lesson 16 Tissue Engineering (97)Unit 6 Rehabilitation Engineering and Biomechanics (110)Lesson 17 Rehabilitation (110)Lesson 18 Assistive Technology (114)Lesson 19 Biomechanics (122)Unit 1 Biomedical EngineeringLesson 1 A History of Biomedical EngineeringIn its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. In 2000, German archeologists uncover a 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to its foot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene Laennec from placing his ear next to a young woman’s bare chest, so he rolled up a newspaper and listened through it, triggering the idea for his invention that led to today’s ubiquitous stethoscope.No matter what the date, biomedical engineering has provided advances in medical technology to improve human health. Biomedical engineering achievements range from early devices, such as crutches, platform shoes, wooden teeth, and the ever-changing cache of instruments in a doctor’s black bag, to more modern marvels, including pacemakers, the heart-lung machine, dialysis machines, diagnostic equipment, imaging technologies of every kind, and artificial organs, implants and advanced prosthetics. The National Academy of Engineering estimates that there are currently about 32,000 bioengineers working in various areas of health technology.As an academic endeavor, the roots of biomedical engineering reach back to early developments in electrophysiology, which originated about 200 years ago. An early landmark in electrophysiology occurred in 1848 when DuBois Reymond published the widely recognized Ueber die tierische Elektrizitaet. Raymond’s contemporary, Hermann von Helmholtz, is credited with applying engineering principles to a problem in physiology and identifying the resistance of muscle and nervous tissues to direct current.In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered that a cathode-ray tube could make a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glow, even when the tube and the paper were in separate rooms. Roentgen decided the tube must be emitting some kind of penetrating rays, which he called “X”rays for unknown. This set off a flurry of research into the tissue-penetrating and tissue-destroying properties of X-rays, a line of research that ultimately produced the modern array of medical imaging technologies and virtually eliminated the need for exploratory surgery.Biomedical engineering’s unique mix of engineering, medicine and science emergedalongside biophysics and medical physics early this century. At the outset, the three were virtually indistinguishable and none had formal training programs.Between World War I and World War II a number of laboratories undertook research in biophysics and biomedical engineering. Only one offered formal training: the Oswalt Institute for Physics in Medicine, established in 1921 in Frankfurt, Germany, forerunner of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics.The Institute’s founder, Friedrich Dessauer, pioneered research into the biological effects of ionizing radiation. The Oswalt Institute and the University in Frankfurt soon established formal ties that led to a Ph.D. program in biophysics by 1940. Research topics included the effects of X-rays on tissues and the electrical properties of tissues. The staff of 20 included university lecturers, research fellows, assistants and technicians.Following the Second World War, administrative committees began forming around the combined areas of engineering, medicine and biology. A biophysical society was formed in Germany in 1943. Five years later, the first conference of engineering in medicine and biology convened in the United States, under the auspices of the Institute of Radio Engineers (forerunner of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), the American Institute for Electrical Engineering, and the Instrument Society of America. It was a small meeting. About 20 papers were delivered to an audience of fewer than 100. The first 10 annual conferences paid most of their attention to ionizing radiation and its implications. As conference topics broadened, so did attendance. The topic of the 1958 conference, Computers in Medicine and Biology, drew 70 papers and more than 300 attendees. By 1961, conference attendance swelled to nearly 3,000.The 1951 IRE convention generated enough interest in medical electronics that the IRE formed a Professional Group on Medical Electronics. An early action of this group was to collaborate on the Annual Conference on Electronic Instrumentation and Nucleonics in Medicine, which the AIEE[1]began about 1948. In 1954, the AIEE, the IRE and the ISA formed the Joint Executive Committee on Medicine and Biology, which began organizing the annual conferences.In 1963, the AIEE and the IRE merged to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Contributing forces for the merger were the members of the AIEE and IRE technical committees for biomedical engineering. Most members favored it and had been collaborating with their counterparts in the other society for years.At the merger it was decided to carry over to the IRE system of Professional Groups. The IRE Professional Group on Medical Electronics became the IEEE Professional Group onBio-Medical Engineering (PGBME), the name change reflecting the fact that many members, particularly former AIEE members, were concerned with non-electronic topics.Also in the early 1960s the NIH[2]took three significant steps to support biomedical engineering. First, it created a program-project committee under the General Medical Sciences Institute to evaluate program-project applications, many of which served biophysics and biomedical engineering. Then it set up a biomedical engineering training study section to evaluate training-grant applications, and it established two biophysics study sections. A special “floating”study section processed applications in bioacoustics and biomedical engineering. Many applications did not make it to the biomedical engineering study section and ended up in radiology, physiology or other panels.The diversity of work in biomedical engineering and the diversity of background of the people contributing to this field made it difficult for a single organization to represent everyone[3]. In the 1960s there were efforts by some leaders of the PGBME, which became the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, to achieve greater autonomy within the IEEE in order to accommodate a more diverse membership. Because there were quite a few professional groups, several umbrella organizations were established to facilitate cooperation. In the late 1960s the Alliance for Engineering in Medicine and Biology was formed. In 1968, the Biomedical Engineering Society was formed to give "equal status to representatives of both biomedical and engineering interests and promote the increase of biomedical engineering knowledge and its utilization". Initially, the membership of the society consisted of 171 founding members and 89 charter members. Membership now numbers nearly 1,200 professional biomedical engineers, with another 1,600 student members.The society awarded the Alza Distinguished Lectureship from 1971 to 1993 to encourage the theory and practice of biomedical engineering. The BMES Distinguished Lectureship Award was founded in 1991 to recognize outstanding achievements in biomedical engineering. Other honors include a young investigator award, the BMES Distinguished Service Award, and the Presidential Award, established in 1999 to enable BMES presidents to recognize extraordinary leadership within the society.In addition to the professional societies, the field of biomedical engineering received a large ally when The Whitaker Foundation was created in 1975, upon the death of U.A. Whitaker. As an engineer and philanthropist, Whitaker recognized that major contributions to improving human health would come from the merging of medicine and engineering. Since its inception, the foundation has primarily supported interdisciplinary medical research andeducation, with the principal focus being on biomedical engineering. The foundation has become the nation’s largest private benefactor of biomedical engineering. By 2002, it had contributed more than $615 million to universities and medical schools to support faculty research, graduate students, program development, and construction of facilities.In 1990 the National Science Foundation and The Whitaker Foundation observed that in spite of the numerous academic programs calling themselves "bioengineering" or "biomedical engineering", there was no structure for this widely diversified field. Because many advances in biomedical engineering were generated through the collaboration of engineers and clinical scientists in a number of different fields, the evolution of biomedical engineering as a profession in the 1970s and 1980s was characterized by the emergence of separate professional societies with a focus on applications within their own field.As a step toward unification, the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering was created in 1992. AIMBE was born from the realization that an umbrella organization was needed to address the issues of public policy and public and professional education that comprise these engineering sciences. Ten societies saw the virtue of this approach and formed the original members of AIMBE. Today, its 17 society members work to "establish a clear and comprehensive identity for the field of medical and biological engineering, and improve intersociety relations and cooperation within the field of medical and biological engineering".The earliest academic programs began to take shape in the 1950s. Their establishment was aided by Sam Talbot of Johns Hopkins University, who petitioned the National Institutes of Health for funding to support a group discussion of approaches to teaching biomedical engineering. Ultimately three universities were represented in these discussions: The Johns Hopkins University, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Rochester. These three institutions, along with Drexel University, were among the first to win important training grants for biomedical engineering from the National Institutes of Health.In 1973, discussions started about broadening the base of Pennsylvania’s graduate Department of Biomedical Electronic Engineering by including other activities and adopting and undergraduate curriculum. Its present graduate program is an extension of the earlier one.During the late 1960s and early 1970s, development at other institutions followed similar paths, but occurred more rapidly in most cases due to the growing opportunities of the field and in response to the important NIH initiative to support the development of the field. The earlier institutions were soon followed by a second generation of biomedical engineering programs and departments. These included: Boston University in 1966; Case WesternReserve University in 1968; Northwestern University in 1969; Carnegie Mellon, Duke University, Renssselaer and a joint program between Harvard and MIT[4] in 1970; Ohio State University and University of Texas, Austin, in 1971; Louisiana Tech, Texas A&M and the Milwaukee School of Engineering in 1972; and the University of Illinois, Chicago in 1973.The number of departments and programs continued to rise slowly but steadily in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1992, The Whitaker Foundation initiated large grant programs designed to help institutions establish or develop biomedical engineering departments or programs. Since then, the numbers of departments and programs have risen to more than 90. Some of the largest and most prominent engineering institutions in the country, such as the Georgia Institute of Technology, have established programs and emerged as leaders in the field. Many other new and existing programs have benefited from the foundation’s support.A major development took place in late 2000 when President Clinton signed a bill creating the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering at the NIH. According to NIBIB’s website, its mission is to "improve health by promoting fundamental discoveries, design and development, and translation and assessment of technological capabilities". The Institute coordinates with biomedical imaging and bioengineering programs of other agencies and NIH institutes to support imaging and engineering research with potential medical applications and facilitates the transfer of such technologies to medical applications.The newest of the NIH institutes, NIBIB spent much of 2001 building program and administrative staff, preparing a budget request, setting up office space, determining funding and grant identification codes and procedures, and identifying program (research, training, and communication) focus areas and opportunities. NIBIB assumed administration of the NIH's Bioengineering Consortium (BECON) in September 2001, and awarded its first research grant in April 2002.New Words and Expressionsmummy [ ] n. 木乃伊Thebes [ ] n. [史]底比斯(古希腊的主要城邦)ubiquitous [ ] adj. 到处存在的, (同时)普遍存在的prosthesis [ ] n. 弥补stethoscope [ ] n. 听诊器dialysis [ ] n.[化] 透析, 分离electrophysiology [ ] n. [物]电生理学barium [ ] n. 钡platinocyanide [ ] n. [化]铂氰化物,氰亚铂酸盐ionizing radiation 电离放射线cathode-ray 阴极射线instrumentation [ ] n. 使用仪器nucleonics [ ] n. [核]核子学, 原子核物理学bioacoustics [ ] n. [生]生物声学radiology [ ] n. X光线学, 放射线学, 放射医学, X光线科philanthropist [ ] n. 慈善家interdisciplinary [ ] adj. 各学科间的clinical [ ] adj. 临床的, 病房用的Notes[1]AIEE美国电机工程学会[2]NIH美国全国卫生研究所[3]生物医学工程领域工作的多样性以及工作在该领域人们的背景差异使得很难用单一的组织来代表每一个人。
生物医学工程专业外文文献翻译
生物医学工程专业外文文献翻译
引言
本文对生物医学工程领域的外文文献进行了翻译，旨在介绍该
领域的最新研究进展和技术应用。
文献一：生物医学传感器的发展趋势
这篇文献探讨了生物医学传感器在医学领域中的应用，并展望
了其未来的发展趋势。
生物医学传感器具有实时监测生理参数、提
供个性化医疗服务和远程医疗监护等优势。
未来发展方向包括材料
创新、信号处理技术和无线通信等方面。
文献二：生物医学影像技术的应用
本文介绍了生物医学影像技术在诊断、治疗和疾病预防方面的
应用。
生物医学影像技术包括X射线、CT、MRI等多种成像技术，能够提供准确的疾病诊断和治疗监测。
当前的研究重点是提高成像
分辨率、减少辐射剂量以及开发新的成像技术和算法。
文献三：生物医学工程在假肢设计中的应用
这篇文献探讨了生物医学工程在假肢设计方面的应用。
生物医
学工程技术可以提供个性化的假肢设计解决方案，使假肢更加舒适、适应性更强，并提高使用者的生活质量。
目前的研究重点包括材料
的选择、运动控制技术和传感器应用等方面。
结论
生物医学工程领域的外文文献介绍了生物医学传感器、生物医
学影像技术和假肢设计等方面的最新研究进展和应用。
未来的发展
方向包括技术创新、材料研发和信号处理等方面，将会进一步推动
生物医学工程在医学领域的应用和发展。
生物医学工程专业英语写作
Request for Abstract
Request for content: The abstract should generalize
what points are covered in your research, such as objective (why you did this research ), method (how did this research), results (what results your research got), conclusion (what your research discovered and its meaning).
Purpose: The combination of quickly rotating C-arm gantry with digital flat panel has enabled the acquisition of three-dimensional data (3D) in the interventional suite. However, image quality is still somewhat limited since the hardware has not been optimized for CT imaging. Adaptive anisotropic filtering has the ability to improve image quality by reducing the noise level and therewith the radiation dose without introducing noticeable blurring. By applying the filtering prior to 3D reconstruction, noise-induced streak artifacts are reduced as compared to processing in the image domain. Methods: 3D anisotropic adaptive filtering was used to process an ensemble of 2D x-ray views acquired along a circular trajectory around an object. After arranging the input data into a 3D space (2D projections + angle), the orientation of structures was estimated using a set of differently oriented filters. The resulting tensor representation of local orientation was utilized to control the anisotropic filtering. Low-pass filtering is applied only along structures to maintain high spatial frequency components perpendicular to these. The evaluation of the proposed algorithm includes numerical simulations, phantom experiments, and in-vivo data which were acquired using an AXIOM Artis dTA C-arm system (Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Forchheim, Germany). Spatial resolution and noise levels were compared with and without adaptive filtering. A human observer study was carried out to evaluate low-contrast detectability. Results: The adaptive anisotropic filtering algorithm was found to significantly improve low-contrast detectability by reducing the noise level by half (reduction of the standard deviation in certain areas from 74 to 30 HU). Virtually no degradation of high contrast spatial resolution was observed in the modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis. Although the algorithm is computationally intensive, hardware acceleration using Nvidia’s CUDA Interface provided an 8.9-fold speed-up of the processing (from 1336 to 150 s). Conclusions: Adaptive anisotropic filtering has the potential to substantially improve image quality and/or reduce the radiation dose required for obtaining 3D image data using cone Abstract
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生物医学工程专业英语及其翻译1 Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering Lesson 1A History of Biomedical EngineeringIn its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. In 2000, German archeologists uncover a 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to its foot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene Laennec from placing his ear next to a young woman’s bare chest, sohe rolled up a newspaper and listened through it, triggering the idea for his invention that led to today’s ubiquitous stethoscope.广义上来说,生物医学工程与我们已经几个世纪以来,甚至数千年。
2000年,德国考古学家发现一个3000岁高龄的木乃伊从底比斯木制假肢与作为大脚趾的脚。
研究人员说,穿底部表面上表明它可能是最古老的下肢义肢。
埃及人也用空心的芦苇外观和听人类解剖学的内部行为。
1816年,谦虚阻止法国医生雷奈克把他的耳朵旁边一个年轻女人的裸胸,所以他卷起报纸和听它,引发他的发明的想法,导致今天无处不在的听诊器。
No matter what the date, biomedical engineering has provided advances in medical technology to improve human health. Biomedical engineering achievements range from early devices, such as crutches, platform shoes, wooden teeth, and the ever-changing cache of instruments in a doctor’s black bag, to more modern marvels,including pacemakers, the heart-lung machine, dialysis machines, diagnostic equipment, imaging technologies of every kind, and artificial organs, implants and advanced prosthetics. The National Academy of Engineering estimates that there are currently about 32,000 bioengineers working in various areas of health technology. 无论什么日期,生物医学工程提供了先进的医疗技术来改善人类健康。
生物医学工程成就范围从早期设备,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齿,和不断变化的缓存工具在医生的黑包,更现代的奇迹,包括心脏起搏器、人工心肺机,透析机器,诊断设备,各种成像技术,和人造器官,移植和先进的假肢。
美国国家工程学院的估计,目前大约有32000生物各领域工作的卫生技术。
As an academic endeavor, the roots of biomedical engineering reach back to early developments in electrophysiology, which originated about 200 years ago. An early landmark in electrophysiology occurred in 1848 when DuBois Reymond published the widely recognized Ueber die tierische Elektrizitaet. Raymond’s contemporary,Hermann von Helmholtz, is credited with applying engineering principles to a problem in physiology and dentifying the resistance of muscle and nervous tissues to direct current.作为一个学术努力,生物医学工程的根源及早期电生理学的发展,起源于约200年前。
电生理学的早期具有里程碑意义的发生在1848年当杜布瓦Reymond发表了公认Ueber死tierische Elektrizitaet。
赫尔曼·冯·雷蒙德•当代亥姆霍兹因应用工程原则问题在生理学和dentifying电阻直流的肌肉和神经组织。
In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered that a cathode-ray tube could make a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glow, even when the tube and the paper were in separate rooms. Roentgen decided the tube must be emitting some kind of penetrating rays, which he called “X” rays for unknown. This set off aflurry of research into the tissue-penetrating and tissue-destroying properties of X-rays, a line of research that ultimately produced the modern array of medical imaging technologies and virtually eliminated the need for exploratory surgery.1895年,威廉伦琴偶然发现,阴极射线管可以与氰亚铂酸盐钡一张纸涂布发光,即使管和纸是在单独的房间。
伦琴决定管必须发出某种穿透光线,他称为“X”光线不明。
这引发了一系列tissue-penetrating和专治属性的研究x射线,一系列的研究,最终得出了现代医学影像技术和几乎消除了探索性手术的必要性。
Biomedical engineering’s unique mix of engineering, medicine and science emerged2 alongside biophysics and medical physics early this century. At the outset, the three were virtually indistinguishable and none had formal training programs.生物医学工程的独特工程、医学和科学出现2与生物物理学和医学物理学在本世纪初。
开始的时候,三人几乎无法区分,没有正式的培训计划。
Between World War I and World War II a number of laboratories undertook research in biophysics and biomedical engineering. Only one offered formal training: the Oswalt Institute for Physics in Medicine, established in 1921 in Frankfurt, Germany, forerunner of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysics.在第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战的实验室进行了生物物理学和生物医学工程的研究。
只有一个提供正式的培训:Oswalt物理医学研究所,成立于1921年在法兰克福,德国马克斯普朗克生物物理学的先驱。
The Institute’s founder, Friedrich Dessauer, pioneered research into the biologicaleffects of ionizing radiation. The Oswalt Institute and the University in Frankfurt soon established formal ties that led to a Ph.D. program in biophysics by 1940. Research topics included the effects of X-rays on tissues and the electrical properties of tissues. The staff of 20 included university lecturers, research fellows, assistants and technicians.研究所的创始人,弗里德里希·德绍,率先研究电离辐射的生物效应。
Oswalt研究所和大学在法兰克福很快建立了正式的关系,在1940年导致了生物物理学博士学位项目。