曼昆_宏观经济学_第五版答案(可直接复制)
曼昆 经济学原理 第五版 答案 1
SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. The four principles of economic decisionmaking are: (1) people face tradeoffs; (2) the cost ofsomething is what you give up to get it; (3) rational people think at the margin; and (4) peoplerespond to incentives. People face tradeoffs because to get one thing that they like, they usually have to give up another thing that they like. The cost of something is what you give up to get it, not just in terms of monetary costs but all opportunity costs. Rational people think at the margin by taking an action if and only if the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs. People respond to incentives because as they compare benefits to costs, a change in incentives may cause theirbehavior to change.2. The three principles concerning economic interactions are: (1) trade can make everyone betteroff; (2) markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity; and (3) governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. Trade can make everyone better off because it allowscountries to specialize in what they do best and to enjoy a wider variety of goods and services.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity because the invisible hand leadsmarkets to desirable outcomes. Governments can so metimes improve market outcomes because sometimes markets fail to allocate resources efficiently because of an externality or market power.3. The three principles that describe how the economy as a whole works are: (1) a country’sstandard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services; (2) prices rise when thegovernment prints too much money; and (3) society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce g oods andservices, which in turn depends on its productivity, which is a function of the education of workers and the access workers have to the necessary tools and technology. Prices rise when thegovernment prints too much money because more money in circulation reduces the value of money, causing inflation. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment that is only temporary and policymakers have some ability to exploit this relationship using various policy instruments.Questions for Review1. Examples of tradeoffs include time tradeoffs (such as studying one subject over another, orstudying at all compared to engaging in social activities) and spending tradeoffs (such as whether to use your last ten dollars on pizza or on a study guide for that tough economics course).2. The opportunity cost of seeing a movie includes the monetary cost of admission plus the time costof going to the theater and attending the show. The time cost depends on what else you might do with that time; if it's staying home and watching TV, the time cost may be small, but if it's working an extra three hours at your job, the time cost is the money you could have earned.3. The marginal benefit of a glass of water depends on your circumstances. If you've just run amarathon, or you've been walking in the desert sun for three hours, the marginal benefit is veryhigh. But if you've been drinking a lot of liquids recently, the marginal benefit is quite low. The point is that even the necessities of life, like water, don't always have large marginal benefits.4. Policymakers need to think about incentives so they can understand how people will respond to thepolicies they put in place. The text's example of seat belts shows that policy actions can ha vequite unintended consequences. If incentives matter a lot, they may lead to a very different type1of policy; for example, some economists have suggested putting knives in steering columns so that people will drive much more carefully! While this suggestion is silly, it highlights the importance of incentives.5. Trade among countries isn't a game with some losers and some winners because trade can makeeveryone better off. By allowing specialization, trade between people and trade betweencountries can improve everyone's welfare.6. The "invisible hand" of the marketplace represents the idea that even though individuals and firmsare all acting in their own self-interest, prices and the marketplace guide them to do what is good for society as a whole.7. The two main causes of market failure are externalities and market power. An externality is theimpact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander, such as from pollution or thecreation of knowledge. Market power refers to the ability of a single person (or small group of people) to unduly influence market prices, such as in a town with only one well or only one cable television company. In addition, a market economy also leads to an unequal distribution ofincome.8. Productivity is important because a country's standard of living depends on its ability to producegoods and services. The greater a country's productivity (the amount of goods and servicesproduced from each hour of a worker's time), the greater will be its standard of living.9. Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Inflation is caused byincreases in the quantity of a nation's money.10. Inflation and unemployment are negatively related in the short run. Reducing inflation entailscosts to society in the form of higher unemployment in the short run.Problems and Applicat ions1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the carand other things they might want to buy. For example, buyi ng the car might mean theymust give up going on vacation for the next two years. So the real cost of the car is thefamily's opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, thetradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. If more money goes intothe park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force.Or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is basedon whether the new factory will increase the firm's profits compared to other alternatives.For example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories.The bottom line is: Which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the valueof improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time,such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn't easy tocompare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think aboutthe benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? Then you can decide ifyou'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiingincludes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wages you aregiving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to the librar y to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are givingup the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financialinstruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore, since thatmoney is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. If you spendanother $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if youdon't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million.So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't be increasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity is certainlyimportant, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. Ron wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron are missing the other side of theequation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. Hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. The provision of Social Security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive to save forretirement. The benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or sheretires. This means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to supportconsumption through the years in retirement.b. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his or herearnings, there is an incentive not to work (or not work as much) after age 65. The moreyou work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits will be. Thus the taxation ofSocial Security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years,they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get no income at all, sothe distribution of income will become less equal. But the economy will be more efficient,since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. Thus the change in the lawis one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. If youdivided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose ittakes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers canmake wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit ifSpanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and theyexchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by the right artistsand deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. Youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the CD industry. You need toknow each person's musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. If you make thewrong decisions, you'll be producing too many CDs by artists that people don't want tohear, and not enough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions. You haveto make the right number of CD players for people to use. If you make too many CDs andnot enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with CDs they can'tplay. The probability of making mistakes is very high. You will also be faced with toughchoices about the music industry compared to other parts of the economy. If youproduce more sports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making CDs. So alldecisions about the economy influence your decisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopol y by the cable TV firm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopoly power.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nation'soutput would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. Would that be efficient?If you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep theirincomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care.But more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, theeconomy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than theywould choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely tohave adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement.Each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie wouldconsist of more health care and less of other goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefitssystem to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. After all, no oneplans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. But there’s anefficiency problem why work if you can get income for doing nothing? The economyisn’t operating efficiently if p eople remain unemployed for a long time, and unemploymentbenefits encourage unemployment. Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity andefficiency. The more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by anunemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. Sogreater equity reduces efficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely tohave a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of workproduces more goods and services than it used to. Thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase inproduction and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments.There is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output mayincrease, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raisingprices.c. If prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increasedprices and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need toknow what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.。
曼昆 经济学原理 第五版 答案 2
SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. Economics is like a science because economists devise theories, collect data, and analyze the datain an attempt to verify or refute their theories. In other words, economics is based on thescientific method.Figure 1 shows the production possibilities frontier for a society that produces food and clothing.Point A is an efficient point (on the frontier), point B is an inefficient point (inside the frontier), and point C is an infeasible point (outside the frontier).Figure 1The effects of a drought are shown in Figure 2. The drought reduces the amount of food that can be produced, shifting the production possibilities frontier inward.15Figure 2Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets. Macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation,unemployment, and economic growth.2. An example of a positive statement is “higher taxes discourage work effort” (many other answersare possible). That’s a positive statement because it describes the effects of higher taxes,describing the world as it is. An example of a normative statement is “the government shouldreduce tax rates.” That is a normative statement because it’s a claim about how the world should be.Parts of the government that regularly rely on advice from economists are the TreasuryDepartment in designing tax policy, the Department of Labor in analyzing data on the employment situation, the Justice Department in enforcing the nation’s antitrust laws, the Congressional Budget Office in evaluating policy proposals, and the Federal Reserve in analyzing economic developments (many other answers are possible).3. Economic advisers to the president might disagree about a question of policy because of differingscientific judgments or differences in values.Questions for Review1. Economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. They devise theories,collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. Economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. Instead, they must rely on natural experiments.2. Economists make assumptions to simplify problems without substantially affecting the answer.Assumptions can make the world easier to understand.3. An economic model cannot describe reality exactly because it would be too complicated tounderstand. A model is a simplification that allows the economist to see what is truly important.4. Figure 3 shows a production possibilities frontier between milk and cookies (PPF1). If a diseasekills half of the economy's cow population, less milk production is possible, so the PPF shifts inward (PPF2). Note that if the economy produces all cookies, so it doesn't need any cows, thenproduction is unaffected. But if the economy produces any milk at all, then there will be lessproduction possible after the disease hits.Figure 35. The idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from thescarce resources it has available. In terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficientpoint is a point on the frontier, such as point A in Figure 4. A point inside the frontier, such aspoint B, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good.Figure 46. The two subfields in economics are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is thestudy of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets.Macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena.7. Positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normativestatements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. Here is an example.Positive: A rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. Normative: The government should keep the growth rate of money low.8. The Council of Economic Advisers is a group of economists who consult with the president of theUnited States about economic matters. The Council consists of three members and a staff ofseveral dozen economists. It writes the annual Economic Report of the President.9. Economists sometimes offer conflicting advice to policymakers for two reasons:(1) economists may disagree about the validity of alternative positive theories about how theworld works; and (2) economists may have different values and, therefore, different normativeviews about what public policy should try to accomplish.Problems and Applicat ions1. Many answers are possible.2. a. Steel is a fairly uniform commodity, though some firms produce steel of inferior quality.b. Novels are each unique, so they are quite distinguishable.c. Wheat produced by one farmer is completely indistinguishable from wheat produced byanother.d. Fast food is more distinguishable than steel or wheat, but certainly not as much as novels.3. See Figure 5; the four transactions are shown.Figure 54. a. Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowedout because when most of the economy’s resour ces are being used to produce butter, thefrontier is steep and when most of the economy’s resources are being used to produceguns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers andmachines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of gunsgiven up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the productionpossibilities frontier is flat. When the economy is producing a lot of butter, workers andmachines best suited to making guns are being used to make butter, so each unit of gunsgiven up yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the productionpossibilities frontier is steep.b. Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside the production possibilitiesfrontier. Point B is feasible but inefficient because it’s inside the production possibilitiesfrontier.Figure 6c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. The Dovesmight choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few guns.d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount, theHawks would get a bigger peace dividend because the production possibilities frontier ismuch steeper at point H than at point D. As a result, the reduction of a given number ofguns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in the quantity of butter producedthan when starting at point D.5. See Figure 7. The shape and position of the frontier depend on how costly i t is to maintain a cleanenvironment the productivity of the environmental industry. Gains in environmental productivity, such as the development of a no-emission auto engine, lead to shifts of the production-possibilities frontier, like the shift from PPF1 to PPF2 shown in the figure.Figure 76. a. A family's decision about how much income to save is microeconomics.b. The effect of government regulations on auto emissions is microeconomics.c. The impact of higher saving on economic growth is macroeconomics.d. A firm's decision about how many workers to hire is microeconomics.e. The relationship between the inflation rate and changes in the quantity of money ismacroeconomics.7. a. The statement that society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentis a positive statement. It deals with how the economy is, not how it should be. Sinceeconomists have examined data and found that there is a short-run negative relationshipbetween inflation and unemployment, the statement is a fact, thus it is a positivestatement.b. The statement that a reduction in the rate of growth of money will reduce the rate ofinflation is a positive statement. Economists have found that money growth and inflationare very closely related. The statement thus tells how the world is, and so it is a positivestatement.c. The statement that the Federal Reserve should reduce the rate of growth of money is anormative statement. It states an opinion about something that should be done, not howthe world is.d. The statement that society ought to require welfare recipients to look for jobs is anormative statement. It doesn't state a fact about how the world is. Instead, it is astatement of how the world should be and is thus a normative statement.e. The statement that lower tax rates encourage more work and more saving is a positivestatement. Economists have studied the relationship between tax rates and work, as wellas the relationship between tax rates and saving. They have found a negati verelationship in both cases. So the statement reflects how the world is, and is thus apositive statement.8. Two of the statements in Table 2 are clearly normative. They are: "5. If the federal budget isto be balanced, it should be done over the business cycle rather than yearly" and "9. Thegovernment should restructure the welfare system along the lines of a 'negative income tax.'"Both are suggestions of changes that should be made, rather than statements of fact, so they are clearly normative statements.The other statements in the table are positive. All the statements concern how the world is, nothow the world should be. Note that in all cases, even though they are statements of fact, fewer than 100 percent of economists agree with them. You could say that positive statements arestatements of fact about how the world is, but not everyone agrees about what the facts are.9. As the president, you'd be interested in both the positive and normative views of economists, butyou'd probably be most interested in their positive views. Economists are on your staff to provide their expertise about how the economy works. They know many facts about the economy and the interaction of different sectors. So you would be most likely to call on them about questions of fact positive analysis. Since you are the president, you are the one who has to make thenormative statements as to what should be done, with an eye to the political consequences. The normative statements made by economists represent their own views, not necessarily your views or the electorate’s views.10. There are many possible answers.11. As of this writing, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is Alan Greenspan, the chair of the Councilof Economic Advisers is R. Glen Hubbard, and the secretary of the treasury is Paul H. O’Neill.12. As time goes on, you might expect economists to disagree less about public policy because they willhave opportunities to observe different policies that are put into place. As new policies are tried, their results will become known, and they can be evaluated better. It's likely that thedisagreement about them will be reduced after they've been tried in practice. For example, many economists thought that wage and price controls would be a good idea for keeping inflation under control, while others thought it was a bad idea. But when the controls were tried in the early1970s, the results were disastrous. The controls interfered with the invisible hand of themarketplace and shortages developed in many markets. As a result, most economists are now convinced that wage and price controls are a bad idea for controlling inflation.But it is unlikely that the differences between economists will ever be completely eliminated.Economists differ on too many aspects of how the world works. Plus, even as some policies get tried out and are either accepted or rejected, creative economists keep coming up with new ideas.。
宏观经济学第五版课后习题答案完整版
第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别？为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的，有效的，而从宏观看却是不合理的，无效的？解答：两者之间的区别在于：(1)研究的对象不同。
微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为，而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。
(2)解决的问题不同。
微观经济学要解决资源配置问题，而宏观经济学要解决资源利用问题。
(3)中心理论不同。
微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论，所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的，而宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入(产出)理论，所有的分析都是围绕国民收入(产出)的决定展开的。
(4)研究方法不同。
微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法，而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。
两者之间的联系主要表现在：(1)相互补充。
经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。
为此，既要实现资源的最优配置，又要实现资源的充分利用。
微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题，而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。
它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。
(2)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。
(3)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。
当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究，即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。
由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同，分析方法也不同，因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的，而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。
例如，在经济生活中，某个厂商降低工资，从该企业的角度看，成本低了，市场竞争力强了，但是如果所有厂商都降低工资，则上面降低工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强，而且职工整体工资收入降低以后，整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。
同样，一个人或者一个家庭实行节约，可以增加家庭财富，但是如果大家都节约，社会需求就会降低，生产和就业就会受到影响。
曼昆《经济学原理》第五版宏观经济学习题答案
第20章货币制度1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量有什么关系？参考答案：银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利可图。
银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。
银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。
a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。
这种发现如何影响石轮作为货币的有用性呢？并解释之。
b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100美元钞票的简单办法。
这种发现将如何影响美国的货币制度呢？并解释之。
参考答案：a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。
结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制造出来。
最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介b. 如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。
3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。
a)列出BSB的T账户。
b)现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000万美元现金。
如果BSB决定通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T账户。
c)解释BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？d)为什么BSB要采取(b)中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的另一种方法。
参考答案：a. BSB的T账户如下：:b. 当BSB的大储户提取了1000万美金现金，而BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，它的T账户如下：c. 因为BSB收回了它的部分贷款并持有为准备金，其它银行持有的准备金会减少，于是可能也会减少其未清偿贷款额。
d. BSB也许会发现很难立即减少未清偿贷款，因为它不能强迫债务人立即还款，作为替代，它会停止发放新的贷款。
曼昆 经济学原理 第五版 答案 1
SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. The four principles of economic decisionmaking are: (1) people face tradeoffs; (2) the cost ofsomething is what you give up to get it; (3) rational people think at the margin; and (4) peoplerespond to incentives. People face tradeoffs because to get one thing that they like, they usually have to give up another thing that they like. The cost of something is what you give up to get it, not just in terms of monetary costs but all opportunity costs. Rational people think at the margin by taking an action if and only if the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs. People respond to incentives because as they compare benefits to costs, a change in incentives may cause theirbehavior to change.2. The three principles concerning economic interactions are: (1) trade can make everyone betteroff; (2) markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity; and (3) governments can sometimes improve market outcomes. Trade can make everyone better off because it allowscountries to specialize in what they do best and to enjoy a wider variety of goods and services.Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity because the invisible hand leadsmarkets to desirable outcomes. Governments can so metimes improve market outcomes because sometimes markets fail to allocate resources efficiently because of an externality or market power.3. The three principles that describe how the economy as a whole works are: (1) a country’sstandard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services; (2) prices rise when thegovernment prints too much money; and (3) society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce g oods andservices, which in turn depends on its productivity, which is a function of the education of workers and the access workers have to the necessary tools and technology. Prices rise when thegovernment prints too much money because more money in circulation reduces the value of money, causing inflation. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment that is only temporary and policymakers have some ability to exploit this relationship using various policy instruments.Questions for Review1. Examples of tradeoffs include time tradeoffs (such as studying one subject over another, orstudying at all compared to engaging in social activities) and spending tradeoffs (such as whether to use your last ten dollars on pizza or on a study guide for that tough economics course).2. The opportunity cost of seeing a movie includes the monetary cost of admission plus the time costof going to the theater and attending the show. The time cost depends on what else you might do with that time; if it's staying home and watching TV, the time cost may be small, but if it's working an extra three hours at your job, the time cost is the money you could have earned.3. The marginal benefit of a glass of water depends on your circumstances. If you've just run amarathon, or you've been walking in the desert sun for three hours, the marginal benefit is veryhigh. But if you've been drinking a lot of liquids recently, the marginal benefit is quite low. The point is that even the necessities of life, like water, don't always have large marginal benefits.4. Policymakers need to think about incentives so they can understand how people will respond to thepolicies they put in place. The text's example of seat belts shows that policy actions can ha vequite unintended consequences. If incentives matter a lot, they may lead to a very different type1of policy; for example, some economists have suggested putting knives in steering columns so that people will drive much more carefully! While this suggestion is silly, it highlights the importance of incentives.5. Trade among countries isn't a game with some losers and some winners because trade can makeeveryone better off. By allowing specialization, trade between people and trade betweencountries can improve everyone's welfare.6. The "invisible hand" of the marketplace represents the idea that even though individuals and firmsare all acting in their own self-interest, prices and the marketplace guide them to do what is good for society as a whole.7. The two main causes of market failure are externalities and market power. An externality is theimpact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander, such as from pollution or thecreation of knowledge. Market power refers to the ability of a single person (or small group of people) to unduly influence market prices, such as in a town with only one well or only one cable television company. In addition, a market economy also leads to an unequal distribution ofincome.8. Productivity is important because a country's standard of living depends on its ability to producegoods and services. The greater a country's productivity (the amount of goods and servicesproduced from each hour of a worker's time), the greater will be its standard of living.9. Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Inflation is caused byincreases in the quantity of a nation's money.10. Inflation and unemployment are negatively related in the short run. Reducing inflation entailscosts to society in the form of higher unemployment in the short run.Problems and Applicat ions1. a. A family deciding whether to buy a new car faces a tradeoff between the cost of the carand other things they might want to buy. For example, buyi ng the car might mean theymust give up going on vacation for the next two years. So the real cost of the car is thefamily's opportunity cost in terms of what they must give up.b. For a member of Congress deciding whether to increase spending on national parks, thetradeoff is between parks and other spending items or tax cuts. If more money goes intothe park system, that may mean less spending on national defense or on the police force.Or, instead of spending more money on the park system, taxes could be reduced.c. When a company president decides whether to open a new factory, the decision is basedon whether the new factory will increase the firm's profits compared to other alternatives.For example, the company could upgrade existing equipment or expand existing factories.The bottom line is: Which method of expanding production will increase profit the most?d. In deciding how much to prepare for class, a professor faces a tradeoff between the valueof improving the quality of the lecture compared to other things she could do with her time,such as working on additional research.2. When the benefits of something are psychological, such as going on a vacation, it isn't easy tocompare benefits to costs to determine if it's worth doing. But there are two ways to think aboutthe benefits. One is to compare the vacation with what you would do in its place. If you didn't go on vacation, would you buy something like a new set of golf clubs? Then you can decide ifyou'd rather have the new clubs or the vacation. A second way is to think about how much work you had to do to earn the money to pay for the vacation; then you can decide if the psychological benefits of the vacation were worth the psychological cost of working.3. If you are thinking of going skiing instead of working at your part-time job, the cost of skiingincludes its monetary and time costs, which includes the opportunity cost of the wages you aregiving up by not working. If the choice is between skiing and going to the librar y to study, then the cost of skiing is its monetary and time costs including the cost to you of getting a lower grade in your course.4. If you spend $100 now instead of saving it for a year and earning 5 percent interest, you are givingup the opportunity to spend $105 a year from now. The idea that money has a time value is the basis for the field of finance, the subfield of economics that has to do with prices of financialinstruments like stocks and bonds.5. The fact that you've already sunk $5 million isn't relevant to your decision anymore, since thatmoney is gone. What matters now is the chance to earn profits at the margin. If you spendanother $1 million and can generate sales of $3 million, you'll earn $2 million in marginal profit, so you should do so. You are right to think that the project has lost a total of $3 million ($6 million in costs and only $3 million in revenue) and you shouldn't have started it. That's true, but if youdon't spend the additional $1 million, you won't have any sales and your losses will be $5 million.So what matters is not the total profit, but the profit you can earn at the margin. In fact, you'd pay up to $3 million to complete development; any more than that, and you won't be increasing profit at the margin.6. Harry suggests looking at whether productivity would rise or fall. Productivity is certainlyimportant, since the more productive workers are, the lower the cost per gallon of potion. Ron wants to look at average cost. But both Harry and Ron are missing the other side of theequation−revenue. A firm wants to maximize its profits, so it needs to examine both costs and revenues. Thus, Hermione is right−it’s best to examine whether the extra revenue would exceed the extra costs. Hermione is the only one who is thinking at the margin.7. a. The provision of Social Security benefits lowers an individual’s incentive to save forretirement. The benefits provide some level of income to the individual when he or sheretires. This means that the individual is not entirely dependent on savings to supportconsumption through the years in retirement.b. Since a person gets fewer after-tax Social Security benefits the greater is his or herearnings, there is an incentive not to work (or not work as much) after age 65. The moreyou work, the lower your after-tax Social Security benefits will be. Thus the taxation ofSocial Security benefits discourages work effort after age 65.8. a. When welfare recipients who are able to work have their benefits cut off after two years,they have greater incentive to find jobs than if their benefits were to last forever.b. The loss of benefits means that someone who can't find a job will get no income at all, sothe distribution of income will become less equal. But the economy will be more efficient,since welfare recipients have a greater incentive to find jobs. Thus the change in the lawis one that increases efficiency but reduces equity.9. By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. If youdivided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose ittakes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers canmake wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit ifSpanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and theyexchange some wine for some clothes.10. a. Being a central planner is tough! To produce the right number of CDs by the right artistsand deliver them to the right people requires an enormous amount of information. Youneed to know about production techniques and costs in the CD industry. You need toknow each person's musical tastes and which artists they want to hear. If you make thewrong decisions, you'll be producing too many CDs by artists that people don't want tohear, and not enough by others.b. Your decisions about how many CDs to produce carry over to other decisions. You haveto make the right number of CD players for people to use. If you make too many CDs andnot enough cassette tapes, people with cassette players will be stuck with CDs they can'tplay. The probability of making mistakes is very high. You will also be faced with toughchoices about the music industry compared to other parts of the economy. If youproduce more sports equipment, you'll have fewer resources for making CDs. So alldecisions about the economy influence your decisions about CD production.11. a. Efficiency: The market failure comes from the monopol y by the cable TV firm.b. Equityc. Efficiency: An externality arises because secondhand smoke harms nonsmokers.d. Efficiency: The market failure occurs because of Standard Oil's monopoly power.e. Equityf. Efficiency: There is an externality because of accidents caused by drunk drivers.12. a. If everyone were guaranteed the best health care possible, much more of our nation'soutput would be devoted to medical care than is now the case. Would that be efficient?If you think that currently doctors form a monopoly and restrict health care to keep theirincomes high, you might think efficiency would increase by providing more health care.But more likely, if the government mandated increased spending on health care, theeconomy would be less efficient because it would give people more health care than theywould choose to pay for. From the point of view of equity, if poor people are less likely tohave adequate health care, providing more health care would represent an improvement.Each person would have a more even slice of the economic pie, though the pie wouldconsist of more health care and less of other goods.b. When workers are laid off, equity considerations argue for the unemployment benefitssystem to provide them with some income until they can find new jobs. After all, no oneplans to be laid off, so unemployment benefits are a form of insurance. But there’s anefficiency problem why work if you can get income for doing nothing? The economyisn’t operating efficiently if p eople remain unemployed for a long time, and unemploymentbenefits encourage unemployment. Thus, there’s a tradeoff between equity andefficiency. The more generous are unemployment benefits, the less income is lost by anunemployed person, but the more that person is encouraged to remain unemployed. Sogreater equity reduces efficiency.13. Since average income in the United States has roughly doubled every 35 years, we are likely tohave a better standard of living than our parents, and a much better standard of living than our grandparents. This is mainly the result of increased productivity, so that an hour of workproduces more goods and services than it used to. Thus incomes have continuously risen over time, as has the standard of living.14. If Americans save more and it leads to more spending on factories, there will be an increase inproduction and productivity, since the same number of workers will have more equipment to work with. The benefits from higher productivity will go to both the workers, who will get paid more since they're producing more, and the factory owners, who will get a return on their investments.There is no such thing as a free lunch, however, because when people save more, they are giving up spending. They get higher incomes at the cost of buying fewer goods.15. a. If people have more money, they are probably going to spend more on goods and services.b. If prices are sticky, and people spend more on goods and services, then output mayincrease, as producers increase output to meet the higher demand rather than raisingprices.c. If prices can adjust, then the higher spending of consumers will be matched with increasedprices and output won't rise.16. To make an intelligent decision about whether to reduce inflation, a policymaker would need toknow what causes inflation and unemployment, as well as what determines the tradeoff between them. Any attempt to reduce inflation will likely lead to higher unemployment in the short run. A policymaker thus faces a tradeoff between the benefits of lower inflation compared to the cost of higher unemployment.。
(微观 宏观全)曼昆《经济学原理》(第五版)课后习题答案-中文版
曼昆《经济学原理》（第五版）习题解答目录第一章经济学十大原理 (1)第二章像经济学家一样思考 (7)第三章相互依存性与贸易的好处 (14)第四章供给与需求的市场力量 (22)第五章弹性及其应用 (31)第六章供给、需求与政府政策 (41)第七章消费者、生产者与市场效率 (50)第八章应用：赋税的代价 (58)第九章应用：国际贸易 (65)第十章外部性 (75)第十一章公共物品和公共资源 (84)第十二章税制的设计 (91)第十三章生产成本 (99)第十四章竞争市场上的企业 (109)第十五章垄断 (121)第十六章垄断竞争 (135)第十七章寡头 (143)第十八章生产要素市场 (153)第十九章收入与歧视 (162)第二十章收入不平等与贫困 (169)第二十一章消费者选择理论 (177)第二十二章微观经济学前沿 (187)第二十三章一国收入的衡量 (195)第二十四章生活费用的衡量 (204)第二十五章生产与增长 (210)第二十六章储蓄、投资和金融体系 (214)第二十七章基本金融工具 (221)第二十八章失业 (226)第一篇导言第一章经济学十大原理复习题1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。
答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。
2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么?答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。
3．水是生活必需的。
一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。
曼昆经济学原理第五版标准答案宏观
曼昆经济学原理第五版答案宏观【篇一:经济学原理曼昆(宏观部分答案)】>第二十三章一国收入的衡量复习题 1.解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。
因为每一次交易都有两方:买者和卖者。
一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。
因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。
由于gｄp 既衡量总收入 13５又衡量总支出,因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量,gdｐ都相等.2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车,哪一个对gdp的贡献更大？为什么? 答:生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp的贡献大。
因为gｄｐ是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。
由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量,所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。
由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格,所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献更大．3 ．农民以２美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。
面包师用小麦制成面包,以3美元的价格出售。
这些交易对ｇdｐ的贡献是多少呢？答：对ｇdp 的贡献是3美元。
ｇdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了.４ .许多年以前,peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。
今天她在旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了１０0 美元.这种销售如何影响现期gｄp? 答：现期gdｐ只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。
因而这种销售不影响现期gdp.5 .列出gdp的四个组成部分。
各举一个例子.答：gdp等于消费(c)+投资(ｉ）+政府购买(g)＋净出口(nｘ) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出,如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐.投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买,如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂.政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇．净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品(出口)减国内购买的外国物品(进口)。
曼昆宏观经济学原理第五版chap33to35课后习题答案(中文)
答：这种“为了安全的资本外逃”对美国经济是件好事。
当外国人增加了对美国政府债券的需求时，这种行动减少了美国的资本净流出。
国外净投资减少时，美国可贷资金市场上的可贷资金需求减少，可贷资金的需求减少使利率下降，利率下降增加了国内投资，减少了国民储蓄。
资本净流出减少使得美国外汇市场上的美元供给减少，外汇市场上美元供给的减少引起实际汇率上升，实际汇率上升使贸易余额倾向于赤字。
13．假设美国共同基金突然决定更多地在加拿大投资。
A．加拿大的资本净流出、储蓄和国内投资会发生什么变动?答：加拿大的资本净流出会下降，加拿大的国内投资会增加，储蓄会下降。
B．这对加拿大资本存量的长期影响是什么?答：这会增加加拿大的长期资本存量。
C．资本存量的这种变化将如何影响加拿大劳动市场？这种美国在加拿大的投资使加拿大工人状况变好还是变坏?答：资本存量的这种变化会增加加拿大劳动市场的劳动需求。
这种美国在加拿大的投资使加拿大工人状况变好。
D．你认为这将使美国工人状况变好还是变坏？你能想到有什么原因一般会使这对美国公民的影响与对美国工人的影响不同?答：这将使美国工人状况变坏。
因为美国共同基金增加在加拿大的投资增加了美国公民的投资利润，但由于国内投资下降，美国工人的情况变坏。
第十二篇短期经济波动第三十三章总需求与总供给复习题1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量。
写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量。
答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。
2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期总供给的曲线的图。
仔细并正确地标出坐标轴。
答：图33—1经济的长期均衡3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的三个原因。
答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。
(1)庇古的财富效应：物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。
(完整版)曼昆宏观经济学原理答案
第一篇导言复习题第一章宏观经济学的科学1、解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。
微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境况更好。
而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。
应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。
因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。
2、为什么经济学家建立模型？【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。
经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。
这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。
另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。
3、什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。
市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。
但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。
比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。
因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。
现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。
因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。
宏观经济学习题答案(曼昆第五版)
第八篇宏观经济学的数据第二十三章一国收入的衡量复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。
因为每一次交易都有两方：买者和卖者。
一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。
因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。
由于GDP 既衡量总收入 135 又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为总支出来衡量，GDP 都相等。
2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对GDP 的贡献更大？为什么？答:生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP 的贡献大。
因为GDP 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值.由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量，所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。
由于一辆豪华型轿车的市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿车对GDP 的贡献更大。
3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。
面包师用小麦制成面包,以3 美元的价格出售。
这些交易对 GDP 的贡献是多少呢？答：对GDP 的贡献是3 美元。
GDP 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了.4 ．许多年以前，Peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。
今天她在旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元.这种销售如何影响现期GDP？答：现期GDP 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。
因而这种销售不影响现期GDP.5 ．列出GDP 的四个组成部分。
各举一个例子。
答：GDP 等于消费（C)+投资(I)+政府购买(G）+净出口（NX) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐.投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车厂.政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇。
(完整版)曼昆宏观经济学原理答案
第一篇导言复习题第一章宏观经济学的科学1、解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。
微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境况更好。
而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。
应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。
因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。
2、为什么经济学家建立模型？【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。
经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。
这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。
另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。
3、什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。
市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。
但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。
比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。
因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。
现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。
因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。
曼昆经济学原理(第五版)课后答案
第十二章税制的设计复习题1．在过去的几十年来，政府的增长比经济中的其他部分快还是慢?答：在过去几十年间，政府的增长比经济中其他部分快。
数据表明，美国经济中包括联邦、州和地方政府在内的政府收入在总收人中所占百分比的增长速度快于经济中其他部分。
2．美国联邦政府收入最重要的两个来源是什么?答：美国联邦政府收入最重要的两个来源是个人收入所得税和用于社会保障的工薪税。
3．解释公司利润如何双重纳税。
答：当企业赚到利润时，它要按公司所得税交税；当企业用其利润向公司股东支付股息时，按个人所得税第二次交税。
4．为什么纳税人的税收负担大于政府得到的收入?答：因为纳税人的税收负担除了向政府交纳的税收之外，还包括两种成本：一是税收改变了激励所引起的资源配置扭曲；二是遵守税法的管理负担。
这两种成本没有政府的收入作为补偿。
因此，纳税人的税收负担大于政府得到的收入。
5．为什么一些经济学家支持对消费征税，而不是对收入征税?答：因为对收入征税扭曲了对人们储蓄的激励，鼓励人们少储蓄。
如果政府采取消费税，储蓄起来的全部收入在最后支出前都不征税，就不会扭曲人们的储蓄决策。
6．举出富有的纳税人应该比贫穷纳税人多纳税的两种观点。
答：这方面的观点有受益原则和能力纳税原则。
受益原则认为：人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税。
通常富人从公共服务中受益多，他们应该多纳税。
能力纳税原则认为：应该根据一个人所能承受的负担来对这个人征税。
显然，富人的财务承受能力强于穷人，富人应该多纳税。
7．什么是横向平等概念。
为什么运用这个概念是困难的?答：横向平等是指主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该缴纳等量税收的思想。
这一原则面临的问题是什么决定两个纳税人是相似的。
每个纳税人在许多方面不同，为了评价税收是不是横向平等，必须决定哪些差别对纳税人的支付能力是相关的，哪些是不相关的。
这些相关关系的确定是复杂而困难的。
它不仅涉及经济学问题，还涉及价值观问题，很难说确定的结果是否公平。
曼昆_宏观经济学_第五版答案（可直接复制）
曼昆_宏观经济学_第五版答案（可直接复制）第一篇导言复习题第一章宏观经济学的科学1、解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。
微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境况更好。
而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。
应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。
因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。
2、为什么经济学家建立模型？【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。
经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。
这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。
另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。
3、什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。
市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。
但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。
比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。
因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。
现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。
因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。
曼昆宏观经济学原理答案
第一篇导言复习题第一章宏观经济学的科学1、解释宏观经济学与微观经济学之间的差距,这两个领域如何相互关联？【答案】微观经济学研究家庭与企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。
微观经济学的中心原理就是家庭与企业的最优化——她们在目的与所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境况更好。
而相对的,宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况,它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平与国际贸易等问题,以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。
应该瞧到,宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量就是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭与企业之间的相互作用所构成的。
因此,微观经济决策总就是构成宏观经济模型的基础,宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。
2、为什么经济学家建立模型？【答案】一般来说,模型就是对某些具体事物的抽象,经济模型也就是如此。
经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。
这样,经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题进行研究;并且,由于经济实际不可控,而模型就是可控的,经济学家可以根据研究需要,合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。
另外,经济模型一般就是数学模型,而数学就是全世界通用的科学语言,使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图,便于学术交流。
3、什么就是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设就是适用的？【答案】市场出清模型就就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。
市场出清模型的前提条件就是价格就是具有伸缩性的(或弹性)。
但就是,我们知道价格具有伸缩性就是一个很强的假设,在很多实际情况下,这个假设都就是不现实的。
比如:劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。
因此,我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性就是合适的。
现在一般认为,在研究长期问题时,假设价格具有伸缩性就是合理的;而在研究短期问题时, 最好假设价格具有刚性。
因为,从长期瞧,价格机制终将发挥作用,使市场供需平衡,即市场出清,而在短期,价格机制因其她因素制约,难以很快使市场出清。
曼昆 经济学原理 第五版答案 答案3
SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. Figure 1 shows a production possibilities frontier for Robinson Crusoe between gathering coconutsand catching fish. If Crusoe lives by himself, this frontier limits his consumption of coconuts and fish, but if he can trade with natives on the island he will be able to consume at a point outside his production possibilities frontier.Figure 12. Crusoe’s opportunity cost of catching one fish is 10 coconuts, since he can gather 10 coconuts inthe same amou nt of time it takes to catch one fish. Friday’s opportunity cost of catching one fish is 15 coconuts, since he can gather 30 coconuts in the same amount of time it takes to catch two fish. Friday has an absolute advantage in catching fish, since he can catch two per hour, while Crusoe can only catch one per hour. But Crusoe has a comparative advantage in catching fish, since his opportunity cost of catching a fish is less than Friday’s.3. If the world’s fastest typist happens to be trained in brain sur gery, he should hire a secretary. Hehas an absolute advantage in typing, but a comparative advantage in brain surgery, since hisopportunity cost in brain surgery is low compared to the opportunity cost for other people.Questions for Review1. Absolute advantage reflects a comparison of the productivity of one person, firm, or nation to thatof another, while comparative advantage is based on the relative opportunity costs of the persons, firms, or nations. While a person, firm, or nation may have an absolute advantage in producing every good, they can't have a comparative advantage in every good.2. Many examples are possible. Suppose, for example, that Roger can prepare a fine meal of hotdogs and macaroni in just ten minutes, while it takes Anita twenty minutes. And Roger can do all the wash in three hours, while it takes Anita four hours. Roger has an absolute advantage in both cooking and doing the wash, but Anita has a comparative advantage in doing the wash (the wash takes the same amount of time as 12 meals, while it takes Roger 18 meals' worth of time).353. Comparative advantage is more important for trade than absolute advantage. In the example inproblem 2, Anita and Roger will complete their chores more quickly if Anita does at least some of the wash and Roger cooks the fine meals for both, because Anita has a comparative advantage in doing the wash, while Roger has a comparative advantage in cooking.4. A nation will export goods for which it has a comparative advantage because it has a smalleropportunity cost of producing those goods. As a result, citizens of all nations are able to consume quantities of goods that are outside their production possibilities frontiers.5. Economists oppose policies that restrict trade among nations because trade allows all countries toachieve greater prosperity by allowing them to receive the gains from comparative advantage.Restrictions on trade hurt all countries.Problems and Applicat ions1. In the text example of the farmer and the rancher, the farmer's opportunity cost of producing oneounce of meat is 4 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, he can produce 8 ounces of meat or 32 ounces of potatoes. With limited time at his disposal, producing an ounce of meat means he gives up the opportunity to produce 4 ounces of potatoes. Similarly, the rancher'sopportunity cost of producing one ounce of meat is 2 ounces of potatoes because for every 8 hours of work, she can produce 24 ounces of meat or 48 ounces of potatoes. With limited time at her disposal, producing an ounce of meat means she gives up the opportunity to produce 2 ounces of potatoes.2. a. See Figure 2. If Maria spends all five hours studying economics, she can read 100 pages,so that is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. If she spends allfive hours studying sociology, she can read 250 pages, so that is the horizontal intercept.The time costs are constant, so the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.Figure 2b. It takes Maria two hours to read 100 pages of sociology. In that time, she could read 40pages of economics. So the opportunity cost of 100 pages of sociology is 40 pages ofeconomics.3. a.b. See Figure 3. With 100 million workers and four cars per worker, if either economy weredevoted completely to cars, it could make 400 million cars. Since a U.S. worker canproduce 10 tons of grain, if the United States produced only grain it would produce 1,000million tons. Since a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain, if Japan produced onlygrain it would produce 500 million tons. These are the intercepts of the productionpossibilities frontiers shown in the figure. Note that since the tradeoff between cars andgrain is constant, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.Figure 3c. Since a U.S. worker produces either 4 cars or 10 tons of grain, the opportunity cost of 1 caris 2½ tons of grain, which is 10 divided by 4. Since a Japanese worker produces either 4cars or 5 tons of grain, the opportunity cost of 1 car is1 1/4 tons of grain, which is 5 divided by 4. Similarly, the U.S. opportunity cost of 1 ton ofgrain is 2/5 car (4 divided by 10) and the Japanese opportunity cost of 1 ton of grain is 4/5car (4 divided by 5). This gives the following table:d. Neither country has an absolute advantage in producing cars, since they're equallyproductive (the same output per worker); the United States has an absolute advantage inproducing grain, since it is more productive (greater output per worker).e. Japan has a comparative advantage in producing cars, since it has a lower opportunity costin terms of grain given up. The United States has a comparative advantage in producinggrain, since it has a lower opportunity cost in terms of cars given up.f. With half the workers in each country producing each of the goods, the United Stateswould produce 200 million cars (that is 50 million workers times 4 cars each) and 500million tons of grain (50 million workers times 10 tons each). Japan would produce 200million cars (50 million workers times 4 cars each) and 250 million tons of grain (50 millionworkers times 5 tons each).g. From any situation with no trade, in which each country is producing some cars and somegrain, suppose the United States changed 1 worker from producing cars to producing grain.That worker would produce 4 fewer cars and 10 additional tons of grain. Then supposethe United States offers to trade 7 tons of grain to Japan for 4 cars. The United States willdo this because it values 4 cars at 10 tons of grain, so it will be better off if the trade goesthrough. Suppose Japan changes 1 worker from producing grain to producing cars.That worker would produce 4 more cars and 5 fewer tons of grain. Japan will take thetrade because it values 4 cars at 5 tons of grain, so it will be better off. With the trade andthe change of 1 worker in both the United States and Japan, each country gets the sameamount of cars as before and both get additional tons of grain (3 for the United States and2 for Japan). Thus by trading and changing their production, both countries are betteroff.4. a. Pat's opportunity cost of making a pizza is 1/2 gallon of root beer, since she could brew 1/2gallon in the time (2 hours) it takes her to make a pizza. Pat has an absolute advantage inmaking pizza since she can make one in two hours, while it takes Kris four hours. Kris'opportunity cost of making a pizza is 2/3 gallons of root beer, since she could brew 2/3 ofa gallon in the time (4 hours) it takes her to make a pizza. Since Pat's opportunity cost ofmaking pizza is less than Kris's, Pat has a comparative advantage in making pizza.b. Since Pat has a comparative advantage in making pizza, she will make pizza and exchangeit for root beer that Kris makes.c. The highest price of pizza in terms of root beer that will make both roommates better off is2/3 of a gallon of root beer. If the price were higher than that, then Kris would prefermaking her own pizza (at an opportunity cost of 2/3 of a gallon of root beer) rather thantrading for pizza that Pat makes. The lowest price of pizza in terms of root beer that willmake both roommates better off is 1/2 gallon of root beer. If the price were lower thanthat, then Pat would prefer making her own root beer (she can make 1/2 gallon of rootbeer instead of making a pizza) rather than trading for root beer that Kris makes.5. a. Since a Canadian worker can make either two cars a year or 30 bushels of wheat, theopportunity cost of a car is 15 bushels of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of abushel of wheat is 1/15 of a car. The opportunity costs are the reciprocals of each other.b. See Figure 4. If all 10 million workers produce two cars each, they produce a total of 20million cars, which is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. If all 10million workers produce 30 bushels of wheat each, they produce a total of 300 millionbushels, which is the horizontal intercept of the production possibilities frontier. S ince thetradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same, the production possibilities frontier isa straight line.If Canada chooses to consume 10 million cars, it will need 5 million workers devoted to carproduction. That leaves 5 million workers to produce wheat, who will produce a total of150 million bushels (5 million workers times 30 bushels per worker). This is shown aspoint A on Figure 4.c. If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues to consume10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars. So Canada willbe producing at the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. But if Canadagets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume 200 million bushels of wheat,along with the 10 million cars. This is shown as point B in the figure. Canada shouldaccept the deal because it gets the same number of cars and 50 million more bushes ofwheat.Figure 46. Though the professor could do both writing and data collection faster than the student (that is, hehas an absolute advantage in both), his time is limited. If the professor's comparative advantage is in writing, it makes sense for him to pay a student to collect the data, since that is the student's comparative advantage.7. a. English workers have an absolute advantage over Scottish workers in producing scones,since English workers produce more scones per hour (50 vs. 40). Scottish workers havean absolute advantage over English workers in producing sweaters, since Scottish workersproduce more sweaters per hour (2 vs. 1). Comparative advantage runs the same way.English workers, who have an opportunity cost of 1/50 sweater per scone (1 sweater perhour divided by 50 scones per hour), have a comparative advantage in scone productionover Scottish workers, who have an opportunity cost of 1/20 sweater per scone (2sweaters per hour divided by 40 scones per hour). Scottish workers, who have anopportunity cost of 20 scones per sweater (40 scones per hour divided by 2 sweaters perhour), have a comparative advantage in sweater production over English workers, whohave an opportunity cost of 50 scones per sweater (50 scones per hour divided by 1sweater per hour).Chapter 3/Interdependence and the Gains from Trade 40b. If England and Scotland decide to trade, Scotland will produce sweaters and trade them forscones produced in England. A trade with a price between 20 and 50 scones per sweaterwill benefit both countries, as they'll be getting the traded good at a lower price than theiropportunity cost of producing the good in their own country.c. Even if a Scottish worker produced just one sweater per hour, the countries would still gainfrom trade, because Scotland would still have a comparative advantage in producingsweaters. Its opportunity cost for sweaters would be higher than before (40 scones persweater, instead of 20 scones per sweater before). But there are still gains from tradesince England has a higher opportunity cost (50 scones per sweater).8. a. With no trade, one pair of white socks trades for one pair of red socks in Boston, sinceproductivity is the same for the two types of socks. The price in Chicago is 2 pairs of redsocks per pair of white socks.b. Boston has an absolute advantage in the production of both types of socks, since a workerin Boston produces more (3 pairs of socks per hour) than a worker in Chicago (2 pairs ofred socks per hour or 1 pair of white socks per hour).Chicago has a comparative advantage in producing red socks, since the opportunity cost ofproducing a pair of red socks in Chicago is 1/2 pair of white socks, while the opportunitycost of producing a pair of red socks in Boston is 1 pair of white socks. Boston has acomparative advantage in producing white socks, since the opportunity cost of producing apair of white socks in Boston is 1 pair of red socks, while the opportunity cost of producinga pair of white socks in Chicago is 2 pairs of red socks.c. If they trade socks, Boston will produce white socks for export, since it has the compara tiveadvantage in white socks, while Chicago produces red socks for export, which is Chicago'scomparative advantage.d. Trade can occur at any price between 1 and 2 pairs of red socks per pair of white socks.At a price lower than 1 pair of red socks per pair of white socks, Boston will choose toproduce its own red socks (at a cost of 1 pair of red socks per pair of white socks) insteadof buying them from Chicago. At a price higher than 2 pairs of red socks per pair of whitesocks, Chicago will choose to produce its own white socks (at a cost of 2 pairs of red socksper pair of white socks) instead of buying them from Boston.9. a. The cost of all goods is lower in Germany than in France in the sense that all goods can beproduced with fewer worker hours.b. The cost of any good for which France has a comparative advantage is lower in Francethan in Germany. Though Germany produces all goods with less labor, that labor may bemore valuable in the production of some goods and services. So the cost of production, interms of opportunity cost, will be lower in France for some goods.c. Trade between Germany and France will benefit both countries. For each good in which ithas a comparative advantage, each country should produce more goods than it consumes,trading the rest to the other country. Total consumption will be higher in both countriesas a result.10. a. True; two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one of the countries has anabsolute advantage in the production of all goods. All that's necessary is that eachChapter 3/Interdependence and the Gains from Trade 41 country have a comparative advantage in some good.b. False; it is not true that some people have a comparative advantage in everything they do.In fact, no one can have a comparative advantage in everything. Comparative advantage reflects the opportunity cost of one good or activity in terms of another. If you have acomparative advantage in one thing, you must have a comparative disadvantage in theother thing.c. False; it is not true that if a trade is good for one person, it can't be good for the other one.Trades can and do benefit both sides especially trades based on comparative advantage.If both sides didn't benefit, trades would never occur.。
宏观经济学第五版课后答案(共10篇)
宏观经济学第五版课后答案(共10篇)宏观经济学第五版课后答案（一）: 宏观经济学习题3 ，请大家帮忙做做！非常感谢！5、假设在两部门经济中，C=50+0.8Y，I=50。
（C为消费，I为投资）• （1）求均衡的国民收入Y、C、S分别为多少（2）投资乘数是多少• (3)如果投资增加20（即△I=20），国民收入将如何变化若充分就业的YF=800，经济存在紧缩还是膨胀其缺口是多少6、假如某人的边际消费倾向恒等于1/2，他的收支平衡点是8000美元，若他的收入为1万美元，试计算：他的消费和储蓄各为多少？7、假设经济模型为：C=20+0.75(Y-T)；I=380；G=400；T=0.20Y；Y=C+I+G。
• （1）计算边际消费倾向。
（2）计算均衡的收入水平。
• （3）在均衡的收入水平下，政府预算盈余为多少？1 Y=C+I=0.8Y+50+50=0.8Y+100 ,Y=500,I=50,C=450,ki=1/(1-0.8)=5I增加20,Y增加100,紧缩,缺口800-500=3002 边际消费倾向1/2设消费函数c=a+0.5y收支平衡点80008000=a+4000,a=4000c=4000+0.5yy=10000,c=9000,s=10003 dc/dy=0.75*0.8=0.6y=c+i+g=20+0.75(y-0.2y)+380+400=0.6y+800,y=2023预算盈余bs=t-g=400-400=0宏观经济学第五版课后答案（二）: 普通物理学_(第五版) 课后习题答案-1 分析与解 (1) 质点在t 至(t ＋Δt)时间内沿曲线从P 点运动到P′点,各量关系如图所示,其中路程Δs ＝PP′,位移大小｜Δr｜＝PP′,而Δr ＝｜r｜-｜r｜表示质点位矢大小的变化量,三个量的物理含义不同,在曲线运动中大小也不相等(注：在直线运动中有相等的可能)．但当Δt→0 时,点P′无限趋近P点,则有｜dr｜＝ds,但却不等于dr．故选(B)．(2) 由于｜Δr ｜≠Δs,故 ,即｜｜≠ ．但由于｜dr｜＝ds,故 ,即｜｜＝．由此可见,应选(C)．1-2 分析与解表示质点到坐标原点的距离随时间的变化率,在极坐标系中叫径向速率．通常用符号vr表示,这是速度矢量在位矢方向上的一个分量；表示速度矢量；在自然坐标系中速度大小可用公式计算,在直角坐标系中则可由公式求解．故选(D)．1-3 分析与解表示切向加速度at,它表示速度大小随时间的变化率,是加速度矢量沿速度方向的一个分量,起改变速度大小的作用；在极坐标系中表示径向速率vr(如题1 -2 所述)；在自然坐标系中表示质点的速率v；而表示加速度的大小而不是切向加速度at．因此只有(3) 式表达是正确的．故选(D)． 1-4 分析与解加速度的切向分量at起改变速度大小的作用,而法向分量an 起改变速度方向的作用．质点作圆周运动时,由于速度方向不断改变,相应法向加速度的方向也在不断改变,因而法向加速度是一定改变的．至于at是否改变,则要视质点的速率情况而定．质点作匀速率圆周运动时,at恒为零；质点作匀变速率圆周运动时,at为一不为零的恒量,当at改变时,质点则作一般的变速率圆周运动．由此可见,应选(B)．1-5 分析与解本题关键是先求得小船速度表达式,进而判断运动性质．为此建立如图所示坐标系,设定滑轮距水面高度为h,t 时刻定滑轮距小船的绳长为l,则小船的运动方程为 ,其中绳长l 随时间t 而变化．小船速度 ,式中表示绳长l 随时间的变化率,其大小即为v0,代入整理后为 ,方向沿x 轴负向．由速度表达式,可判断小船作变加速运动．故选(C)．1-6 分析位移和路程是两个完全不同的概念．只有当质点作直线运动且运动方向不改变时,位移的大小才会与路程相等．质点在t 时间内的位移Δx 的大小可直接由运动方程得到：,而在求路程时,就必须注意到质点在运动过程中可能改变运动方向,此时,位移的大小和路程就不同了．为此,需根据来确定其运动方向改变的时刻tp ,求出0～tp 和tp～t 内的位移大小Δx1 、Δx2 ,则t 时间内的路程 ,如图所示,至于t ＝4.0 s 时质点速度和加速度可用和两式计算．解 (1) 质点在4.0 s内位移的大小宏观经济学第五版课后答案（三）: 曼昆的宏观经济学第五版中第26章习题的问题第九题最后一个问，假设家庭相信，政府现在借款越多意味着未来为了偿还政府债务而必须征收的税率越高，为什么这种信念还会让家庭认为“减税并没有减少家庭整体税单，它仅仅是延期而已。
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P 。因此
作为一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业对工人的雇用应使劳动的边际产量等于实际工资。 这同样也适用于资本的使用，应使资本的边际产量等于实际利率。
3. 在收入分配中规模收益不变的假设有什么作用？
复习题
1. 描述货币的职能。
第四章 货币与通货膨胀
【答案】货币有三种职能：价值储藏、计价单位以及交换媒介。作为一种价值储藏，货币是一 种把现在的购买力变成未来的购买力的方法；作为一种计价单位，货币提供了可以表示价格和
记录债务的单位；作为一种交换媒介，货币是我们用以购买商品与服务的东西。
通货膨胀率的变动。假设实际利率与通货膨胀无关；正如第三章中讨论的那样，是使储蓄和投 资达到均衡时的实际利率。因此通货膨胀率与名义汇率之间就有一对一的关系：如果通货膨胀 率上升
1%，那么名义利率也增长 1%。这种一对一的关系称为费雪效应。如果通货膨胀从 6% 上升到 8%，那么实际利率不变，名义汇率增长 2%。
模收益不变的条件下，经济利润为零。
4. 什么因素决定消费和投资？
【答案】消费正相关于可支配收入——完税后的收入。可支配收入越高，消费越高。投资负相 关于实际利率。投资的目的是获得利润，收益必须大于成本。由于实际利率即资本的使用成本，
实际利率越高资本使用成本就越高，因此投资需求下降。
【答案】当政府增加税收时，可支配收入下降，因此消费也下降。下降的消费数量等于增加的 税收乘以边际消费倾向（MPC）。边际消费倾向越高，增税对于消费的抑制作用越明显。由于产
量由生产要素和生产技术决定，政府购买没有改变，下降的消费数量必须由增加投资来补偿。 因为投资的增加，实际利率必然下降。因此，税收的增加导致了消费的下降，投资的增加，实 际利率的下降。
2、 为什么经济学家建立模型？
【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。经济模型可以简洁、 直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题
进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、 科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。
的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段 时期内具有刚性。因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。
现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时， 最好假设价格具有刚性。因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场
另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经 济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。
3、 什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？
【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。市场出清 模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强
何生产要素的增加或技术的进步都会提高经济生产的产出。
2. 解释一个竞争性的、追求利润最大化的企业如何决定每种生产要素需求量。
【答案】当一家企业决定该雇用多少工人的时候，这一决定将影响企业的利润。例如，多雇用 一个工人就会增加一份产出，从而增加总收入；公司将新增的收入与新增的成本作比较，从而
2. 什么是法定货币供给？什么是商品货币？
【答案】法定货币是由政府规定或法令确定的，没有内在价值的货币，例如美元和人民币。商 品货币是基于某种商品有内在价值的货币，例如金子，当将之用于货币时，它就是商品货币。
3. 谁控制货币供给，如何控制？
【答案】在许多国家，由中央银行控制货币的供给。在美国，中央银行即美联储（美国联邦储 备局），货币供给的控制称为货币政策。美联储控制货币供给的主要方式是通过公开市场业务买
出也是总收入，只是不同的计算方法，两者是可替代的。
2、 消费物价指数衡量什么？
【答案】消费物价指数衡量的是整个经济中的物价水平，即相对于基期的一篮子商品与服务价 格的现期价格。
3、 列出劳动统计局用来把经济中每个人归入的三种类型。劳动统计局如何计算失业率？
【答案】劳动统计局将每个人分为以下三类：就业、失业、非劳动力。失业率是失业者占劳动 力总数的比例，其计算公式如下：
数量方程的左边为用于进行交易的货币。M 是货币量。V 为交易的货币流通速度，它衡量 货币在经济中流通的速度。换言之，货币流通速度即在一个给定的时期中一张美元钞票转手的 次数。
由于货币流通速度的衡量是困难的，经济学家通常用与刚才介绍的数量方程式表述形式略 有不同的方程式，用经济中的总产出 Y 来代替交易次数 T。
E、 物价水平变动所带来的不便：生活在一个物价经常改变的世界中是很不方便的。货币是我 们衡量经济交易的尺度。当存在通货膨胀时，尺度的长度也一直在变动。 未预期到的通货膨胀的成本：
F、 未预期到的通货膨胀在人们中间任意再分配财富。例如，如果通货膨胀比预期的猛烈，则 债务人获益而债权人受损。同样，靠固定工资生活的人受损，因为同样的工资现在只能买比较 少的商品。
做出正确的决定。新增的收入取决于劳动的边际产量（MPL）和产品的价格（P），新增一个工 人就会新增 MPL 单位的产品，从而得到 P×MPL 单位的收入。新增一个工人的成本即工人的工 资
W。因此，雇用数量的决定取决于公司的利润：
Δπ = ΔTR − ΔC = (P × MPL) −W
如果新增收入超过了新增成本就继续雇用工人，利润增加。企业将不断增加工人，直到新增收
【答案】如果我们假设货币流通速度不变，那么数量方程式就可以作为一种关于什么决定名义GDP 的理论，货币流通速度一定的货币数量方程式为： M V = PY ，因此货币数量（M）的变 动必定引起名义 GDP（PY）的同比例变动，也就是说，如果货币流通速度是固定的，货币量决
定了经济产出的货币价值。
卖政府债券。如果需要增加货币供给，美联储就用美元从公众手中购买联邦债券，从而增加了 公众手中的货币数量。如果要减少货币供给，美联储就卖出政府债券，将美元从公众手中换走。
4. 写出数量方程式，并解释它。
【答案】货币数量方程表示经济中货币量与在交易中用于交易的货币量密切相关，方程式如下：
5. 解释政府购买和转移支付之间的差距。每种情况举出两个例子。
【答案】政府购买是指政府直接采购商品和服务。例如政府购买坦克和导弹、修路、提供服务（如飞行导航）。所有这些计入 GDP。与税收相对，转移支付是政府直接支付给个人的津贴或补助：税收减少了家庭的可支配收入，而转移支付增加了家庭的可支配收入。例如，转移支付 包含对老人的社会保障、对失业者的保险以及退伍军人的津贴。
8. 列出你可以想到的所有通货膨胀成本，并根据你对它们重要程度的认识排序。
【答案】预期通货膨胀的成本包括如下几种：
A、 皮鞋成本：较高的通货膨胀率引起较高的名义利率，而名义利率又减少了实际货币余额需 求。如果人们平均而言减少了所持有的货币余额，他们就必然更频繁的跑银行取款。这是一种 不便（使皮鞋更容易穿坏）。
货币× 货币流通速度 = 价格 × 交易量
M ×V = P × T
数量方程式右边为交易量。T 表示同一时期比如说一年的交易总量。换言之，T 是在一年中
用货币交易的商品或服务的次数。P 是一次典型交易的价格——交换的货币数量。交易的价格 和交易次数的乘积 PT 等于一年中用于交换的货币量。
况更好。而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价 水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。
应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业 之间的相互作用所构成的。因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必 然依靠微观经济基础。
失业率 =失业人数 劳动力总数×100%
注意：劳动力总数等于就业人口数量加失业人口数量。
4、 解释奥肯定律。
【答案】奥肯定律的含义是失业率与实际国民生产总值之间存在一种高度负相关关系。奥肯定 律的主要内容：失业率如果超过充分就业界限（通常以 4%的失业率为标准）时，每使失业率降 低
1%，实际国民生产总值则增加 3%。反之，失业率每增加 1%，实际国民生产总值则减少 3%。
6. 什么因素使经济中商品与服务的需求与供给相等？
【答案】消费、投资和政府购买决定了经济中需求的数量，而生产要素和生产函数决定了供给 的数量。实际利率的调整保证了市场中供给等于需求。在均衡利率下，对产品和服务的需求等 于供给。
7. 解释当政府增加税收时，消费、投资和利率会发生什么变动。
第一篇 导 言
复习题
第一章 宏观经济学的科学
1、 解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？
【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。微观经 济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境
出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。
第二章 宏观经济学的数据
1、 列出 GDP 衡量的两个东西。GDP 怎么能同时衡量这两个东西呢？
【答案】GDP 同时衡量经济中劳动和服务的总收入和总支出。之所以能够同时衡量这两件事是 因为对于一个经济体来说，收入和支出必然相等，正如经济循环流程表中所述，GDP 既是总支
货币× 货币流通速度 = 价格 ×总产出
M ×V = P × Y
P 代表价格，产出的货币价值为 PY。在这种形式的数量方程式中 V 称为收入的货币流通速
度，即在一定时期中美元进入某人收入的次数，这种形式的数量方程式是最常见的。