生理学英文课件细胞BasicFunctionoftheCell
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生理学-2细胞2-202
5 细胞质中的 钙离子浓度升高
多种 蛋白 被活化
细胞 效应
6 钙离子激活 其他蛋白质
实例：M1-ACh受体介导的信号转导
三、酶耦联受体介导的信号转导
Signal transduction mediated by receptor-enzymes
酪氨酸激酶受体——受体分子具有酶的活性，即受体与酶 是同一蛋白分子（多种激素、生长因子、细胞因子）
鸟苷酸环化酶受体 （ guanylyl cyclase receptor） 配体 鸟苷酸环化酶（GC）受体
GTP
cGMP
(激活)蛋白激酶G(PKG)
底物蛋白磷酸化
生物效应
五、招募型受体介导的信号转导
胞内部分没有酶活性， 但当胞外域与配体结 合后，胞内域可招募 激酶或转接蛋白，激 活下游信号转导通路
跨膜信号转导
真核细胞内主要的跨膜信息转导途径大致可归 纳为：
离子通道受体介导的信号转导 G蛋白耦联受体介导的信号转导 酶联型受体介导的信号转导 招募型受体介导的信号转导 核受体介导的信号转导
二、离子通道型受体介导的信号转导
Signal transduction mediated by ion channel receptors
信号分子
3. G蛋白效应器（G Protein effector）
酶类：腺苷酸环化酶（AC），磷脂酶C（PLC）， 磷酸酶A2（PLA2)，磷酸二酯酶（PDE）
通道类
根据效应器种类的不同，G-protein 介导的信号转导途径 主要有以下几种类型： (1) 受体-G蛋白-AC途径 (2)受体-G蛋白-PLC途径 (3) G蛋白-离子通道途径
第二章 细胞的基本功能
Chapter 2. Basic function of the Cells
多种 蛋白 被活化
细胞 效应
6 钙离子激活 其他蛋白质
实例：M1-ACh受体介导的信号转导
三、酶耦联受体介导的信号转导
Signal transduction mediated by receptor-enzymes
酪氨酸激酶受体——受体分子具有酶的活性，即受体与酶 是同一蛋白分子（多种激素、生长因子、细胞因子）
鸟苷酸环化酶受体 （ guanylyl cyclase receptor） 配体 鸟苷酸环化酶（GC）受体
GTP
cGMP
(激活)蛋白激酶G(PKG)
底物蛋白磷酸化
生物效应
五、招募型受体介导的信号转导
胞内部分没有酶活性， 但当胞外域与配体结 合后，胞内域可招募 激酶或转接蛋白，激 活下游信号转导通路
跨膜信号转导
真核细胞内主要的跨膜信息转导途径大致可归 纳为：
离子通道受体介导的信号转导 G蛋白耦联受体介导的信号转导 酶联型受体介导的信号转导 招募型受体介导的信号转导 核受体介导的信号转导
二、离子通道型受体介导的信号转导
Signal transduction mediated by ion channel receptors
信号分子
3. G蛋白效应器（G Protein effector）
酶类：腺苷酸环化酶（AC），磷脂酶C（PLC）， 磷酸酶A2（PLA2)，磷酸二酯酶（PDE）
通道类
根据效应器种类的不同，G-protein 介导的信号转导途径 主要有以下几种类型： (1) 受体-G蛋白-AC途径 (2)受体-G蛋白-PLC途径 (3) G蛋白-离子通道途径
第二章 细胞的基本功能
Chapter 2. Basic function of the Cells
细胞生物学课件英文版-简介、显微镜
– Recent evidence indicates that prokaryotes are more diverse and numerous than previous thought.
Basic Properties of Cells (6)
• Types of Eukaryotic Cells: Cell Specialization
– Genes encode information to build each cell, ad the organism.
– Genes encode information for cellular reproduction, activity, and structure.
Levels of cellular and molecular organization
Pathways of cell differentiation
composition and metabolic features that have been conserved throughout evolution.
Basic Properties of Cells (2)
Basic Properties of Cells (3)
• Cells Posses a Genetic Program and the Means to Use It
– Cultured cells are an essential tool for cell biologists.
Basic Properties of Cells (2)
• Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized
– Cellular processes are highly regulated. – Cells from different species share similar structure,
Basic Properties of Cells (6)
• Types of Eukaryotic Cells: Cell Specialization
– Genes encode information to build each cell, ad the organism.
– Genes encode information for cellular reproduction, activity, and structure.
Levels of cellular and molecular organization
Pathways of cell differentiation
composition and metabolic features that have been conserved throughout evolution.
Basic Properties of Cells (2)
Basic Properties of Cells (3)
• Cells Posses a Genetic Program and the Means to Use It
– Cultured cells are an essential tool for cell biologists.
Basic Properties of Cells (2)
• Cells Are Highly Complex and Organized
– Cellular processes are highly regulated. – Cells from different species share similar structure,
生理学绪论英文课件
Why must the medical students study human physiology?
• Medical science development is closely related to physiology.
• (1) The classical traditional chinese medicine textbook(内经)presented much knowledge about 经络 and 脏腑 to guide the medical practice.
• Gene levels research
molecular biological methods for molecular level and cell level research
Organ and system levels
• The goals are to explore the effects of organs and systems for human body and how to performe their activities, and the affecting factors.
Cell level research to understand the function of the organ.
• The physiological characteristics of cells depend on the physical and chemical features of the big chemical molecules consisting of the cells.
• molecular level research to study the functions of cells. For instant: myocute contraction
生理学--细胞 ppt课件
1. Two potassium ions bind on the outside and three sodium ions bind on the inside of the “pump”.
2. The ATPase become activated.
3. An ATP was split to ADP and phosphate, liberating a highenergy phosphate bond of energy.
• “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
第一节 细胞膜的基本结构和跨膜物质转运功能
The Basic Organization and Transporting Function of Cell Membrane
Cell membrane 7.5 to 10 nanometers thick, pliable, elastic
（2）整合蛋白（Integrated Protein):一次或多次贯穿整
个双脂质双分子层（具有疏水性氨基酸构成的片段）。
2. 膜蛋白的功能
（1）跨膜物质转运/Transport （2）受体功能/Receptor （3）酶/Enzyme （4）表面标志/Recognizable part
（三）细胞膜的糖/ Membrane Carbohydrate
① 扩散速率高 (High diffusion rate) ② 无饱和性 (No Saturation ) ③ 不依靠特殊膜蛋白质的“帮助” ④扩散量与浓度梯度、温度和膜通透性呈正相关,
用扩散通量（Flux)表示,其单位是（mol /cm2·s) 。
(3) 转运的物质：
O2、CO2、NH3 、N2 、尿素、乙醚、乙醇、类固醇 类激素 等少数几种。
2. The ATPase become activated.
3. An ATP was split to ADP and phosphate, liberating a highenergy phosphate bond of energy.
• “太阳当空照，花儿对我笑，小鸟说早早早……”
第一节 细胞膜的基本结构和跨膜物质转运功能
The Basic Organization and Transporting Function of Cell Membrane
Cell membrane 7.5 to 10 nanometers thick, pliable, elastic
（2）整合蛋白（Integrated Protein):一次或多次贯穿整
个双脂质双分子层（具有疏水性氨基酸构成的片段）。
2. 膜蛋白的功能
（1）跨膜物质转运/Transport （2）受体功能/Receptor （3）酶/Enzyme （4）表面标志/Recognizable part
（三）细胞膜的糖/ Membrane Carbohydrate
① 扩散速率高 (High diffusion rate) ② 无饱和性 (No Saturation ) ③ 不依靠特殊膜蛋白质的“帮助” ④扩散量与浓度梯度、温度和膜通透性呈正相关,
用扩散通量（Flux)表示,其单位是（mol /cm2·s) 。
(3) 转运的物质：
O2、CO2、NH3 、N2 、尿素、乙醚、乙醇、类固醇 类激素 等少数几种。
生理学：第二章 细胞的基本功能 (2)
1）膜两侧该物质浓度差决定因素：
2）膜对该物质的通透性 与该物质的浓度差成正 比，与其他溶质无关
[O2]o ＞[O2]i
[CO2]i ＞[CO2]o
3. 转运的物质： O2，CO2，N2，水，乙醇，尿素
水(还可通过水通道即水孔蛋白aquaprin来转运)
4 ．特点：① 高浓度→低浓度② 不耗能
膜蛋白介导的跨膜转运
Composition of the cell membrane
磷酸+碱基
化学组成：三种
㈠ 脂质双分子层：多 （52%）
脂 肪
酸
磷脂：70%；胆固醇：<30%
长 烃
链
特点：熔点低，常温下呈液态
（ *熔点、胆固醇含量
决定C膜的流动性）
㈡ 膜蛋白：较多（重量）40%
两种形式
表面蛋白 (peripheral protein) 20-30%
不同的通道有不同的开闭控制条件：
图2-2不同门控机制的离子通道
A. 电压门控通道 (voltage gated)
B. 化学门控通道 （chemical gated）
C. 机械门控通道 (mechanically gated)
离子 细胞外
细胞内
神经递质 （Ach）
通道开放
离子进入膜内
毛 细 胞 离 子 通 道 及 其 作 用 示 意 图
其他重要的泵
（1）钙泵( Ca2+-Mg2+依赖式ATP酶 )3;泵入肌浆网储存，与肌 肉的舒张过程有关。 （2）H+-K+泵( H+-K+依赖式ATP酶 ) 存在于胃粘膜壁细胞膜上，参与胃酸分泌
还可能存在于肾小管细胞的管腔膜上，分 泌 H+ ，与酸碱平衡有关。
细胞生物学课件英文版-线粒体结构和功能
Summary of oxidative phosphorylation
The Human Perspective: The Role of Anaerobic and Aerobic Metabolism in Exercise (1)
• ATP hydrolysis increases 100-fold during exercise, quickly exhausting ATP available.
An overview of glycolysis
Oxidative Metabolism in the Mitochondrion (2)
• The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
– It is a stepwise cycle where substrate is oxidized and its energy conserved.
• Oxygen accumulated in the primitive atmosphere after cyanobacteria appeared.
• Aerobes evolved to use oxygen to extract more energy from organic molecules.
– The inner membrane is impermeable to even small molecules; the outer membrane is permeable to even some proteins.
Porins
Mitochondrial Structure and Function (5)
9.2 Oxidative Metabolism in the Mitochondrion (1)
细胞结构英文版27张幻灯片
Needed to continue glucose breakdown for energy
NAD+
cytoplasm
fermentation
Electron carrier produced in glycolysis
fermentation lactate
when oxygen is available
Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles
Endomembrane System
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Structure
Cilia and Flagella
Function(s)
• Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes
• Cell movement in sperm
Connections Between Cells
Citric acid cycle
Electron Transport chain
oxygen Outside cell
mitochondrion
2 ATP
2 ATP
32 ATP
Energy Yield from Glucose
Without Oxygen, Fermentation Occurs
Structure
Mitochondrion
Function
Captures energy from organic molecules, producing ATP
NAD+
cytoplasm
fermentation
Electron carrier produced in glycolysis
fermentation lactate
when oxygen is available
Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles
Endomembrane System
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Structure
Cilia and Flagella
Function(s)
• Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes
• Cell movement in sperm
Connections Between Cells
Citric acid cycle
Electron Transport chain
oxygen Outside cell
mitochondrion
2 ATP
2 ATP
32 ATP
Energy Yield from Glucose
Without Oxygen, Fermentation Occurs
Structure
Mitochondrion
Function
Captures energy from organic molecules, producing ATP
细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞膜
An Overview of Membrane Functions
3.1 An Overview of Membrane Functions (1)
• Compartmentalization – Membranes form continuous sheets that enclose intracellular compartments.
– Channel proteins have hydrophilic cores that form aqueous channels in the membranespanning region.
The Structure and Functions of Membrane Proteins (3)
– Glycoproteins have short, branched carbohydrates for interactions with other cells and structures outside the cell.
– Glycolipids have larger carbohydrate chains that may be cell-to-cell recognition sites.
• Membrane proteins can be grouped into three distinct classes
The Structure and Functions of Membrane Proteins (2)
• Integral Membrane Proteins
– Are amphiphatic, with hydrophic domains anchoring them in the bilayer and hydrophilic regions forming functional domains outside of the bilayer.
细胞生物学课件英文版-细胞分裂
cycle.
Fluctuations of cyclin and MPF levels during the cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (6)
• The role of protein kinases (continued)
– MPF-like, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) occur in yeast cells.
The Cell Cycle (12)
• The pairing between individual cyclins and Cdks is specific, and only some combinations are found.
• As in yeast, Cdk1 is the only Cdk required to drive a mammalian cell through the cell cycle.
Combinations between various cyclins and Cdks at different stages in the mammalian cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (13)
• Checkpoints, Kinase Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses
exist mitosis and enter a new cell cycle.
The Cell Cycle (11)
• Subcellular Localization
– Movement of cyclins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is another point of control.
Fluctuations of cyclin and MPF levels during the cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (6)
• The role of protein kinases (continued)
– MPF-like, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) occur in yeast cells.
The Cell Cycle (12)
• The pairing between individual cyclins and Cdks is specific, and only some combinations are found.
• As in yeast, Cdk1 is the only Cdk required to drive a mammalian cell through the cell cycle.
Combinations between various cyclins and Cdks at different stages in the mammalian cell cycle
The Cell Cycle (13)
• Checkpoints, Kinase Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses
exist mitosis and enter a new cell cycle.
The Cell Cycle (11)
• Subcellular Localization
– Movement of cyclins between the cytoplasm and the nucleus is another point of control.
2细胞基本生理 ppt课件
3.3 神经干的复合动作电位
• 组成神经干的许多Nf生物电变化的总和。 • 一定范围内，随刺激强度的增加，AP的幅度从无
到有逐渐增大，直至达到一最大幅度 • 随传播距离增加，AP被分解为若干成分。 • 原因：纤维愈粗，阈值愈低，传导速度愈快。
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3.4 神经传导的一般特性
（1） 生理完整性 （2） 传导的绝缘性
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阈电位：RP去电极达到某一临界数值，引起Na+通 道大量开放，Na+大量内流而爆发AP。 电压门控通道
2020/H5/11odgkin循环
锋电位：神经冲动的表现形式，幅度为RP与超射之和
后电位：锋电位之后
的微小电位波动；
相
包括负后电位和正
对
后电位。
不 应超
期常
期
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• 关闭（备用） 激活
失活
•
细胞膜电势变化
备用
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Stretch
机械门控式通道
MechanicCalolsleyd -gated
Open
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(2) 主动转运
钠泵
（Na-K-ATP酶）， 每分解1分子ATP， 排出3个Na+，摄入2 个K+。
斯科(Jens C.Skou)，
• c. 收缩性 肌肉组织的特性 • 速度快、强度大、但不能持久。
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4.3.2 肌肉收缩的机械变化
• a. 等张收缩和等长收缩
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• b.单收缩 Single Twitch ： 实验条件下，肌肉受到单 个有效刺激而产生一次迅 速而短暂的收缩
生理学课件英文版
It is a dynamic steady state, all of function or regulation in cells or organs contribute to maintain homeostasis. (core theme)
The conception has been now extended to the understanding of all physiological activities constancy.
Internal environment was firstly introduced by Claude Bernard at 1870s. It means the liquid environment in which cells live, that is, extracellular liquid.
Autoregulation: organ or tissue itself directly and
adaptively response to stimulus. character: directly, limited
Positive feedback
command
control
effecter
Regulation for physiological function
Nervous regulation
basic manner: reflex character: rapidly, accurately, momentarily
Humoral regulation
basic manner: hormone, local liquid factors character: slowly, extensively, persistently
The conception has been now extended to the understanding of all physiological activities constancy.
Internal environment was firstly introduced by Claude Bernard at 1870s. It means the liquid environment in which cells live, that is, extracellular liquid.
Autoregulation: organ or tissue itself directly and
adaptively response to stimulus. character: directly, limited
Positive feedback
command
control
effecter
Regulation for physiological function
Nervous regulation
basic manner: reflex character: rapidly, accurately, momentarily
Humoral regulation
basic manner: hormone, local liquid factors character: slowly, extensively, persistently