The Civil Rights Movement美国民权运动
介绍一个典型案例,运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义
介绍一个典型案例,运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义理论,去分析其历史背景,让读者能够深入了解这个案例这里我们介绍的案例为美国黑人民权运动。
黑人民权运动（African-American Civil Rights Movement）是一场反对美国种族歧视的运动，历时从1954年的“圣路易斯公民权诉Brown案”以来，持续直至1965年的《民权法案》签署实现美国个人民权得到彻底解放之时。
借助辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义理论，我们可以发掘黑人民权运动的历史背景。
根据辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的观点，美国黑人民权运动的发展是由社会发展的连续不断的过程驱动的。
它是一种由社会矛盾引起的普遍性事件，社会矛盾的发展与解决过程决定了它的发展性质、方向和步骤。
具体而言，以美国黑人民权运动为例，历史背景可以从黑人集体获得自由、决定自己命运的早期遗留问题到当前种族主义社会所产生的种族歧视持续存在，可以分析出起源。
具体来说，从历史上看，美国黑人民权运动是一种反对种族歧视的运动，它源自黑人社会，早期源自黑人被奴隶制统治并被剥夺了基本权利的历史，由于种族歧视，立法、教育、经济和社会等存在明显的不平等。
最明显的反映是新南向的实施，使不少黑人被遗弃，他们必须走上应对当局的抗争路线，争取民权。
再深入来看，美国黑人民权运动的发展基础是美国的唯物的思想和思潮，从具体行动、到社会斗争，都是基于宣扬和争取社会公平与正义的理念和行为。
美国黑人民权运动既是受到历史所限所影响，又受到西方文化传播影响，它具有社会运动理论作为特点，即思想是实践的前提，实践是思想的运动，二者相互促进，相互联系的时间性质的绩效能力，以及一定程度上的唯物主义和社会主义理论。
总的来说，以美国黑人民权运动为例，借助辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义理论，它可以更加深入地解读这场历史运动的历史背景和社会意义，使读者能够深入了解。
美国黑人民权运动
马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King）
著名的美国民权运动领袖。1948年大 学毕业。1948年至1951年期间，在美 国东海岸的费城继续深造。1963年， 马丁·路德·金觐见了肯尼迪总统，要求 通过新的民权法，给黑人以平等的权 利。1963年8月28日，在林肯纪念堂 前，发表了《我有一个梦想》的演说。 标志着民权运动达到了高潮。1964年 度诺贝尔和平奖的获得者。1968年4 月，马丁·路德·金前往孟菲斯市，领导 工人罢工后，被人刺杀，年仅39岁。 从1986年起，美国政府将每年1月的 第3个星期一，定为马丁路德金全国纪 念日。马丁·路德·金被美国的权威期刊 《大西洋月刊》评为影响美国的100位 人物第8名。
segregation of black and white.
1960年，南部各州普遍开展在公共场所的静 坐示威，显示出运动范围已越出某一城市的 局限，主动冲击种族隔离制。
In 1960,people generally carried out sitting in public places in southern states ,showing that the range of
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知识回顾 Knowledge Review
CivilRightsMovementinUS美国民权运动讲稿
Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws.Segregation was an attempt by white Southerners to separate the races in every aspects of life and to achieve supremacy over blacks. Segregation was often called the Jim Crow system. Segregation became common in Southern states following the end of Reconstruction in 1877. During Reconstruction, which followed the Civil War (1861-1865), Republican governments in the Southern states were run by blacks, Northerners, and some sympathetic Southerners. The Reconstruction governments had passed laws opening up economic and political opportunities for blacks. By 1877 the Democratic Party had gained control of government in the Southern states, and these Southern Democrats wanted to reverse black advances made during Reconstruction. To that end, they began to pass local and state laws that specified certain places “For Whites Only” and others for “Colored.” Blacks had separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were poorly funded and inferior to those of whites. Over the next 75 years, Jim Crow signs went up to separate the races in every possible place.Throughout the South, segregation had the support of the legal system and the police. Beyond the law, however, there was always the threat of terrorist violence against blacks who attempted to challenge or even question the established order. During Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), the Knights of the White Camellia, and other terrorist organizations murdered thousands of blacks and some whites in order to prevent them from voting and participating in public life.The civil rights movement was the struggle for equal rights for blacks in the 1950s. it started with an event called the Montgomery bus boycott.Before 1955, buses in Montgomery, Alabama were segregated. Whites sat in the front of the bus; blacks had to sit in the back. One day Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, was on her way home from work. The bus became crowded, and she was told to give herseat to a white man because this was the law. Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat. She was arrested and fined.Thi s incident angered Montgomery’s black community. It was time to change the law, community leaders decided. And they boycotted the buses. The boycott which was led by Martin Luther King, lasted for over a year. In November 1956 the Supreme Court upheld a federal court decision that ruled the bus segregation unconstitutional. The decision went into effect December 20, 1956, and the black community of Montgomery ended its boycott the next day.In 1957 nine black students desegregated Little Rock, Arkansas’s Ce ntral High School, despite strong resistance by many white members of the community. President Dwight Eisenhower called out federal troops to enforce the desegregation and to ensure the safety of the students. Shown here are six of the “Little Rock Nine.” With them, in the center of the picture, are Thurgood Marshall, then a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and Daisy Bates, president of the Little Rock NAACP.Civil Rights Movement in the United StatesCivil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the V oting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction.Segregation“Whites Only” Waiting RoomA black man is ordered out of a “whites only” waiting room.Separate facilities for blacks and whites were maintained throughout the South from the end of the 19th century until the 1960s.Segregation was an attempt by white Southerners to separate the races in every sphere of life and to achieve supremacy over blacks. Segregation was often called the Jim Crow system, after a minstrel show character from the 1830s who was an old, crippled, black slave who embodied negative stereotypes of blacks. Segregation became common in Southern states following the end of Reconstruction in 1877.During Reconstruction, which followed the Civil War (1861-1865), Republican governments in the Southern states were run by blacks, Northerners, and some sympathetic Southerners. The Reconstruction governments had passed laws opening up economic and political opportunities for blacks. By 1877 the Democratic Party had gained control of government in the Southern states, and these Southern Democrats wanted to reverse black advances made during Reconstruction. To that end, they began to pass local and state laws that specified certain places “For Whites Only” and others for “Colored.” Blacks had separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were poorly funded and inferior to those of whites. Over the next 75 years, Jim Crow signs went up to separate the races in every possible place. The system of segregation also included the denial of voting rights, known as disfranchisement. Between 1890 and 1910 all Southern states passed laws imposing requirements for voting that were used to prevent blacks from voting, in spite of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which had been designed to protect black voting rights. These requirements included: the ability to read and write, which disqualified the many blacks who had not had access to education; property ownership, something few blacks were able to acquire; and paying a poll tax, which was too great a burden on most Southern blacks, who were very poor. As a final insult, the few blacks who made it over all these hurdles could not vote in the Democratic primaries that chose the candidates because they were open only to whites in most Southern states.Because blacks could not vote, they were virtually powerless to prevent whites from segregating all aspects of Southern life. They could do little to stop discrimination in public accommodations, education, economic opportunities, or housing. The ability to struggle for equality was even undermined by the prevalent Jim Crow signs, which constantly reminded blacks of their inferior status in Southern society. Segregation was an all encompassing system.Conditions for blacks in Northern states were somewhat better, though up to 1910 only about 10 percent of blacks lived in the North, and prior to World War II (1939-1945), very few blacks lived in the West. Blacks were usually free to vote in the North, but there were so few blacks that their voices were barely heard. Segregated facilities were not as common in the North, but blacks were usually denied entrance to the best hotels and restaurants. Schools in New England were usually integrated, but those in the Midwest generally were not. Perhaps the most difficult part of Northern life was the intense economic discrimination against blacks. They had to compete with large numbers of recent European immigrants for job opportunities and almost always lost.Company E, 4th U.S. Colored InfantryBlack soldiers fought in segregated all-black units, such as this one, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Almost all black soldiers fought for the Union army, and they served in nearly 500 engagements. Twenty-four black soldiers and sailors were awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery, the U.S. military’s highest honor. Segregation and ViolenceKu Klux KlanFormer Confederate soldiers founded the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) after the American Civil War (1861-1865). The KKK used violence and intimidation to prevent blacks from voting and holding office, and to keep them segregated.Throughout the South, segregation had the support of the legal system and the police. Beyond the law, however, there was always the threat of terrorist violence against blacks who attempted to challenge or even question the established order. During Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), the Knights of the White Camellia, and other terrorist organizations murdered thousands of blacks and some whites in order to prevent them from voting and participating in public life. The KKK was founded in the winter of 1865 to 1866 by a former Confederate general to stop both blacks and Northerners from carrying out their government and social reforms. The Klan and other white terrorist groups directed their violence against black landowners, politicians, and community leaders, as well as whites who supported the Republica n Party or racial equality. During Reconstruction only the presence of the U.S. Army prevented massive killings; however, there were never enough soldiers to stop the violence. For example, in 1876 and 1877 mobs of whites, led by former Confederate generals, killed scores of blacks in South Carolina to prevent them from voting or holding office.School DesegregationDesegregation in Little RockIn 1957 nine black students desegregated Little Rock, Arkansas’s Central High School, despite strong resistance by many white members of the community. President Dwight Eisenhower called out federal troops to enforce the desegregation and to ensure the safety of the students. Shown here are six of the “Little Rock Nine.” With them, in the center of the picture, are Thurgood Marshall, then a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and Daisy Bates, president of the Little Rock NAACP.In the postwar years, the NAACP's legal strategy for civil rights continued to succeed. Led by Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund challenged and overturned many forms of discrimination, but their main thrust was equal educational opportunities. For example, in Sweat v. Painter (1950), the Supreme Court decided that the University of Texas had to integrate its law school. Marshall and the Defense Fund worked with Southern plaintiffs to challenge the Plessy doctrine directly, arguing in effect that separate was inherently unequal. The U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments on five cases that challenged elementary- and secondary-school segregation, and in May 1954 issued its landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that stated that racially segregated education was unconstitutional. Montgomery Bus BoycottDespite the threats and violence, the struggle quickly moved beyond school desegregation to challenge segregation in other areas. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a member of the Montgomery, Alabama, branch of the NAACP, was told to give up her seat on a city bus to a white person. When Parks refused to move, she was arrested. The local NAACP, led by Edgar D. Nixon, recognized that the arrest of Parks might rally local blacks to protest segregated buses. Montgomery's blackcommunity had long been angry about their mistreatment on city buses where white drivers were often rude and abusive. The community had previously considered a boycott of the buses, and almost overnight one was organized. The Montgomery bus boycott was an immediate success, with virtually unanimous support from the 50,000 blacks in Montgomery. It lasted for more than a year and dramatized to the American public the determination of blacks in the South to end segregation. In November 1956 the Supreme Court upheld a federal court decision that ruled the bus segregation unconstitutional. The decision went into effect December 20, 1956, and the black community of Montgomery ended its boycott the next day.Rosa ParksIn 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for disobeying a segregation law in Montgomery, Alabama, that required her to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. Her bold action helped to stimulate protests against inequality. The blacks in the community organized a boycott of the bus system. The boycott, which was led by Martin Luther King, Jr., forced city officials to repeal the discriminatory law.Sit-insSit-Ins in Greensboro, North CarolinaIn 1960 four black college students walked into a Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and sat down at the lunch counter, which was for white customers only. The students waited to be served until the store closed for the day. For the next six days, a growing number of students joined the sit-ins until Woolworth closed its doors. Then the students decided to suspend the sit-ins for two weeks to give stores in the community the chance to desegregate.Freedom RidersBurned Bus in Anniston, AlabamaFreedom Riders sit by their bus which had been burned by a white mob in Anniston, Alabama. Several of the riders were beaten by the mob. Freedom Riders began traveling through the South in 1961 to try to desegregate Southern bus stations.Civil Rights March, 1963The national civil rights leadership decided to keep pressure on both the Kennedy administration and the Congress to pass the civil rights legislation proposed by Kennedy by planning a March on Washington for August 1963. It was a conscious revival of A. Philip Randolph's planned 1941 march, which had yielded a commitment to fair employment during World War II. Randolph was there in 1963, along with the leaders of the NAACP, CORE, SCLC, the Urban League, and SNCC. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered a moving address to an audience of more than 200,000 civil rights supporters. His “I Have a Dream” speech in front of the giant sculpture of the Great Emancipator, Abraham Lincoln, became famous for how it expressed the ideals of the civil rights movement.。
the civil rights movement名词解释
the civil rights movement名词解释《民权运动》是美国历史上一段重要的时期，这个运动主要是为了争取黑人的平等权利，消除种族歧视，同时也为女性和其他少数群体争取权利做出了重要的贡献。
本文将从运动的历史背景、主要事件和影响等方面进行分析和解释。
一、历史背景19世纪后期，美国南部的种族歧视和黑人奴隶制度得到了极大的发展。
黑人被视为劣等种族，被迫在社会上承受着各种不公正待遇。
到了20世纪，随着美国社会的发展，黑人开始有了更多的机会和权利，但是种族歧视依旧存在，黑人依旧面临着各种不公正待遇。
这种情况引发了黑人社区的不满和抗议，进而形成了民权运动。
二、主要事件1.布朗诉教育局案1954年，美国最高法院在布朗诉教育局案中裁决，宣布“种族隔离是违宪的”，结束了美国南部学校种族隔离制度。
这个裁决标志着民权运动的开始。
2.蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动1955年，罗莎·帕克斥资购买了一张巴士车票，但因为她是黑人，被要求坐在车上的后排。
帕克拒绝了这个要求，引发了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动。
这个运动持续了381天，最终导致了公共交通系统的种族隔离制度的废除。
3.阿拉巴马州长华莱士的“种族隔离演讲”1963年，阿拉巴马州长乔治·华莱士在阿拉巴马大学发表了“种族隔离演讲”，强调种族隔离的合法性，并试图阻止两个黑人学生进入学校。
这个事件引发了广泛的抗议和谴责，最终导致了美国政府对种族隔离立法的废除。
4.马丁·路德·金的“我有一个梦想”1963年，马丁·路德·金在华盛顿林肯纪念堂前发表了著名的“我有一个梦想”演讲，呼吁消除种族歧视，实现平等和正义。
这个演讲成为民权运动的代表性事件之一。
5.民权法案的通过1964年，美国国会通过了民权法案，禁止在公共场所对种族、肤色、宗教、性别和国籍等方面的歧视，为民权运动的胜利划上了重要的一笔。
三、影响民权运动对美国社会产生了深远的影响。
美国黑人民权运动
黑人一般从事笨重和 最受轻视的职业 平均工 资是白人的 1/3 或 1/2 ， 失业率高。大多数的白人 拥有自己的住房，而大多 数黑人都是寄人篱下，租 房居住，且在租房过程中 也会因肤色被房东刁难。
多地禁止和限制黑人教育， 在美国南部的一些州甚至出台法律 要求黑人奴隶不得受教育，尽管黑 人中的自由人可以接受教育，由于 种族隔离政策，他们与白人分开学 习，受教育机会也是有限的，教育 质量普遍低下，仅传授一些基本的 生活技能。
● 在富兰克林·罗斯福任总统期内，
联邦政府任命了一大批黑人进入联邦 各部门。 ● 黑人第一次被罗斯福称为“我们的 黑人公民”。
附加条款
祖父条款 ● 吉姆·克劳法
●
种族隔离的法律 因为剥夺了黑人学童的入学权利 而违宪
终止了 美国社会中存在已久白人和黑人 必须分别就读不同公立学校的种 族隔离现象。
中文名称：美国黑人民权运动 外文名称：African-American Civil Rights Movement 运动时间：1955年-1968年 运动地点：美国 代表人物：马丁· 路德· 金、罗莎· 帕克斯
16-19世纪 ● 欧洲殖民者从非洲劫运大批黑人 奴隶到美洲
● 黑奴被运入今美国境内，主要在 南部诸州的棉花、甘蔗种植场和矿 山当苦工
1861年-1910年： 为争取平等普选权而斗争
● 林肯在 1863 年 1 月 1 日发表《解放黑 人奴隶宣言》，黑人在法律上成为自由 人。 ● 美国国会先后在 1865 年、 1868 年和 1870 年通过宪法第 13 、 14 和 15 条修正 案，将自由权、公民权和选举权赋予黑 人。
1911年-1950年： 黑人的参政力量不断上升
在美国内战后种族隔离依然盛 行的美国南方，法律明确规定黑 人与白人在公车、餐馆等公共场 所内需分隔，且黑人必须给白人 让座。
美国民权运动
美国民权运动（Civil Rights Movement，United States）指的是第二次世界大战后美国黑人反对种族隔离与歧视，争取民主权利的群众运动。
第二次世界大战后美国黑人反对种族隔离与歧视，争取民主权利的群众运动。
美国学者一般认为，它开始于1954年美国最高法院对J.布朗控诉托皮卡教育委员会一案的判决，结束于1965年选民登记法的通过。
最初的十年战后头10年，由于美国政府的镇压和麦卡锡主义的猖獗，美国黑人争取平等自由的运动，大体只限于由美国全国有色人种协进会在法院进行的斗争。
由于美国法院偏袒种族主义分子，黑人只得在国际上进行呼吁与控拆。
1954年 5月17日，美国最高法院为改变美国在国际上的形象，就布朗案作出判决：公立学校所实行的种族隔离教育是不平等的，因而违反《宪法第14条修正案》。
帕克斯事件和静坐运动这个判决的实施进程异常缓慢,使黑人再也不把希望仅寄托于美国法律,而靠自己奋起斗争。
1955年12月1日,亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座给白人，被捕入狱。
在青年黑人牧师M.L.金的领导下，全城 5万黑人团结一致，罢乘公共汽车达一年之久，终于迫使汽车公司取消种族隔离制。
这是美国南部黑人群众采取直接行动摧毁种族隔离制的第一次尝试，开始了一个新阶段。
1957年，金牧师及其支持者组成南方基督教领袖会议，将运动深入到南部生活的各个领域。
1958年南方21个主要城市组织集会，发动黑人争取公民权利。
1960年2月1日，北卡罗来纳州格林斯伯勒城 4个黑人大学生进入一餐馆小吃，白人服务员命令他们走开，他们静坐不动。
这一英勇行为立刻得到南部广大黑人学生响应，发展为大规模静坐运动，迫使近 200城市的餐馆取消隔离制。
1961年 5月初，种族平等大会又开展“自由乘客”运动。
不久，在学生非暴力协调委员会参与下，得到许多进步白人支持，逐渐发展为全国性运动，迫使南部诸州取消州际公共汽车乘坐上的种族隔离制。
民权运动的英语作文
民权运动的英语作文The Civil Rights Movement。
The Civil Rights Movement was a major social and political movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. It sought to end racial discrimination and segregation against African Americans and other minority groups, and to secure their basic civil and political rights.The movement was sparked by a series of events, including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954, which declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. This decision was followed by a series of protests, sit-ins, and boycotts, led by civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X.The movement faced significant opposition from white supremacists and other groups who sought to maintain thestatus quo of racial inequality and segregation. Many civil rights activists were met with violence and intimidation, and some were even killed for their efforts.Despite these challenges, the Civil Rights Movement achieved many important victories. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were landmark pieces of legislation that outlawed racial discrimination and secured voting rights for African Americans. These laws helped to dismantle many of the legal barriers that had long prevented African Americans from fully participating in American society.The legacy of the Civil Rights Movement continues to be felt today, as the fight for racial equality and social justice remains an ongoing struggle. While progress has been made, there is still much work to be done to ensure that all Americans are treated equally and have access to the same opportunities.In conclusion, the Civil Rights Movement was a pivotal moment in American history, one that brought aboutsignificant social and political change. It was a time of great courage and sacrifice, as ordinary people stood up against injustice and fought for their rights. The movement serves as a reminder that, even in the face of adversity, it is possible to effect positive change and create abetter world for all.。
美国黑人民权运动平等与自由的争取
美国黑人民权运动平等与自由的争取美国黑人民权运动：平等与自由的争取美国黑人民权运动是一场具有深远影响的社会运动，致力于黑人平等权利和自由的争取。
这场运动在20世纪50年代和60年代达到了高潮，对美国社会和全球产生了极大的影响。
本文将从运动的历史背景、领导人及其策略、取得的成就以及历史意义等多个角度来探讨美国黑人民权运动。
一、历史背景黑人民权运动发源于美国南方的种族隔离制度——“吉姆·克劳法”。
这一法律体系在19世纪末至20世纪初确立，限制和剥夺了黑人的权利，使他们处于社会的边缘地位。
黑人生活在贫困和恶劣条件下，面临种种歧视和暴力。
二、领导人及其策略1. 马丁·路德·金恩（Martin Luther King Jr.）马丁·路德·金恩是黑人民权运动最具代表性的领导人之一。
他提倡非暴力抗议，借鉴了印度独立运动中甘地的策略。
金恩发表了著名的“我有一个梦想”的演讲，呼吁全国团结，争取平等和自由。
2. 马尔科姆·X（Malcolm X）马尔科姆·X采取了更激进的手段，提倡黑人自卫，并倡导黑人自力更生。
他的提议激发了黑人社区的自豪感和团结力量。
三、取得的成就1. 《民权法案》（Civil Rights Act）1964年，美国通过了《民权法案》，禁止了种族隔离与歧视。
这是黑人民权运动取得的一项重大胜利，确保了黑人平等权利的法律保障。
2. 投票权的保障1965年，《投票权法案》（Voting Rights Act）被通过，确保黑人的选举权。
这使得黑人能够参与政治，争取自己的权益。
3. 带来社会变革黑人民权运动不仅在政治和法律领域取得了重大进展，还深刻影响了美国社会的思想观念和文化。
它为后来的社会运动提供了模板和灵感，推动了整个国家的变革。
四、历史意义美国黑人民权运动是国际上最重要、最具影响力的社会运动之一。
它不仅为黑人争取了平等权利，还引发了全球关于人权和平等的讨论。
Civil-Rights-美国民权运动背景知识
Civil-Rights-美国民权运动背景知识Civil Rights Movement in the United StatesCivil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches,boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction.Segregation“Whites Only” Waiting RoomA black man is ordered out of a “whites only” waiting room. Separate facilities for blacks and whites were maintained throughout the South from the end of the 19th century until the 1960s.Segregation was an attempt by white Southerners to separate the races inevery sphere of life and to achieve supremacy over blacks. Segregation was often called the Jim Crow system, after a minstrel show character from the 1830s who was an old, crippled, black slave who embodied negative stereotypes of blacks. Segregation became common in Southern states following the end of Reconstruction in 1877. During Reconstruction, which followed the Civil War (1861-1865), Republican governments in the Southern states were run by blacks, Northerners, and some sympathetic Southerners. The Reconstruction governments had passed laws opening up economic and political opportunities for blacks. By 1877 theDemocratic Party had gained control of government in the Southern states, and these Southern Democrats wanted to reverse black advances made during Reconstruction. To that end, they began to pass local and state laws that specified certain places “For Whites Only” and others for “Colored.” Blacks had separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were poorly funded and inferior to those of whites. Over the next 75 years, Jim Crow signs went up to separate the races in every possible place.The system of segregation also included the denial of voting rights, known as disfranchisement. Between1890 and 1910 all Southern states passed laws imposing requirements for voting that were used to prevent blacks from voting, in spite of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which had been designed to protect black voting rights. These requirements included: the ability to read and write, which disqualified the many blacks who had not had access to education; property ownership, something few blacks were able to acquire; and paying a poll tax, which was too great a burden on most Southern blacks, who were very poor. As a final insult, the few blacks who made it over all these hurdles could not vote in the Democratic primaries thatchose the candidates because they were open only to whites in most Southern states.Because blacks could not vote, they were virtually powerless to prevent whites from segregating all aspects of Southern life. They could do little to stop discrimination in public accommodations, education, economic opportunities, or housing. The ability to struggle for equality was even undermined by the prevalent Jim Crow signs, which constantly reminded blacks of their inferior status in Southern society. Segregation was an all encompassing system.Conditions for blacks in Northern states were somewhat better, though upto 1910 only about 10 percent of blacks lived in the North, and prior to World War II (1939-1945), very few blacks lived in the West. Blacks were usually free to vote in the North, but there were so few blacks that their voices were barely heard. Segregated facilities were not as common in the North, but blacks were usually denied entrance to the best hotels and restaurants. Schools in New England were usually integrated, but those in the Midwest generally were not. Perhaps the most difficult part of Northern life was the intense economic discrimination against blacks. They had to compete with large numbers of recent European immigrants for job opportunities andalmost always lost.Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry Black soldiers fought in segregated all-black units, such as this one, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Almost all black soldiers fought for the Union army, and they served in nearly 500 engagements. Twenty-four black soldiers and sailors were awarded the Medal of Honor for bravery, the U.S.military’s highest honor.Segregation and ViolenceKu Klux KlanFormer Confederate soldiers founded the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) after the American Civil War (1861-1865). The KKK used violence and intimidation to prevent blacks from voting and holding office, and to keep them segregated.Throughout the South, segregation had the support of the legal system and the police. Beyond the law, however, there was always the threat of terrorist violence against blacks who attempted to challenge or even question the established order. During Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), the Knights of the White Camellia, and other terrorist organizations murdered thousands of blacks and some whites in order to prevent them from voting and participating in public life. The KKK was founded in the winter of 1865 to 1866 by a former Confederate generalto stop both blacks and Northerners from carrying out their government and social reforms. The Klan and other white terrorist groups directed their violence against black landowners, politicians, and community leaders, as well as whites who supported the Republican Party or racial equality. During Reconstruction only the presence of the U.S. Army prevented massive killings; however, there were never enough soldiers to stop the violence. For example, in 1876 and 1877 mobs of whites, led by former Confederate generals, killed scores of blacks in South Carolina to prevent them from voting or holding office.School DesegregationDesegregation in Little RockIn 1957 nine black students desegregated Little Rock, Arkansas’s Central High School, despite strong resistance by many white members of the community. President Dwight Eisenhower called out federal troops to enforce the desegregation and to ensure the safety of the students.Shown here are six of the “Little Rock Nine.” With them, in the center of the picture, are Thurgood Marshall, then a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and Daisy Bates, president of the Little Rock NAACP.In the postwar years, the NAACP's legal strategy for civil rights continued to succeed. Led by Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund challenged and overturned many forms of discrimination, but their main thrust was equal educational opportunities. For example, in Sweat v. Painter(1950), the Supreme Court decided that the University of Texashad to integrate its law school. Marshall and the Defense Fund worked with Southern plaintiffs to challenge the Plessy doctrine directly, arguing in effect that separate was inherently unequal. The U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments on five cases that challenged elementary- and secondary-school segregation, and in May 1954 issued its landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education that stated that racially segregated education was unconstitutional.Montgomery Bus BoycottDespite the threats and violence, the struggle quickly moved beyond schooldesegregation to challenge segregation in other areas. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a member of the Montgomery, Alabama, branch of the NAACP, was told to give up her seat on a city bus to a white person. When Parks refused to move, she was arrested. The local NAACP, led by Edgar D. Nixon, recognized that the arrest of Parks might rally local blacks to protest segregated buses. Montgomery's black community had long been angry about their mistreatment on city buses where white drivers were often rude and abusive. The community had previously considered a boycott of the buses, and almost overnight one wasorganized. The Montgomery bus boycott was an immediate success, with virtually unanimous support from the 50,000 blacks in Montgomery. It lasted for more than a year and dramatized to the American public the determination of blacks in the South to end segregation. In November 1956 the Supreme Court upheld a federal court decision that ruled the bus segregation unconstitutional. The decision went into effect December 20, 1956, and the black community of Montgomery ended its boycott the next day.Rosa ParksIn 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for disobeying a segregation law in Montgomery, Alabama, that required her to give up her seat on a bus to a white person. Her bold action helped to stimulate protests against inequality. The blacks in the community organized a boycott of the bus system. The boycott, which was led by MartinLuther King, Jr., forced city officials to repeal the discriminatory law.Sit-insSit-Ins in Greensboro, North Carolina In 1960 four black college students walked into a Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina, and sat down at the lunch counter, which was for white customers only. The studentswaited to be served until the store closed for the day. For the next six days, a growing number of students joined the sit-ins until Woolworth closed its doors. Then the students decided to suspend the sit-ins for two weeks to give stores in the community the chance to desegregate.Freedom RidersBurned Bus in Anniston, Alabama Freedom Riders sit by their bus which had been burned by a white mob in Anniston, Alabama. Several of the riders were beaten by the mob. Freedom Riders began traveling through the South in 1961 to try to desegregate Southern bus stations.Civil Rights March, 1963The national civil rights leadershipdecided to keep pressure on both the Kennedy administration and the Congress to pass the civil rights legislation proposed by Kennedy by planning a March on Washington for August 1963. It was a conscious revival of A. Philip Randolph's planned 1941 march, which had yielded a commitment to fair employment during World War II. Randolph was there in 1963, along with the leaders of the NAACP, CORE, SCLC, the Urban League, and SNCC. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered a moving address to an audience of more than 200,000 civil rights supporters. His “I Have a Dream” speech in front of the giant sculpture of the Great Emancipator,Abraham Lincoln, became famous for how it expressed the ideals of the civil rights movement.。
关于Hymes对交流能力定义的分析与见解
2018年04期总第392期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS关于Hymes对交流能力定义的分析与见解文/何礼交流能力很难进行准确定义。
尤其是随着交流过程的复杂化，交流能力的定义更加困难。
在语言学历史上，交流能力被多次定义。
在不同时期，不同的语言学家都提出了不同的见解。
在本文的研究中，笔者将重点研究Dell Hymes对于这一概念的定义和理解。
交流能力概念产生的社会政治背景在1965年，美国民权运动(the Civil Rights Movement)空前发展。
时任美国总统约翰逊提出了“向贫困宣战”(War on Poverty)的计划。
在此情况下，美国的启智计划(Head Start)正式开始实施。
孩子的教育得到了前所未有的重视。
连总统本人也亲自去学校任教，因此约翰逊总统也被称为“教育总统”。
在语言教学方面，大多数语言学家认为，不标准的方言(nonstandard dialect)是语言层面教育失败的重要原因。
1965年秋，the federal Office of Education主办了一个小型邀请会。
其中心议题为“校园生活中，贫困儿童语言层面所受到的影响研究”。
在这个会议的基础上，1966年6月，在Ferkauf Graduate School of Education，一个名为“Research Planning Conference on Language Development among Disadvantaged Children”的会议正式召开。
在本次会议上，Hymes首次公开提出了交流能力(Communicative Competence)这一理论。
Hymes对交流能力的定义尽管和C ho msk y在知识的研究方向上比较一致，但是Hymes却和Chomsky在交际民族学对语言能力产生的影响方面存在很大的分歧。
与Chomsky的理论相反，Hymes却认为交流能力的研究应该利用民族文化学(ethnology)来分析每一个语言使用者基本知识的差异。
Civil Rights Movement 美国民权运动PPT
• 1988 -- Congress passes Civil Rights Restoration Act over President Reagan's veto. • 1989 -- L. Douglas Wilder (Virginia) becomes first black elected governor.
• The boycott gained support from black community. • About 50 000 blacks participated
• Since the city’s black population who were the drivers of the boycott were also the main pary of the system‘s ridership. • crippling financial deficit for the Montgomery public transit system
Civil rights movement
• A. What is civil rights movement ? • B. How did it come about? Or what was the background then?
• C. Big events timeline and great figures
Victory
• on November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that Montgomery racial segregation laws for buses were illegal.
• 1957 -- Arkansas Gov. uses National Guard to block nine black students from attending a Little Rock High School; following a court order, President Eisenhower sends in Federal Troops to ensure compliance.
美国作文之美国民权运动英语作文
美国民权运动英语作文【篇一：the civil rights movement in the united states】 the civil rights movement in the united statesthe civil rights movement in the united states has been a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights andequality under the law to all americans. the movement has hada lasting impact on united states society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.the american civil rights movement has been made up ofmany movements. the term usually refers to the political struggles and reform movements between 1945 and 1970 toend discrimination against african americans and to end legal racial segregation, especially in the u.s. south.this article focuses on an earlier phase of the struggle. two united states supreme court decisions—plessy v. ferguson,163 u.s. 537 (1896), which upheld separate but equal racial segregation as constitutional doctrine, and brown v. board of education, 347 u.s. 483 (1954) which overturned plessy— serve as milestones. this was an era of stops and starts, in which some movements, such as marcus garveys universal negro improvement association, achieved great success butleft little lasting legacy, while others, such as the naacps painstaking legal assault on state-sponsored segregation, achieved modest results in its early years but made steady progress on voter rights and gradually built to a key victory in brown v. board of education.after the civil war, the u. s. expanded the legal rights ofafrican americans. congress passed, and enough states ratified, an amendment ending slavery in 1865—the 13th amendment to the united states constitution. this amendment only outlawed slavery; it did not provide equal rights, nor citizenship. in 1868, the 14th amendment was ratified by the states, granting african americans citizenship. black persons born in the u. s. were extended equal protection under the laws of the constitution. the 15th amendment was ratified in (1870), which stated that race could not be used as a condition to deprive men of the ability to vote. during reconstruction (1865-1877), northern troops occupied the south. together with the freedmens bureau, they tried to administer and enforce the new constitutional amendments. many black leaders were elected to local and state offices, and others organized community groups.reconstruction ended following the compromise of 1877 between northern and southern white elites. in exchange for deciding the contentious presidential election in favor of rutherford b. hayes, supported by northern states, over his opponent, samuel j. tilden, the compromise called for the withdrawal of northern troops from the south. this followed violence and fraud in southern elections in 1876, which had reduced black voter turnout and enabled southern white democrats to regain power in state legislatures across the south. the compromise and withdrawal of federal troops meant that white democrats had more freedom to impose and enforce discriminatory practices. many african americans respondedto the withdrawal of federal troops by leaving the south in what is known as the kansas exodus of 1879.the radical republicans, who spearheaded reconstruction, had attempted to eliminate both governmental and private discrimination by legislation. that effort was largely ended by the supreme courts decision in the civil rights cases, 109 u.s. 3 (1883), in which the court held that the fourteenth amendment did not give congress power to outlaw racialdiscrimination by private individuals or businesses.segregationthe supreme courts decision in plessy v. ferguson (1896) upheld state-mandated discrimination in public transportation under the separate but equal doctrine. while in the 20th century, the supreme court began to overturn state statutes that disfranchised african americans, as in guinn v. united states (1915), with plessy, it upheld segregation that southern states enforced in nearly every other sphere of public and private life.as justice harlan, the only member of the court to dissent from the decision, predicted:if a state can prescribe, as a rule of civil conduct, that whites and blacks shall not travel as passengers in the same railroad coach, why may it not so regulate the use of the streets of itscities and towns as to compel white citizens to keep on one side of a street, and black citizens to keep on the other? why may it not, upon like grounds, punish whites and blacks who ride together in street cars or in open vehicles on a public road or street? . . . .the court soon extended plessy to uphold segregated schools. in berea college v. kentucky, 211 u.s. 45 (1908), the court upheld a kentucky statute that barred berea college, a private institution, from teaching both black and white students in an integrated setting. many states, particularly in the south, took plessy and berea as blanket approval for restrictive laws, generally known as jim crow laws, that created second-class status for african-americans.in many cities and towns, african-americans were not allowed to share a taxi with whites or enter a building through the same entrance. they had to drink from separate water fountains, use separate restrooms, attend separate schools, be buried in separate cemeteries and even swear on separate bibles. they were excluded from restaurants and public libraries. many parks barred them with signs that read negroes and dogs not allowed. one municipal zoo went so far as to list separate visiting hours.【篇二：关于黑人人权的英语作文】a speech script suppose you are an american and an advocate of the civil rights movement in the u.s. you are now invited to speak for about three minutes to a group of overseas students about the movement. do some research, and write a speech script which should cover the following points:1.when were the first black people brought to america? how were they treated in the new land?2. what gave rise to the civil rights movement? who was its leader?3. what has the civil rights movement helped to bring about?4. why is it believed that much remains to be done beforeblack americans enjoy full equality?1619年8月，约20名黑人被一名荷兰船长带到了詹姆斯敦，这是史料记载的第一批到达新英格兰地区的黑人。
美国黑人民权运动领导者【英文精品】
Playing for the Dodgers
Branch Rickey, president and General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, noticed Robinson‟s exceptional talent. In 1946 Branch Rickey signed Jackie Robinson. Jackie Robinson, at the age of 27, became the first Black Baseball player in Major League history.
The success of the Jackie Robinson experiment was a testament to fact that integration could exist.
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks was born on February 4, 1913. She grew up in Pine Level, Alabama, right outside of Montgomery. In the South, Jim Crowe laws segregated African American‟s and whites in almost every aspect of life. • This included a seating policy on buses. White‟s sat in the front, Blacks sat in the back. • Buses also drove White students to school. Black students were forced to walk everyday.
美国黑人民权运动
1958年南方21个主要城市组织集会，发动黑人争取公民权利。
1960年2月1日，北卡罗来纳州格林斯伯勒城4个黑人大学生进入一餐馆，白人服务员命令他们走开，他们静坐不动。这一英勇行为立刻得到南部广大黑人学生响应，发展为大规模静坐运动，迫使近200个城市的餐馆取消隔离制。
影响：
它不仅改变了美国黑人的命运，赋予了他们很大程度上的平等、自由和尊严，也深刻影响了所有美国人的生活与观念。具体来说，民权运动推动联邦政府实行铲除种族隔离制的改革，最终消灭了公开的白人至上主义，为黑人赢得民权。它把美国从一个容忍种族主义、歧视黑人的社会转变为一个不管肤色与种族，承认每一个公民的平等权利的社会，从而深深改变了民众的思想。不仅如此，民权运动也激发了新时期美国社会的民主和自由斗争。现代妇女运动、反战运动、新左派运动和其他族裔争取权利的斗争等都受到民权运动的推动和影响。
1954年5月17日，美国最高法院为改变美国在国际上的形象，就布朗控诉托布卡教育委员会一案作出判决：公立学校所实行的种族隔离教育是不平等的，违反《宪法第14条修正案》。
1955年12月1日，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座给白人，被捕入狱。在青年黑人牧师M.L.金的领导下，全城5万黑人团结一致，罢乘公共汽车达一年之久，终于迫使汽车公司取消种族隔离制。
1896年美国联邦最高法院作出“普莱西诉弗格森案”（Plessy v. Ferguson）判决，确立对黑人采行“隔离但平等”措施的合法性时，无异对南方黑人人权造成严重的打击，最高法院判决中有关“隔离”的部份被执行得十分彻底，但有关“平等”的部份则不然，导致南方出现更多种族隔离制度法令，甚至连在工厂、医院及军队都采取种族隔离制度。
美国民权运动
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted by white Democrat-dominated state legislatures after the Reconstruction period, in the late 19th century, the laws were enforced until 1965. In practice, Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in the 1870s and 1880s, and were upheld in 1896, by the U.S. Supreme Court's "separate but equal" legal doctrine for African Americans. Moreover, public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South, after the Civil War (1861–65). Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded, compared to the facilities for white Americans; sometimes there were no black facilities. As a body of law, Jim Crow institutionalized economic, educational, and social disadvantages for African Americans.
高三历史美国知识点总结
高三历史美国知识点总结美国是一个拥有丰富历史的国家，其发展历程涉及众多重要事件和知识点。
在高三历史学习中，了解美国知识点是非常关键的。
下面对一些重要的美国历史知识点进行总结，以帮助同学们更好地复习和理解。
一、殖民时期1. 约翰·史密斯（John Smith）是殖民地维吉尼亚的重要领导人，他带领殖民者建立了詹姆斯敦殖民地。
2. 普利茅斯殖民地（Plymouth Colony）是清教徒从英格兰逃离宗教迫害后建立的第一座英格兰殖民地。
3. 元首制（Headright System）是殖民地推行的一种土地分配制度，鼓励移民前往北美殖民地。
二、独立战争时期1. 波士顿倾茶事件（Boston Tea Party）是美国殖民者对英国殖民政府征税政策的抗议行动，也是独立战争爆发的导火索。
2. 《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）是美国于1776年7月4日通过的宣布脱离英国统治的重要文件。
3. 萨拉托加战役（Battle of Saratoga）是独立战争中美军取得的重大胜利，对于美国争取法国等国家的支持起到了重要作用。
三、建国初期1. 美国宪法（United States Constitution）是美国建国时期制定的国家基本法，确立了美国的政治体制和权力分配原则。
2. 《权利法案》（Bill of Rights）是美国宪法的前十个修正案，保障了公民的基本权利和自由。
3. 乔治·华盛顿（George Washington）是美国的第一任总统，被尊称为美国的“国父”。
四、南北战争时期1. 南北战争（American Civil War）发生于1861年至1865年，是美国历史上一场重要的内战，主要原因是南方主张保留奴隶制度，而北方主张废除奴隶制度。
2. 《解放宣言》（Emancipation Proclamation）是亚伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln）在南北战争期间签署的重要文件，宣布解放南方的黑人奴隶。
马丁路德金(中英详尽介绍)
精彩片段 我梦想有一天，这个国家会站立起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为真理是不言而喻，人人生而平等。” 我梦想有一天，在佐治亚的红山上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子坐在一起，共叙兄弟情谊。 我梦想有一天，甚至连密西西比州这个正义匿迹，压迫成风，如同沙漠般的地方，也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。 我梦想有一天，我的四个孩子将一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评价他们的国度里生活。 今天，我有一个梦想。我梦想有一天，亚拉巴马州能够有所转变，尽管该州州长现在仍然满口异议，反对联邦法令， 但有朝一日，那里的黑人男孩和女孩将能与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，携手并进。 今天，我有一个梦想。 我梦想有一天，幽谷上升，高山下降；坎坷曲折之路成坦途，圣光披露，满照人间。 这就是我们的希望。我怀着这种信念回到南方。有了这个信念，我们将能从绝望之岭劈出一块希望之石。有了这个 信念，我们将能把这个国家刺耳的争吵声，改变成为一支洋溢手足之情的优美交响曲。 有了这个信念，我们将能一起工作，一起祈祷，一起斗争，一起坐牢，一起维护自由；因为我们知道，终有一天， 我们是会自由的。 在自由到来的那一天，上帝的所有儿女们将以新的含义高唱这支歌：“我的祖国，美丽的自由之乡，我为您歌唱。 您是父辈逝去的地方，您是最初移民的骄傲，让自由之声响彻每个山岗。” 如果美国要成为一个伟大的国家，这个梦想必须实现！ 让自由之声从新罕布什尔州的巍峨的崇山峻岭响起来！ 让自由之声从纽约州的崇山峻岭响起来！ 让自由之声从宾夕法尼亚州的阿勒格尼山响起来！ 让自由之声从科罗拉多州冰雪覆盖的落基山响起来！ 让自由之声从加利福尼亚州蜿蜒的群峰响起来！ 不仅如此，还要让自由之声从佐治亚州的石岭响起来！ 让自由之声从田纳西州的了望山响起来！ 让自由之声从密西西比的每一座丘陵响起来！ 让自由之声从每一片山坡响起来！ 当我们让自由之声响起，让自由之声从每一个大小村庄、每一个州和每一个城市响起来时，我们将能够加速这一天 的到来，那时，上帝的所有儿女，黑人和白人，犹太教徒和非犹太教徒，耶稣教徒和天主教徒，都将手携手，合唱 一首古老的黑人灵歌：“自由啦！自由啦！感谢全能上帝，我们终于自由啦！”
美国60年代民权运动
Movements
The U.S. Supreme Court(美国最高法院) claimed that schools in the Board of Education which insisted racial discrimination were illegal.
25,000,000 people got together to fight against apartheid(种族隔离制度) and the U.S.
√The strongest leadership, headed by Martin Luther King
√ Founded in 1957 to link southern negro churches
√ Collective leadership to organize activities for civil rights
♣ Black and white young people (some white professional men and women, and some white housewives)
Organizations of the civil rights movement:
♣The Student Nonviolent Coordinating committee (SNCC)学生非暴力统一行动委员会
The introduction on American writer
Alice Walker
America: Social background 1950s ——1960s
the Women’s Liberation Movement（女权运动） the Civil Rights Movement（民权运动） the youth Movement（学生运动） the Anti-war Movement（反战运动）
反抗压迫的历史事件英语作文
反抗压迫的历史事件英语作文英文回答：Throughout history, there have been numerous events where individuals or groups have risen up against oppression and fought for their rights and freedom. One such event that stands out is the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s.During this time, African Americans in the United States faced widespread discrimination and segregation. They were denied basic human rights, such as the right to vote, equal access to education, and equal opportunities in employment. This systemic oppression led to widespread discontent and a desire for change.One of the key figures in the Civil Rights Movement was Martin Luther King Jr. He advocated for nonviolent resistance and organized peaceful protests, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955. This boycott was inresponse to the arrest of Rosa Parks, an African American woman who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus. The boycott lasted for 381 days and eventually led to a Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation on public buses unconstitutional.Another significant event in the Civil Rights Movement was the March on Washington in 1963. This was where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech, calling for racial equality and an end to discrimination. The march brought together hundreds of thousands of people from all walks of life and served as a powerful symbol of unity and resistance against oppression.The Civil Rights Movement not only brought about legal changes, but also changed societal attitudes towards racial equality. It paved the way for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed racial segregation and ensured equal voting rights for all citizens.中文回答：在历史上，有许多事件中，个人或团体起来反抗压迫，为自己的权利和自由而战。