历年考研完型填空真题1991-2011答案

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2011年完形填空真题及答案解析(个人原创)

2011年考研英语真题（一）完形填空的个人独特解析版Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.1. [A] among [B] except [C] despite [D] like2. [A] reflect [B] demand [C] indicate [D] produce3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining4. [A] transmit [B] sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe5. [A] measurable [B] manageable [C] affordable [D] renewable解析：第一题：完形填空第一句没有挖空是有原因的，一般要么是文章的主旨，要么与主旨有关的信息。

因此要仔细读。

本句中，Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health是说“亚里士多德认为笑也是有益于健康的一种锻炼”。

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)1. They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was thatnight began to fall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2. ________ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum andwould not be back for several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the wayboys and girls respond to ________ situations.[A] similar[B] alike[C] same[D] likely4. There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________.[A] in detail[B] in brief[C] in short[D] in all5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully________.[A] admitted[B] acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ________ asudden loud noise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7. By the year 2000, scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[B] are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8. Jim isn’t ________, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[A] gloomy[B] dull[C] awkward[D] tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without hisparents’ ________.[A] command[B] conviction[C] consent[D] compromise10. He had ________ on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ________.[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________.[A] living on one’s knees[B] live on one’s knees[C] on one’s knees[D] to live on one’s knees13. The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all workwholeheartedly for the people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14. This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16. ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[C] Because of[D] As for17. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] has received[B] ought to have received[C] couldn’t have received[D] shouldn’t have received18. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outsideworld.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20. The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21. The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22. Dress warmly, ________ you’ll catch cold.[A] on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[D] in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to changebrain chemistry.[A] powerful[B] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24. Bob was completely ________ by the robber’s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down[C] taken to[D] taken in25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the younggeologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[C] brought forth[D] brought up26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period oftime.[A] being created[B] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not moreexpensive than, ________ at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that[D] the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ theinvestment plan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and ________ of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30. The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the finalexam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II: Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Text lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31. What the wise man said suggests that ________.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that ________.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence isfrequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because________.[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolicsignificance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to________.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22, ________.[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40. According to the passage, it is true that ________.[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line betweenadolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age oftwenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join thearmyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined.C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick -- a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbondioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________.[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________.[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they aredissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45. This passage is mainly about ________.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A],[B], [C], and [D], choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to __46__ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working __47__ radio, for example, they had become __48__ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This __49__ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. __50__ all, he has to be able to __51__ a continuous sequence of visual images which __52__ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the __53__ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. Hisrole, therefore, is __54__ different. He is there to make __55__ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him __56__ on particular things, and to __57__ the images on the television screen. __58__ his radio colleague, he must know the __59__ of silence and how to use it at those moments __60__ the pictures speak for themselves.46. [A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47. [A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48. [A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50. [A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51. [A] inspire[B] create[C] cause[D] perceive52. [A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53. [A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57. [A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As[D] For59. [A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60. [A] if[B] when[C] which[D] asSection IV: Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61. These is a [A] delicate balance of nature which [B] many square miles of oceanand vegetation and clean air are needed [C] to maintain only a relatively few [D] human beings.62. The idea that [A] learning is a [B] lifelong process has expressed [C] byphilosophers and educationalists throughout [D] the centuries.63. Nobody beside [A] little [B] children thinks [C] that a trip by bus is exciting [D].64. Just outside [A] the ruins are [B] a magnificent [C] building surrounded [D] bytall trees.65. In the teaching of [A] mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional,with [B] teachers presenting formal [C] lectures and students take [D] notes. 66. The teacher asked them [A] who had completed [B] their tests to leave [C] theroom as quietly [D] as possible.67. He wanted more out of life [A], not just working at [B] high-paid [C] jobs orspending nights on the streets playing games [D].68. Man [A] has used metals for centuries in gradual [B] in creasing quantities, but itwas not until the Industrial Revolution that [C] they came to be employed [D] in real vast quantities.69. If you want your film to properly process [A], you’ll have to wait and pick it up[B] on Friday, which [C] is [D] the day after tomorrow.70. A man cannot [A] be really happy if that [B] he enjoys doing is ignored [C] bysociety as of [D] no value or importance.Section V: English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will makeit difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section VI: WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should startwith the given opening sentence.[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference参考答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[B]5.[D]6.[B]7.[C]8.[B]9.[C] 10.[A]11.[C] 12.[D] 13.[D] 14.[A] 15.[C]16.[B] 17.[C] 18.[A] 19.[D] 20.[D]21.[B] 22.[C] 23.[A] 24.[D] 25.[A]26.[C] 27.[D] 28.[A] 29.[B] 30.[D] Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31.[B] 32.[C] 33.[A] 34.[A] 35.[D]36.[C] 37.[A] 38.[C] 39.[C] 40.[A]41.[D] 42.[A] 43.[C] 44.[D] 45.[B] Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46.[B] 47.[A] 48.[D] 49.[C] 50.[C]51.[B] 52.[A] 53.[D] 54.[B] 55.[C]56.[A] 57.[D] 58.[B] 59.[C] 60.[B] Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61.[B] in which 62.[C] has been expressed63.[A] except/but 64.[B] is65.[D] taking 66.[A] those67.[C] highly-paid 68.[B] gradually69.[A] be properly processed 70.[B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

2011年考研英语二完型填空真题及答案

2011年考研英语二完型填空真题及答案2011年考研英语二完型填空真题及答案"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a 4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and。

2011年考研英语真题：完形填空详解

2011考研英语真题：完型填空详解题目的文章来自于 2009年4月号Scientific American, 作者 Steve Ayan, 原文题目为How Humor Makes You Friendlier, Sexier：幽默如何使你更加有人缘且性感Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise precious to health。

" But 1 despite some claims to the contrary, chuckling probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 produce short-term changes in cardiovascular function and respiration, 3 boosting heart rate, respiratory rate and depth, as well as oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 sustain, a good guffaw is unlikely to have 5 measurable cardiovascular benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does。

6 In fact, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7 opposite. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter8 relaxes muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the guffaw subsides。

1991年高考英语完形填空题·完全解析

1991年高考英语完形填空题·完全解析Then he suddenly felt nervous. After alt, it was his first time to7a part in a play.8could he face all thosepeople9the play? He put his head in his hands and triedto10his lines (台词), but nothing11to his mind.A knock on the door made him look12. He was to go onstage(舞台)in the second scene. "Have I13my part andruined(破坏)the play for everybody?" he thought to himself. But14was only the manager. She15how nervous he was and16he should stand near the stage17he could watch and follow the play. It was a good18of getting rid of his nervousness, she said. She was right, it seemed to19. In fact the more he watched the play, the20he felt himself part of it.At last the21came for him to appear on the stage. But suddenly the manager came to him again, 22worried as she placed a hand on his arm to23 him back. "Has anythinggone24?" Jack asked. "I'm afraid you're going to be 25," she said. "They've jumped three pages of the play and have missed your part out pletely."1. A. before B. by C. after D. at2. A. looked B. showed C. admired D. enjoyed3. A. just B. even C. still D. already4. A. how B. why C. as ff D. whether5. A. a policeman B. an inspector C. an officer D. a manager2. A. Joke B. fun C. play D. exercise7. A. make B. join C. have D. give8. A. Where B. Why C. When D. How9. A. following B. attending C. watching D. observing10. A. read B. remember C. understand D. learn11. A. came B. went C. happened D. got12. A. away B. up C. out D. down13. A. passed B. left C. missed D. failed14. A. this B. that C. she D. it15. A. wondered B. imagined C. noticed D. examined16. A. agreed B. suggested C. persuaded D. encouraged17. A. where B. when C. that D. there18. A. idea B. way C. path D. plan19. A. do B. win C. work D. act20. A. less B. harder C. better D. more21. A. hour B. minute C. moment D. period22. A. feeling B. looking C. sounding D. growing23. A. hold B. take C. catch D. push24. A. bad B. late C. mad D. wrong25. A. frightened B. excited C. disappointed D. pleased1-5ACBDA 6-10BCDCB 11-15ACCDC 16-20BABCD 21-25CBADCJack第一次扮演警察上台表演，心情冲动，跃跃欲试。

【考研】1991年考研英语真题答案(精编)

1991年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1. [C]2. [B]3. [A]4. [B]5. [D]6. [B]7. [C]8. [B]9. [C] 10. [A]11. [C] 12. [D] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [C]16. [B] 17. [C] 18. [A] 19. [D] 20. [D]21. [B] 22. [C] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [C] 27. [D] 28. [A] 29. [B] 30. [D]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31. [B] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [A] 35. [D]36. [C] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [C] 40. [A]41. [D] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [D] 45. [B]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46. [B] 47. [A] 48. [D] 49. [C] 50. [C]51. [B] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [B] 55. [C]56. [A] 57. [D] 58. [B] 59. [C] 60. [B]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61. [B] in which 62. [C] has been expressed63. [A] except/but 64. [B] is65. [D] taking 66. [A] those67. [C] highly-paid/high-paying 68. [B] gradually69. [A] be properly processed 70. [B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

1991考研英语一真题及答案

1991 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)1.They lost their way in the forest, and made matters worse was that night began to fall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2.my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3.Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond tosituations.[A] similar[B] alike[C] same[D] likely4.There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it .[A] in detail[B] in brief[C] in short[D] in all5.In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully .[A] admitted[B] acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, a sudden loud noise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7.By the year 2000, scientists probably a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[B] are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8.Jim isn’t, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[A] gloomy[B] dull[C] awkward[D] tedious9.The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’.[A] command[B] conviction[C] consent[D] compromise10.He had on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11.When Jane fell off the bike, the other children .[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12.It is better to die on one’s feet than .[A] living on one’s knees[B] live on one’s knees[C] on one’s knees[D] to live on one’s knees13.The most important of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14.This watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15.In a typhoon, winds a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16.the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[C] Because of[D] As for17.Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[B] ought to have received[C] couldn’t have received[D] shouldn’t have received18.to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20.The policemen went into action they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21.The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22.Dress warmly, you’ll catch cold.[A] on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[D]in no way23.Our research has focused on a drug which is so as to be able to change brain chemistry.[A] powerful[B] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24.Bob was completely by the robber’s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down[C] taken to[D] taken in25.Difficulties and hardships have the best qualities of the young geologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[C] brought forth[D] brought up26.Our modern civilization must not be thought of as in a short period of time.[A] being created[B] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27.Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than, at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that[D] the ones28.The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to the investment plan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29.He knows little of mathematics, and of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30.The students expected there more reviewing classes before the final exam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II: Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)Text lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective thanFortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31.What the wise man said suggests that .[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32.According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, .[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improvedpared with those in small towns, people in large cities have .[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect34.The writer is sorry to have noticed that .[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35.The key point of the passage is that .[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because .[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to .[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is .[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39.Starting from 22, .[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40.According to the passage, it is true that .[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick -- a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll ( 叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except .[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42.The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is .[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43.The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that .[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45.This passage is mainly about .[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D], choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to 46 themselves to the new medium were technical. When working 47 radio, for example, they had become48 to seeing on behalf of the listener.This 49of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. 50all, he has to be able to 51 a continuous sequence of visual images which 52meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the 53of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is 54different. He is there to make 55that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him 56on particular things, and to 57the images on the television screen. 58 his radio colleague, he must know the 59of silence and how to use it at those moments 60the pictures speak for themselves.46.[A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47.[A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48.[A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49.[A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50.[A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51.[A] inspire[B] create[C] cause[D] perceive52.[A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53.[A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54.[A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55.[A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56.[A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57.[A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58.[A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As59.[A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60.[A] if[B] when[C] which[D] asSection IV: Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61.These is a [A] delicate balance of nature which [B] many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed [C] to maintain only a relatively few [D] human beings.62.The idea that [A] learning is a [B] lifelong process has expressed [C] by philosophers and educationalists throughout [D] the centuries.63.Nobody beside [A] little [B] children thinks [C] that a trip by bus is exciting [D].64.Just outside [A] the ruins are [B] a magnificent [C] building surrounded [D] by tall trees.65.In the teaching of [A] mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with [B] teachers presenting formal [C] lectures and students take [D] notes.66.The teacher asked them [A] who had completed [B] their tests to leave [C] the room as quietly [D] as possible.67.He wanted more out of life [A], not just working at [B] high-paid [C] jobs or spending nights on the streets playing games [D].68.Man [A] has used metals for centuries in gradual [B] in creasing quantities, but it was not until the Industrial Revolution that [C] they came to be employed [D] in real vast quantities.69.If you want your film to properly process [A], you’ll have to wait and pick it up [B] on Friday, which [C] is [D] the day after tomorrow.70. A man cannot [A] be really happy if that [B] he enjoys doing is ignored [C] by society as of [D] no value orSection V: English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72)New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section VI: WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1.Conveniences of the city2.Attractions of the country3.Disadvantages of both4.My preference1991 年参考答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1. [C]2. [B]3. [A]4. [B]5. [D]6. [B]7. [C]8. [B]9. [C] 10. [A]11. [C] 12. [D] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [C]16. [B] 17. [C] 18. [A] 19. [D] 20. [D]21. [B] 22. [C] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [C] 27. [D] 28. [A] 29. [B] 30. [D]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31. [B] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [A] 35. [D]36. [C] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [C] 40. [A]41. [D] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [D] 45. [B]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46. [B] 47. [A] 48. [D] 49. [C] 50. [C]51. [B] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [B] 55. [C]56. [A] 57. [D] 58. [B] 59. [C] 60. [B]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61. [B] in which 62. [C] has been expressed63. [A] except/but 64. [B] is67. [C] highly-paid 68. [B] gradually69. [A] be properly processed 70. [B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30 年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

1991年考研英语真题+答案

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to ___1___ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working ___2____ radio, for example, they had become ___3___ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This ___4___ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. ___5___ all, he has to be able to ___6___ a continuous sequence of visual images which ___7___ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the ___8___ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is ___9___ different. He is there to make ___10___ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him ___11___ on particular things, and to ___12___ the images on the television screen. ___13___ his radio colleague, he must know the ___14___ of silence and how to use it at those moments ___15___ the pictures speak for themselves.1.［A］turn ［B］adapt ［C］alter ［D］modify[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to + 名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。

1991-1995年考研英语真题答案及解析

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析SectionⅠUse of English1.［A］turn［B］adapt［C］alter［D］modify[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to+名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。

Adapt oneself to意为to gradually change one’s behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully“(使)适应，（使）适合（新情况）”。

代入adapt之后，空格所在句大意为：他们（收音机评论员）努力去适应（电视机）这种新媒体的时候，遇到了一些技术方面的困难。

[B]符合文义。

[A]turn to sb/sth意为ask help from“求助于”，如：I tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents.我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。

[C]Alter意为cause to change;make different;cause a transformation改变，如：He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom.他把一间屋子改建成了卧室。

[D]Modify意为to make small changes to sth in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective“（略微地）修改，更改，改进”，如：Furthermore,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的观念和想象。

考研英语完形填空32篇和标准答案

考研英语完形填空32篇和标准答案(总73页)完型填空练习题Text 1Every human being has unique arrangement of skin on his fingers and this arrangement is unchangeable. Scientists and experts have proved the 1 of finger-prints and discovered that no 2 similar pattern is 3 from parents to children, 4 nobody knows why this is the 5 .The ridge 6 on a person’ finger doesn’t change 7 growth and is not affected by 8 injuries. Burns, cuts and other damages to the 9 part of the skin will be replaced 10 by a new one which bears the reproduction of the 11 pattern. It is only when the inner skin is injured that the arrangement will be 12 Some criminals make use of this to 13 their own finger-prints 14 this is a dangerous and rare step to 15 .Finger-prints can be made very easily with a printer’s ink. They can be recorded easily. With special method, 16 can be achieved successfully within a short time. 17 the simplicity and economy of this system, finger-print have often been used as a method of solving criminal cases. A 8 man may deny the charge but this may be 19 . His finger-prints can prove who he is even his 20 has been changed by age or accident.1. A. uselessness B. quantity C. magnitude D. uniqueness2. A. naturally B. exactly C. especially D. particularly3. A. passed on B. passed away C. passed out D. passed off4. A. if B. when C. though D. as5. A. reason B. cause C. ground D. case6. A. construction B. structure C. location D. position7. A. with B. because of C. until D. under8. A. grave B. severe C. substantial D. superficial9. A. outside B. outward C. inner D. outer10. A. in time B. on time C. at times D. behind time11. A. original B. different C. definite D. customary12. A. restored B. hurt C. destroyed D. restricted13. A. diminish B. dispose C. undermine D. remove14. A. and B. but C. when D. if15. A. make B. take C. do D. adapt16. A. realization B. detection C. identification D. investigation17. A. In spite of B. Irrespective of C. Because of D. In case of18. A. suspected B. doubted C. distrusted D. doubtful19. A. out of case B. in vain C. at random D. in question20. A. look B. expression C. appearance D. sightText 2When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were equally effective on television. Some of the 1 they experienced when they were trying to 2 themselves to the new medium were technical. When working 3 radio, for example, they had become 4 to seeing on 5 of the listener. This 6 of seeing for others means that the 7 has to be very good at talking. 8 all, he has to be able to 9 a continuous sequence of visual images which 10 meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the 11 of television, however, the commentator sees 12 with the viewer. His role, therefore, is 13 different. He is there to make 14 that the viewer does not 15 some points of interest, to help him 16 on particular things, and to 17 the images on the television screen. 18 his radio colleague, he must know the 19 of silence and how to use it at those moments 20 the pictures speaks for themselves.1. A. difficulties B. successes C. sufferings D. incidents2. A. turn B. adapt C. alter D. modify3. A. on B. at C. with D. behind4. A. experienced B. determined C. established D. accustomed5. A. account B. side C. point D. behalf6. A. efficiency B. technology C. art D. performance7. A. commentator B. TV viewer C. speaker D. author8. A. Of B. For C. Above D. In9. A. inspire B. create C. cause D. perceive10. A. add B. apply C. affect D. reflect11. A. occasion B. event C. fact D. case12. A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything13. A. equally B. completely C. initially D. hardly14. A. definite B. possible C. sure D. clear15. A. lose B. deprive C. relieve D. miss16. A. focus B. attend C. follow D. insist17. A. exhibit B. demonstrate C. expose D. interpret18. A. Like B. Unlike C. As D. For19. A. purpose B. goal C. value D. intention20. A. if B. when C. which D. asText 3Geography is the study of the relationship between people and the land. Geographers compare and contrast 1 places on earth. But they also 2 beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a 3 . The word Geography 4 from two Greek words, ge, the Greek word for “earth” and graphein, 5 means “ to write”. The English word geography means “to describe the earth”. 6 geography books 7 on a small area like a town or city. Other deal with a state, a region, a nation, or an 8 continent. Many geography books deal with the whole earth. Another 9 to divide the study of 10 is to distinguish between physical geography and 11 geography. The former focus on the natural world; the 12 starts with human beings and studies 13 human being and their environment act 14 each other. 15 when geography is considered as a single subject, 16 branch can neglect the other.A geographer might be described 17 one who observes, records, and explains the 18 between places. If places were alike, there would be little need for geographer.We know, 19 ,that no two places are exactly the same. Geography, 20 ,is a point of view, a special way of looking at places.1. A. similar B. distant C. various D. famous2. A. pass B. go C. reach D. get3. A. whole B. until C. part D. total4. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes5. A. what B. which C. that D. it6. A. Some B. Most C. Many D. Few7. A. rely B. rest C. reckon D. focus8. A. extensive B. overall C. entire D. enormous9. A. way B. means C. habit D. technique10. A. world B. earth C. geography D. globe11. A. mental B. military C. economic D. cultural12. A. second B. next C. later D. latter13. A. when B. what C. where D. how14. A. upon B. as C. for D. to15. A. And B. But C. Therefore D. For16. A. neither B. one C. either D. each17. A. for B. as C. to D. by18. A. exceptions B. sameness C. difference D. divisions19. A. moreover B. meanwhile C. however D. or else20. A. still B. then C. nevertheless D. moreoverText4Smoking may be a pleasure for some people. 1 ,it is a serious source of 2 for their fellows. Now medical authorities express their 3 about the effect of smoking 4 the health not only of those who smoke but also those who do not . 5 ,nonsmokers who must 6 inhale the air polluted by tobacco smoke may 7 more than the smokers themselves.As you are 8 informed, a considerable number of students have 9 in a effort to 10 the university to 11 smoking in the classroom. I believe they are 12 right in their aim. However, I would hope that it is 13 to achieve this by calling 14 the smokers to use good judgment and show concern for other 15 than by regulation.Smoking is 16 by city bylaws in theatres and in halls used for showing films as well as in laboratories where there may be a fire hazard. 17 , it is up to you good 18 .I am therefore asking you to 19 “No smoking” in the auditoriums, classrooms and seminar rooms. This will prove that you have the nonsmoker’s health and well-being 20 ,which is very important to a large number of our students.1. A. Hence B. However C. Anyway D. Furthermore2. A. joy B. discomfort C. convenience D. relief3. A. consideration B. attention C. belief D. concern4. A. against B. for C. in D. onC. In factD. After all5. A. In consequence B. On the otherhand6. A. instinctively B. instantly C. spontaneously D. reluctantly7. A. suffer B. subject C. submit D. sustain8. A. certain B. sure C. doubtless D. right9. A. entered B. joined C. attended D. involved10. A. reason B. persuade C. argue D. suggest11. A. stop B. object C. ban D. prevent12. A. entirely B. likely C. generally D. possibly13. A. likely B. probable C. proper D. possible14. A. out B. for C. on D. up15. A. rather B. better C. more D. other16. A. prohibited B. protected C. reserved D. cleared17. A. Furthermore B. Consequently C. Nevertheless D. Elsewhere18. A. idea B. duty C. sense D. responsibility19. A. persist B. maintain C. stick D. adhere20. A. in mind B. in head C. in heart D. in memoryText5Having passed what I considered the worst obstacle, our spirits rose. We 1 towards the left of theto have been 4 off the mountain. There was no 5 of the mountain in the distance because the clouds were forming all around us.About 1 o’clock a storm 6 suddenly. We had time to have 7 its approach but we were concentrating on cutting steps, and 8 we had time to do anything, we were blinded by snow. We could not move up or down and had to wait 9 , getting colder and colder. 10 my hood(兜帽), my nose and cheeks were frostbitten and I dared not take a hand out of my glove to warm them.After two hours of this, I realized we would have to do 11 to avoid being frozen to death where we stood. From time to time through the mist I had 12 the outline of a dark buttress(扶壁)just above us, to descend in the wind was 13 question; our only hope was to scramble up to this buttress, and dig out a platform at the foot of it on which we could 14 our tent.We climbed to this place and started to 15 the ice. At first my companion seemed to regard the 16 as hopeless but gradually the wind 17 and he cheered up. 18 we had made a platform big enough to put up the tent, and we did this as 19 we could. We 20 into our sleeping bags and fell asleep, felling that we were lucky to be still alive.1. A. set B. got C. made D. took2. A even B. though C. so D. if3. A. when B. where C. as D. so that4. A. fallen B. flown C. split D. blown5. A. view B. vision C. look D. glimpse6. A. came up B. came out C. came over D. came on7. A. viewed B. noticed C. notified D. glanced8. A. after B. before C. unless D. until9. A. motionlessly B. constantly C. steadily D. continually10. A. In spite of B. In relation to C. In case of D. In the event of11. A. anything B. nothing C. something D. everything12. A. laid out B. made out C. drawn out D. marked out13. A. without B. in C. beyond D. out of date14. A. wrench B. wedge C. pad D. pinch15. A. cut down B. cut away C. cut out D. cut off16. A. position B. situation C. occupation D. orientation17. A. died out B. died off C. died back D. died down18. A. Instead of B. Furthermore C. Indeed D. At last19. A. well B. good C. best D. better20. A. climbed B. crashed C. crept D. crawledText6Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends Because they destroy so many insects, and insects 1 some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make 2 impossible for us to live in the world. They would devour (eat up quickly) all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,were it not 3 the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We 4 a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them 5 together kill only a fraction of the 6 destroyed by spiders. 7 , unlike some of the insect eaters, spiders never do the least 8 to us or our belongings.Spiders are not insects, 9 many people think, 10 even nearly related to them. One can tell the 11 almost at a glance, 12 a spider always has eight legs but an insect never more than six.How many spiders are 13 in this work on our 14 One authority 15 spiders made a 16 of the spiders in a grass field in the south of England, and he estimated that there were more than 2 250 000 in one acre; that is 17 like 6000 000 spiders of different kinds on a football field. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects. It is 18 to make more than the 19 guess at how many they kill, but they are hungry creature, not 20 with only three meals a day.1. A. include B. involve C. consist D. cover2. A. this B. that C. it D. them3. A. with B. for C. of D. on4. A. devote B. dedicate C. owe D. contribute5. A. gotten B. put C. linked D. associated6. A. number B. amount C. plenty D. proportion7. A. Consequently B. Moreover C. Conversely D. However8. A. damage B. ruin C. good D. harm9. A. as B. which C. because D. though10. A. so B. either C. nor D. none11. A. likeness B. difference C. similarity D. appearance12. A. if B. although C. for D. when13. A. participated B. joined C. enclosed D. involved14. A. honor B. sake C. side D. behalf15. A. on B. in C. about D. with16. A. census B. consensus C. conscience D. consciousness17. A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything18. A. likely B. useless C. impossible D. probable19. A. broadest B. widest C. bravest D. wildest20. A. concerned B. identified C. patient D. contentText7Cheques have largely replaced money as a mean s of exchange, for they are widely accepted everywhere . Though this is very 1 for both buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that cheuqes are not real money: they are quite 2 in themselves. A shop-keeper always runs a certain 3 when hePeople do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called 6 . An old and very wealth friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant 7 . He went to a famous jewellery shop which keeps a large 8 of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he 9 to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay 10 cheque. The assistant said that this was quite 11 , but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with 12 the same name had presented them with a 13 cheque not long age. He told my friend that the police would arrive 14 any moment and he had better stay 15 he wanted to get into serious trouble. 16 , the police arrived soon afterwards They apologized to my friend for the 17 and asked him to 18 a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shop .The note 19 :“I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” 20 , my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike the thief’s.1. A. complicated B. trivial C. bearable D. convenient2. A. valueless B. invaluable C. valuable D. indefinite3. A. danger B. change C. risk D. opportunity4. A. within B. beyond C. without D. out of5. A. in general B. at the least C. on occasion D. in short6. A. in difficulty B. in doubt C. in earnest D. in question7. A. accident B. experience C. event D. incident8. A. amount B. stock C. number D. store9. A. considered B. thought C. conceived D. decided10. A. by B. in C. with D. through11. A. in order B. in need C. in use D. in common12. A. largely B. mostly C. exactly D. extremely13. A. worth B. worthy C. worthwhile D. worthless14. A. for B. at C. until D. during15. A. whether B. if C. otherwise D. unless16. A. Really B. Sure enough C. Certainly D. However17. A. treatment B. manner C. inconvenience D. behavior18. A. write off B. write out C. copy out D. make out19. A. read B. told C. wrote D. informed20. A. Especially B. Fortunately C. Naturally D. BasicallyText 8In October 2002, Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank 1 a new electronic market for economic indices that 2 substantial economic risks, such as nonfarm payroll (a measure of job availability) and retail sales. This new market was made possible by a 3 rating technology, developed by Longitude, a New York company providing software for financial markets, 4 the Parimutuel Digital Call Auction. This is “digital” 5 of a digital option: ., it pays out only if an underlying index lies in a narrow, discrete range. In effect, Longitude has created a horse race, where each “horse” wins if andfalls in a specified range. By creating horses for every possibl 7 of the index, and allowing people to bet 8 any number of runners, the company has produced a liquid integrated electronic market for a wide array options on economic indices.Ten years ago it was 9 impossible to make use of electronic information about home values. Now, mortgage lenders have online automated valuation models that allow them to estimate values and to 10 the risk in their portfolios. This has led to a proliferation of types of home loan, some of 11 have improved risk-management characteristics.We are also beginning to see new kinds of 12 for homes, which will make it possible to protect the value of 13 , for most people, is the single most important 14 of their wealth. The Yale University-Neighbourhood Reinvestment Corporation programme, 15 last year in the city of Syracuse, in New York state, may be a model for home-equity insurance policies that 16 sophisticated economic indices of house prices to define the 17 of the policy. Electronic futures markets that are based on econometric indices of house prices by city, already begun by City Index and IG Index in Britain and now 18 developed in the United States, will enable home-equity insurers to hedge the risks that they acquire by writing these policies.These examples are not impressive successes yet. But they 19 as early precursors of a technology that should one day help us to deal with the massive risks of inequality that 20 will beset us in coming years.1. A. created B. generated C. initiated D. originated2. A. reproduce B. restore C. represent D. resume3. A. sophisticated B. expensive C. available D. established4. A. made B. called C. asked D. read5. A. in the course B. in the event C. in the light D. in the sense6. A. when B. until C. now that D. only if7. A. extent B. range C. line D. area8. A. for B. in C. on D. up9. A. virtually B. admittedly C. absolutely D. originally10. A. assume B. assess C. dismiss D. erase11. A. them B. which C. that D. whom12. A. management B. insurance C. security D. technology13. A. what B. those C. where D. it14. A. guarantee B. protection C. component D. source15. A. secured B. sponsored C. released D. launched16. A. look to B. set up C. lay down D. rely on17. A. terms B. specifications C. concepts D. consequences18. A. is B. being C. been D. are19. A. emerge B appear C. stand D. arise20. A. somehow B. anyway C. otherwise D. therebyText 9Globalization will have a powerful effect on the future of dining. Recipes and meals from the world’s kitchens will be 1 anywhere and anytime. Globalization is the master2that will drive the world of food. Formerly remote 3 and cooking styles are creating a whole new culinary mosaic as they are 4and reinterpreted all over the world.For the globe-trotting businessman, food savvy will be an important5of career mastery. Being successful in South America or the Far East means having insight6another culture, and local7will become an important component of that. People will need8of food and ingredients from different continents and cultures as one aspect of9, cultural exchange, and success.10, culinary globalism will not be limited to physical travel. Chefs will learn about 11 ingredients, recipes, and techniques without ever leaving their kitchens. Soul food will continue to appeal, even as diners grow more12. Look for collard greens and fried chicken on the menus of upscale restaurants. Fast-casual restaurants--trendy eateries that combine speed and quality--should keep growing in 13 . Ethnic cuisines will14 globally and combine: Look for chifa, a mixture of Japanese and Spanish foods,15 its native Peru. Uzbek dishes, meanwhile, combine Persian, Russian, and Chinese16at bistros in New York and Chicago.Pizza on a griddleNew York chef Mario Batali is among those 17pizza, making it thinner, healthier, and more 18. One size does not fit all: look for designer delis, 19 you can choose from a wide variety of main and 20 dishes to take home and heat up yourself.1[A]suitable[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]available2[A] trend[B] fashion[C] tendency[D] style3[A] components[B] foods[C] ingredients[D] stuffs4[A] transported[B] transplanted[C] transferred[D] translated5[A] part[B] role[C] portion[D] side6[A] in[B] into[C] to[D] by7[A] tastes[B] flavors[C] dishes[D] courses8[A] information[B] knowledge[C] insight[D] experience9[A] socialization[B] realization[C]standardization[D] localization10[A] However[B] Somehow[C] Moreover[D] Anyway11[A] strange[B] new[C] exotic[D] remote12[A] health-conscious[B] price-conscious [C] taste-conscious[D] diversity-conscious13[A] population[B] popularity[C] quantity[D] prosperity14[A] expand[B] extend[C] export[D] exclude15[A] from[B] by[C] over[D] beyond16[A] flavors[B] flowers[C] flours[D] flames17[A] recreating[B] rethinking[C] representing[D] replacing18[A] portable[B] attractive[C] edible[D] popular19[A] when[B] why[C] where[D] which20[A] small[B] side[C] minor[D] secondaryText 10Things in the henhouse changed practically overnight when McDonald’s announced in 1999 that it would no longer buy eggs from producers who didn’t meet its guidelines for care of chickens. Those guidelines included limiting the 1 of birds that could be kept in one 2 and prohibiting beak removal, 3 trimming just the tips.Once McDonald’s had 4the way in issuing animal care guidelines for the company’s suppliers, many other giants of the fast-food industry rapidly followed 5, including Burger King, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Wendy’s, A and W and KFC. Now, the American Meat Institute hascustomers, is also 8 in with, among other things, legislation banning. 9 use of crates to house pregnant sows, 10 in 2013.Questions about animal care 11 with the explosive growth in large-scale livestock farms, 12 spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as “factory parts”. That spurred ARS and the livestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal13issues, making sure that guidelines are based on facts 14 through scientific research. The goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its 15 guidelines.Ten years ago, to 16 these concerns, ARS started a research program on livestock behavior and stress. The scientists involved were tasked with finding out whether modern farming practices were17 stressing animals. And if so, could scientific methods be developed to measure this stress so that18 could be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively?A decade later, the 19 answer is “yes” to both questions, Many had expected the an swer to be “no” on both counts, but science works independently 20 people’s opinions.1. A. amount B. number C. figure D. sum2. A. cage B. cave C. case D. cart3. A. but for B. except for C. aside from D. away from4. A. paved B. changed C. led D. opened5. A. suit B. step C. set D. super6. A. adapted B. adopted C. approved D. accepted7. A. booklets B. pamphlets C. brochures D. checklists8. A. measuring B. weighing C. considering D. thinking9. A. prolonged B. proceeded C. programmed D. progressed10. A. efficient B. effective C. effusive D. elective11. A. raised B. rose C. arose D. pose12. A. who B. what C. which D. how13. A. health B. life C. wealth D welfare14. A. decided B. determined C. proved D. tested15. A. voluntary B. revolutionary C. preliminary D. necessary16. A. express B. address C. suppress D. compress17. A. unduly B. unequally C. unfortunately D. unfavorably18. A. performances B. programs C. problems D. practices19. A. sequential B. initial C. essential D. financial20. A. of B. on C. by D. withText 11You probably know that it’s better for both you and the environment if you buy an organic tomato instead of one that’s been doused in pesticides, but there are lots of other things to consider bef ore venturing down the aisle of your local supermarket (or farmer’s market).The explosion in1produce and other foods during the last few years has been an extremely2development in the food industry. However,3still exists about exactly what the organic4 means. Do you know the difference between a cereal that’s “organic,” “100% organic,” and “made with organic5” The USDA has clearly defined standards that6which of those labels can legally go on your raisin bran. You can learn more about them atOrganic foods are great, but the jury is still very much out7another new development in the food world: genetically8organisms (GMOs). No one knows for certain the short and9effects of these products of gene engineering,l0there’s a chance the y could lead to the11creation of “superweeds” or12with natural plant stocks, for more information on GMOs, we recommend visiting13you’re shopping, don’t forget to consider the companies behind the14names. One cereal company might be an environmental champion,15the other manufactures its corn flakes via l6environmental practices. An easy way to compare two companies is to use17such as Responsible . They present both the good and bad sides of every company they18, and they grade hundreds of companies on social, ethical and environmental issues.Remember:19conscious shopping is a powerful tool for effecting change. You can make a difference every time you fill your 20cart.1. A. green B. organic C. healthy D. optional2. A. positive B. negative C. active D. passive3. A. controversy B. contribution C. conversion D. confusion4. A. label B. mark C. word D. food5. A. components B. genes C. ingredients D. compositions6. A. determine B. illustrate C. recommend D. demonstrate7. A. in B. to C. for D. on8. A. moved B. modified C. modeled D. motivated9. A. long-run B. long-term C. long-day D. long-distance10. B. and C. but D. or. unconditional B. unexceptional C. unintentional D. uncontroversial12. A. interfere B. intervene C. interact D. intrude13. A. Any time B. Anytime C. Some time D. Sometime14. A. brand B. code C. product D. family15. A. when B. while C. as D. because16. A. constructive B. destructive C. instructive D. obstructive17. A. sights B. addresses C. sites D. webs18. A. profit B. profile C. propose D. protect19. A. socially B. conditionally C. morally D. environmentally20. A. nursery B. grocery C. bakery D. stationeryText12Responsibilities. We all have them; most of us have more than we’d like. That doesn’t change the reality that, sooner or later, we all have to1up to them. But perhaps it does explain our2to add to the ever-growing list. There’s already so much to do in a day, why tack on an3burden? Unfortunately, it’s this kind of defeatist mentality4keeps people from enhancing their lives through proper5and exercise. Here is the salient point, though: The health and fitness benefits you’ll derive from6the necessary work are worth whatever sacrifices you must make7the way. I can’t count how many times I’ve heard the same8. Each time, I always give the same response: Yes, I say, working out is work. So is taking the9to eat right.10yourself on the couch or having drinks with friends after work is a lot easier than exercising, and hitting theMcDonald’s drive-thru takes a lot less time than cooking a11at home. But channel surfing, margaritas and a Quarter Pounder With Cheese aren’t going to produce some of the things worth having--a low cholesterol level or the12to go shirtless on the beach. Those benefits demand a 13 effort. I'm not saying you should eschew the14night on the town or gourmet meal at a five-star restaurant. Both have their15and are components of a well-rounded life. I’ve enjoyed my16of revelry and fine17and look forward to those special opportunities to experience more of the good life. But I’ve managed to find a balance between those18.pleasures and a permanent19to a regular workout and a healthy diet. Because,20, it is the latter that will have a lasting improvement on the overall quality of my life.1. A. come B. catch C. confront D. face2. A. resistance B. reluctance C. persistence D. existence3. A. exact B. external C. extra D. extensive4. A. that B. which C. what D. who5. A. food B. nutrition C. diet D. recreation6. A. setting in B. putting in C. getting in D. cutting in7. A. along B. by C. on D. in8. A. reasons B. questions C. doubts D. excuses9. A. chance B. effort C. time D. interest10. A. Throwing B. Planting C. Sitting D. Placing11. A. dish B. dinner C. meal D. hamburger12. A. pride B. confidence C. enthusiasm D. inspiration13. A. long-time B. long-range C. long-term D. long-distance14. A. additional B. emotional C. occasional D. sensational15. A. place B. position C. location D. attraction16. A. share B. part C. portion D. section17. A. meal B. diet C. dining D. eating18. A. short-date B. short-lived C. short-legged D. short-tempered19. A. coherence B. experience C. adherence D. remembrance20. A. in a word B. in the end C. in the future D. in a nutshellText13A potful of evidence suggests that the antioxidants and polyphenols in tea help protect you from stroke and heart attack, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, and cancers of the lung, mouth, breast, pancreas, prostate and skin. The essential oils found in the leaves even aid1by increasing the flow of digestive juices.Now it turns out that tea,2chicken soup or echinacea, is what can give your body an extra3 to help it battle infections.Given 20 ounces of tea daily, non-tea drinkers were better able to fight4bacterial diseases, according to a study at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. The researchers5L-theanine, an6found in black, green, oolong and pekoe teas--but not in7teas, which usually don't contain Camellia sinensis, the one true tea8.。

1991年考研英语真题及答案

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)1.They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was that night began to fall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2.________ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3.Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ________ situations.[A] similar[B] alike[C] same[D] likely4.There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________.[A] in detail[B] in brief[C] in short[D] in all5.In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully ________.[A] admitted[B] acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ________ a sudden loud noise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7.By the year 2000, scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[B] are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8.Jim isn’t ________, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[B] dull[C] awkward[D] tedious9.The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ ________.[A] command[B] conviction[C] consent[D] compromise10.He had ________ on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ________.[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12.It is better to die on one’s feet than ________.[A] living on one’s knees[B] live on one’s knees[C] on one’s knees[D] to live on one’s knees13.The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14.This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15.In a typhoon, winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16.________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[D] As for17.Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] has received[B] ought to have received[C] couldn’t have received[D] shouldn’t have received18.________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19.Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outside world.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20.The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21.The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22.Dress warmly, ________ you’ll catch cold.[A] on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[D] in no way23.Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to change brain chemistry.[A] powerful[B] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24.Bob was completely ________ by the robber’s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down[C] taken to[D] taken in25.Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the young geologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[C] brought forth[D] brought up26.Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time.[A] being created[B] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27.Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than, ________ at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that[D] the ones28.The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ the investment plan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29.He knows little of mathematics, and ________ of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30.The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II: Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Text lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountabilitymay be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment. Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31.What the wise man said suggests that ________.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32.According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improvedpared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government34.The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35.The key point of the passage is that ________.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36.The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37.Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38.No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39.Starting from 22, ________.[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40.According to the passage, it is true that ________.[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick -- a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues. The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________.[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42.The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________.[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43.The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44.According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45.This passage is mainly about ________.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D], choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to __46__ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working __47__ radio, for example, they had become __48__ to seeing on behalf of the listener. This __49__ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. __50__ all, he has to be able to __51__ a continuous sequence of visual images which __52__ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the __53__ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is __54__ different. He is there to make __55__ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him __56__ on particular things, and to __57__ the images on the television screen. __58__ his radio colleague, he must know the __59__ of silence and how to use it at those moments __60__ the pictures speak for themselves.46.[A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47.[A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48.[A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49.[A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50.[A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51.[A] inspire[B] create[C] cause[D] perceive52.[A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53.[A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54.[A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55.[A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56.[A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57.[A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58.[A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As[D] For59.[A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60.[A] if[B] when[C] which[D] asSection IV: Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61.These is a [A] delicate balance of nature which [B] many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed [C] to maintain only a relatively few [D] human beings.62.The idea that [A] learning is a [B] lifelong process has expressed [C] by philosophers and educationalists throughout [D] the centuries.63.Nobody beside [A] little [B] children thinks [C] that a trip by bus is exciting [D].64.Just outside [A] the ruins are [B] a magnificent [C] building surrounded [D] by tall trees.65.In the teaching of [A] mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with [B] teachers presenting formal [C] lectures and students take [D] notes.66.The teacher asked them [A] who had completed [B] their tests to leave [C] the room as quietly[D] as possible.67.He wanted more out of life [A], not just working at [B] high-paid [C] jobs or spending nights on the streets playing games [D].68.Man [A] has used metals for centuries in gradual [B] in creasing quantities, but it was not until the Industrial Revolution that [C] they came to be employed [D] in real vast quantities.69.If you want your film to properly process [A], you’ll have to wait and pick it up [B] on Friday, which [C] is [D] the day after tomorrow.70. A man cannot [A] be really happy if that [B] he enjoys doing is ignored [C] by society as of[D] no value or importance.Section V: English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section VI: WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference1991年参考答案Section I: Structure and V ocabulary (15 points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[B]5.[D]6.[B]7.[C]8.[B]9.[C]10.[A]11.[C]12.[D]13.[D]14.[A]15.[C]16.[B]17.[C]18.[A]19.[D]20.[D]21.[B]22.[C]23.[A]24.[D]25.[A]26.[C]27.[D]28.[A]29.[B]30.[D]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31.[B]32.[C]33.[A]34.[A]35.[D]36.[C]37.[A]38.[C]39.[C]40.[A]41.[D]42.[A]43.[C]44.[D]45.[B]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46.[B]47.[A]48.[D]49.[C]50.[C]51.[B]52.[A]53.[D]54.[B]55.[C]56.[A]57.[D]58.[B]59.[C]60.[B]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61.[B] in which62.[C] has been expressed63.[A] except/but64.[B] is65.[D] taking66.[A] those67.[C] highly-paid68.[B] gradually69.[A] be properly processed70.[B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71.石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

1991年考研英语答案与解析

1991- 4

人所有的合法权利。现在他可以投票选举，可以买酒喝，可以签订金融合约，有权竞选公职。穴猿怨雪一个人获得成人身份后，不再因为年龄因素而获得更多的基本权利。这些法律条文没有规定什么时候算成人，但它们确实显示青春期更长了。
Passage 3
概览：
猿缘援眼阅演【定位】考查对文章主旨的把握。【解析】本文主题是葬糟糟燥怎灶贼葬遭蚤造蚤贼赠，它贯穿于文章始终。作者列举正、反两面的例子，批驳了当今的错误观念。身为警察，他提倡人人都应加强自律，为自身行为负责。故阅项为正确选项。【点睛】纵览全文，可以发现，葬糟糟燥怎灶贼葬遭蚤造蚤贼赠是一个关键字，抓住它就可以把握这类关于文章主旨的题目。
现代社会中，青春期仪式已不再被人们正式认可，失去了其象征意义。对什么是青春期初始仪式，人们看法也不一致。穴猿苑雪社会仪式被一系列步骤取代，这些步骤使人得到更多的认可和更高的社会地位。例如，小学毕业、中学毕业及大学毕业就构成这样一个系列。其中每一步都标志着一定的行为变化及社会认可，每一步的意义取决于个人的社会经济地位和学业上的抱负。青春期仪式还被身份角色、权利、特权及责任的法律界定所取代。在从员圆岁生日到圆员岁这九年间，受保护、受限制的童年状态及其未成年身份被撤消，并被赋予成年人的基本权利和义务。员圆岁的人不再被看成是小孩子，他坐火车、坐飞机、看戏、看电影得买全票。从根本上讲，这个年龄的人失去了童年的特权，却没得到任何有意义的成人权利。员远岁的青少年被赋予了成人的某些权利，这些权利给了他更多的自由和选择，提高了他的社会地位。现在他可以取得驾驶证，可以离开公立学校，可以不受童工劳动法限制去工作。员愿岁时，法律既赋予他成人的权利，又要求他承担成人的义务；现在他可以参军，也可以不经父母同意就结婚。穴猿愿雪圆员岁的人获得成年

2011年考研英语(一)完型填空题目及参考答案

2011年考研英语真题（2011.01.15第一时间提供）完型填空题目及参考答案2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary， laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels， ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__， a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way， say， walking or jogging does.__6__， instead of straining muscles to build them， as exercise does， laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__， studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter__8___ muscles， decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway， the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback， that improve an individual's emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion， our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears， evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile - or with their lips， which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown， ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ， the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]l ike2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D] produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]det ermining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D] observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]Inaddition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expe cted8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]rel axes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enha nce10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]intern al11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in[D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if[D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppr esses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D ]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick[D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indif ferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]re acted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]， [B]， [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part， the response has been favorable， to say the least. “Hooray！ At last！” wrote Anthony Tommasini， a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini， who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times，calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions，but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall， or anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time， attention， and money of the art-loving public， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap， available everywhere， and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances； moreover，they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener's choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert's own interest in new music hasbeen widely noted： Alex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different， more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference？ Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed， they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert's appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text， which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic， the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August， his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses，he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision，” McGee says. Within two weeks， he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group， which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold， deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter， CEO turnover was down23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had， according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up， opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age， saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are， but that's been fundamentally inverted，” says one headhunter. “The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure， his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2， senior executives' quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3， Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it's safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs： Where to Go？[B]CEOs： All the Way Up？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media - such as television commercials andprint advertisements - still play a major role， companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ， such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases， one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy， effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson，for example， has created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective， gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing， and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker， more visible， and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media： an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks，for instance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case，the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful， and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick andwell-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful， provocative magazine cover story，“I love My Children， I Hate My Life，” is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling， life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable， Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness： instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy， we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard，Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive - and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock， as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom， or mom-to-be， smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation， is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？ It doesn't seem quite fair， then， to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't have had kids， but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world： obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course， the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic， especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples， single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there，considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on； yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their “own” (read： with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous： most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free， happiness-enhancing parenthood aren't in some small，subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience，in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4， the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can， Mr Menand points out， became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly， up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities： Literature， languages，philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style： 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However， many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard， Mr Menand notes，“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly， only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects： English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So， at the end of a decade of theses-writing， many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate， taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law， medicine or business， future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation， top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process： federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990， but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career： as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation， arguesMr Menand，is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge， but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education， concludes Mr Menand， is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise， academics will continue to think dangerously alike， increasingly detached from the societies which they study，investigate and criticize.“Academic inquiry， at least in some fields，may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens， Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas： Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities， and Louis Menand，a professor of English at Harvard University， captured it skillfully.G → 41.→42.→ E →43.→44.→45.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver，” creating our inner character and outer circumstances， the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter， we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless； this allows us to think one way and act another. However， Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind， and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of controlthrough the conscious mind alone， in reality we are continually faced with a question：“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？“Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire， Allen concluded ：“ We do not att ract what we want， but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don't “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen's book is its contention that “Cir cumstances do not make a person，they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need， and a rationalization of exploitation， of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ，however， would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances， however bad， offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people， then humanity would never have progressed. In fat， (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from oursituation .Nevertheless， as any biographer knows， a person's early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen's book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us； where before we were experts in the array of limitations， now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should1) describe the drawing briefly，2) explain it's intended meaning， and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案部分由跨考教育提供1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

2011年完形填空真题及答案解析(个人原创)

因此要仔细读。

本句中，Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health是说“亚里士多德认为笑也是有益于健康的一种锻炼”。

1991年考研英语真题+答案

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1.[解析]本题考核知识点：动词的搭配本题空格处的动词须能够搭配成“…oneself to + 名词”的形式，选项中只有[B]可以。

Adapt oneself to意为to gradually change one’s behavior and attitudes so that one get used to a new situation and can deal with it successfully“(使)适应，（使）适合（新情况）”。

代入adapt 之后，空格所在句大意为：他们（收音机评论员）努力去适应（电视机）这种新媒体的时候，遇到了一些技术方面的困难。

[B]符合文义。

[A] turn to sb/sth意为ask help from“求助于”，如：I tried to stand on my own rather than turned to my parents.我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。

[C] Alter意为cause to change; make different; cause a transformation 改变，如：He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom. 他把一间屋子改建成了卧室。

[D] Modify 意为to make small changes to sth in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective “（略微地）修改，更改，改进”，如：Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其它形态的生命服从于人类自己独特的观念和想象。

1991年全国考研英语真题及答案

1991年全国考研英语真题及答案1991年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案Ⅰ. In each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET(15 point) l . They lost their way in the forest, and _ made matters worse was thatnight began tofall .A. thatB. itC. whatD. which2._ my retum, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not beback for several hours. #39;A. AtB. OnC. WithD. During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girlsrespond to _ situations.A. similarB. alikeC. sameD. likely4. There is not much time left; so I#39;ll tell you about it _.A. in detailB. in briefC. in shortD. in all5. In this factory, suggestion Often have to wait for months before they are fully _ .A. admittedB. acknowledgedC. absorbedD. considered6. There is a real posibility that these animals could be frightened, _ a sudden loudnoise .A. being thereB. should there beC. there wasD. there having been7. By the year 2000 , scientists probably _ a cure for cancer.A.#39; will be discoveringB. are discoveringC. will have discoveredD. have discovered8. Jim isn#39; t _, but he did badly in the final exams last smester.A. gloomyB. dullC. awkwardD. tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents#39; _A. commandB. convictionC. consentD. compromiseIO. He had _ on the subject.A. a rather strong opinionB. rather strong opinionC. rather the strong opinionD. the rather strong opinion.Il . When Jane fell off the bike, the other children _A. were not able to help laughterB. could not help but laughingC. could not help laughingD. could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one#39;s feet than_ .A. living on one#39;s kneesB. live on one#39;s kneesC. on one#39;s kneesD. to live on one#39;s knees13 . The most important _ _ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly forthe people.A. elementB. spotC. senseD. point14. This watch is__ to all the other watches on the market.A. superiorB. advantageousC. superD. beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds _ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.A. assumeB. accomplishC. attainD. assemble16.__ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A. In spite ofB. But forC. Because ofD. As for17 . Mary _ my letter; otherwise she would have repliedbefore now.A. has receivedB. ought to have receivedC. couldn#39; t have receivedD. shouldn#39; t have received18. _ to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begunB. No sooner had he begunC. Not until he beganD. Scarcely did he begin19 . Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _ to the outside world.A. being lostB. having lostC. losingD. lost20. The policemen went into action _ they heard the alarm.A. promptlyB. presentlyC. quicklyD. directly21 . The lost car of the Lees was found _ in the woods off the highway.A. vanishedB. abandonedC. scatteredD. rejected22. Dress warmly, _ _ you#39;ll catch cold.A. on the contraryB. or ratherC. or elseD. in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so _ as to be able to change brain chem-istry .A. powerfulB. influentialC. monstrousD. vigorous24 . Bob was completely _ by the robber#39; s disguise.A. taken awayB. taken downC. taken toD. taken in25 . Difficulties and hardships have _ _ the best qualities of the young geologist.A. brought outB. brought aboutC. brought forthD. brought up26. Our modem civilization must not be thought of as _ in a short period of time.A. being createdB. to have been createdC. having been createdD. to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than,__ at the other store.A. anyoneB. the othersC. thatD. the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to _ _ the investmentplan within a week.A. work outB. put outC. make outD. set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and _ of chemistry.A. even moreB. still lessC. no lessD. still more30 . The students expected there __ more reviewing classes before the fanil exam.A. isB. beingC. have beenD. to beⅡ. Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answersare given. Read the passages carefully and chnose the best answer to each of the questions.Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 poinb)lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men todo nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has goneterribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. Akey ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn#39; t hard to define. It means that everyperson is responsible for his or heractions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together--honesty, kindness, and so on--account-ability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law--and, ultimately, no society.My job as a polioe officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows,external controls on people#39;s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities--smaller towns,usually--where schools maintaindiscipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: "In this family certain things are nottolerated--they simply are not done! "Yet more and more, especially in our larger citis and suburbs, these inner restraints areloosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes whathe wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crimewas committed , society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it#39; s the criminalwho is considered victimized : by his underpriviledged upbringing, by the school that didn #39; t teachhim to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents whodidn#39; t provide a stable home.I don#39; t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engagein criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountabiliy, we become a soci-ety of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits acrime is the one responsible for it.31 . What the wise man said suggests that__.A. it#39; s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evilB. it#39; s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about itC. it#39;s only natural for vinue to defeat evilD. it#39;s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,__.A. society is to be held responsibleB. modern civilization is rnponsible for itC. the criminal himself should bear the blameD. the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have__.A. less self-disciplineB. better sense of disciplineC. more mutual respect .D. less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that __.A. people in large cities tend to excuse criminalsB. people in small towns still stick to old discipline andstandardsC. today #39; s society lacks sympathy for people in difficultyD. people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that__.A. stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and familiesB. more good examples should be set for people to followC. more restrictions should be imposed on people#39; s behaviorD. more people should accept the value of accountability2The period of adolescence, i. e. , the person between childhood and adulthood, may be longor short , depending on social expectations and on society#39; s definition as to what constitutes matu- rity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period oftime , while in industrial societies with pattems of prolonged education coupled with laws againstchild labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade ofone #39; s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood statusmay change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type ofchange are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the U-nited States , and more universally , the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society,ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic signifi-cance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition , the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilitis. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of child-hood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilitis are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted cenain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver#39; s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twen-ty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can wote, he can buy liquor,he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to runfor public office. No additional basicrights are acquired as a function of age alter majority status has been attained. None of these legalprovisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolongedperiod of adolescence .36 . The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because__.A. the definition of maturity has changedB. the industrialized society is more developedC. more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD. ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to__.A. graduations from schools and collegesB.social recognitionC. socio-economic statusD. certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is __.A. eleven years oldB. sixteen years oldC. twenty-one years oldD.between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22,__.A. one will obtain more basic rightsB. the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC. one won#39;t get more basic rights than when he is 21D. one will enjoy more rights granted bv society.40. Acoording to the passage, it is true thatA. in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence andadulthood no longer existedB. no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC. one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver#39; s licenseD. one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the army3Most growing plants contaln much more water than all other materials combined. C. R.Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house com-posed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth anddevelopment occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant mustbe dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all partsof the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The car-bon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf be-fore it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars--the base material from whichthe plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water.Stnlctural parts of plants, such as woodv stems no longer actively growing, may have much lesswater than growlng tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small partof what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which car-bon dioxide and water are combined-in the presence of chlorophvll ( 叶绿素 ) and with energyderived from light-to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. Thisoccurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minuteopenings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gasto enter the leaf, however, permits another gas-water vapor--to be lost from it. Since carbondioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 1O ,000 parts of air) and watervapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80"F , saturated air would containabout 186 parts of water vapor in 1O, OOO parts of air) , the total amount of water vapor lost ismany times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss ofwater In proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrationsof the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbo-hydrates ( 碳水化合物) .41 . A growing plant needs water for all of the following except__.A. forming sugarsB. sustaining woody stemsC. keeping greenD. producing carbon dioxide42 . The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is__.A. to form sugarsB. to derive energy from lightC. to preserve waterD. to combine carbon dioxide with water43 . The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that__.A. a plant efficiently utilizes most 0f the water it absorbsB. carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant developmentC. a plant needs more water than is found in its compositionD. the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44 . According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The mineral eLements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in itsroot .B. The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.C. Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.D. Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45 . This passage is mainly about__.A. the functions of carbon dioxide and waterB. the role of water in a growing plantC. the process of simple sugar formationD. the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideⅢ . For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled A, B, Cand D. Choose the best one and put your chnice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 point)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as ra-dio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they ex-perienced when they were trying to _46___ themselves to the new medium were technical. Whenworking _47_ radio, for example, they had become _48____ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This _49_ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. _50_all, he has to be able to _51____ a continuous sequence of visual images which _52_ meaning-to the sounds which the listener hears. In the_53_ of television,however,the commentatorsees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is _54_____ different. He is there to make _55_ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him _56_ on particular-things, and to _57____ the images on the television screen._58_ his radio colleague,he mustknow the _59_ of silence and how to use it at those moments _60_ the pictures speak for themselves .46. A. turn B. adapt C. alter D. modify47. A. on B. at C. with D. behind48 . A. experienced B. deTermined C. established D. accustomed49. A. efficiency B. technology C. art D. performance50. A. Of B. For C. Above D. In51. A. inspire B. create C. cause D. perceive52. A. add B. apply C. affect D. reflect53. A. occasion B. event C. fact D. case54. A. equally B. oompletely .C. initially D. hardly55. A. definite B. possible C. sure D. clear56. A. focus B. attend C. follow D. insist57. A. exhibit B. demonstrate C. expose D. interpret58. A. Like B. Unlike C. As D. For .59. A. purpose B. goal C. value D. intention60. A. if B. when C. which D. asⅣ . Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labelled A, B , Cand D. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put ynur choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Then , without altering the meaning nf the sentence , write down yom cnrrection on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. ( 1O point)61 . These is a delicate balance of nature which many square miles of ocean and vegetation andA Bclean air are needed to maintain only a relatively few human beings.C D62 . The idea that learning is a lifelong process has expressed by philosophers and educationalistsA B Cthroughout the centuries.D63. Nobody beside little children thinks that a trip by bus is exciting.A B C D64 . Just outside the ruins are a magnificent buildingsurrounded by tall trees.A B C D65 . In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional , with teachersABpresenting formal lectures and students take notes.C D66. The teacher asked them who had completed their tests to leave the room as quietly as possi-A B C Dble.67. He wanted more out of life, not just working at high-paid jobs or spending nights on theA B Cstreets playing games.D68. Man has used metals for centuries in gradual in creasing quantities, but it was not until theA BIndustrial Revolution that they came to be employed in real vast quantitles.C D69. If you want your film to properly process, you#39;ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday,A Bwhich is the day after tomorrow.C D70. A man cannot be really happy if that he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value orA B C Dimportance .V . Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chi-nse. (15 poinb)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has beenwith us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flowsfreely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragilea base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oilwells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to re-sult in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had inthe times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world#39;s popula-tion is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the UnitedStates , the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion asthe twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enoueh to match this, which means that weare heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account , what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like inthe year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirtyyears-even here in the United States. By 2001 , the population of the United States will be atleast two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will findit difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularlytrue since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy Americanfashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food-export-ing nation and that , if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is verylikely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75 ) Until such time as mankind has the senseto lower its pupulation to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more "unnatural food" .Ⅵ . Writlng (15 point)DIRECTIONS :A) Title: WHERE TO LIVE--IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?B) Time limit: 40 minutesC) Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the giv-en opening sentence.E) Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE :1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference答案:Ⅰ. l. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D6. B7. C8. B9. C 10. A11. C 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C16. B 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. D21. B 22. C 23. A 24. D 25. A26. C 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. DⅡ. 31. B 32. C 33. A 34. A 35. D36. C 37. A 38. C 39. C 40. A41. D 42. A 43. C 44. D 45. BⅢ. 46. B 47. A 48. D 49. C 50. C51. B 52. A 53. D 54. B 55. C56. A 57. D 58. B 59. C 60. BⅣ. 61. (B) in which 66. (A) those62. (C) has been expressed 67. (C) highly-paid63. (A) except/but 68. (B) gradually64. (B) is 69. (A) be properly processed65. (D) taking 70. (B) whatⅤ.71．石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

1991年考研英语试题及参考答案（2）

41 . A growing plant needs water for all of the following except__.A. forming sugarsB. sustaining woody stemsC. keeping greenD. producing carbon dioxide42 . The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is__.A. to form sugarsB. to derive energy from lightC. to preserve waterD. to combine carbon dioxide with water43 . The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that__.A. a plant efficiently utilizes most 0f the water it absorbsB. carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant developmentC. a plant needs more water than is found in its compositionD. the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44 . According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The mineral eLements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in itsroot .B. The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.C. Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.D. Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45 . This passage is mainly about__.A. the functions of carbon dioxide and waterB. the role of water in a growing plantC. the process of simple sugar formationD. the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideⅢ . For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labelled A, B, Cand D. Choose the best one and put your chnice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 point)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as ra-dio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they ex-perienced when they were trying to _46___ themselves to the new medium were technical. Whenworking _47_ radio, for example, they had become _48____ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This _49_ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. _50_all, he has to be able to _51____ a continuous sequence of visual images which _52_ meaning-to the sounds which the listener hears. In the　_53_ of television,however,the commentatorsees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is _54_____ different. He is there to make _55_ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him _56_ on particular-things, and to _57____ the images on the television screen._58_ his radio colleague,he mustknow the _59_ of silence and how to use it at those moments _60_ the pictures speak for themselves .46. A. turn B. adapt C. alter D. modify47. A. on B. at C. with D. behind48 . A. experienced B. deTermined C. established D. accustomed49. A. efficiency B. technology C. art D. performance50. A. Of B. For C. Above D. In51. A. inspire B. create C. cause D. perceive52. A. add B. apply C. affect D. reflect53. A. occasion B. event C. fact D. case54. A. equally B. oompletely .C. initially D. hardly55. A. definite B. possible C. sure D. clear56. A. focus B. attend C. follow D. insist57. A. exhibit B. demonstrate C. expose D. interpret58. A. Like B. Unlike C. As D. For .59. A. purpose B. goal C. value D. intention60. A. if B. when C. which D. asⅣ . Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labelled A, B , Cand D. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put ynur choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Then , without altering the meaning nf the sentence , write down yom cnrrection on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. ( 1O point)61 . These is a delicate balance of nature which many square miles of ocean and vegetation andA Bclean air are needed to maintain only a relatively few human beings.C D62 . The idea that learning is a lifelong process has expressed by philosophers and educationalistsA B Cthroughout the centuries.D63. Nobody beside little children thinks that a trip by bus is exciting.A B C D64 . Just outside the ruins are a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.A B C D65 . In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional , with teachersA Bpresenting formal lectures and students take notes.C D66. The teacher asked them who had completed their tests to leave the room as quietly as possi-A B C Dble.67. He wanted more out of life, not just working at high-paid jobs or spending nights on theA B Cstreets playing games.D68. Man has used metals for centuries in gradual in creasing quantities, but it was not until theA BIndustrial Revolution that they came to be employed in real vast quantitles.C D69. If you want your film to properly process, you'll have to wait and pick it up on Friday,A Bwhich is the day after tomorrow.C D70. A man cannot be really happy if that he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value orA B C Dimportance .V . Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chi-nse. (15 poinb)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has beenwith us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragilea base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to re-sult in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously,and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world's popula-tion is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the UnitedStates , the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enoueh to match this, which means that weare heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account , what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like inthe year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirtyyears-even here in the United States. By 2001 , the population of the United States will be atleast two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will findit difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularlytrue since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food-export-ing nation and that , if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is verylikely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75 ) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its pupulation to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food" .Ⅵ . Writlng (15 point)DIRECTIONS :A) Title: WHERE TO LIVE--IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?B) Time limit: 40 minutesC) Word limit: 120 - 150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D) Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the giv-en opening sentence.E) Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE :1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference。

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案

1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET (15 points)1. They lost their way in the forest, and ________ made matters worse was that night began to fall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2. ________ my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would not be back for several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girls respond to ________ situations.[A] similar[B] alike[C] same[D] likely4. There is not much time left; so I’ll tell you about it ________.[A] in detail[B] in brief[C] in short[D] in all5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are fully ________.[A] admitted[B] acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ________ a sudden loud noise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7. By the year 2000, scientists probably ________ a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[B] are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8. Jim isn’t ________, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[A] gloomy[B] dull[C] awkward[D] tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ ________.[A] command[B] conviction[C] consent[D] compromise10. He had ________ on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other children ________.[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one’s feet than ________.[A] living on one’s knees[B] live on one’s knees[C] on one’s knees[D] to live on one’s knees13. The most important ________ of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly for the people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14. This watch is ________ to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds ________ a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16. ________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[C] Because of[D] As for17. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] has received[B] ought to have received[C] couldn’t have received[D] shouldn’t have received18. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ________ to the outside world.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20. The policemen went into action ________ they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21. The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22. Dress warmly, ________ you’ll catch cold.[A] on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[D] in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so ________ as to be able to change brain chemistry.[A] powerful[B] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24. Bob was comple tely ________ by the robber’s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down[C] taken to[D] taken in25. Difficulties and hardships have ________ the best qualities of the young geologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[C] brought forth[D] brought up26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as ________ in a short period of time.[A] being created[B] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than, ________ at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that[D] the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to ________ the investment plan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and ________ of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30. The students expected there ________ more reviewing classes before the final exam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II: Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For ach question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)Text lA wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every p erson is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less ef fective thaninternal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain thing s are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.31. What the wise man said suggests that ________.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] i t’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that ________.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society’s definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one’s life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, right, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train,airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more fr eedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver’s license; he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because ________.[A] the definition of maturity has changed[B] the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to ________.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is ________.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22, ________.[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won’t get more basic rights than when he is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40. According to the passage, it is true that ________.[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existed[B] no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached a dulthood when he has a driver’s license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Darnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick -- a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars -- the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined -- in the presence of chlorophyll (叶绿素) and with energy derived from light -- to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas -- water vapor -- to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at 80F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates (碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following except ________.[A] forming sugars[B] sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is ________.[A] to form sugars[B] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that ________.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45. This passage is mainly about ________.[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[B] the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III: Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D], choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous as radio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties they experienced when they were trying to __46__ themselves to the new medium were technical. When working __47__ radio, for example, they had become__48__ to seeing on behalf of the listener.This __49__ of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good at talking. __50__ all, he has to be able to __51__ a continuous sequence of visual images which __52__ meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the __53__ of television, however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is __54__ different. He is there to make __55__ that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, to help him __56__ on particular things, and to __57__ the images on the television screen. __58__ his radio colleague, he must know the __59__ of silence and how to use it at those moments __60__ the pictures speak for themselves.46. [A] turn[B] adapt[C] alter[D] modify47. [A] on[B] at[C] with[D] behind48. [A] experienced[B] determined[C] established[D] accustomed49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50. [A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51. [A] inspire[B] create[D] perceive52. [A] add[B] apply[C] affect[D] reflect53. [A] occasion[B] event[C] fact[D] case54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] follow[D] insist57. [A] exhibit[B] demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As59. [A] purpose[B] goal[C] value[D] intention60. [A] if[B] when[C] which[D] asSection IV: Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61. These is a [A] delicate balance of nature which [B] many square miles of ocean and vegetation and clean air are needed [C] to maintain only a relatively few [D] human beings.62. The idea that [A] learning is a [B] lifelong process has expressed [C] by philosophers and educationalists throughout [D] the centuries.63. Nobody beside [A] little [B] children thinks [C] that a trip by bus is exciting [D].64. Just outside [A] the ruins are [B] a magnificent [C] building surrounded [D] by tall trees.65. In the teaching of [A] mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with [B] teachers presenting formal [C] lectures and students take [D] notes.66. The teacher asked them [A] who had completed [B] their tests to leave [C] the room as quietly [D] as possible.67. He wanted more out of life [A], not just working at [B] high-paid [C] jobs or spending nights on the streets playing games [D].68. Man [A] has used metals for centuries in gradual [B] in creasing quantities, but it was not until the Industrial Revolution that [C] they came to be employed [D] in real vast quantities.69. If you want your film to properly pro cess [A], you’ll have to wait and pick it up [B] on Friday, which [C] is [D] the day after tomorrow.70. A man cannot [A] be really happy if that [B] he enjoys doing is ignored [C] by society as of [D] no value orimportance.Section V: English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sig ht. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years -- even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 200l the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section VI: WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE -- IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence.[E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference1991年参考答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1. [C]2. [B]3. [A]4. [B]5. [D]6. [B]7. [C]8. [B]9. [C] 10. [A]11. [C] 12. [D] 13. [D] 14. [A] 15. [C]16. [B] 17. [C] 18. [A] 19. [D] 20. [D]21. [B] 22. [C] 23. [A] 24. [D] 25. [A]26. [C] 27. [D] 28. [A] 29. [B] 30. [D]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31. [B] 32. [C] 33. [A] 34. [A] 35. [D]36. [C] 37. [A] 38. [C] 39. [C] 40. [A]41. [D] 42. [A] 43. [C] 44. [D] 45. [B]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46. [B] 47. [A] 48. [D] 49. [C] 50. [C]51. [B] 52. [A] 53. [D] 54. [B] 55. [C]56. [A] 57. [D] 58. [B] 59. [C] 60. [B]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61. [B] in which 62. [C] has been expressed63. [A] except/but 64. [B] is65. [D] taking 66. [A] those67. [C] highly-paid 68. [B] gradually69. [A] be properly processed 70. [B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

2011年考研英语（一）完型填空题目及参考答案

2011年考研英语真题（2011.01.15第一时间提供）完型填空题目及参考答案2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1___some claims to the contrary， laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels， ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__， a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way， say， walking or jogging does.__6__， instead of straining muscles to build them， as exercise does， laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__， studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter__8___ muscles， decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway， the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback， that improve an individual's emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion， our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears， evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988，social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile - or with their lips， which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown， ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ ， the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A]， [B]， [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part， the response has been favorable， to say the least. “Hooray！ At last！” wrote Anthony Tommasini， a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini， who had advocated Gilbert's appointment in the Times，calls him “an unpretentious musician with noair of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions，but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall， or anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time， attention， and money of the art-loving public， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap， available everywhere， and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live performances； moreover，they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener's choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert's own interest in new music has been widely noted： Alex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different， more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference？ Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed， they must first change the relationship between America's oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert's appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text， which of the following is true of recordings？[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic， the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August， his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses，he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision，” McGee says. Within two weeks， he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group， which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold， deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter， CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had， according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up， opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age， saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commoditiesexchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are， but that's been fundamentally inverted，” says one headhunter. “The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure， his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2， senior executives' quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3， Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it's safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？[A]CEOs： Where to Go？[B]CEOs： All the Way Up？[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role， companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media ， such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases， one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy， effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson，for example， has created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective， gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing， and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker， more visible， and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media： an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks，for instance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case，the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful， and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick andwell-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It's no surprise that Jennifer Senior's insightful， provocative magazine cover story，“I love My Children， I Hate My Life，” is arousing much chatter - nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling， life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable， Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness： instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy， we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard，Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive - and newly single - mom Sandra Bullock， as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom， or mom-to-be， smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation， is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？ It doesn't seem quite fair， then， to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn't have had kids， but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world： obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course， the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic， especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples， single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there，considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on； yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it，raising a kid on their “own” (read： with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous： most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it's interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free， happiness-enhancing parenthood aren't in some small，subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience，in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4， the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections：The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45， you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can， Mr Menand points out， became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly， up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities： Literature， languages，philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style： 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However， many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard， Mr Menand notes，“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly， only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects： English departments awarded more bachelor's degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So， at the end of a decade of theses-writing， many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate， taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law， medicine or business， future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation， top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process： federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990， but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career： as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation， argues Mr Menand，is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge， but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education， concludes Mr Menand， is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise， academics will continue to think dangerously alike， increasingly detached from the societies which they study，investigate and criticize.“Academic inquiry， at least in some fields，may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens， Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas： Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. Forsomething curious has been happening in American Universities， and Louis Menand，a professor of English at Harvard University， captured it skillfully.G → 41.→42.→ E →43.→44.→45.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver，” creating our inner character and outer circumstances， the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen's contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter， we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless； this allows us to think one way and act another. However， Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind， and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone， in reality we are continually faced with a question：“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？“Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire， Allen concluded ：“ We do not att ract what we want， but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement；you don't “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen's book is its contention that “Cir cumstances do not make a person，they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need， and a rationalization of exploitation， of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ，however， would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances， however bad， offers a unique opportunity for growth. Ifcircumstances always determined the life and prospects of people， then humanity would never have progressed. In fat， (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from oursituation .Nevertheless， as any biographer knows， a person's early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen's book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us； where before we were experts in the array of limitations， now we become authorities of what is possible.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should1) describe the drawing briefly，2) explain it's intended meaning， and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案部分由跨考教育提供1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。