外文文献之数据库信息管理系统简介
NSTL外文文献数据库资源特色和使用方法(工科)
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资源优势
两大类 资源
科技信息资源
商务信息资源
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科技资源优势
外文 期刊
科技 期刊
会议 论文
学位 论文
国外
科技信息资源
科技
专利
成果
国外 标准
。。。
国内 标准
国内 专利
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商务资源优势
科研 机构
高等 院校
企业 公司
企业 产品
科研 成果
商务信息资源
信息 机构
摘检索：外文文献数据库的文摘资源均可通过 万方数据镜像服务软件进行免费检索。
2、订购全文：以页为单位，按实际原文索取量计费
按NSTL收费标准计费，万方数据不 收取附加费用，万方数据为通过镜像服务软件 “订购文献全文”安排了专项帐号，机构用户管 理员通过帐号管理与用户统一结算。
3、个人用户“订购全文”的费用需要与其所在的检 索使用单位结算。
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万方数据股份有限公司
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万方数据股份有限公司
万方数据是国内首屈一指的中文信息内容 服务提供商，拥有强大的信息资源，具备 数据采集，信息加工处理等软硬件技术能 力，实现了全面的信息服务集成与整合。
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万方数据的优势
资源优势
服务优势
万方 数据
技术优势
加工优势
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NSTL外文文献数据库 资源特色和使用方法
（工科）
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国家科技图书文献中心 （NSTL）
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国家科技图书文献中心（NSTL）
NSTL作为国家科技基础条件共享平台工作 的重要组成部分，组建于2000年6月12日， 是一个虚拟式的科技信息资源机构及科技 文献信息集成服务系统。
4.1外文数据库：EBSCO
Business Source Premier (BSP)
世界最大的全文商业数据库。 提供了3851种期刊的文摘和索引,其中2300多种学 术期刊提供全文。 收录有著名的出版物如《Harvard Business Review》（哈佛商业评论）、《Business Week》 （每周商务）等。约200余种期刊回溯到1965年甚 至是创刊年。 内容覆盖经济学、经济管理、金融、会计、劳动 人事、银行以及国际商务等商业的各个学术研究 领域。 资料每日更新。
外文期刊全文数据库检索 －－EBSCOhost
EBSCOhost检索系统
一、EBSCO简介
二、检索方法和技巧 三、检索结果处理
四、个性化服务
1、EBSCO 公司简介
EBSCO 公司成立于 1944 年，是世界上最大的 提供学术电子文献服务的专业公司，提供纸本期 刊、电子期刊发行和电子文献数据库发行服务。 总 部 在 美 国 ， 分 部 遍 及 全 球 19 个 国 家 。 EBSCOhost 是该公司推出的三大数据系统之一， 也是目前世界上比较成熟的全文检索数据库之一， 共包括60多个专项数据库，其中全文数据库10余 个 ， 学 术 资 源 数 据 库 (Academic Search Premier,ASP)是其核心产品之一。
检索技术3:布尔逻辑检索
适用于所有检索功能,运算符为AND、OR、 NOT.系统允许使用（）将优先检索的词括 起来 ，优先级（）>not>and>or 例如：“TI information and TI(retrieval or technology) not TI new”
检索技术4:位置算符
MEDLINE
美国国家医学图书馆(National Library of Medicine)制作的医学文献数据库. 提供了有关医学、护理、牙科、兽医、医 疗保健制度、临床前科学及其它方面的权 威医学信息，收录4,800多种现刊的索引和 摘要。
第三章 外文数据库检索之一-三大检索系统
其它常用于评价的检索工具
一、ISR：科学评论索引（Index to Scientific Reviews）
由ISI公司出版，半年刊，每年收录200多种综述 出版物和3000多种期刊中的综述类文献。学科范围 与SCI基本相同。我们通常所说的四大检索工具除 以上的SCI、EI、ISTP外，还包括ISR，目前只发 行印刷本。
JCR常用词语解释：
Total Cites: 在选定的年限里对某一方面刊中所有 文章的被引用次数的总和. Impact Factor: 用该期刊前两年发表论文在当年 被引用的次数除以该期刊前两年发表论文的总数所 得到的值。可以用来评估同一研究领域不同期刊的 相对重要性。 Immediacy Index：用某一年中发表的文章在当年 被引用次数除以同年发表文章的总数得到的指数。 用于评估特定期刊在当年被引用的速度。
JCR常用词语解释：
Current Articles：某特定期刊当年发表 的文章的总数。 Cited Half-life：指期刊达到50%被引用 率所需要的时间。该数值有助于图书馆 确定期刊的馆藏和存档的策略。 查某种期刊的影响因子,可进入: “图书馆主页-服务指南-SCI、EI指南期刊引用报告JCR”
wwwlibcaueducnsciscie2008htm其它年份收录查询见图书馆主页服务指南sciei指南sci收录中国期刊一览表scisci的作用的作用科研成果评价依据科研机构被sci收录的论文总量反映整个机构的科研尤其是基础研究的水平个人的论文被sci收录的数量及被引用次数反映他的研究能力与学术水平定量分析某单位科研产出和影响力journalcitationreportsjcrjournalcitationreportsjcrjcrscienceedition提供scie中所收录的科学技术领域6500多种期刊的引文分析信息jcrsocialsciencesedition提供ssci中所收录的社会科学领域1900多种期刊的引文分析信息jcr对每种被收录的期刊都会提供以下的统计数引文和论文数量
学生管理系统外文文献
学生管理系统外文文献随着信息技术的快速发展，学生管理系统已经成为现代教育管理的重要组成部分。
学生管理系统是基于计算机网络技术和数据库技术实现的信息化管理系统，为学校提供了便捷高效的管理方式，同时也为学生提供了更好的学习和生活环境。
本文将介绍学生管理系统的相关外文文献，并探讨其在教育管理中的应用。
1. 'Design and Implementation of Student Attendance Management System Based on RFID Technology'该文献介绍了一种基于RFID技术的学生考勤管理系统。
该系统采用RFID读写器对学生的学号进行读取，实现了学生考勤的自动化管理。
该系统具有考勤准确、数据实时性好、使用方便等优点。
2. 'Design and Implementation of Student Information Management System Based on '该文献介绍了一种基于技术的学生信息管理系统。
该系统包括学生信息录入、查询、修改、删除等功能，同时还实现了教师、管理员的权限管理。
该系统具有界面美观、操作简单、数据安全性高等特点。
3. 'Design and Implementation of Comprehensive Evaluation System for College Students Based on Data Mining Technology' 该文献介绍了一种基于数据挖掘技术的大学生综合评价系统。
该系统采用聚类分析、决策树等数据挖掘算法对学生的各项指标进行评价，为学校提供了科学的评价依据。
该系统具有评价准确、数据分析能力强、操作简单等特点。
4. 'Research on Student Learning Management System Based on Cloud Computing'该文献介绍了一种基于云计算技术的学生学习管理系统。
EBSCO(外文期刊数据库)使用介绍
EBSCO（外文期刊数据库）使用介绍 •EBSCOhost 由EBSCO Publishing出版•覆盖的学科范围包括：生物科学、工商经济、咨询科技、通讯传播、工程、教育、艺术、医药学等•检索结果为文献的题录、文摘信息。
其中部分文献提供全文（PDF 格式（查看PDF格式的全文要下载并安装Adobe Acrobat Reader软件，图书馆主页提供下载）、HTML格式）访问方式•任何一台接入校园网的计算机均可通过Web方式检索•进入EBSCOhost界面后，首先需要选择数据库，然后选择检索方式 •EBSCOhost主要检索方式为基本检索（basic search）和高级检索（advanced search）两种如果选择在单个数据库内检索，还有参考文献检索（Cited References）、图像检索（Images）、刊名浏览（Publications）、叙词浏览（Subject Terms）、索引浏览（Indexes）、等辅助检索工具基本检索基本检索是在篇名、作者、主题词、文摘中进行检索可做如下扩展–全文检索（在文章全文中进行检索）–逻辑“与”运算（如有两个及两个以上的检索词，自动进行“与”—and 的运算）–检索相关词还可做如下限定–全文限定（有全文）–参考文献限定（有参考文献）–学术性期刊限定（专家评定的期刊）–出版日期限定（可选择一个时间段）–出版物名称限定（在特定出版物中进行检索）–出版物类型限定（期刊论文、报纸、图书、其它文献）–页数限定（文章最多不超过多少页）–带图像的文章（所有、PDF格式、文本附图限定检索结果。
可以在如下的选项中进行选择：有全文、有参考文献、专家评定的期刊、出版日期、在特定出版物中检索、出版物类型、文献最多不超过多少页、是否附图高级检索•高级检索可以检索所有的字段，可以使用布尔逻辑运算符确定检索词之间的关系。
检索结果比基本检索更为精确•还可以扩展检索范围和对检索结果做限定•可以保存检索策略、回顾检索历史、组配检索、进行电子通告服务尔逻辑算符确定检索词间的关系，点击执行检索。
外文文献数据库介绍
主要外文文献数据库介绍为了方便系统研发人员查阅外文资料，现对国外主流的数据库的特点做一个简单的介绍。
外文文献数据库可以有很多种分类的角度，其中从所收录文献信息的使用方式的角度分类如下：第一类是收录文献全文的数据库，以 science direct、springe r为代表；第二类是收录摘要、文献来源和文献引证关系的数据库，以所谓的三大索引数据库（SCI(科学引文索引)、EI(工程索引 )、ISTP(科技会议录索引)）为代表（三大索引数据库统一于 ISI web of kno wled ge）。
以下对这两类数据库做逐一介绍。
收录全文的数据库1、ScienceDirect OnSite《Elsevie r电子期刊全文》Elsevie r是荷兰一家全球著名的学术期刊出版商，每年出版大量的学术图书和期刊，大部分期刊被S C I、SSCI、EI收录，是世界上公认的高品位学术期刊。
近几年该公司将其出版的2,500多种期刊和11,000图书全部数字化，即Scienc eDirec t全文数据库，并通过网络提供服务。
该数据库涉及众多学科：计算机科学、工程技术、能源科学、环境科学、材料科学、数学、物理、化学、天文学、医学、生命科学、商业、及经济管理、社会科学等。
单击页面左侧的"Search"按钮，进入简单检索界面。
简单检索界面分为上下两个区，即检索策略输入区和检索结果的限定区。
检索策略可在输入区中选择"Search all fields（所有字段）"、"Author'Name（作者）"、"Journal or book Title（期刊名）"等字段输入，再利用限定区，限定检索结果的出版时间、命中结果数及排序方式，而后点击"Searchthe Collect ions"按钮，开始检索。
管理信息系统外文翻译 (2)
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目翻译（1）题目管理信息系统翻译（2）题目数据库管理系统的介绍学院计算机学院专业姓名班级学号Management Information SystemIt is the MIS(Management Information System ) that we constantly say that the management information system , and is living to emphasize the administration , and emphasizes that it changes into more and more significantly and more and more is universalized in the contemporary community of message . MIS is a fresh branch of learning, and it leaped over several territories, and for instance administers scientific knowledge, system science, operational research, statistic along with calculating machine scientific knowledge. Is living on these the branches of learning base, and takes shape that the message is gathered and the process means, thereby take shape the system that the crossbar mingles.1. The Management Information System Summary20 centuries, in the wake of the flourishing development of whole world economy, numerous economists propose the fresh administration theory one by one. Xi Men propose the administration and was dependent on idea to message and decision of strategic importance in the 50’s 20 centuries. The dimension of simultaneous stage is admitted issuing cybernetics, and he thinks that the administration is a control procedure. In 1958, Ger. write the lid: “ the administration shall obtain without delay with the lower cost and exact message, completes the better control “. This particular period, the calculating machine starts being used accountancy work. The data handling term has risen.In 1970, Walter T.Kennevan give administration that has raised the only a short while ago information system term to get off a definition: “ either the cover of the book shape with the discount, is living appropriately time to director, staff member along with the outside world personnel staff supplies the past and now and message that internal forecasting the approaching relevant business reaches such environment, in order to assist they make a strategic de cision”. Is living in this definition to emphasize, yet does not emphasize using the pattern, and mention the calculating machine application in the way of the message support decision of strategic importance.In 1985, admonishing information system originator, title Buddhist nun Su Da university administration professor Gordon B.Davis give the management information system relatively integrated definition, in immediate future “ administer the information system is one use calculating machine software and hardware resources along with data bank man - the engine system.It be able to supply message support business either organization operation, administration or the decision making function. Comprehensive directions of this definition management information system target and meritorious service capacity and component, but also make known the management information system to be living the level that attains at that time.1.1 The Developing History of MISThe management information system is living the most primarily phase iscounting the system, the substance which researched is the regular pattern on face between the incremental data, it what may separate into the data being mutually related and more not being mutually related series, afterwards act as the data conversion to message.The second stage is the data are replaced the system, and it is that the SABRE that the American airline company put up to in the 50’s 20 centuries subscribes to book the bank note system that such type stands for. It possess 1008 bank note booking spots, and may access 600000 traveler keep the minutes and 27000 flight segments record. Its operation is comparatively more complex, and is living whatever one “spot ”wholly to check whether to be the free place up some one flight n umbers. Yet through approximately attending school up to say, it is only a data and replaces the system, for instance it can not let know you with the bank note the selling velocity now when the bank note shall be sell through, thereby takes remedying the step. As a result it also is administer information system rudimentary phase.The third phase is the status reports system, and it may separate into manufacture state speech and service state and make known and research the systems such as status reports and so on. Its type stands for the production control system that is the IBM corporation to the for instance manufacture state speech system. As is known to all, the calculating machine corporation that the IBM corporation is the largest on the world, in 1964 it given birth to middle-sized calculating machine IBM360 and causes the calculating machine level lift a step, yet form that the manufacture administration work. Yet enormously complicatedly dissolve moreover, the calculating machine overtakes 15000 difference components once more, in addition the plant of IBM extends all over the American various places to every one components once more like works an element, and the order of difference possess difference components and the difference element, and have to point out that what element what plant what installation gives birth to, hence not merely giving birth to complexly, fitting, installation and transportation wholly fully complex. Have to there be a manufacture status reports system that takes the calculating machine in order to guarantee being underway successfully of manufacture along with else segment as the base. Hence the same ages IBM establish the systematic AAS of well-developed administration it be able to carry on 450 professional work operations. In 1968, the corporation establishes the communal once more and manufactures informationsystem CMIS and runs and succeeds very much, the past needs 15 weeks work, that system merely may be completed in the way of 3 weeks.It is the data handling system that the status reports system still possess one kind of shape , and that it is used for handles the everyday professional work to make known with manufacture , and stress rests with by the handwork task automation , and lifts the effectiveness with saves the labor power . The data handling system ordinarily can not supply decision of strategic importance message.Last phase is the support systems make a strategic decision, and it is the information system being used for supplementary making a strategic decision. That system may program and the analysis scheme, and goes over key and the error solve a problem. Its proper better person-machine dialogue means, may with not particularlythe personnel staff who have an intimate knowledge of the calculating machine hold conversation. It ordinarily consists of some pattern so as to come into being decision of strategic importance message, yet emphasize comprehensive administration meritorious service capacity.1.2 The Application of Management Information SystemThe management information system is used to the most base work, like dump report form, calculation pay and occurrences in human tubes and so on, and then developing up business financial affairs administrations and inventory control and so on individual event operational control , this pertains to the electron data handling ( EDP Data Processing ) system . When establish the business data bank, thereby possess the calculating machine electric network to attain data sharing queen , the slave system concept is start off , when the implementation the situation as a whole is made program and the design information system ,attained the administration information system phase . In the wake of calculating machine technique progress and the demand adjust the system of people lift further, people emphasize more furthermore administer the information system phase. Progress and people in the wake of the calculating machine technique lift at the demand adjust the system further, people emphasize more furthermore to administer the information system whether back business higher level to lead makes a strategic decision this meritorious service capacity, still more lay special emphasis on the gathering to the external message of business and integrated data storehouse, model library , means storehouse and else artificial intelligence means whether directly to decision of strategic importance person , this is the support system ( DDS ) mission making a strategic decision.There is the part application that few business start MIS inner place the limit of the world at the early days of being living in the 70’s 20 centuries. Up at the moment, MIS is living, and there be the appropriatePopularization rate in every state nation in world, and nearly covered that every profession reaches every department.1.3 The Direction of MIS DevelopmentClose 20 curtains; external grand duke takes charge of having arisen3 kinds of alternations:A. Paying special attention to the administration being emphasized toestablishing MIS’s s ystem, and causing the administration technique headfor the ageing.B. The message is the decision of strategic importance foundation, and MISsupplies the message service in the interest of director at all times.C. Director causes such management program getting in touch with togetherwith the concrete professional work maneuver by means of MIS. not merelybig-and-middle-sized business universally establish MIS some small-sizebusiness also not exceptions of self, universally establish the communaldata network, like the electronic mail and electron data exchange and so on,MIS supplied the well support environment to the application of Intranet’stechnique to speedily developing of INTERNET especially in the past fewyears in the interest of the business.Through international technique development tendency is see, in the 90’s 20 centuries had arisen some kinds of brand-new administration technique.1. Business Processes Rebuild (BPR)A business should value correctly time and produce quality, manufacturing cost and technical service and so on several section administrations, grip at the moment organization and the process compose once more,andcompletes that meritorious service capacity integrationist, operation processization and organization form fluctuation. Shall act as the service veer of middle layer management personnel staff the decision of strategic importance of the director service?2. Intelligentization Decision Support System (IDSS)The intelligentization decision of strategic importance support system was sufficiently consider demand and the work distinguishing feature of business higher level personnel staff.3. Lean Production (LP)Application give birth to on time, comprehensive quality control and parallel project that picked amount is given birth to and so on the technique, the utmost product design cutting down and production cycle, raise produce quality and cuts down the reproduced goods to reserve, and is living in the manufacture promote corps essence, in order to meet the demand that client continuously changes.4. Agile Manufacture (AM)One kind of business administration pattern that possess the vision, such distinguishing feature is workers and staff members’ quality is high, and the organization simplifies and the multi-purpose group effectiveness GAO message loading is agile and answers client requires swiftly.2. The Effect To The Business Administration of MIS DevelopmentThe effect to the business administration of the management information system development is administered the change to business and business administration of information system development and come into being and is coming into being the far-reaching effect with.Decision of strategic importance, particularly strategic decision-making may be assisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business.The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the term in the interest of the administration.In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralizedmessage concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up high-quality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit.This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This compels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric network and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living incomparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the net, in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term.At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more well-developed manufacturing industry strategy, and become quickly manufacturing the business. It completely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the large-scale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole completely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution.The management information system is towards the self-adoption and Self-learning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases; Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to comprehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS.The Source Of Article： Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal管理信息系统管理信息系统就是我们常说的MIS(Management Information System), 在强调管理，强调信息的现代社会中它变得越来越重要、越来越普及。
外文文摘型数据库简介
外文文摘型数据库简介1．Ei Compendex工程索引数据库EI(The Engineering Index:工程索引)是工程技术领域的综合性检索工具，由美国工程信息中心编辑出版。
侧重提供应用科学和工程领域的文摘索引信息，涉及核技术、生物工程、交通运输、化学和工艺工程、照明和光学技术、农业工程和食品技术、计算机和数据处理、应用物理、电子和通信、控制工程、土木工程、机械工程、材料工程等学科。
Ei的数据来源于5100种工程类期刊、会议论文集和技术报告，每年大约增加文献25万篇。
2000年8月，Ei 推出Engineering Information Village-2（简称EI Village2 或EV2)新版本，对文摘录入格式进行了改进，首次将文后参考文献列入Compemdex 数据库。
用户在EI Village2网上可检索到1884年至今的文献。
EI Village2有“简易检索（Easy Search）”、“快速检索（Quick Search）”和“高级检索（Expert Search）”三种检索方法。
检索结果显示方式有：Citation（引文）、Abstracts（摘要）或Detailed record(详细记录)格式，可以通过文摘页左下角Full-Text Links链接Elsevier、Springer等全文数据库查阅全文。
EI Village2数据库及时报道全世界工程与技术文献，为科学研究者和工程技术人员提供专业化、实用化的最新文献信息服务。
2．SCI（科学引文索引）数据库科学引文索引（SCI）是国际学术界公认的“四大权威检索工具”之一，内容涵盖自然科学、工程技术、生物医学、社会科学、艺术与人文等170多个学科领域。
目前该数据库有“扩展版”和“核心版”2种版本。
2006年12月SCI Expanded扩展版收录期刊6613种、SCI核心版收录3766种期刊。
SCI数据每周更新。
SCI数据库检索系统有General Search(普通检索)、Cited Ref Saerch(引文检索)、Structure Search(结构检索)和Advanced Search(高级检索)四种检索方法。
SQL Server数据库管理外文翻译文献
SQL Server数据库管理外文翻译文献本文翻译了一篇关于SQL Server数据库管理的外文文献。
摘要该文献介绍了SQL Server数据库管理的基本原则和策略。
作者指出，重要的决策应该基于独立思考，避免过多依赖外部帮助。
对于非可确认的内容，不应进行引用。
文献还强调了以简单策略为主、避免法律复杂性的重要性。
内容概述本文详细介绍了SQL Server数据库管理的基本原则和策略。
其中包括：1. 独立决策：在数据库管理中，决策应该基于独立思考。
不过多依赖用户的帮助或指示，而是依靠数据库管理员的专业知识和经验进行决策。
独立决策：在数据库管理中，决策应该基于独立思考。
不过多依赖用户的帮助或指示，而是依靠数据库管理员的专业知识和经验进行决策。
2. 简单策略：为了避免法律复杂性和错误的决策，应采用简单策略。
这意味着避免引用无法确认的内容，只使用可靠和可验证的信息。
简单策略：为了避免法律复杂性和错误的决策，应采用简单策略。
这意味着避免引用无法确认的内容，只使用可靠和可验证的信息。
3. 数据库管理准则：文献提出了一些SQL Server数据库管理的准则，包括：规划和设计数据库结构、有效的数据备份和恢复策略、用户权限管理、性能优化等。
数据库管理准则：文献提出了一些SQL Server数据库管理的准则，包括：规划和设计数据库结构、有效的数据备份和恢复策略、用户权限管理、性能优化等。
结论文献通过介绍SQL Server数据库管理的基本原则和策略，强调了独立决策和简单策略的重要性。
数据库管理员应该依靠自己的知识和经验，避免过度依赖外部帮助，并采取简单策略来管理数据库。
此外，遵循数据库管理准则也是确保数据库安全和性能的重要手段。
以上是对于《SQL Server数据库管理外文翻译文献》的详细内容概述和总结。
如果需要更多详细信息，请阅读原文献。
外文文献数据库介绍
主要外文文献数据库介绍为了方便系统研发人员查阅外文资料，现对国外主流的数据库的特点做一个简单的介绍。
外文文献数据库可以有很多种分类的角度，其中从所收录文献信息的使用方式的角度分类如下：第一类是收录文献全文的数据库，以 sciencedirect 、springer为代表；第二类是收录摘要、文献来源和文献引证关系的数据库，以所谓的三大索引数据库（SCI(科学引文索引 )、EI(工程索引 )、ISTP(科技会议录索引 )）为代表（三大索引数据库统一于 ISI web of kno wledge）。
以下对这两类数据库做逐一介绍。
收录全文的数据库1、ScienceDirect OnSite 《Elsevier电子期刊全文》Elsevier是荷兰一家全球著名的学术期刊出版商，每年出版大量的学术图书和期刊，大部分期刊被SCI、SSCI、EI收录，是世界上公认的高品位学术期刊。
近几年该公司将其出版的2,500多种期刊和11,000图书全部数字化，即ScienceDirect全文数据库，并通过网络提供服务。
该数据库涉及众多学科：计算机科学、工程技术、能源科学、环境科学、材料科学、数学、物理、化学、天文学、医学、生命科学、商业、及经济管理、社会科学等。
单击页面左侧的"Search" 按钮，进入简单检索界面。
简单检索界面分为上下两个区，即检索策略输入区和检索结果的限定区。
检索策略可在输入区中选择"Search all fields（所有字段）"、"Author'Name（作者）"、"Journal or book Title（期刊名）"等字段输入，再利用限定区，限定检索结果的出版时间、命中结果数及排序方式，而后点击"Search the Collections"按钮，开始检索。
检索结果有两类信息。
一类是期刊题名，在题名下有该刊目次页（table of contents）的超链接和搜寻相关文件按钮；另一类是期刊论文题录，排在靠后的部分为论文标题、出处、作者、相关度和搜寻相关文件按钮，通过搜寻相关文件按钮可检索到与该文内容类似的文章。
中外文常用数据库及网络资源介绍
Apabi电子教学参考书
CALIS中国高校教学参考书
由CALIS成员馆51家高校图书馆参建，提供电子书6万多册
CADAL
数字资源1225645册，其中学位论文192425册，民国图书/期 刊269094册，古籍187993册，现代图书444951册，英文图书 126729册，其它4426册
Apabi电子教学参考书 Apabi是五个英文单词Author（作者）Publisher （出版社）、Artery（渠道）、Buyer（购买者）、 Internet(互联网)的首字母缩写。 Apabi系统最大的特色在于收录的电子图书均可 以是经采访人员针对各校学科建设以及读者需求， 从与北大方正公司合作的400多家出版社出版的图 书中精心挑选而来，因此它的学科专业性、系统 性更为突出；同时，也是对 各馆纸本书的有效补 充。
中文数据库—文摘索引
全国报刊索引 社科版 自科版 中文社会科学引文索引CSSCI
1857年～ 期刊8500多种，报纸200余种 2000年～
中文人文科学、社会科学学术期刊400余种，海外 出版的期刊近20种。1998年～
中国科学引文数据库（CSCD）
四部丛刊
文渊阁四库全书
中国基本古籍库中文电子期刊—全数据库中国知网—中国期刊全文数据库
重庆维普—中文科技期刊数据库
万方—中国数字化期刊群
． ． 人大复印资料 ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ． ．
中国知网 中国知网为同方知网（北京）技术有限公司所 有，中国学术期刊（光盘版）电子杂志社出版， 是世界上最大的连续动态更新的中国学术文献数 据库。该库深度集成整合了学术期刊、博硕士学 位论文、会议论文、报纸、年鉴、专利、国内外 标准、科技成果等中文资源以及 Springer 等外文 资源。数据每日更新。
外文文献和翻译_信息系统开发和数据库开发
信息系统开发和数据库开发在许多组织中，数据库开发是从企业数据建模开始的，企业数据建模确定了组织数据库的范围和一般内容。
这一步骤通常发生在一个组织进行信息系统规划的过程中，它的目的是为组织数据创建一个整体的描述或解释，而不是设计一个特定的数据库。
一个特定的数据库为一个或多个信息系统提供数据，而企业数据模型（可能包含许多数据库）描述了由组织维护的数据的范围。
在企业数据建模时，你审查当前的系统，分析需要支持的业务领域的本质，描述需要进一步抽象的数据，并且规划一个或多个数据库开发项目。
图1显示松谷家具公司的企业数据模型的一个部分。
1.1 信息系统体系结构如图1所示，高级的数据模型仅仅是总体信息系统体系结构(ISA)一个部分或一个组织信息系统的蓝图。
在信息系统规划期间，你可以建立一个企业数据模型作为整个信息系统体系结构的一部分。
根据Zachman(1987)、Sowa和Zachman（1992）的观点，一个信息系统体系结构由以下6个关键部分组成:数据（如图1所示，但是也有其他的表示方法）。
操纵数据的处理（着系可以用数据流图、带方法的对象模型或者其他符号表示）。
网络，它在组织内并在组织与它的主要业务伙伴之间传输数据（它可以通过网络连接和拓扑图来显示）。
人，人执行处理并且是数据和信息的来源和接收者（人在过程模型中显示为数据的发送者和接收者）。
执行过程的事件和时间点（它们可以用状态转换图和其他的方式来显示）。
事件的原因和数据处理的规则（经常以文本形式显示，但是也存在一些用于规划的图表工具，如决策表）。
1.2 信息工程信息系统的规划者按照信息系统规划的特定方法开发出信息系统的体系结构。
信息工程是一种正式的和流行的方法。
信息工程是一种面向数据的创建和维护信息系统的方法。
因为信息工程是面向数据的，所以当你开始理解数据库是怎样被标识和定义时，信息工程的一种简洁的解释是非常有帮助的。
信息工程遵循自顶向下规划的方法，其中，特定的信息系统从对信息需求的广泛理解中推导出来（例如，我们需要关于顾客、产品、供应商、销售员和加工中心的数据），而不是合并许多详尽的信息请求（如一个订单输入屏幕或按照地域报告的销售汇总）。
PubMed-外文文摘型医学文献数据库
天津医科大学图书馆 2019.9
一、引言
PubMed主页
一、引言
本章内容提要
PubMed概述 登录方式 检索方法与技巧 检索结果处理 个性化服务（My NCBI）
1.简介
二、PubMed概述
PubMed是生物医学领域最重要、最权威、完全免 费的文摘数据库，是检索全世界生物医学期刊论文 的重要工具。
其他检索 : 主题词检索、期刊检索、本检索(Basic Search)
在基本检索输入框中，可以输入任何具有实质性意义的词语， 比如：自由词、主题词、人名或者刊名，系统都会智能化地同 系统中词表的进行匹配后完成检索。
二、PubMed概述
2.特点——收录范围广
PubMed收录全世界包括美国在内80多个国家的 5,200余种生物医学期刊的文摘及题录数据，内容 涉及临床医学、护理学、牙科学、兽医学、药理 学、环境和公共卫生，保健系统等医学各个领域， 自1946年以来的文献记录，文献量超过2600万条。
二、PubMed概述
2.特点——收录范围广
Pubmed的文献记录主要来源于以下几类： （1）Medline （2）In‐process citations(PreMEDLINE) （3）Publisher‐supplied citation （4）OLDMEDLINE
二、PubMed概述
（1）MEDLINE
是当前国际上最权威的生物医学文献数据库。
PubMed每条记录均有惟一的识别号PMID(PubMed Unique Identifier) 。
[PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE] [PubMed-in process] [PubMed-as supplied by publisher]
外文文摘型数据库介绍
查找索引(Look-up Indexes)
可帮助用户选择用于检索的适宜词语。在 快速检索中,Compendex数据库有作者 （Author）、作者单位（Author affiliation）、刊名（Serial title）、 Ei 受控词（Ei controlled term）、出版 商（Publisher）索引。 点击页面右边浏览索引框旁边的按钮，选 择想用的索引，然后点击浏览（Browse)按 钮，相应的索引则会出现．
Байду номын сангаас
更通俗地讲, RSS就是一种简单的信息发布和传递 方式,使得一个网站可以方便地调用其它提供RSS 订阅服务的网站的内容,从而形成“新闻聚合”,让 网站发布的内容在更大的范围内传播。对于用户 来说, RSS是一种订阅机制,就像订报纸、杂志。通 过这种订阅机制,您可以订阅任何喜欢的内容,例如: 门户网站的新闻、Blog、论坛帖子等。对于内容 提供者来说, RSS是一种直接把指定的网站的最新 内容送到用户眼前的技术,被称为简易信息聚合 (Re a lly Simp le Synd ica tion) 。提供RSS输出,有 利于让用户发现网站内容的更新,保持信息的到达。
NTIS（National Technical Information Service） NTIS出版的美国政府报告通报与索引数据库是 一个重要的信息资源，主要收集了1964年以来美 国国防部、能源部、内务部、宇航局（NASA）、 环境保护局、国家标准局等国家、州及地方政府部 门立项研究完成的项目报告，少量收录世界各国 （如加拿大、法国、日本、芬兰、英国、瑞典、澳 大利亚、荷兰、意大利）和国际组织的科学研究报 告，包括项目进展过程中所做的初期报告、中期报 告和最终报告等，能够及时反映科技的最新进展。 该数据库每年新增约60,000条数据。
外文数据库pubmed检索
PubMed与Web of Science的比较
学科领域
PubMed主要针对生物医学领域，而Web of Science涵盖 多个学科领域，包括自然科学、社会科学等。
引文分析
Web of Science提供强大的引文分析功能，可以分析论文的引用 网络和影响因子；PubMed则主要关注医学领域的引文分析。
检索范围
PubMed主要专注于生物医学领域，提供大量医学文献和临床试验结果；而Google Scholar则覆盖更 广泛的主题，包括社会科学、人文科学等。
学术质量
PubMed收录的文献经过严格筛选，质量较高；Google Scholar则包含大量学术和非学术文献，质量 参差不齐。
检索深度
PubMed提供高级检索功能，支持复杂的布尔逻辑运算和精确匹配；Google Scholar的检索功能相对 简单，但可以通过关键词匹配获取更多相关结果。
数据整合
Web of Science整合了多个数据库和专利信息，方便用户 进行跨库检索；PubMed则主要专注于医学文献的检索。
PubMed与Scopus的比较
学科覆盖范围
Scopus覆盖的学科范围比 PubMed更广泛，包括医学、生 命科学、物理、化学、工程等众 多领域。
国际性
Scopus收录的文献来自全球各地， 更加国际化；PubMed则以英文 医学文献为主。
数据分析工具
Scopus提供了丰富的数据分析工 具，如引用分析、学科领域分析 等；PubMed也提供了一定的数 据分析功能，但相对较少。
05
PubMed的未来发展
PubMed的创新和发展方向
人工智能和机器学习技术 应用
利用人工智能和机器学习技术，提高 PubMed的检索效率和准确性，提供更加智 能化的检索服务。
中外文数据库简介(部分)
中文数据库（1）中国国家图书馆中国国家图书馆馆藏宏富，品类齐全，古今中外，集精撷萃。
截止2003年底，馆藏文献已达2411万册（件），居世界国家图书馆第五位，并以每年60-70万册（件）的速度增长。
国家图书馆的藏书可上溯到700多年前的南宋皇家缉熙殿藏书，最早的典藏可以远溯到3000多年前的殷墟甲骨。
国家图书馆的珍品特藏包括善本古籍、金石拓片、古代舆图、敦煌遗书、少数民族图籍、名人手稿、革命历史文献、家谱、地方志和普通古籍等260多万册（件）。
外文善本中最早的版本为1473－1477年间印刷的欧洲“摇篮本”。
这部分藏品极为珍贵，闻名遐迩，世界瞩目。
国家图书馆全面入藏国内正式出版物，是世界上入藏中文文献最多的图书馆。
同时重视国内非正式出版物的收藏，是国务院学位委员会指定的博士论文收藏馆，图书馆学专业资料集中收藏地，全国年鉴资料收藏中心，并特辟香港、台湾、澳门地区出版物专室。
（2）中国科学院国家图书馆中国科学院国家科学图书馆于2006年3月由中国科学院所属的文献情报中心、资源环境科学信息中心、成都文献情报中心和武汉文献情报中心四个机构整合而成，实行理事会领导下的馆长负责制。
是我国的国家级科技文献情报机构，拥有藏书1140万册，中外期刊1.6万种。
总馆设在北京，下设兰州、成都、武汉三个二级法人分馆，并依托若干研究所（校）建立特色分馆。
全馆现有员工470余人，馆舍建筑面积8万平方米，依托网络提供高速、便捷的科技信息服务。
（3）国家科技图书文献中心国家科技图书文献中心（NSTL）是根据国务院领导的批示于2000年6月12日组建的一个虚拟的科技文献信息服务机构，成员单位包括中国科学院文献情报中心、工程技术图书馆（中国科学技术信息研究所、机械工业信息研究院、冶金工业信息标准研究院、中国化工信息中心）、中国农业科学院图书馆、中国医学科学院图书馆。
目前拥有3大类21个数据库，包括期刊论文、会议文献、学位论文、科技报告、专利文献、标准文献、计量检定规程等，文种涉及中、西、俄、日。
《国内外文献保障服务系统》,即万方外文文献数据库
《国内外文献保障服务系统》，即万方“外文文献数据库”
一、资源简介
国家工程技术图书馆是我国工程技术领域科技文献信息资源收藏、开发和服务的核心机构，系统收藏工程技术、高技术各个学科领域的科技文献，学科类型主要包括电子和自动化技术、计算机和网络技术、材料科学、环境科学、航空航天、生物工程、能源动力、交通运输、建筑、水利和一般工业技术等工程技术领域文献，同时兼有基础科学、农业科学、医药卫生、社会科学领域的文献。
收藏的文献以英文为主，占到文献总量的95%，同时兼顾少量的日文、德文、俄文和法文文献。
《国内外文献保障服务系统》是北京万方数据股份有限公司联合国家工程技术图书馆推出面向教育科研单位的文献保障系统，该系统涵盖资源如下表：
二、系统简介
以上8个数据库的资源，可通过《万方数据知识服务平台》实现浏览、检索、原文传递功能。
整体包括资源检索、资源呈现、资源获取、查询订单状态这4个部分
其中各个部分的功能如下：
资源检索：通过《万方数据知识服务平台》，用户通过检索可以轻松查询到想要的资源；
资源呈现：根据《万方数据知识服务平台》已有资源的字段，以及国家工程技术图书馆资源的字段，确定资源添加后应该呈现的字段内容，从而确定检索结果列表页和详细页需要呈现的信息内容；
资源获取：用户在检索到资源并查看后，可以通过页面的入口轻松进行资源原文获取请求（同一邮箱地址填完一次后自动填充相关信息）；
询页面，查看订单状态，了解获取进度。
外文数据库介绍
ISTI
CATAS
由美国教育部、 由美国教育部、国家教育图书馆和教育研究与发展办公室资 助的国家信息系统。 助的国家信息系统。 提供2200个文摘和来自于 个文摘和来自于1000多种教育学和与教育有关 提供 个文摘和来自于 多种教育学和与教育有关 的期刊的索引和摘要。 的期刊的索引和摘要。
1、EBSCO数据库
ISTI
CATAS
Argentina Australia Belgium Canada Czech Republic France Germany
1 11 1 85 4 9 29
India Ireland Israel Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway
4 1 1 2 55 6 3
1、EBSCO数据库
(6)
NS(Newspaper Source)
ISTI
CATAS
“报刊资源库” 报刊资源库” 该库提供精心挑选的180多种美国报纸、世界报纸、新闻专 多种美国报纸、 该库提供精心挑选的 多种美国报纸 世界报纸、 线、新闻专栏和其他国家报纸的索引和文摘 通过EBSCOhost每日更新。 每日更新。 通过 每日更新
外文数据库介绍与利用
1、ISTICATAS
ISTI
CATAS
1、EBSCO数据库 数据库
EBSCO是美国的一家私人公司，创建于1943年，1963年开 是美国的一家私人公司，创建于 年 年开 是美国的一家私人公司 设图书馆服务办公室， 年开始发展电子信息产品， 设图书馆服务办公室，1986年开始发展电子信息产品，1994年开 年开始发展电子信息产品 年开 始在Internet上提供在线服务 是全球最早推出全文在线数据库检 上提供在线服务;是全球最早推出全文在线数据库检 始在 上提供在线服务 可以提供100 多种全文数据库和二次文献数据 索系统的公司之一 ;可以提供 可以提供 库。所用检索系统为“EBSCOhost”。 所用检索系统为“ 。
毕业设计数据库管理外文文献
1． Database management system1. Database management systemA Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of a database. It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database models, such as the network model or relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a structured way. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a query language. Thus, many DBMS packages provide Fourth-generation programming language (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS also provides the ability to logically present database information to users.2. OverviewA DBMS is a set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. DBMSs are categorized according to their data structures or types. The DBMS accepts requests for data from an application program and instructs the operating system to transfer the appropriate data. The queries and responses must be submitted and received according to a format that conforms to one or more applicable protocols. When a DBMS is used, information systems can be changed much more easily as the organization's information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system.Database servers are computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions.3. HistoryDatabases have been in use since the earliest days of electronic computing. Unlike modern systems which can be applied to widely different databases and needs, the vast majority of older systems were tightly linked to the custom databases in order to gain speed at the expense of flexibility. Originally DBMSs were found only in large organizations with the computer hardware needed to support large data sets.3.1 1960s Navigational DBMSAs computers grew in speed and capability, a number of general-purpose database systems emerged; by the mid-1960s there were a number of such systems in commercial use. Interest in a standard began to grow, and Charles Bachman, author of one such product, Integrated Data Store (IDS), founded the "Database Task Group" within CODASYL, the group responsible for the creation and standardization of COBOL. In 1971 they delivered their standard, which generally became known as the "Codasyl approach", and soon there were a number of commercial products based on it available.The Codasyl approach was based on the "manual" navigation of a linked data set which was formed into a large network. When the database was first opened, the program was handed back a link to the first record in the database, which also contained pointers to other pieces of data. To find any particular record the programmer had to step through these pointers one at a time until the required record was returned. Simple queries like "find all the people in India" required the programto walk the entire data set and collect the matching results. There was, essentially, no concept of "find" or "search". This might sound like a serious limitation today, but in an era when the data was most often stored on magnetic tape such operations were too expensive to contemplate anyway.IBM also had their own DBMS system in 1968, known as IMS. IMS was a development of software written for the Apollo program on the System/360. IMS was generally similar in concept to Codasyl, but used a strict hierarchy for its model of data navigation instead of Codasyl's network model. Both concepts later became known as navigational databases due to the way data was accessed, and Bachman's 1973 Turing Award award presentation was The Programmer as Navigator. IMS is classified as a hierarchical database. IMS and IDMS, both CODASYL databases, as well as CINCOMs TOTAL database are classified as network databases.3.2 1970s Relational DBMSEdgar Codd worked at IBM in San Jose, California, in one of their offshoot offices that was primarily involved in the development of hard disk systems. He was unhappy with the navigational model of the Codasyl approach, notably the lack of a "search" facility which was becoming increasingly useful. In 1970, he wrote a number of papers that outlined a new approach to database construction that eventually culminated in the groundbreaking A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.[1]In this paper, he described a new system for storing and working with large databases. Instead of records being stored in some sort of linked list of free-form records as in Codasyl, Codd's idea was to use a "table" of fixed-length records. A linked-list system would be very inefficient when storing "sparse" databases where some of the data for any one record could be left empty. The relational model solved this by splitting the data into a series of normalized tables, with optional elements being moved out of the main table to where they would take up room only if needed.For instance, a common use of a database system is to track information about users, their name, login information, various addresses and phone numbers. In the navigational approach all of these data would be placed in a single record, and unused items would simply not be placed in the database. In the relational approach, the data would be normalized into a user table, an address table and a phone number table (for instance). Records would be created in these optional tables only if the address or phone numbers were actually provided.Linking the information back together is the key to this system. In the relational model, some bit of information was used as a "key", uniquely defining a particular record. When information was being collected about a user, information stored in the optional (or related) tables would be found by searching for this key. For instance, if the login name of a user is unique, addresses and phone numbers for that user would be recorded with the login name as its key. This "re-linking" of related data back into a single collection is something that traditional computer languages are not designed for.Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation.Codd's paper was picked up by two people at the Berkeley, Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker. They started a project known as INGRES using funding that had already been allocated for a geographical database project, using studentprogrammers to produce code. Beginning in 1973, INGRES delivered its first test products which were generally ready for widespread use in 1979. During this time, a number of people had moved "through" the group — perhaps as many as 30 people worked on the project, about five at a time. INGRES was similar to System R in a number of ways, including the use of a "language" for data access, known as QUEL — QUEL was in fact relational, having been based on Codd's own Alpha language, but has since been corrupted to follow SQL, thus violating much the same concepts of the relational model as SQL itself.IBM itself did one test implementation of the relational model, PRTV, and a production one, Business System 12, both now discontinued. Honeywell did MRDS for Multics, and now there are two new implementations: Alphora Dataphor and Rel. All other DBMS implementations usually called relational are actually SQL DBMSs. In 1968, the University of Michigan began development of the Micro DBMS relational database management system. It was used to manage very large data sets by the US Department of Labor, the Environmental Protection Agency and researchers from University of Alberta, the University of Michigan and Wayne State University. It ran on mainframe computers using Michigan Terminal System. The system remained in production until 1996.3.3 End 1970s SQL DBMSIBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (much of which is often optional) did not have to be stored in a single large "chunk". Subsequent multi-user versions were tested by customers in 1978 and 1979, by which time a standardized query language, SQL, had been added. Codd's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to Codasyl, pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R, known as SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2).Many of the people involved with INGRES became convinced of the future commercial success of such systems, and formed their own companies to commercialize the work but with an SQL interface. Sybase, Informix, NonStop SQL and eventually Ingres itself were all being sold as offshoots to the original INGRES product in the 1980s. Even Microsoft SQL Server is actually a re-built version of Sybase, and thus, INGRES. Only Larry Ellison's Oracle started from a different chain, based on IBM's papers on System R, and beat IBM to market when the first version was released in 1978.Stonebraker went on to apply the lessons from INGRES to develop a new database, Postgres, which is now known as PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL is often used for global mission critical applications (the .org and .info domain name registries use it as their primary data store, as do many large companies and financial institutions).In Sweden, Codd's paper was also read and Mimer SQL was developed from the mid-70s at Uppsala University. In 1984, this project was consolidated into an independent enterprise. In the early 1980s, Mimer introduced transaction handling for high robustness in applications, an idea that was subsequently implemented on most other DBMS.3.4 1980s Object Oriented DatabasesThe 1980s, along with a rise in object oriented programming, saw a growth in how data in various databases were handled. Programmers and designers began to treat the data in their databases as objects. That is to say that if a person's data were in a database, that person's attributes, such as their address, phone number, and age, were now considered to belong to that person instead of being extraneous data. This allows for relationships between data to be relation to objects and their attributes and not to individual fields.Another big game changer for databases in the 1980s was the focus on increasing reliability and access speeds. In 1989, two professors from the University of Michigan at Madison, published an article at an ACM associated conference outlining their methods on increasing database performance. The idea was to replicate specific important, and often queried information, and store it in a smaller temporary database that linked these key features back to the main database. This meant that a query could search the smaller database much quicker, rather than search the entire dataset. This eventually leads to the practice of indexing, which is used by almost every operating system from Windows to the system that operates Apple iPod devices.4. DBMS building blocksA DBMS includes four main parts: modeling language, data structure, database query language, and transaction mechanisms:4.1 Components of DBMS∙DBMS Engine accepts logical request from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into physical equivalents, and actually accesses thedatabase and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device.∙Data Definition Subsystem helps user to create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database.∙Data Manipulation Subsystem helps user to add, change, and delete information in a database and query it for valuable information. Software tools within the data manipulation subsystem are most often the primary interfacebetween user and the information contained in a database. It allows user tospecify its logical information requirements.∙Application Generation Subsystem contains facilities to help users to develop transaction-intensive applications. It usually requires that userperform a detailed series of tasks to process a transaction. It facilitateseasy-to-use data entry screens, programming languages, and interfaces.∙Data Administration Subsystem helps users to manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, queryoptimization, concurrency control, and change management.4.2 Modeling languageA data modeling language to define the schema of each database hosted in the DBMS, according to the DBMS database model. The four most common types of models are the:•hierarchical model,•network model,•relational model, and•object model.Inverted lists and other methods are also used. A given database management system may provide one or more of the four models. The optimal structure dependson the natural organization of the application's data, and on the application's requirements (which include transaction rate (speed), reliability, maintainability, scalability, and cost).The dominant model in use today is the ad hoc one embedded in SQL, despite the objections of purists who believe this model is a corruption of the relational model, since it violates several of its fundamental principles for the sake of practicality and performance. Many DBMSs also support the Open Database Connectivity API that supports a standard way for programmers to access the DBMS.Before the database management approach, organizations relied on file processing systems to organize, store, and process data files. End users became aggravated with file processing because data is stored in many different files and each organized in a different way. Each file was specialized to be used with a specific application. Needless to say, file processing was bulky, costly and nonflexible when it came to supplying needed data accurately and promptly. Data redundancy is an issue with the file processing system because the independent data files produce duplicate data so when updates were needed each separate file would need to be updated. Another issue is the lack of data integration. The data is dependent on other data to organize and store it. Lastly, there was not any consistency or standardization of the data in a file processing system which makes maintenance difficult. For all these reasons, the database management approach was produced. Database management systems (DBMS) are designed to use one of five database structures to providesimplistic access to information stored in databases. The five database structures are hierarchical, network, relational, multidimensional and object-oriented models.The hierarchical structure was used in early mainfra me DBMS. Records’ relationships form a treelike model. This structure is simple but nonflexible because the relationship is confined to a one-to-many relationship. IBM’s IMS system and the RDM Mobile are examples of a hierarchical database system with multiple hierarchies over the same data. RDM Mobile is a newly designed embedded database for a mobile computer system. The hierarchical structure is used primary today for storing geographic information and file systems.The network structure consists of more complex relationships. Unlike the hierarchical structure, it can relate to many records and accesses them by following one of several paths. In other words, this structure allows for many-to-many relationships.The relational structure is the most commonly used today. It is used by mainframe, midrange and microcomputer systems. It uses two-dimensional rows and columns to store data. The tables of records can be connected by common key values. While working for IBM, E.F. Codd designed this structure in 1970. The model is not easy for the end user to run queries with because it may require a complex combination of many tables.The multidimensional structure is similar to the relational model. The dimensions of the cube looking model have data relating to elements in each cell. This structure gives a spreadsheet like view of data. This structure is easy to maintain because records are stored as fundamental attributes, the same way they’re viewed and the structure is easy to understand. Its high performance has made it the most popular database structure when it comes to enabling online analytical processing (OLAP).The object oriented structure has the ability to handle graphics, pictures, voice and text, types of data, without difficultly unlike the other database structures. This structure is popular for multimedia Web-based applications. It was designed to work with object-oriented programming languages such as Java.4.3 Data structureData structures (fields, records, files and objects) optimized to deal with very large amounts of data stored on a permanent data storage device (which implies relatively slow access compared to volatile main memory).4.4 Database query languageA database query language and report writer allows users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data. It also controls the security of the database. Data security prevents unauthorized users from viewing or updating the database. Using passwords, users are allowed access to the entire database or subsets of it called subschemas. For example, an employee database can contain all the data about an individual employee, but one group of users may be authorized to view only payroll data, while others are allowed access to only work history and medical data.If the DBMS provides a way to interactively enter and update the database, as well as interrogate it, this capability allows for managing personal databases. However, it may not leave an audit trail of actions or provide the kinds of controls necessary in a multi-user organization. These controls are only available when a set of application programs are customized for each data entry and updating function.4.5 Transaction mechanismA database transaction mechanism ideally guarantees ACID properties in orderto ensure data integrity despite concurrent user accesses (concurrency control), and faults (fault tolerance). It also maintains the integrity of the data in the database. The DBMS can maintain the integrity of the database by not allowing more than one user to update the same record at the same time. The DBMS can help prevent duplicate records via unique index constraints; for example, no two customers with the same customer numbers (key fields) can be entered into the database. See ACID properties for more information (Redundancy avoidance).5. DBMS topics5.1 External, Logical and Internal viewA database management system provides the ability for many different users to share data and process resources. But as there can be many different users, there are many different database needs. The question now is: How can a single, unified database meet the differing requirement of so many users?A DBMS minimizes these problems by providing two views of the database data: an external view(or User view), logical view(or conceptual view)and physical(or internal) view. The user’s view, of a database program represents data in a format that is meaningful to a user and to the software programs that process those data. That is, the logical view tells the user, in user terms, what is in the database. The physicalview deals with the actual, physical arrangement and location of data in the direct access storage devices(DASDs). Database specialists use the physical view to make efficient use of storage and processing resources. With the logical view users can see data differently from how they are stored, and they do not want to know all the technical details of physical storage. After all, a business user is primarily interested in using the information, not in how it is stored.One strength of a DBMS is that while there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or Internal) view of the data, there can be an endless number of different External views. This feature allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. Thus the logical view refers to the way user views data, and the physical view to the way the data are physically stored and processed...5.2 DBMS features and capabilitiesAlternatively, and especially in connection with the relational model of database management, the relation between attributes drawn from a specified set of domains can be seen as being primary. For instance, the database might indicate that a car that was originally "red" might fade to "pink" in time, provided it was of some particular "make" with an inferior paint job. Such higher arity relationships provide information on all of the underlying domains at the same time, with none of them being privileged above the others.5.3 DBMS simple definitionData base management system is the system in which related data is stored in an "efficient" and "compact" manner. Efficient means that the data which is stored in the DBMS is accessed in very quick time and compact means that the data which is stored in DBMS covers very less space in computer's memory. In above definition the phrase "related data" is used which means that the data which is stored in DBMS is about some particular topic.Throughout recent history specialized databases have existed for scientific, geospatial, imaging, document storage and like uses. Functionality drawn from such applications has lately begun appearing in mainstream DBMSs as well. However, the main focus there, at least when aimed at the commercial data processing market, is still on descriptive attributes on repetitive record structures.Thus, the DBMSs of today roll together frequently needed services or features of attribute management. By externalizing such functionality to the DBMS, applications effectively share code with each other and are relieved of much internal complexity. Features commonly offered by database management systems include:5.3.1 Query abilityQuerying is the process of requesting attribute information from various perspectives and combinations of factors. Example: "How many 2-door cars in Texas are green?" A database query language and report writer allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data.5.3.2 Backup and replicationCopies of attributes need to be made regularly in case primary disks or other equipment fails. A periodic copy of attributes may also be created for a distant organization that cannot readily access the original. DBMS usually provide utilities to facilitate the process of extracting and disseminating attribute sets. When data is replicated between database servers, so that the information remains consistent throughout the database system and users cannot tell or even know which server in the DBMS they are using, the system is said to exhibit replication transparency.5.3.2 Rule enforcementOften one wants to apply rules to attributes so that the attributes are clean and reliable. For example, we may have a rule that says each car can have only one engine associated with it (identified by Engine Number). If somebody tries to associate a second engine with a given car, we want the DBMS to deny such a request and display an error message. However, with changes in the model specification such as, in this example, hybrid gas-electric cars, rules may need to change. Ideally such rules should be able to be added and removed as needed without significant data layout redesign.5.3.4 SecurityOften it is desirable to limit who can see or change which attributes or groups of attributes. This may be managed directly by individual, or by the assignment of individuals and privileges to groups, or (in the most elaborate models) through the assignment of individuals and groups to roles which are then granted entitlements.5.3.5 ComputationThere are common computations requested on attributes such as counting, summing, averaging, sorting, grouping, cross-referencing, etc. Rather than have each computer application implement these from scratch, they can rely on the DBMS to supply such calculations.5.3.6 Change and access loggingOften one wants to know who accessed what attributes, what was changed, and when it was changed. Logging services allow this by keeping a record of access occurrences and changes.5.3.7 Automated optimizationIf there are frequently occurring usage patterns or requests, some DBMS can adjust themselves to improve the speed of those interactions. In some cases the DBMS will merely provide tools to monitor performance, allowing a human expert to make the necessary adjustments after reviewing the statistics collected5.4 Meta-data repositoryMetadata is data describing data. For example, a listing that describes what attributes are allowed to be in data sets is called "meta-information". The meta-data is also known as data about data.5.5 Current trendsIn 1998, database management was in need of new style databases to solve current database management problems. Researchers realized that the old trends of database management were becoming too complex and there was a need for automated configuration and management. Surajit Chaudhuri, Gerhard Weikum and Michael Stonebraker, were the pioneers that dramatically affected the thought of database management systems. They believed that database management needed a more modular approach and that there are so many specifications needs for various users. Since this new development process of database management we currently have e ndless possibilities. Database management is no longer limited to “monolithic entities”. Many solutions have developed to satisfy individual needs of users. Development of numerous database options has created flexible solutions in database management.Today there are several ways database management has affected the technology world as we know it. Organizations demand for directory services has become an extreme necessity as organizations grow. Businesses are now able to use directory services that provided prompt searches for their company information. Mobile devices are not only able to store contact information of users but have grown to bigger capabilities. Mobile technology is able to cache large information that is used for computers and is able to display it on smaller devices. Web searches have even been affected with database management. Search engine queries are able to locate data。
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Introduction to database informationmanagement systemThe database is stored together a collection of the relevant data, the data is structured, non-harmful or unnecessary redundancy, and for a variety of application services, data storage independent of the use of its procedures; insert new data on the database , revised, and the original data can be retrieved by a common and can be controlled manner. When a system in the structure of a number of entirely separate from the database, the system includes a "database collection."Database management system (database management system) is a manipulation and large-scale database management software is being used to set up, use and maintenance of the database, or dbms. Its unified database management and control so as to ensure database security and integrity. Dbms users access data in the database, the database administrator through dbms database maintenance work. It provides a variety of functions, allows multiple applications and users use different methods at the same time or different time to build, modify, and asked whether the database. It allows users to easily manipulate data definition and maintenance of data security and integrity, as well as the multi-user concurrency control and the restoration of the database.Using the database can bring many benefits: such as reducing data redundancy, thus saving the data storage space; to achieve full sharing of data resources, and so on. In addition, the database technology also provides users with a very simple means to enable users to easily use the preparation of the database applications. Especially in recent years introduced micro-computer relational database management system dBASELL, intuitive operation, the use of flexible, convenient programming environment to extensive (generally 16 machine, such as IBM / PC / XT, China Great Wall 0520, and other species can run software), data-processing capacity strong. Database in our country are being more and more widely used, will be a powerful tool of economic management.The database is through the database management system (DBMS-DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM) software for data storage, management and use of dBASELL is a database management system software.Information management system is the use of data acquisition and transmission technology, computer network technology, database construction, multimediatechnology, business needs, such as the establishment of a management platform, the platform constructed on the basis of pure software business management system (to meet the business needs for the purpose), achieving operational systems of data and information sharing, and based on this structure enquiries, schedulingor decision-making system.Information system can be manual or computer-based, independent or integrated, batch or on-line. The information system is usually the various types of combination. That is, of course, it can not be independent and is integrated.1. Independent system to meet a specific application areas (eg, personnel management) design. Independent system with its own documents, which are inevitable with a certain degree of redundancy.2. Integrated information systems through their use of the data were combined. Resource sharing system using a database to achieve integrated objectives. For example, the normal wage system requirements from the human resources and accounting systems found in the data.3. Artificial system has been developed based on a variety of computer information systems. So far, in a computerized artificial, and still lacks design experience (or) lack of information between users and service personnel exchanges. That is to say, computer-based workflow system directly from the manual system workflow. Often, these systems are independent, and the computer just as a data processor. In the design of these systems, with little regard to their integrated to the end of intent.4. Information systems according to a batch, on-line processing or both combination classification. In a batch system, and data will be handled in batches or reports. For example, banks will be a large number of cheque code, and then the end of the day, in batches of cheques, sorting and processing. Also, in order to prevent an airline ticket Talas in Atlanta and another at the same time point of sale outlets from Los Angeles to San Francisco, the last one a flight tickets, airlines must be on-line booking system, in order to reflect the current status of the database. Most on-line information system is successful batch requirements. even if the information resources management (IRM) system, and the potential of the computer information system has been widely recognized, most of the systems is still independent batch system. Now most of these systems have lost value, but was re-designed as an integrated, online system. By definition, we can see the comprehensive requirementsof business managers and company leaders closer cooperation. Information services professionals as consultants, and the integrated information system and business areas of conflict and differences should be resolved by the user groups. Resolve these differences in order to achieve a comprehensive environmental information services staff to the challenges posed by the user manager.数据库信息管理系统简介数据库是存储在一起的相关数据的集合，这些数据是结构化的，无有害的或不必要的冗余，并为多种应用服务；数据的存储独立于使用它的程序；对数据库插入新数据，修改和检索原有数据均能按一种公用的和可控制的方式进行。