材料设计一考题一研究生一2008年

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工业设计考研历年试题

北京理工大学硕士研究生学位入学考试试题2005年：工业设计[150分]结合老年人的心理特征，论述老年消费者的需求设计2004年：工业设计【150fen】一正方形为基础设计一个随身携带的游泳产品要求：1.所设计的产品要有正方形的特征『20分』2.正方形的大小尺寸自定3.设计草三个4.最终确定最佳方案一个并有图文补充说明，完成此方案的设计『40分』2003年，工业设计【150fen】结合设计创意所考的内容从人因关系的角度论述形态与结构的关系2002年，工业设计【150fen】1 怎样理解《文化遗产》这一概念？『50』试论述构成文化遗产的感念有哪些具体内容『100』2001年，工业设计【150fen】钟表的外观设计『100分』请选择一类钟表展现外观设计，并用设计草图的形式表现其外观及细节设计，设计方案不少于四个各学校历届工业设计考研试题----------湖南大学----------________产品设计(初试专业设计试题)1。

根据蜻蜓、甲虫、热带鱼的造型特点各出2个总共6个CD机方案（50’）2。

根据1个摩托车、2个汽车脸部的造型特点设计3个电吹风（50’）3。

从上面9个方案中选1个完成快速效果图（50’）时间3小时（提供了灰度图片）_______________1997年产品方向设计理论试题一.填空题：（每空1分，共15分）1.设计是一种形态的________、__________、_________的学科。

2.广义的设计领域包括__________、_________和_________。

3.工业设计是以_________为对象，以_________为手段，以__________为基础的造型设计活动。

4.工业设计不同于单纯的_________，它包含着审美因素，产品的美学特征是在_________就决定的。

5.人造物的__________、____________、___________集中体现在人造物的根本特征即__________。

D2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题（A卷）

D2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题（A卷）分析化学考研试题---15分析化学考研试题2009-08-25 09:51:22 阅读32 评论0 字号：大中小山东理工大学2008 年硕士研究生入学考试试题（A 卷）注意事项：本试题的答案必须写在规定的答题纸上，写在试题上不给分。

考试科目：分析化学一、选择题（每小题0.5 分，共15 分）1. 下列溶液用酸碱滴定法能准确滴定的是（）A. 0.1 mol/L HF (pKa = 3.18)B. 0.1 mol/L HCN (pKa = 9.21)C. 0.1 mol/L NaAc [pKa(HAc) = 4.74]D. 0.1 mol/L NH4Cl [pKb(NH3)= 4.75]2. 用间接碘量法测定BaCl2的纯度时，先将Ba2+沉淀为Ba(IO3)2，洗涤后溶解并酸化，加入过量的KI，然后用Na2S2O3标准溶液滴定，此处BaCl2与Na2S2O3的计量关系[n(BaCl2):n(Na2S2O3)]为（）A. 1:2B. 1:3C. 1:6D. 1:123. 下列物质可以用来直接配制标准缓冲溶液的是（）A. NaAcB. Na2CO3C. Na2B4O7·10H2OD. Na2HPO4·12H2O4. 银量法中用铬酸钾作指示剂的方法又叫（）。

A. 佛尔哈德法B. 法杨司法C. 莫尔法D. 其它5. 今有1L含0.1mol H3PO4和0.3mol Na2HPO4的溶液，其pH应当是（）（H3PO4的pKa1，pKa2，pKa3分别为2.12，7.20，12.36）A. 2.12B. (2.12+7.20)/2C. 7.20D. (7.20+12.36)/26. 有色溶液的浓度增加时，其最大吸收峰的波长（）。

A. 增加B. 减少C. 不变D. 不一定7. 有两组分析数据，要比较它们的精密度有无显著性差异，应当用（）A. F检验B. t 检验C. Q检验D. 相对误差8. 下列情况引起偶然误差的是（）A. 移液管转移溶液之后残留量稍有不同B. 所用试剂中含有被测组分C. 以失去部分结晶水的硼砂作为基准物标定盐酸D. 天平两臂不等长9. 在含有Fe3+和Fe2+的溶液中，加入下述何种溶液，Fe3+/Fe2+电对的电位将升高（不考虑离子强度的影响）（）A. 稀H2SO4B. HClC. NH4FD. 邻二氮菲10. 如果被吸附的杂质和沉淀具有相同的晶格，易形成（）A. 后沉淀B. 表面吸附C. 吸留D. 混晶11. 为了获得纯净而易过滤的晶形沉淀，下列措施错误的是（）A. 针对不同类型的沉淀，选用适当的沉淀剂B. 采用适当的分析程序和沉淀方法C. 加热以适当增大沉淀的溶解度D. 在较浓的溶液中进行沉淀12. 称取含氮试样0.2g，经硝化转为NH4+后加碱蒸馏出NH3，用10 mL 0.05 mol·L-1HCl吸收，回滴时耗去0.05 mol·L-1 NaOH 9.5 mL。

育明考研：2008年北京大学传播学考研真题解析

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育明教育: 中国高校研究生入学考试·真题系列
新闻传播学
2008年北京大学传播学考研真题解析
一、名词解释4*5
1.芝加哥社会学派
解析：相似考题有：05年的列举两个传播学来源其他学科的例子、06年的“芝加哥学派对传播学早期发展的贡献”。

参考那题的答案就行。

答：芝加哥社会学派是20世纪初至30年代，围绕芝加哥大学社会学系形成的社会学学派。

该学派的代表人物有哲学家杜威、社会学家库利、社会心理学家米德、帕克等。

芝加哥大学率先创立了社会学，继承了齐美尔的社会学思想（关注社会交往和冲突），主导了早期的美国社会学研究。

库利发展出了“镜中我”和“首属群体”的概念，米德提出了“主我”和“客我”。

中医执业医师2008年真题-(8)

中医执业医师2008年真题-(8)一、A1型选择题每一道考题下面有A、B、C、D、E五个备选答案。

请从中选择一个最佳答案。

1. 泄泻的病理因素最为多见的是______A.寒B.湿C.热D.滞E.痰答案：B[解答] 泄泻的病变主脏在脾，病理因素主要是湿。

2. 治疗寒湿痢，应首选______A.胃苓汤B.桃花汤C.连理汤D.黄土汤E.真人养脏汤答案：A[解答] 寒湿痢为寒湿之邪内盛，属实用胃苓汤(新版大纲代表方不换金正气散)。

虚寒痢用桃花汤、合真人养脏汤。

休息痢发作期虚实夹杂，用连理汤。

黄土汤用于脾不统血的，失血证。

3. 血虚便秘证，阴血已复，便仍干燥，治疗应首选______A.黄芪汤B.增液汤C.润肠丸D.五仁丸E.青麟丸答案：D4. 黄疸形成的关键病理因素是______A.热邪B.寒邪C.疫毒D.瘀血E.湿邪答案：E[解答] 黄疸病理因素有湿邪、热邪、寒邪、疫毒、气滞、瘀血六种，其中以湿邪为主。

5. 治疗黄疸阴黄证，应首选______A.麻黄连翘赤小豆汤B.栀子柏皮汤C.茵陈五苓散D.茵陈术附汤E.茵陈蒿汤答案：D[解答] 黄色晦暗如烟熏，证属阴黄，寒湿内盛，治宜温化寒湿，健脾退黄，方用茵陈术附汤。

茵陈蒿汤用于阳黄热重于湿。

茵陈五苓散用于阳黄湿重于热。

麻黄连翘赤小豆汤用于湿热兼表证。

栀子柏皮汤用于湿热证。

6. 中风之中脏腑与中经络的鉴别要点是______A.神志不清B.半身不遂C.语言不利D.肢体软瘫E.口舌歪斜答案：A[解答] 中风有中经络、中脏腑之分，半身不遂、语肓不利、肢体瘫软、口舌歪斜是中风中经络和中脏腑的共同表现。

中脏腑见神志不清。

7. 水肿的关键病位是______A.心B.肝C.肺D.脾E.肾答案：E[解答] 水肿等症，乃肺脾肾三脏相干之病，盖水为至阴，其本在肾；水化于气，其标在肺；水惟畏土，其治在脾。

最关键的是肾。

8. 阳水之风水相搏证的治法是______A.疏风清热，宣肺行水B.宣肺解毒，利湿消肿C.健脾化湿，温阳利水D.温运脾阳，以利水湿E.分利湿热，攻下逐水[解答] 阳水风水相搏宜疏风清热，宣肺行水。

2008年6月研究生英语学位考试真题及答案

General English Qualifying Test (2008-6)PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A (1 point each)1. A. Composition is her favorite course.B. She prefers other courses to composition.C. She enjoys most of the courses.D. She doesn't like any course.2. A. She hasn't read the passage.B. She doesn't understand it either.C. She cannot read it in darkness.D. She suggests that the man read it.3. A. To guard her money.B. Not to go shopping downtownC. To look for a new wallet.D. Not to take the train.4. A. The working hours were too long.B. The job was not well-paid.C. He didn't like working in a companyD. The job was quite difficult.5. A. Steven is satisfied with his experiment.B. Steven couldn't enjoy the parties any moreC. Steven is a pleasure-seeker,D. Steven is worried about his experiments.6. A. To go to a concert with the man.B. To give the mall a lift to the countrysideC. To enjoy the sunshine.D. To have a short trip for pleasure.7. A. Fred keeps annoying other people.B. Fred looks very funny.C. Fred always makes other people laugh.D. Fred is a man of his word.8. A. To obey the established rules.B. To buy a new book for guidance.C. To try a new but safer experiment.D. To learn the methods from practice.9. A. Bob doesn't swim.B. Bob cannot be relied on.C. Bob cannot persist in doing anything.D. Bob won't be free.Section B (1 point each)Mini-talk one10. A. To find effects on the teaching of reading.B. To raise test scores in reading comprehension.C. To increase the teaching time for reading.D. To help all children read at or above grade level.11. A. Teachers.B. Critics.C. Congressmen.D. Federal officials12. A. Green Eggs and Ham.B. To Kill A Mockingbird.C. Of Mice and Men.D. A Child Called ‘It’.Mini-talk Two13. A. A scientistB. A forester.C. A school master.D. A farmer.14. A. He taught students to watch grass grow.B. He taught students how to manage forest.C. He got parents involved in their children's workD. He developed games about science.15. A. He wrote his own textbooks.B. He made students interested in their studies.C. He helped the students increase their scores.D. He made school activities creative.PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)21. Some scientists are trying to eliminate malaria by developing a GM mosquito that can't transmit thedisease.A. removeB. fabricateC. enhanceD. utilize22. A tall building is usually equipped with several elevators, so it doesn't matter if one of them is out oforder.A. in a messB. in bad conditionC. in short supplyD. in a hurry23. As the train service had been suspended, thousands of people had to wait for days at the station.A. elevated slightlyB. cancelled completelyC. delayed frequentlyD. stopped temporarily24. We can learn about the hazards of hunting big game in stories about their ancestors.A. adventuresB. pleasuresC. dangersD. consequences25. Novel drugs developed through biotechnologies can be expected to deliver a better effect.A. distributeB. produceC. liberateD. express26. The price of housing varies with demand, and the same rule seems to hold for automobiles.A. containB. fastenC. graspD. apply27. Some people are skeptical about the validity of Aristotle's argument that man is by nature a politicalanimal.A. efficiencyB. soundnessC. availabilityD. contribution28. Heart-broken and desperate, she was determined to leave this family for good.A. permanentlyB. alternativelyC. temporarilyD. desirably29. It is generally believed that money can always bring happiness, but studies and surveys have provedthat this is a myth.A. fairy taleB. absolute mythC. mistaken ideaD. big controversy30. The sight of these soldiers toiling along the expressway was extremely touching to a tender heart.A. sympatheticB. mildC. concernedD. feebleSection B (0.5 point each)31. Students of English are advised to try to ___________the meaning of a new word from the context.A. turn outB. figure outC. look outD. put out32. The drastic changes that have taken place in China have won worldwide __________.A. identificationB. realizationC. admissionD. recognition33. Bill Clinton rose to prominence after he was elected ________ of Arkansas at age 32 in 1978.A. presidentB. secretaryC. governorD. premier34. The finding of this experiment is __________ with what was previously reported.A. consistentB. constantC. coherentD. competent35. However, the nature of online ________ is such that we tend to be more honest, more intimate.A. interruptionsB. interpretationsC. imaginationsD. interactions36. Reading extensively can broaden our vision and extend our life into a new _________.A. perspectiveB. hierarchyC. layerD. dimension37. I was quite _______ to find my test score well below that of my tablemate.A. fascinatedB. dismayedC. amusedD. convinced38. An earthquake of 8- _________ struck some parts of this province, causing a death toll of over 30,000.A. altitudeB. aptitudeC. magnitudeD. gratitude39. Both linguists and psychologists are eager to learn more about the process of language ________.A. acquisitionB. attainmentC. possessionD. fulfillment40. An overseas market with a great growth potential is not easy to _________.A. break downB. break upC. break throughD. break intoPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)According to the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), car crashes are the leading cause of death among children 41 5 and 14 years of age. Says NHTSA: "Over 50% of children who die in crashes are 42 by safety devices. 43 , 4 out of 5 children are improperly restrained."The NHTSA offers a number of safety tips and 44 for those who are accompanied by children while driving. Although laws 45 from country to country and even from state to state, these guidelines may 46 food for thought to many parents and guardians of children. Please check your local laws and do 47 you can to keep your precious baby safe.The safest place for all children is in the back seat. Infants should be 48 in a rear-facing safety seat in the backseat of the car. A child at least a year old and 49 at least 20 pounds may be placed in a forward-facing seat. At 40 pounds, the child can use a "booster seat", which is secured by one of the car'slap and shoulder 50 . At approximately 80 pounds and a height of about four feet nine inches, the child may begin using an adult safety belt.41. A. at B. between C. for D. about42. A. bound B. undefined C. unrestrained D. inhibited43. A. Of course B. On contrary C. Nevertheless D. In addition44. A. cautions B. forms C. notes D. concepts45. A. work B. vary C. enforce D. affect46. A. give way B. differ from C. serve as D. deal with47. A. whatever B. whichever C. that D. which48. A. tied B. stuck C. surrounded D. placed49. A. weight B. weighted C. weigh D. weighing50. A. stripes B. belts C. ribbons D. bowsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneAmericans are more socially isolated than they were 20 years ago, separated by work, commuting and the single life, researchers reported on Friday.Nearly a quarter of people surveyed said they had "zero" close friends with whom to discuss personal matters. More than 50 percent named two or fewer confidants, the researchers said.“This is a big social change, and it indicates something that's not good for our society,”said Duke University Professor Lynn Smith-Lovin. Smith-Lovin's group used data from a national survey of 1,500 American adults that has been ongoing since 1972.She said it indicated people had a surprising drop in the number of close friends since 1985. At that time, Americans most commonly said they had three close friends whom they had known for a long time, saw often, and with whom they shared a number of interests. They were almost as likely to name four or five friends, and the relationships often sprang from their neighborhoods or communities.Ties to a close network of friends create a social safely net that is good for society. Research has also linked social support and civic participation to a longer life, Smith-Lovin said.The data also show the social isolation trend mirrors other class divides: Non-whites Americans and the highly educated. That means that in daily life, personal emergencies and national disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, those with the lowest resources also have the lowest personal friends to call for advice and assistance."It's one thing to know someone and exchange e-mails with them. It's another thing to say, …Will you give me a ride out of town with all of my possessions and pets? And can I stay with you for a couple or three months?‟” Smith-Lovin said."Worrying about social isolation is not a matter of remembering a warm past. Real things are strongly connected with that," added Harvard University Public Policy Professor Robert Putnam. He suggested flexible work schedules would allow Americans to tend both personal and professional lives.51. One reason for the social isolation of Americans is ________.A. frequent relocationB. frequent travelingC. living aloneD. working flexible hours52. The percentage of people with more than two close friends is about________.A. 25%B. 50%C. 60%D. 75%53. According to the passage, close social ties among people are_______.A. a must for social progressB. beneficial for the familyC. a source of happinessD. good for people's health54. It is implied that ________ tend to live a more socially isolated life.A. people in the higher social ladderB. people in the lower social ladderC. people with a longer life spanD. people with a shorter life span55. According to Robert Putnam, ________.A. it is useless to worrying about social isolationB. social isolation is not necessarily bad for usC. it is time to do something about social isolationD. social isolation does not mean the end of society56. The passage is focused on _________.A. the new trend in American social lifeB. the urban problems in modem societyC. the ways to build a strong social networkD. the reasons for close interpersonal relationshipsPassage TwoFor years, France proudly resisted establishing domestic smoking bans. It held out longer than Britain, Spain and Italy, but on January 2, 2008, it finally forbid cigarettes in bars, cafes, restaurants and clubs.This was not a decision taken lightly. Magazines ran photo-spreads reminding us that French people look seriously cool with a cigar in their mouth. There were illustrations of Charles de Gaulle, the French president during World War II, Brigitte Bardot the 1950s famous fashionist, and the famous French philosopher and writer, Jean-Paul Sartre. Even the present President Nicolas Sarkozy, extremely image-conscious, posed for Paris Match magazine with a fat cigar.But now, France's traditional “cafe-clope” (morning coffee and cigarette) is only possible if people can bear the freezing temperatures outside.In the latter part of the 20th century, the health risks of second-bend tobacco smoke were made public. Then, in 1975, a modern wave of smoking bans started in Minnesota, the US. Since then, many countries and regions have joined in the movement. Among them, the US has been a pioneer, with California being the first in the world to ban indoor smoking at all public places, including bars and restaurants. Thus some French people call the non-smoking law issued on January 2 "a touch too American".However, studies before the ban showed that 70 percent of French people supported the enforcement. The public's positive response means that the smoking ban will be just one more US trend accepted by French society. Even among strong smokers, no one wants to risk a fine.French barman Jean-Michel, dressed in a leather waistcoat and a cowboy-style shoelace tie, complained harshly about the ban. Was be anticipating a smokers' revolt? "No," he said calmly. "People will respect it. I'll do what I did at school. I'll smoke in the toilets.”According to the non-smoking law, individuals who smoke in bars, cafes, restaurants or clubs can be fined up to 450 euros. The owners of these places can be fined up to 750 euros if they fail to stop customers from smoking.57. The law of banning smoking in public places was not made easily because _______.A. France proudly resists establishing new lawsB. French people like their images with a cigar in their mouthC. French people have had such a strong habit since World War IID. smoking has become fashionable for Frenchmen lately58. According to the passage, French President Nicolas Sarkozy _________.A. pays a great deal of attention to his own public imageB. has been a heavy smoker in public eyesC. strongly opposes the law of banning smokingD. is a model in the hearts of French people59. Which of the following is the first place in the world to ban indoor smoking at all public places?A. Minnesota.B. California.C. France.D. Britain.60. It is implied in the passage that _________.A. French people usually resist American trendsB. French people oppose the non-smoking law because it is too AmericanC. French people often follow American suitsD. French people respect the non-smoking law because it is from the US61. By saying "I'11 do what I did at school", Jean-Michel means that _______.A. he did not smoke when he was a school studentB. he had to smoke in the toilets when he was at schoolC. he olden anticipated revolts when he was at schoolD. smoking was not allowed in the toilets when he was at school62. What is the main idea of tiffs passage?A. It is difficult to establish new laws in France.B. How the non-smoking law was established?C. Non-smoking law is another American trend.D. France finally accepts smoking ban.Passage ThreeIt is the world's fourth-most-important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice. It provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant. It is, of course, the potato.The United Nations has declared 2008 the International Year of the Potato. It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to reduce poverty and promote economic development. It is always the international year of this or month of that. But the potato's unusual history means it is well worth celebrating.Unlikely though it seems, the potato promoted economic development by supporting the Industrial Revolution in England in the 19th century. It provided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate, so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, as people there specialized in livestock farming and domestic industry, while farmers in the south concentrated on wheat production. By a happy accident, the concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available, and a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its "historically revolutionary role".In the form of French fries, served alongside burgers and Coca-Cola, potatoes are now a symbol of globalization. This is quite a change given the skepticism which first greeted them on their arrival in the Old World in the 16th century. They were variously thought to be fit only for animals, to be associated with the devil or to be poisonous. They took hold in 18th-century Europe only when war and famine meant there was nothing else to eat; people then realized just how useful and reliable they were. As Adam Smith, one of the potato's many admirers, observed at the time, "The very general use which is made of potatoes in these kingdoms as food for man is a convincing proof that the prejudices of a nation, with regard to diet, however deeply rooted, are by no means unconquerable." Mashed, fried, boiled and roast, a humble potato changed the world, and people everywhere should celebrate it.63. By making 2008 the Year of the Potato, the United Nations hopes that the potato could ________.A. enrich people's daily food supplyB. be used to replace other food cropsC. help deal with environmental issuesD. he a solution to some economic problems64. Paragraph 3 mainly describes _________.A. why the potato became popular in the north of EnglandB. why the potato was important in England's population growthC. how the potato contributed to England's industrial developmentD. how the potato helped improve England's working conditions65. Friedrich Engels's words show that he ________.A. thought highly of the potatoB. took the potato too seriouslyC. underestimated the role of the potatoD. lacked the basic knowledge of the potato66. Europeans began to eat potatoes in the 18th century because _________.A. there was a serious food shortageB. they realized that potatoes tasted goodC. food safety had been greatly improvedD. eating potatoes had become fashionable67. What Adam Smith said could be used to demonstrate the potato's _________.A. general useB. main featuresC. success storyD. bright future68. The best title for the passage is __________.A. 2008-- the Potato's New MissionB. In Praise of the PotatoC. The History of the PotatoD. The Potato and GlobalizationPassage FourYou need a new vacuum cleaner. Several are on display—different features—but there are no clerks to be found. Finally a guy in a store vest slips past. You begin to ask questions, but he knows even less about vacuum cleaners than you do.Robert Odom, shopping at the Southcenter Mall near Seattle, finds “it‟s harder to get waited on now. many stores have one person covering a tremendous area. You‟ve got to go looking to find a clerk.”Retailing is big business in the United States. Every day, billions of transactions take place in the nation‟s 1.4 million stores. Inventive technology speeds a staggering $2.5-trillion-a-year flow of purchases. But why do those bad encounters with salespeople continue to bother us so?When Yankelovich Partners asked 2500 shoppers what was "most important to you regarding customer service," people ranked courtesy, knowledgeability and friendliness at the top. Almost two out of three said that salespeople "don't care much about me or my needs.”The American Customer Satisfaction Index, developed in 1994 at the University of Michigan's National Quality Research Center, shows customer satisfaction declining about a point a year. Retailers now average a less-than-satisfactory 71 out of 100. Even top performers have slipped.What happened? John Goodman, president of Technical Assistance Research Programs, a customer-service consulting firm, told us, "To cut costs, many retailers made the mistake of trimming staff to the bone with obvious consequences."How good is the help once you find it? Carol Cherry, founder of Shop'n Chek, which monitors customer service for retailers and other clients, says, "One of the biggest problems we encounter is unknowledgeable and untrained salespeople." Bruce Van Kleeck, a vice president of the National Retail Federation, says, "We're not training as much as we used to," and urges more ongoing training for veteran salespeople.The sad fact is, stores can get away with poor customer service because customers let them. Customer-service expert John Goodman estimates that about half of customers continue to do business with firms they feel have mistreated them. This is "behavioral loyalty," explains Jeff Ellis of Maritz Marketing Research Inc. "We may bad-mouth a store after a bad experience, but we go back because it's close to our house or carries items we like."69. The example in paragraph 1 shows that the salesman needs improvement on___________.A. knowledgeB. politenessC. friendlinessD. communication70. According to the American Customer Satisfaction Index,_______________.A. customer satisfaction with retailers remains constantly lowB. customer satisfaction with even the best retailers is droppingC. customers complain most about the quality of the salespeopleD. customers put too high a demand on service these days71. What may be the "obvious consequences" mentioned in paragraph 6?A. The customers are not willing to buy from the retailers.B. The customers cannot get the help they need.C. The salespeople are not satisfied with their working condition.D. The salespeople do not receive enough training.72. Carol Cherry points out that the most serious problem is that ______________.A. the quality of the salespeople cannot be guaranteedB. the retailers do not care as much about training as they used toC. the salespeople do not fully understand the benefits of trainingD. the retailers cannot afford basic training for its employees73. Which of the following examples can demonstrate the "behavioral loyalty"?A. Customers frequent the store providing satisfactory service.B. Customers refuse to buy in the store after a bad experience there.C. Customers go to the store with good items no matter where it is.D. Customers keep visiting the store that has treated them badly.74. The passage mainly discusses_______________.A. how we can get good customer serviceB. why retailers should improve customer serviceC. why there is poor customer serviceD. what kind of customer service we needPassage FiveIn terms of lives lost and property destroyed, the Civil War was the most terrible armed conflict Americans have ever known, but that has not prevented them from remembering it with enduring fondness. The Civil War remains the most written-about period in American history, and it provides boundless entertainment in the United States and around the world. Instead of an object lesson in the dangers of political polarization, racial inequality, and human cruelty, fans consider their favorite war an exercise in nobility--a bloodbath that somehow forged the unbreakable bonds of American national identity.Most Civil War historians were reared in this romantic tradition, and they have yet to fully free themselves from it. They still view the struggle through rose-colored glasses, making excuses for flawed heroes who have the reputations they never deserved. With the publication of While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military prisons of the Civil War, Charles W. Sanders has distinguished himself as one of the few scholars capable of addressing the Civil War with utter frankness. His brilliantly researched book is a ringing accusation of the prisoner-of-war (POW) systems maintained by both sides of that war, as well as the politicians and soldiers who deliberately sent thousands of men to needless suffering and death. There are no heroes in this study, just too many unnecessary victims.Sanders sets his study in context by first tracing the evolution of POW policy during the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War. Americans knew that POWs were vulnerable to mistreatment, and the quickest way to improve their lot was to negotiate exchanges with the enemy. At the outset of the Civil War, neither side was prepared to cope with the many prisoners-of-war their armies captured, and prisoners inevitably suffered from inadequate housing, food, medical care, and other necessities. Abraham Lincoln delayed the implementation of general exchanges until July 1862 for fear it would allow rebellious southerners to claim actual recognition of the Southern sovereignty. Once implemented, the exchange system quickly emptied prisons in the North and South, but it began breaking down by the end of the year.75. Americans generally remember the Civil War with _______.A. sadnessB. suspicionC. horrorD. affection76. Most Civil War historians would agree that the Civil War may have _________.A. raised the awareness of the race issueB. weakened American national identityC. strengthened American national identityD. taught a useful lesson about human nature77. Civil War historians usually believe that "flawed heroes" ___________.A. ought to be criticizedB. could be forgivenC. should be studied furtherD. should be evaluated objectively78. According to Charles W. Sanders, the Civil War _______________.A. brought pointless miseryB. created various heroesC. started the first POW systemD. was brutal but inevitable79. At the beginning of the Civil War, ____________ .A. the POW exchanges were frequentB. the number of the POWs was smallC. the POWs were in difficult situationsD. both sides used the POWs for political purposes80. What does the passage say about the POW exchange during the Civil War?A. It should have started earlier.B. It lasted for many years.C. It became a successful model for later time.D. It raised the public awareness of the POW problem.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes. 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)Unlike the real world, where personalities are complex, motives unclear, and outcomes ambiguous, television presents a world of clarity and simplicity. In show after show, rewards and punishments follow quickly and logically. Crises are resolved, problems are solved, and justice always triumphs. The central characters in these dramas are clearly defined: dedicated or corrupt; selfless or ambitious; efficient or sentimental. To insure the widest acceptability and tell a story entertainingly, the plot lines follow the most commonly accepted notions of morality and justice, whether or not those notions bear much resemblance to reality. The long list of commercials between parts of the play sometimes drives you crazy. Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)中国一直有重视教育的传统，尤其是儿童的教育。

北京服装学院工业设计专业基础设计和设计基础理论2008年考研试题研究生入学考试试题考研真题

北京服装学院工业设计专业基础设计和设计基础理论2008年考研试题研究生入学考试试题考研真题。

2008工业设计专业试题。

08考试科目：工业设计专业基础设计。

考试题目：一．设计题（90分）。

以6种不同的符号属性来隐喻不同的象征（如：“岁月流逝”、“立杆见影。

停顿”、“紧张节奏”等），以诠释时间的内涵，进行“小型电子石英钟。

要求如下：1．设计新颖、功能合理、具有一定特色与创新。

2．设计草图比例恰当、透视准确、经济可行。

3．设计表达清楚，每个设计方案要附有文字说明，以表达主要设计点。

4．设计草方案至少6个，从其中优选一个最终方案，绘制彩色效果图，效果图要充分表达出空间、尺度、质感、色彩、功能、使用方式等。

5．对最终优选方案绘制外观尺寸图（三视图）。

6．妥善安排卷面版式，版式大方、画面美观、表达内容完善、文字工整，总体效果好。

7．使用工具与图面表现手法不限。

二．论文（60分）。

针对你的最终设计方案，从用户需求、功能、原理、使用方式、使用环境、材料、形态、色彩、人体工程学等方面写一篇论文，以支持你的设计方案的可行性和你的设计创意源泉。

（论文中所阐述的内容可采用适当的图表进行说明，字数要求2000字以上。

）— 1/2 —— 1/2 —08年考试科目：设计基础理论。

考试题目：第一部分设计史及其理论。

一、填空：每空1分，共10分。

1、“装饰即罪恶是设计师＿＿＿提出的；“少就是多”是设计师＿＿＿提出的。

2、美国的商业性设计核心是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，即通过人为的方式使产品在短时间内失效，从而迫使消费者不断地购买新产品。

商品的废止主要有三种形式：＿＿＿；功能型废止；质量型废止。

3、彩陶是指新石器时代产生的绘有＿＿＿＿＿＿的陶器。

4、2006年中国工业设计协会的公布了国际工业设计联合会关于“工业设计”的最新定义：“设计是一种创造性的活动，其目的是为＿＿＿＿＿、过程、＿＿＿＿以及它们在＿＿＿＿＿＿建立起多方面的品质。

氢原子的能级结构[1][2].

E2
△E71=E7-E1=13.32 △E61 <E电< △E71 △E41 <E电< △E51
E1 基态
习题3.(2002年普通高等学校夏季招生考试物理（旧课程）)
3.处于基态的一群氢原子受某种单色光的照射时,只发射波长为λ1、 λ2、λ3的三种单色光,且λ1＞λ2＞λ3,则照射光的波长为…（）
量子数能级激发态
E2
E1 基态
高考命题趋势分析十年高考关于此知识点的习题探究
例题1.(2001年普通高等学校夏季招生考试物理全国卷（旧课程）)
6.按照玻尔理论，下列关于氢原子的论述正确的是（AB ）
A.第m个定态和第n个定态的轨道半径rm和rn之比为rm:rn ＝ m2: n2 B.第m个定态和第n个定态的能量Em和En之比为Em:En＝ n2: m2 C.电子沿某一轨道绕核运动，若其圆周运动的频率是v，则其发光频率也是v D.若氢原子处于能量为E的定态，则其发光频率为v＝E / h
光子的发射和吸收
光子的发射激发态低能级基态一群氢原子处于量子数为n的激发态时，可能辐射出的光谱条数为 N = n(n-1)/2. 放出光子的能量 hv = Em - En
量子数能级激发态
E2
E1 基态
光子的吸收
基态
较高能级
高能级
1.光子和原子的作用,原子在从低能级向高能级跃迁时, 只吸收一定频率的光子 hv = Em – En. 2.实物粒子和原子的作用,实物粒子的全部动能或部分动能被原子吸收,只要等于或大于两个定态能量之差时, 就可使原子受激发而向较高能级跃迁.
A. △n＝1，13.22eV＜E＜13.32eV B. △n＝2，13.22eV＜E＜13.32eV C. △n＝1，12.75eV＜E＜13.06eV D. △n＝2，12.75eV＜E＜13.06eV 量子数

建筑学考题

老八校近几年建筑考研题重庆建筑大学一九八五,八六年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：建筑构造一、填空。

（共20分，每小题2分，填在题单上）1．变形缝包括＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿。

2．外墙面装修可分为＿＿＿＿＿＿类、＿＿＿＿＿＿类、＿＿＿＿＿＿类。

3．抹灰按质量要求有＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿。

4．当设计最高地下水位＿＿＿＿＿＿地下地坪时，一般做＿＿＿＿＿＿处理。

5．影响基础埋深的因素有＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿。

6．预制钢筋混凝土实心平板的经济跨度为＿＿＿＿＿＿常用作＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿的楼板；预制楼板的优点是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

7．缸砖及马赛克地面具有＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿等优点，因而广泛用于＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿房间。

8．工业化民用建筑的重要类型分为＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿。

9．实腹式钢窗用25MM窗料，每樘窗允许面积为＿＿＿＿＿＿；用32MM窗料，每樘窗允许面积为＿＿＿＿＿＿。

10．确定砖墙厚度应考虑的因素是＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿、＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

二、以多层住宅为例，说明组成房屋有哪些主要构件，并简要说明各构件的作用与要求。

（但本题内不答保证承重结构要求的诸方面；不绘图）（10分）三、作为一种大量性民用建筑普通房间上的刚性防水屋顶层次构造方案，条件如下：基层（结构层）是现浇钢筋混凝土平板；室内外无特殊有害介质；冬季要采暖要求，夏季要保证隔热要求，但又无空调设施；屋顶不带天棚。

（只需写出层次、用材及简明构造要点；只绘层次构造草图，不绘其他任何节点构造；也不写出尺寸与数据。

）（15分）四、一观众大厅，承重结构是普通型钢钢屋顶，试提供一种防火性能好的轻型吸音吊顶构造方案。

2008年造价工程师《工程造价计价与控制》练习题(十一)

2008年造价工程师《工程造价计价与控制》练习题（十一）一、单选题:1、某新建企业有两个设计方案，年产量均为800件，方案甲总投资1000万元，年经营成本400万元；方案乙总投资1500万元，年经营成本360万元，当行业的基准投资回收期（）12.5年时，甲方案优。

A．大于B．等于C．小于D．小于或等于标准答案：c解析：此题为2006年考题。

正确答案为C本题的题型在近几年中已经出现过两次，可以称之为反向思考题型，教材中的例题是判断哪个方案较优，而考题的题型是若使某方案较优，则标准值的取值范围是什么，这一点考生应加以注意。

2、 [2005年真题] 某建设项目有两个设计方案，甲方案总投资1500万元，年经营成本300万元；乙方案的总投资1200万元，年经营成本400万元。

两方案的年收入均为900万元，则两方案的差额投资效果系数是（）。

A．33.33%B．40.00%C．41.67%D．66.67%标准答案：a3、 [2005年真题] 实行限额设计的有效途径和主要方法是（）。

A．合理确定限额设计目标B．投资分解C．对设计方案进行优化设计D．加强设计审核标准答案：b解析：本题考查的是限额设计的全过程内容。

投资分解是实行限额设计的有效途径和主要方法。

设计任务书获批准后，设计单位在设计之前应在设计任务书的总框架内将投资先分解到各专业，然后再分配到各单项工程和单位工程，作为进行初步设计的造价控制目标。

4、 [2004年真题]某新建企业有两个设计方案，方案甲总投资1 500万元，年经营成本400万元，年产量1 000件;方案乙总投资1 000万元，年经营成本360万元，年产量800件，当行业的标准投资效果系数小于( )时，方案甲优。

A．20%B．25%C．30%D．35%标准答案：a解析：令AC=C+RcK表示投资方案的年计算费用。

两种方案比选时还应考虑到产量的因素，即单位产量的年计算费用最低者优。

故方案甲单位产量的年计算费用=方案乙单位产量的年计算费用=方案甲优于方案乙，即（400+1 500Rc）/1 000<20%所以正确答案应该是A。

2008年(春)江苏省计算机一级考题(3)-打印

2008年（春）江苏省计算机等级技术考试(3)一.是非题：[1]. 计算机信息系统的特征之一是涉及的数据量大，因此必须在内存中设置缓冲区，用以长期保存系统所使用的这些数据。

[2]. Photoshop、ACDsee32和Front page都是图像处理软件。

[3]. I/O设备的工作速度比CPU慢得多，为了提高系统的效率，I/O操作与CPU的数据处理操作往往是并行进行的。

[4]. PC机的主板上有电池，它的作用是在计算机断电后，给CMOS芯片供电，保持该芯片中的信息不丢失。

[5]. 正整数的原码与补码表示形式相同。

[6]. 信息技术与企业管理方法、企业管理技术相结合，产生了各种类型的制造业信息系统。

[7]. 对语音信号取样时，在考虑到不失真和尽量减少数据量两个方面的因素，取样频率一般不低于8KHZ[8]. 大部分数码相机采用CCD成像芯片，芯片中像素越多，可拍摄的图像最高分辨率（清晰度）就越高。

[9]. 文档是程序开发、维护和使用所涉及的资料，是软件的重要组成部分之一。

[10]. 只要不上网，PC机就不会感染计算机病毒。

[11]. 网络上用来运行邮件服务器软件的计算机称为邮件服务器。

[12]. 汇编语言比机器语言高级一些，但程序员用它编程仍感困难。

[13]. 程序是用某种计算机程序设计语言编写的指令、命令和语句的集合。

[14]. 集成电路的集成度与组成逻辑门电路的晶体管尺寸有关，尺寸越小，集成度越高。

二.选择题：[1]. 下列关于信息系统的叙述中错误的是_________。

A．电话是一种双向的、点对点的、以信息交互为主要目的的系统B．网络聊天是一种双向的、以信息交互为目的的系统C．广播是一种点到多点的双向信息交互系统D．Internet是一种跨越全球的多功能信息系统[2]. 下列关于打印机的说法，错误的是________。

A．针式打印机只能打印汉字和ASCII字符，不能打印图案B．喷墨打印机是使墨水喷射到纸上形成图案或字符的C．激光打印机是利用激光成像、静电吸附碳粉原理工作的D．针式打印机是击打式打印机，喷墨打印机和激光打印机是非击打式打印机[3]. 计算机网络按其所覆盖的地域范围一般可分为________ 。

历年与西方经济学有关考题(财大2004-2008)

江西财经大学2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）专业：产业经济学、财政学、国民经济学、劳动经济学、国际贸易学、区域经济学考试科目：经济学重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、需求的价格弹性2、消费者剩余3、货币创造乘数4、税收乘数5、功能性财政6、边际效用二、简答、作图和计算题（每题10分，共70分）1、为什么完全竞争企业长期均衡时的经济利润为零？2、社会成本与私人成本有何不同？在什么情况下两者一致，在什么情况下两者不一致？4、请用四方图推导IS曲线。

5、请推导货币的投机需求方程。

6、用IS-LM模型作图分析，LM曲线为水平线时的财政政策和货币政策的效应。

7、在经济萧条时，中央银行如何使用三大货币政策？三、微观论述题（25 分）1、请利用一个2╳ 2 ╳2 模型来阐述总体均衡（也即一般均衡）状态所应该符合的条件？四、宏观论述题（25分，以下两题任选一题，多答无效）1、请用IS-LM模型如何混合使用财政和货币政策。

2、试评述“乘数---加速模型”。

第二部分微观经济学二、(10分)消费品的边际替代率(MRS)的涵义是什么？为什么它是递减的(其理论基础是什么)？2004年金融学硕士研究生招生联考“金融学基础”试题二、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）⒈科斯定理⒉自动稳定器三、简述题（每题8分，共24分）⒈简述挤出效应及影响其大小的因素。

五、论述题（前2题选答1题，18分，后3题选答2题，每题17分，共52分）⒈试比较在完全竞争市场和垄断市场条件下的经济效率，并谈谈我国该如何制定反垄断政策。

⒉试述失业的类型及失业对社会的影响，并联系中国实际阐述相应的反失业政策。

⒋在固定汇率和浮动汇率制下，国际收支顺差如何影响国内经济？应怎样进行政策调节？并联系实际谈谈你对人民币是否升值的看法。

江西财经大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题（B卷）专业：西方经济学，政治经济学，国民经济学，劳动经济学，区域经济学，产业经济学考试科目：经济学重要提示：考生必须将所有答案写在答题纸上，本试题上的任何标记均不作判题依据一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1．扩展径 2. 生产者剩余 3. 公共物品4. 理性预期5. 结构性失业6. 通货紧缩二、简答题、作图题、计算题（每题10分，共80分）1．请作图说明正常品的收入效应和替代效应。

2008年考试试题(初试)

的包装材料进行全面分析和综合评定，以最终决定供货合作方。这一包装涉及哪些包装材料和制品？常用什么材料制作？你认为对涉及包装材料和制品应分别从哪几方面来综合评价考虑并实施？
2.现有一套药品包装，拟采用OPP/AL/PE复合材料结构的包装袋，请分析回答下列问题：
（1）OPP/AL/PE复合结构中各层材料的作用？
5.可通过湿法复合加工获得的复合包装材料是（）
（①OPP/CPP；②纸/PE；③PET/AL/PE；④PA/PE）
6.瓦楞纸板中表面最为平坦，适合于彩盒包装的是（）瓦楞。
（①A；②B；③C；④E）
7.（）不属于发展半化学法和化学机械浆的主要目的。
（①降低生产成本；②增加强度；③开辟制浆原料来源；④增加阔叶木的利用）
第1页共2页
2008年硕士学位研究生入学考试题（A）
考试科目：804包装材料学
请将题号和答案写在答题纸上，直接写在试卷上无效！
一.填空题（每空1分，共15分）
1.木材纤维的化学组成是纤维素、半纤纸和纸板。
2.瓦楞纸板的强度指标主要有、、、平压强度和戳穿强度。
（①玻璃纸；②鸡皮纸；③羊皮纸；④牛皮纸）
2.共挤复合加工中常用的高阻隔性材料是（）
（①PA；②SiOx；③EVAL；④PVA）
3.热成型加工过程中，塑料聚合物的力学状态需要达到（）
（①玻璃态；②高弹态；③粘流态；④都可以）
4.碗面盖材较适宜的热封层材料是（）
（①CPP；②HDPE；③LLDPE；④EVA）
3.常用的塑料包装材料中最轻，使用最广、产量最大；EVAL是指
4.复合包装材料的复合工艺有涂布、、；可用于蒸煮包装的复合材料典型结构是。
5.玻璃容器发展方向是，通常采用来衡量；AL与其他基材复合较经济的方法是，它具有一定的阻隔性，又能节省AL材。

2008年

同济大学材料学院材料学专业——2008年真题及解析1，试推导布拉格方程，分析物质产生X衍射的充要条件（必考题）。

2，红外光谱与拉曼光谱的比较。

3，电子束轰击到固体样品表面会产生那些主要物理信号？研究材料的表面形貌一般收集那种物理信号？以及这些信号有那些应用。

4，说明电子探针中波谱的原理和应用，简述波谱和能谱应用方面的异同。

5，简述红外光谱用于分子结构分析的基础，说明其应用。

6，核磁共振中不同质子产生不同化学位移的根本原因是什么？核磁共振光谱在材料分析中的应用。

7，影响红外光谱谱带频率和强度的因素是什么？举例说明其在材料分析中的应用？8，请阐述多晶、非晶、纳米晶体材料在透射电子显微镜选区稍微图像中的区别。

9，采用合适的现代技术表征法分析硅酸盐水泥水化进程，10，请简要叙述布拉格方程在材料微观结构分析和表征领域中的应用。

11，简述X衍射物相分析的过程。

12，试讨论影响差热分析结果的因素，为什么说差热分析只能进行定性或半定量分析，而示差扫描量热分析则可进行定性分析。

13，如何利用差热分析，热重分析，热膨胀分析来区分无机材料中脱水、分解、氧化、多晶转变、烧结等现象。

14，举例说明SEM和TEM在材料分析中的应用。

说明：以上是08年材料研究方法的考研试题，总共有18道。

由于时间间隔太长，只记得14题。

08年试题给我们的感觉是各种研究方法的应用考的很多，几乎每个都考了。

还有一点值得注意的是，在08的试题中，第二章光学显微分析考了一题。

以下是试题的参考答案：1.试推导布拉格方程，分析物质产生X衍射的充要条件。

X-ray作为一电磁波被投射到晶体中时，会受到晶体中原子的散射，而散射波就好像从原子中心出发，每个原子中心发出的散射波就好比一个源球面波。

由于原子在晶体中是按周期排列的，这些散射球波之间存在固定的相位关系，他们之间会在空间产生干涉，结果在某些散射方向上相互加强，某些方向上相互抵消，即衍射。

如图书图3-15所示，1、2、3代表（hkl）的一唯平行网，面网之间间距为d，入射X-rayS0波长为λ，沿与面网成θ角入射，与S1方向散射线满足光学境面反射条件。

2008下半年信息技术处理员考题试卷及答案-上午卷

2008下半年信息技术处理员考题试卷及解答-上午卷1. 下列等式中正确的是 (1) 。

A．1KB=1024×1024B B．1MB=1024BC．1KB=1024MB D．1MB=1024×1024B解答：D[解析]本题主要考查的是存储器容量单位的换算。

具体的换算关系是1KB=1024B，1MB=1024KB，1GB=1024MB。

2. 目前广泛使用的触摸屏技术属于计算机技术中的 (2) 。

A．工程技术 B．输出技术C．传输技术 D．多媒体技术解答：D[解析]本题主要考查的是计算机多媒体技术的基本知识。

多媒体技术的主要特点之一就是交互性，多媒体通过软件的支持方便用户对其进行控制，触摸屏技术可以提高人机交互能力，目前广泛应用于实际应用中。

3. 下列选项中，既可以作为输入设备，又可以作为输出设备的是 (3) 。

A．打印机 B．键盘C．扫描仪 D．移动硬盘解答：D[解析]本题主要考查输入输出设备。

输入设备用于将系统文件、用户程序及文档、计算机运行程序所需要的数据等信息输入到计算机的存储设备中以备使用。

常用的输入设备有键盘、鼠标等。

输出设备用于将计算机处理的结果、用户文档、程序及数据等信息从计算机存储设备中输出供以后使用。

常用的输出设备有显示器、打印机等。

磁盘、U盘和移动硬盘等存储设备既可以作为输入设备，也可以作为输出设备。

4. 编译程序的作用是将高级程序语言源程序翻译为 (4) 。

A．目标程序 B．临时程序C．应用程序 D．系统程序解答：A[解析]程序员用高级程序语言编写的源程序由相应的编译程序将其翻译成目标程序(obj 文件)后，再连接必要的其他模块，就能形成可执行程序(exe文件)，用户就能反复在计算机上直接执行。

而解释程序则是直接翻译并执行源程序，并不形成目标程序。

5. CPU的主要功能是 (5) 。

A．存储程序 B．传送数据C．执行I/O D．执行程序解答：D[解析]CPU的主要功能包括程序控制、操作控制、时间控制和数据加工，其核心就是执行程序。

材料力学考研真题及答案

材料力学考研真题及答案【篇一：材料力学试题答案】=txt>《材料力学》试卷专业班级姓名学号开课系室工程力学系考试日期一、选择题（每题2分，共 10分）1. 图中所示三角形微单元体，已知两个直角截面上的切应力为?0，则斜边截面上的正应力?和切应力?分别为。

a、???0,???0；b、???0,??0；c、????0,???0；d、????0,??0。

2. 构件中危险点的应力状态如图所示，材料为低碳钢，许用应力为[?]，正确的强度条件是。

题 1-1 图a、??[?]；b、????[?]；c、??[?],??[?]?[?]/2； d?[?]。

3. 受扭圆轴,当横截面上的扭矩不变而直径减小一半时,该横截面上的最大切应力原来的最大切应力是d 。

a、2倍b、4倍c、6倍d、8倍4. 两根材料相同、抗弯刚度相同的悬臂梁i、ii如图示，下列结论中正确的是。

a.i梁和ii梁的最大挠度相同 b.ii梁的最大挠度是i梁的2倍 c.ii梁的最大挠度是i梁的4倍 d.ii梁的最大挠度是i梁的1/2倍p题1-4 图5. 现有两种压杆，一为中长杆，另一为细长杆。

在计算压杆临界载荷时，如中长杆误用细长杆公式，而细长杆误用中长杆公式，其后果是 d 。

a、两杆都安全； b、两杆都不安全；c、中长杆不安全，细长杆安全；d、中长杆安全，细长杆不安全。

二、填空（每题4分，共20分）1. 用积分法求图示梁的挠曲线方程时，需分段进行积分。

位移边界条件是：；光滑连续条件是：。

题 2-1 图2.图中所示的t形截面梁，若已知a-a截面上、下表面沿x方向的线应变分别为，则此截面的中性轴位置yc与截面高h之间的关系为yc＝ ?上??0.0004，?下?0.0002。

题 2-2 图3.材料力学中，对变形固体作了个基本假设，并且是在、范围内研究的。

4.两块相同的板由四个相同的铆钉铆接，若采用图示两种铆钉排列方式，则两种情况下板的abab最大拉应力?max?max；挤压应力?bs?bs。

公务员—行测—十字交叉法的原理

一、十字交叉法的原理（这个有的前辈和大侠有比较详细的讲解，简单易懂，在这里就直接用前辈写的东西来说明了，但是为了符合我的一些习惯，还是做了一定的修改）首先通过例题来说明原理。

某班学生的平均成绩是80分，其中男生的平均城市75分，女生的平均城市85分，求该班男生和女生的比例。

方法一：搞笑（也是高效）的方法。

男生一人，女生一人，总分160分，平均分80分，男生和女生的比例是1:1。

月月讲解：这个就是咱常用的特殊值法吧，不过思路稍微特殊一点。

方法二：假设男生有X,女生有Y。

有（X×75+Y×85）/（X+Y）=80，整理有X=Y，所以男生和女生的比例是1:1。

月月讲解：这个就是常用的列方程法方法二：假设男生有X,女生有Y。

男生：X 75 85-80=580女生：Y 85 80-75=5男生：女生=X：Y=1：1。

月月讲解：这一步前辈说的不是很清楚，补充修正了一下，其实说白了，十字交叉的左侧是各部分的量，右侧是混合后的量。

总结一下，一个集合中的个体，只有2个不同的取值，部分个体取值为A，剩余部分取值为B。

平均值为C。

求取值为A的个体与取值为B的个体的比例。

假设A有X，B有（1-X）。

AX+B（1-X）=CX=（C-B）/（A-B）1-X=（A-C）/A-B因此：X：（1-X）=（C-B）：（A-C）上面的计算过程可以抽象为：A C-BCB A-C这就是所谓的十字相乘法。

月月讲解：这个是大侠的，不过我个人觉得，十字交叉法用溶液问题来讲解更加浅显易懂，怎么说呢，我们还是通过例题来讲解。

有两种溶度浓度的溶液A、B，其浓度为x、y，现将这些溶液混合到一起得到浓度为r的溶液，那么这两种溶液的浓度之比为多少？假设A溶液的质量为X，B溶液的浓度为Y，则有：X*x+Y*y=（X+Y）*r整理有X（x-r）=Y（r-y）；所以有X：Y=（r-y）：（x-r）上面的计算过程就抽象为：X x r-yrY y x-r这样就看着清楚多了吧，知道是哪个比哪个等于什么值了。

高中作文_新材料作文——兼谈2008年高考作文备考

新材料作文
——兼谈2008年高考作文备考
什么是新材料作文？

新材料作文，也叫题意作文、命意作文、后话题作文，作文提供材料或图画，但不提供话题，要求考生阅读材料或图画，根据自己对材料或图画的感悟、理解，自定立意、自选文体、自拟标题进行作文。要求“全面理解材料，但可以选择一个侧面、一个角度构思”的作文, 它不同于以往根据材料写议论文的材料作文，也有别于有明确话题的话题作文，不给考生固定的话题核心词，而是让考生自主选择角度，自主从材料中提取主题。这种作文模式超越了话题作文，给考生提供更广阔的写作空间，更能彰显高考作文的选拔功能。从作文命制的角度更追求诗意命题和智性命题，由“守成”向“激进”靠
新材料作文：高考题例

3、2006年山东高考卷作文题。阅读下面这首诗，根据要求作文。（60分）星星雷诗雁仰望星空的人总以为星星就是宝石，晶莹，透亮，没有所取。飞上星星的人知道，那儿有灰尘、石渍，和地球上一样复杂。

读这首诗可以产生不同的联想或感悟。请根据你的联想或感悟写一篇文章。注意：①联想与感悟要与整首诗的寓意有关。②立意自定。题目自拟。③不少于360字。④除诗歌外文体不限。
新材料作文：高考题例

2、2006年全国高考卷Ⅱ作文题。阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）据有关部门调查，六年来我国国民图书阅读率持续走低： 1999年为60.4%，2001年为54．2%，2003年为51．7%，而 2005年为48．7%，首次低于50%。造成图书阅读率持续走低的原因是多方面的。识字的人为什么不读书？中年人多数说 “没时间”，青年人多数说“不习惯”，还有人说“买不起”、“没地方借”。与图书阅读率走低相反，网上阅读率正在迅速增长；1999年为3．7%，2003年为18．3%，2005年为27．8%。要求全面理解材料，但可以选择一个侧面、一个角度构思作文。自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题；不要脱离材料内容及其含意作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

思政期末考题（包含了选择题答案）

1 思政练习题第八章练习题一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分。

每小题只有一个选项最符合题目要求）1、2011年3月11日，（）发生了9级地震和海啸A 、日本、日本B B B、美国、美国、美国C C C、中国、中国、中国D D D、法国、法国2、2011年3月5日在北京召开全国人大（）会议。

A 、第十一届第一次会议、第十一届第一次会议B B B、第十一届第二次会议、第十一届第二次会议C 、第十一届第三次会议、第十一届第三次会议D D D、第十一届第四次会议、第十一届第四次会议3、建设中国特色社会主义经济的基本目标是（）A 、在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，不断解放和发展生产力B 、坚持和完善社会主义公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度C 、坚持和完善按劳分配为主体的多种分配方式，逐步实现共同富裕D 、坚持和完善对外开放，积极参与国际合作和竞争4、我们要在公有制为主体的条件下发展多种所有制经济，因为我国（）A 、是社会主义国家、是社会主义国家B B B、建立了社会主义市场经济体制、建立了社会主义市场经济体制C 、处在社会主义初级阶段、处在社会主义初级阶段D D D、实行了改革开放政策、实行了改革开放政策5、社会主义市场经济体制是在宏观调控下使（）A 、市场在社会资源配置中起基础性作用B 、市场在社会资源配置中起重要作用C 、市场在社会资源配置中起辅助作用D 、计划和市场在社会资源配置中起基础性作用6、我国国有经济在国民经济发展中的主导作用和优势，主要是通过（）A 、国有资产在社会总资产中的最大优势体现出来B 、国有大型企业集团的规模和实力体现出来C 、对经济发展的控制力和市场的竞争力体现出来D 、国家对市场活动的正确指导和有效调控体现出来7、我国现阶段实施的社会保障水平是（）A 、保证劳动者充分就业、保证劳动者充分就业B B B、使劳动者老有所养、使劳动者老有所养、使劳动者老有所养C C C、满足人们最基本的生活需要、满足人们最基本的生活需要、满足人们最基本的生活需要 D DD、实现小康、实现小康8、社会主义初级阶段的非公有制经济是（）A 、社会主义经济的重要组成部分、社会主义经济的重要组成部分B B B、社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分、社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分C 、社会主义的经济基础、社会主义的经济基础D D D、社会主义经济的补充、社会主义经济的补充、社会主义经济的补充9、我国社会主义初级阶段的一项基本经济制度是、我国社会主义初级阶段的一项基本经济制度是( ) ( )A 、公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展、公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展B B B、多种所有制经济共同发展、多种所有制经济共同发展、多种所有制经济共同发展C 、按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存、按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存D D D、按劳分配和按生产要素分配的结合、按劳分配和按生产要素分配的结合、按劳分配和按生产要素分配的结合1010、我国经济体制改革的目标是建立（、我国经济体制改革的目标是建立（、我国经济体制改革的目标是建立（））A 、计划与市场内在结合的经济体制、计划与市场内在结合的经济体制B B B、计划调节市场为主、市场调节为辅的经济体制、计划调节市场为主、市场调节为辅的经济体制、计划调节市场为主、市场调节为辅的经济体制C 、社会主义市场经济体制、社会主义市场经济体制D D D、完全由市场调节的市场经济体制、完全由市场调节的市场经济体制、完全由市场调节的市场经济体制1111、计划与市场是（、计划与市场是（、计划与市场是（））A 、划分社会主义与资本主义的标志、划分社会主义与资本主义的标志B B B、存在于不同的社会制度中、存在于不同的社会制度中、存在于不同的社会制度中C 、都属于基本制度的范畴、都属于基本制度的范畴D D D、都是经济调节的手段、都是经济调节的手段、都是经济调节的手段1212、党的（、党的（、党的（）明确提出要促进国民经济又好又快发展。