2015备考——英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题

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20156月英语四级阅读段落匹配题真题及答案解析

2014年6月英语四级阅读段落匹配题真题及答案The End of the Book?By John Steele GordonA). Amazon, by far the largest bookseller in the count ry, reported on May 19 that it is now selling more books i n its electronic Kindle format than in the old paper-and-i nk format. That is remarkable, considering that the Kindle has only been around for four years. E-books now account for 14 percent of all book sales in this country and are i ncreasing far faster than overall book sales. E-book sales are up 146 percent over last year, while hardback sales i ncreased 6 percent and paperbacks decreased 8 percent.B). Does this spell the doom of the physical book? Cer tainly not immediately, and perhaps not at all. What it do es mean is that the book business will go through a transf ormation in the next decade or so more profound than any i t has seen since Gutenberg introduced printing from moveab le type in the 1450s.C). Physical books will surely become much rarer in th e marketplace. Mass market paperbacks, which have been dec lining for years anyway, will probably disappear, as willhardbacks for mysteries, thrillers, "romance fiction," etc. Such books, which only rarely end up in permanent collect ions either private or public, will probably only be avail able as e-books within a few years. Hardback and trade pap erbacks for "serious" nonfiction and fiction will surely l ast longer. Perhaps it will become the mark of an author t o reckon with that he or she is still published in hard co py.D). As for children's books, who knows? Children's boo ks are like dog food in that the purchasers are not the co nsumers, so the market (and the marketing) is inherently s trange.E). For clues to the book’s future, let’s look at so me examples of technological change and see what happened to the old technology.F). One technology replaces another only because the n ew technology is better, cheaper, or both. Thee greater th e differential, the sooner and more thoroughly the new tec hnology replaces the old. Printing with moveable type on p aper reduced the cost of producing a book by orders of mag nitude compared with the old-fashioned ones handwritten on vellum, which comes from sheepskin. A Bible—to be sure,a long book—required vellum made from 300 sheepskins and untold man-hours of scribe labor. Before printing arrived, a Bible cost more than a middle-class house. There were p erhaps 50,000 books in all of Europe in 1450. By 1500 ther e were 10 million.G). But while printing quickly caused the handwritten book to go extinct, handwriting lingered on well into the 16th century in the practice of "rubricating" books, or ha nd drawing elaborate initial letters (often in red ink, he nce the term). Very special books are still occasionally p roduced on vellum, but they are one-of-a-kind show pieces.H). Sometimes a new technology doesn't drive the old o ne extinct, but only parts of it while forcing the rest to evolve. The movies were widely predicted to drive live th eater out of the marketplace, but they didn't, because the ater turned out to have qualities movies could not reprodu ce. Equally, TV was supposed to drive movies extinct but, again, did not.I). Movies did, however, fatally impact some parts of live theater, such as vaudeville. (Ironically, TV gave vaud eville a brief revival in the 1950s in such shows as “The Ed Sullivan Show” and brought many of the old vaudeville stars—Sophie Tucker, Jimmy Durante, Ben Blue—out of re tirement.) And while TV didn't kill movies, it did kill B pictures, shorts, and, alas, cartoons.J). Nor did TV kill radio. Comedy and drama shows (“J ack Benny,” “Amos and Andy,” “The Shadow”) all migrat ed to television. But because you can’t drive a car and w atch television at the same time, radio prime time became rush hour, while music, talk, and news radio greatly enlar ged their audiences. Radio is today a very different busin ess than in the late 1940s and a much larger one.K). Sometimes old technology lingers for centuries bec ause of its symbolic power. Mounted cavalry replaced the c hariot on the battlefield around 1000 BC. But chariots mai ntained their place in parades and triumphs right up until the end of the Roman Empire 1,500 years later. The sword hasn't had a military function for a hundred years, but is still part of an officer's full-dress uniform, precisely because a sword always symbolized "an officer and a gentle man."L). Sometimes new technology is a little cranky at fir st. Television repairman was a common occupation in the 19 50s, for instance. And so the old technology remains as aback up. Steam captured the North Atlantic passenger busin ess from sail in the 1840s because of its much greater spe ed. But steamships didn't lose their rigging and sails unt il the 1880s, because early marine engines had a nasty hab it of breaking down. Until ships became large enough (and engines small enough) to mount two engines side by side, t hey needed to keep sails. (The high cost of steam and the lesser need for speed kept the majority of the world’s oc ean freight moving by sail until the early years of the 20 th century.)M). Then there is the fireplace. Central heating was u biquitous in upper- and middle-class homes by the second h alf of the 19th century. But functioning fireplaces remain to this day a powerful selling point in a house or apartm ent. I suspect the reason is a deeply ingrained, atavistic love of fire. Fire was one of the earliest major technolo gical advances for humankind, providing heat, protection, and cooked food (which is much easier to eat and digest). Human control of fire goes back far enough (over a million years) that evolution could have produced a genetic predi sposition towards fire as a central aspect of a human habi tation (just consider the phrase "hearth and home").N). Books—especially books the average person could a fford—haven’t been around long enough to produce evoluti onary change in humans. But they have a powerful hold on m any people nonetheless, a hold extending far beyond their literary content. At their best, they are works of art and there is a tactile pleasure in books necessarily lost in e-book versions. The ability to quickly flip through pages is also lost. And a room with books in it induces, at lea st in some, a feeling not dissimilar to that of a fire in the fireplace on a cold winter’s night.O). For these reasons I think physical books will have a longer existence as a commercial product than some curr ently predict. Like swords, books have symbolic power. Lik e fireplaces, they induce a sense of comfort and warmth. A nd, perhaps, similar to sails, they make a useful backup f or when the lights go out.46. Authors still published in printed versions will be considered important ones.答案：D解析：对应D段末句。

2015年英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(2)

46．Resolutions with no binding force which are picky about the EPA power plant proposals have been accepted in many states such as Alabama and Georgia．那些对EPA电力公司的建议很挑剔的，不具有约束力的决议得到了阿拉巴马和佐治亚等州的支持。

47．It is hopeful to gain success if Kansas is chosen as the foray against the rules of renewable-energy standards Which minimize the renewable-energy use by power plants．如果选择堪萨斯州来攻击那些规定了电力公司可再生能源最低使用量的可再生能源准则的话，取得成功是很有希望的。

【解析】K）48．Koch Company’s Philip Ellender cited the company’s oppose to the renewable rules to approve its objection to all energy-policy-concerning subsidies and mandates，and advised that government let go of the allocation or use of materials used in goods production．科氏公司的菲利普•埃兰多引用了该公司对可再生能源规则的反对来证明其对所有与能源政策有关的资助与授权的异议，并且提议政府应该放开在商品生产中对材料的分配及使用。

【解析】N)49．The issue is a problem that concerns the benefits of people in the rural Kansas，and we have a great many lawmakers from that part．这个问题是一个关系到堪萨斯州农村地区人们利益的问题，而且我们有很多立法人员都是从该地区来的。

英语六级新题型练习之长篇阅读：段落匹配题

英语六级改革新题型长篇阅读练习（一）英语六级新题型练习之长篇阅读：段落匹配题。

Paper--More than Meets the EyeA） We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to fo rget just how complex it is. There are many varieties and grades of paper materials， and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties， it is far more difficult to spot the grades.B） It needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactur ed for a specific purpose， so that whilst the corn-flake packet may look s mart， it is clearly not something destined for the archives. It is made to l ook good， but only needs a limited life span. It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C） Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods， cottons and grasses or which pap yrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of the se are very specialized， but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags， with the bulk being wood-based.Paper from WoodD） In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalie s such as caustic soda， until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made， relying on the bonding to gether of the cellulose into layers. That， in a very small nutshell， is the e ssence of paper making from wood. However， the reality is rather more c omplicated. In order to give us our white paper and card， the makers willadd bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemical s.E） A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it hol ds the cellulose fibres together， but if it is incorporated into the manufact ured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look ra ther brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and ch eap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our a rchives.F） Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufact ure， the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tr ee to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly un economic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.G） It also means， of course， that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive， but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in hi s supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable a rtifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is partic ularly harmful to photographic materials， causing them to fade and is som e cases simply vanish！H） So， how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one tha t is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking， and rather disappointi ngly， you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasm uch as a test on the paper may indicate that it is a neutral material at thi s time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down， and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.I） Added to this， as I have indicated earlier， paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach， china clay， che mical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture， and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material th at they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in， or printing on， the correct material then this is probably the only way.J） Incidentally， acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the co ntents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK） Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free， but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees， it also tends to be much more expensive than wood p ulp paper. You will still need to purchase from a reliable source though， si nce even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.L） A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and b oard.M） The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot r ely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe so lution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more， bu t in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and ima ges have the best home possible.1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper， b ut the superiority ones are soft wood， cotton and rags.3. During the whole manufacturing process， the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.4. In order to make white paper and card， the makers will add bleach.5. Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture， beca use leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree.7. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.8. If the lignin is removed from the paper， the paper will be more exp ensive.9. Although free of lignin， paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because there is much less c otton and rag than trees.10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better b uy archival materials from specialist suppliers.文章精要本文主要介绍了我们平常所见所用的纸的复杂性，通过介绍用木头和破布料造纸的过程，使我们对纸的类别、属性有了更深入的了解。

英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(8)

英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（8）导读：本文英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题（8），仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

Domestic Service RobotsA．When Takanori Shibata began working on robots in the early 1990s, he had something practical in mind, perhaps to help the elderly with their daily chores．But．he soon realized that robots were not really able to do anything useful, so he decided to make a robot that did not even try--but that could nevertheless deliver real benefits．B．The result of his labors, Paro, has been in development since 1998．It is 57cm long and looks like a baby seal．Thanks to an array of sub-skin sensors, it responds amiably to stroking; and though it cannot walk, it can turn its head at the sound of a human voice and tell one voice from another．It is a comforting and gentle presence in your arms, on your lap or on a table top, where it gives the impression of following a conversation．The best thing about it is that it seems to be helping in the care of people with dementia (痴呆) and other health problems．C) You could see Paro as a very well-designed $5,000 pet that will never turn on the person holding it, and will never be hurt if its master flies into a rage．It is as happy on one lap as the next, needs no house-training, can be easily washed and will not die．This makes it much more practical for a nursing home or hospital than a live pet．It is used in such homes in Japan, in parts of Europe and in America.D) Paro can also act as a source of reassurance and calm．People with Alzheimer's often suffer from "sun-downing"---a distressed urge to wander thatcomes on towards the end of the afternoon．Mr．Shibata has found that a seal in the arms tends to reduce such wandering, which means fewer falls．Experience in Italy, Denmark and America indicates that care homes equipped with Paro need less medication for their residents．Larger trials now under way in Australia should establish whether this and other benefits can be provided simply by a soft toy, or whether Paro's ability to interact with the world makes a clinical difference．E．If Paro proves to be more useful than a plush (毛绒) animal, there is a huge market for it．Akifumi Kitashima, who works on Japan's robotics strategy at the Ministry for the Economy, Trade and Industry, points out that in 2025 Japan will have 10．7 million more elderly people than it did in 2005．Though Japan is ageing particularly quickly, a lot of the rest of the world is on A) similar course．F．Looking after old people in homes might become easier with robots, be they mood enhancers like Paro or something more practical that can help careworkers lift and reposition their charges (受照料者) ．Yoshiyuki Sankai, perhaps Japan's best-known robotics entrepreneur, has set up a company called Cyberdyne to make wearable systems that help people walk and lift things by adding artificial strength to their limbs．G．Robots may also make it possible for old people to stay independent in their own homes for longer．Mr．Angle says this is iRobot's "long-term guiding star", towards which the Roomba--a cleaning robot--is a small step．Mr．Gupta at the National Science Foundation thinks that general-purpose home-help robots would be a big advance which could be achieved in a couple of decades．Another robotics expert Mr．Ng points out that if you get a graduate student to teleoperate (远程操控) a PR2 robot, it can already do almosteverything a home-help robot might be required to do, so all that is needed is better software and more processing power, both of which are becoming ever more easily available．H．Cloud robotics can probably provide much of the required software．Mr．Pratt says that if．there were dramatic performance improvements in the finals of the DARPA Robotics Challenge, he would expect them to come from the cloud I．But specific robot hardware will need upgrading, too．No robot hand yet comes close to the utility of the human hand Tasks that require feedback in terms of force and fit--like putting a plug into a socket--remain particularly hard for robots, and there are a lot of such tasks around a house．General technological progress will not help; the only way to find a solution to this sort of problem is to work specifically on it．J．Even more important will be interfaces (界面) to tell the robots what to do．Take-me-by-the-wrist Baxter, stroke-me Paro and the film-enabling mechanical arms of Bot & Dolly all show that interfaces can matter just as much as any other technological advance．Tobias Kirmebrew, of Bot & Dolly, thinks that new interfaces could open up markets and applications of robotics in all sorts of fields, and might do so surprisingly quickly．K．V oice would be an obvious choice, but it has its drawbacks: the user will think a robot with a voice is smart．An interface that allows the robot to be dumb and the user not to care might be preferable．Indeed, small errors or needing help with something can be endearing．People do not resent Paro's need to be stroked; it is one of the things they like about it．CoBot's need for help with the lifts at Carnegie Mellon makes people warm to it, though being troubled for help by random robots in offices and shopping malls would probably not work so well．But if the interface is properly designed,teaching a home-help robot to do the job better might make it more welcome．L．It may also be a good idea to let the robots turn for help to people other than those they are working for．As Mr．Goldberg at Berkeley points out, the cloud does not just contain computers; it provides access to a lot of humans, too．One of the things that make Aethon's Tugs a success in hospitals is that the company's headquarters has a staffed help desk which deals with queries from robots．If one gets stuck or lost, a remote operator can look through its eyes, check its logs and sort things out before the hospital even becomes aware that anything is wrong．If similar support could be provided for robot home helps, the occasional mistake might not matter．M．If the robot can call on a help desk, it can communicate with other people too, perhaps providing a way for friends and relatives to stay in touch．Some home-automation products already allow a degree of monitoring, notes Oz Chambers of Carnegie Mellon, but what they offer leaves much to be desired .It makes the adult offspring feel greater responsibility--which they often cannot exercise—rather than giving them reassurance．The elderly, for their part, can feel snooped (窥探) upon．A robot with a defined presence in the house might make a better intermediary．N．What matters, as iRobot and other practically minded companies have learned, is not so much having robots but having a business model that does a job, be it washing the dishes, checking that medication is being taken or providing telepresence (远程监控) ．Producing something reliable and likeable that can be sold in large numbers and does not get its makers sued may prove a lot more difficult than simply developing the required robotic skills, but not impossible．O．To be sure, robots will not spread as quickly as mobile phoneshave done．Over a decade they may not achieve much．Over a century, though, they could turn everyday life upside down．46．Paro is adopted in a number of nursing homes around the world for its obvious advantages over a live animal．47．It is suggested that robot producers offer human service that can help solve the problems a home-help robot may encounter．48．A robot can help people with the lifts by providing extra strength to their arms．49．It is ideal that a robot that allows monitoring covers only certain areas in the house．50．A robot like Paro that needs to trouble people for help may conversely arouse their affection．51．Some experts believe that home-help robots that can help the elderly live on their own will be realized in several decades．52．Now research is being conducted to determine whether Paro can be replaced by other kinds of toys in nursing homes．53．At present, the robot's failure to fulfill many daily tasks is partly due to the limitations of its hardware．54．Paro is designed so as to make people feel better by giving them a feeling that they are chatting with it．55．Japan isn't the only country that has to face the problem of population aging in the near future．。

2015年6月英语六级仔细阅读精练

2015年6月英语六级仔细阅读精练In the last 12 years total employment in the United States grew faster than at any time in the peacetime history of any country – from 82 to 110 million between 1973 and 1985 – that is, by a full one third. The entire growth, however, was in manufacturing, and especially in no – blue-collar jobs…This trend is the same in all developed countries, and is, indeed, even more pronounced in Japan. It is therefore highly probable that in 25 years developed countries such as the United States and Japan will employ no larger a proportion of the labor force I n manufacturing than developed countries now employ in farming – at most, 10 percent. Today the United States employs around 18 million people in blue-collar jobs in manufacturing industries. By 2010, the number is likely to be no more than 12 million. In some major industries the drop will be even sharper. It is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the American automobile industry will employ more than one –third of its present blue-collar force 25 years hence, even though production might be 50 percent higher.If a company, an industry or a country does not in the next quarter century sharply increase manufacturing production and at the same time sharply reduce the blue-collar work force, it cannot hope to remain competitive –or even to remain “developed.” The attempt to preserve such blue – collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment…This is not a conclusion that American politicians, labor leaders or indeed the general public can easily understand or accept. What confuses the issue even more it that the United States is experiencing several separate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is the acceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor. Where we spoke of mechanization a few decades ago, we now speak of “robotization “ or “automation.” This is actually more a change in terminology than a change in reality. When Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1909, he cut the number of man –hours required to produce a motor car by some 80 percent in two or three years –far more than anyone expects to result from even the most complete robotization. But there is no doubt that we are facing a new, sharp acceleration in the replacement of manual workers by machines –that is, by the products of knowledge.1.According to the author, the shrinkage in the manufacturing labor force demonstrates______.A.the degree to which a country’s production is robotizedB.a reduction in a country’s m anufacturing industriesC.a worsening relationship between labor and managementD.the difference between a developed country and a developing country2.According to the author, in coming 25years, a developed country or industry, in order t remain competitive, ought to ______.A.reduce the percentage of the blue-collar work forceB.preserve blue – collar jobs for international competitionC.accelerate motor –can manufacturing in Henry Ford’s styleD.solve the problem of unemployment3.American politicians and labor leaders tend to dislike_____.A.confusion in manufacturing economyB.an increase in blue – collar work forceC.internal competition in manufacturing productionD.a drop in the blue – collar job opportunities4.The word “prescription” in “a prescription for unemployment” may be the equivalent to ______A.something recommended as medical treatmentB.a way suggested to overcome some difficultyC.some measures taken in advanceD.a device to dire5.This passage may have been excepted from ________A.a magazine about capital investmentB.an article on automationC.a motor-car magazineD.an article on global economy答案：AADCDWhat does the future hold for the problem of housing? A good deal depends, of course, on the meaning of “future”. If one is thinking in terms of science fiction and the space age, it is at least possible to assume that man will have solved such trivial and earthly problems as housing. Writers of science fiction, from H.G. Wells onwards, have had little to say on the subject. They have conveyed the suggestion that men will live in great comfort, with every conceivable apparatus to make life smooth, healthy and easy, if not happy. But they have not said what his house will be made of. Perhaps some new building material, as yet unimagined, will have been discovered or invented at least. One may be certain that bricks and mortar(泥灰，灰浆) will long have gone out of fashion.But the problems of the next generation or two can more readily be imagined. Scientists have already pointed out that unless something is done either to restrict the world’s rapid growth in population or to discover and develop new sources of food (or both), millions of people will be dying of starvation or at the best suffering from underfeeding before this century is out. But nobody has yet worked out any plan for housing these growing populations. Admittedly the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world, where housing can be light structure or in backward areas where standards are traditionally low. But even the minimum shelter requires materials of some kind and in the teeming, bulging towns thelow-standard “housing” of flattened petrol cans and dirty canvas is far more wasteful of ground space than can be tolerated.Since the war, Hong Kong has suffered the kind of crisis which is likely to arise in many other places during the next generation. Literally millions of refugees arrived to swell the already growing population and emergency steps had to be taken rapidly to prevent squalor(肮脏)and disease and the spread crime. The city is tackling the situation energetically and enormous blocks of tenements(贫民住宅)are rising at an astonishing aped. But Hong Kong is only one small part of what will certainly become a vast problem and not merely a housing problem, because when population grows at this rate there are accompanying problems of education, transport, hospital services, drainage, water supply and so on. Not every area may give the same resources as Hong Kong to draw upon and the search for quicker and cheaper methods of construction must never cease.1.What is the author’s opinion of housing problems in the first paragraph?A.They may be completely solved at sometime in the future.B.They are unimportant and easily dealt with.C.They will not be solved until a new building material has been discovered.D.They have been dealt with in specific detail in books describing the future.2.The writer is sure that in the distant future ___.A.bricks and mortar will be replaced by some other building material.B.a new building material will have been invented.C.bricks and mortar will not be used by people who want their house to be fashionable.D.a new way of using bricks and mortar will have been discovered.3.The writer believes that the biggest problem likely to confront the world before the end of the century ___.A.is difficult to foresee.B.will be how to feed the ever growing population.C.will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of the world.D.is the question of finding enough ground space.4.When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in the hottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to the fact that in these parts ___.A.standards of building are low.B.only minimum shelter will be possible.C.there is not enough ground space.D.the population growth will be the greatest.5.Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?A.Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B.Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused by millions of refugees.C.Hong Kong’s crisis was not only a matter of housing but included a number of other problems of population growth.D.Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problems encountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.答案：AABDD。

2015年6月英语六级阅读理解预测题及答案(1)

According to the latest research in the' United States of America, men and women talk such different languages that it is like people from two different cultures trying to communicate. Professor Deborah Tannen of Georgetown University, has noticed the difference in the style of boy's and girl's conversations from an early age. She says that little girls' conversation is less definite than boys' and expresses more doubts. Little boys use conversation to establish status with their listeners.These differences continue into adult life, she says. In public conversations, men talk most and interrupt other speakers more. In private conversations, men and women speak in equal amounts！although they say things in a different style. Professor Tannen believes that, for woman, private talking is a way to establish and test intimacy. For men, private talking is a way to explore the power structure of a relationship.Teaching is one job where the differences between men's and women's ways of talking show. When a man teaches a woman, says Professor Tannen, he wants to show that he has more knowledge, and hence more power in conversation. When a woman teaches another woman, however, she is more likely to take a sharing approach and to encourage her student to join in. But Professor Tannen does not believe that women are naturally more helpful. She says women feel they achieve power by being able to help others. Although the research suggests men talk and interrupt people more than women, Professor Tannen says, women actually encourage this to happen because they believe it will lead to more intimacy and help to establish a relationship.Some scientists who are studying speech think that the brain is pre?programmed for language. As we are usually taught to speak by women, it seems likely that the brain must have a sexual bias(買・來) in its programming,otherwise male speech patterns would not arise at all.1. In the opinion of the writer, women encourage men to talk becauseA. it will lead to more intimacy and help to establish a relationshipB. it will help to establish status with their listenersC. it will help to express more clearlyD. it will help to communicate better2. There are_______in little girls' conversation than in boys'.A. fewer doubtsB. more demandsC. more doubtsD. fewer uncertainties3. Some scientists believe that brain is pre-programmed for language. The word "pre programmed" means_______.A. programmed alreadyB. programmed before one is bornC. programmed earlyD. programmed by women4. In private conversation, women speakA. the same things as menB. less than menC. more than menD. as much as men5. The theme of this article is _______.A. women are naturally more helpfulB. men and women talk different languagesC. men talk most and interrupt other speakers moreD. little girls' conversation is less definite歌深基宛・1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. B。

大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(一)

大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(一)导读：本文大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(一)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

Section B Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to-it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Six Steps to Tackling Your Student Loans[A] Any payment is a good debt payment, but a strategy can be useful too-even if your strategy means opening the envelope.Open the envelope[B] This is the hardest thing to do. The bills come with the "Sallie Mae" or "Discover" logo on them and you toss them aside, hoping to deal with them when you feel less besieged (围攻). You know you started owing some amount- $20,000, $50,000, $100,000—and that the interest is piling up, but you don't know exactly how much or how. When faced with heavy debt, many people try to avoid seeing the numbers.[C] This doesn't work, even psychologically. Anyone who has let credit-card bills or mortgage bills pile up, 1reopened, knows that avoiding the envelope does not reduce your anxiety; it increases it. As those envelopes multiply, they take over your psychological state. In horror movies, it's like the monster in the room behind the door. You don't know what it looks like, but it keeps you scared and immobile. So,open the envelope.[D] Or, even better, log in online. All student loan providers have a web site where you can see what you owe, your interest rates, and your payment schedules. SallieMae. com is no-frills, but still allows you to see your loans on one screen, including your interest rates. Discover. corn also has a pretty basic site. Citibank has a more complex site. Get used to logging into these sites pretty often; ff you need motivation, think of it as visiting your money while it's in prison.[E] The websites all have one thing in common: they let you see how much you owe, and what your interest is, and they make it easy to pay-but they don't let you see how much your debt load is growing. This is a major motivating factor in paying down your loans. Identify your loans[F] Are your loans held by the federal government--usually through Sallie Mae--or through "private" lenders like Citibank or Discover? if you don't know who holds your loans, you can find out here, at the National Student Loan Data System.[G] Why do you need to know who holds your loans? This will make a difference to your payment options and your interest rates, if you have a federal loan, for instance, your interest rate is probably very low, around 32% ; ff you have private loans, the interest rates are likely to be much higher, around 48%. Federal loans also give you options like requesting forbearance (延期还贷) ff you're out of work or if your income is too low-handy for the times when you're down on your luck.Start seeing your debt in new ways[H] The websites of lenders are often limited and only have basic information. To really tackle your student loans, it can often be useful to visualize how muchprogress you're making. There are several ways to do that.[I] One really useful new free site is Tuition. io, which gathers information for all your loans in one place. You can see your debt in colorful charts, play around with repayment plans, and, once you start paying your loans, you can see the numbers start to fall. That can be very motivating.[J] For the same effect that you can customize yourself, try a Google Docs spreadsheet. There's a template that already exists for paying down loans; it has the unpromising title of "Loan amortization schedule by Vertex42. corn" but it has very handy calculators built in so that you can tweak your monthly payments to see how much progress you can make if you increase or decrease your payments in any given month. If you don't like that template, just create a Google Docs spreadsheet with the categories you need: date; loan name/number; loan interest rate; starting loan amount ( including how much you owe on that date) ; payment amount you made on that date; ending loan amount after that payment. After you have enough entries, you can start creating graphs; there are few things more satisfying than seeing that graph move downward as you pay off your debt.[K] If you want to see your loans in a larger context of your whole financial picture, LearnVest is a great mobile app for iPhone. It gathers all your information income, loans, credit card debt by linking to your accounts. It serves up useful graphs on your net worth, comparing your assets to what you owe -and there's nothing more motivating than seeing a "minus" sign next to your financial picture. LearnVest "also lets you track your spending, which may make it easier to see where to cut down on expenses so that you can put more into your loan payments. LearnVest also has agood website full of useful advice .Don't be afraid to scare yourself[L] Student loans can often be scary and that's Why you should slay them. The more you see how much you owe, and how fast your interest is rising, the more motivated you can be to fight back by paying those loans. One staffer, after she saw how much money she was wasting on interest payments, increased her student loan payments by $ 75 a month.[M] It can also be tempting to believe that your student debt is so big that nothing you do can ever make a dent in it. That's completely untrue. Only paying your loans will shrink them. It will take years, true. It will take even longer if you don't pay, or pay the minimum. There's only one outcome of shirking your loans: ending up with bigger loans. Then you're in an even bigger bind. No one is going to save you from student loans. Action counts.Choose a strategy [N] Any payment is a good payment, but a strategy can be very useful too. There are two aspects to loans :principal and interest .Principal is how much you've borrowed ,and the interest is what you're paying every month for the privilege of having borrowed that money. Your goal is to pay down as much of the principal as possible. Your chief enemy here is interest: it grows fast, and makes the principal recede more distantly.[O] So make sure you know the rank of your loans, in order from smallest to largest, and lowest interest to highest interest. Do whatever is possible to reduce the interest; as our columnist Helaine Olen points out, Sallie Mac offers you a 0. 25% reduction in your loan interest if you sign up for an automatic debit ( 借方) plan--just make sure the money is always going to be in your account. If you don't want to do that, follow Helaine's other piece of advice: you're smarter to pay off theloans with the higher interest rate flint. This will create the biggest impact. Another popular strategy is the "snowball" method, where you pay the most on the smallest debt owed. So if you have a $20,000 loan and a $10,000 loan, the "snowball" method means you will start paying more towards the $10,000 loan. You'll see it disappear faster. These two methods don't always go together; so try what feels comfortable. The important thing is to see and track your progress.[P] If your income isn't enough, consider other methods of producing money: side projects, odd jobs, or selling things you don't need on eBay or Craigslist. For those whose parents can afford it, working out a joint payment plan can make sense. One graduate we know struck a savvy (精明的) deal with his parents: if he made the minimum student loan payment every month, they would contribute $100 toward his student loans. That's $100 he doesn't have to cut from his own budget. As a benefit, making bigger payments will help you pay down the principal of the loan, since the minimum payments often only end up reducing your interest, which balloons back later. Even $ 50 more a month can help.[Q] Here's an example: if you have a $ 20,000 loan, with a 4.2% interest, rate, you will end up paying an extra $ 2,814 in interest alone over six and a half years. If you increase your payment by only $ 50 a month, you'll cut that interest by $ 500 ; ff you can find a way to pay $ I00 more a month, you'll save nearly $ 800 in interest. That's $ 800 more in the bank, and $ 800 less wanted on pointless interest payments.Take it in stride[R] Most Americans owe some form of debt; learning how to handle it is a lifelong process. Most of all, don't beat yourself up if you're not perfect at payingdown your loans. Some of the savviest financial players struggled for years with their own finances. We all learn in our own time and we rind what works for us and what doesn't. Accept your own progress.46. If you have a federal loan, you are allowed to pay back the loan later when you are fired.47. LearaVest informs you about your spending so that you can see where to save money to pay off your debt.48. Even for financial experts, financial problems may have taken them years to deal with.49. You are advised to start with the loans with the higher interest rate.50. Many Americans are in debt and learning how to handle it will take a lifetime.51. With Google Docs spreadsheet, you can create your own personalized debt graphs.52. If you don't have enough income, you are advised to try other ways of making money.53. Those student, loan providers' websites don't present the growth of your debt load.54. The result of inaction to your loans is to bring about bigger loans.55. When you toss away envelopes containing your bills, you actually feel more anxious about it.。

2015年6月12月英语六级阅读理解真题及答案(共六套)

2015年6月大学英语六级考试真题（第一套）Passage OneWhen the right person is holding the right job at the right moment, that person's influence is greatly expanded. That is the position in which Janet Yellen, who is expected to be confirmed as the next chair of the Federal Reserve Bank (Fed) in January, now finds herself. If you believe, as many do, that unemployment is the major economic and social concern of our day, then it is no stretch to think Yellen is the most powerful person in the world right now.Throughout the 2008 financial crisis and the recession and recovery that followed, central banks have taken on the role of stimulators of last resort, holding up the global economy with vast amounts of money in the form of asset buying. Yellen, previously a Fed vice chair, was one of the principal architects of the Fed's $3.8 trillion money dump. A star economist known for her groundbreaking work on labor markets, Yellen was a kind of prophetess early on in the crisis for her warnings about the subprime（次级债）meltdown. Now it will be her job to get the Fed and the markets out of the biggest and most unconventional monetary program in history without derailing the fragile recovery.The good news is that Yellen, 67, is particularly well suited to meet these challenges. She has a keen understanding of financial markets, an appreciation for their imperfections and a strong belief that human suffering was more related to unemployment than anything else.Some experts worry that Yellen will be inclined to chase unemployment to the neglect of inflation. But with wages still relatively flat and the economy increasingly divided between the well-off and the long-term unemployed, more people worry about the opposite, deflation（通货紧缩）that would aggravate the economy's problems.Either way, the incoming Fed chief will have to walk a fine line in slowly ending the stimulus. It must be steady enough to deflate bubbles（去泡沫）and bring markets back down to earth but not so quick that it creates another credit crisis.Unlike many past Fed leaders, Yellen is not one to buy into the finance industry's argument that it should be left alone to regulate itself. She knows all along the Fed has been too slack on regulation of finance.Yellen is likely to address the issue right after she pushes unemployment below 6%, stabilizes markets and makes sure that the recovery is more inclusive and robust. As Princeton Professor Alan Blinder says, "She's smart as a whip, deeply logical, willing to argue but also a good listener. She can persuade without creating hostility."All those traits will be useful as the global economy's new power player takes on its most annoying problems.56. What do many people think is the biggest problem facing Janet Yellen?A) Lack of money. B) Subprime crisis. C) Unemployment. D) Social instability.57. What did Yellen help the Fed do to tackle the 2008 financial crisis?A) Take effective measures to curb inflation. B) Deflate the bubbles in the American economy.C) Formulate policies to help financial institutions. D) Pour money into the market through asset buying.58. What is a greater concern of the general public?A) Recession. B) Deflation. C) Inequality. D) Income.59. What is Yellen likely to do in her position as the Fed chief?A) Develop a new monetary program. B) Restore public confidence.C) Tighten financial regulation. D) Reform the credit system.60. How does Alan Blinder portray Yellen?A) She possesses strong persuasive power. C) She is one of the world's greatest economists.B) She has confidence in what she is doing. D) She is the most powerful Fed chief in history.Passage TwoAir pollution is deteriorating in many places around the world. The fact that public parks in cities become crowded as soon as the sun shines proves that people long to breathe in green, open spaces. They do not all know what they are seeking but they flock there, nevertheless. And, in these surroundings, they are generally both peaceful and peaceable. It is rare to see people fighting in a garden. Perhaps struggle unfolds first, not at an economic or social level, but over the appropriation of air, essential to life itself. If human beings can breathe and share air, they don't need to struggle with one another.Unfortunately, in our western tradition, neither materialist nor idealist theoreticians give enough consideration to this basic condition for life. As for politicians, despite proposing curbs on environmental pollution, they have not yet called for it to be made a crime. Wealthy countries are even allowed to pollute if they pay for it.But is our life worth anything other than money? The plant world shows us in silence what faithfulness to life consists of. It also helps us to a new beginning, urging us to care for our breath, not only at a vital but also at a spiritual level. The interdependence to which we must pay the closest attention is that which exists between ourselves and the plant world. Often described as "the lungs of the planet", the woods that cover the earth offer us the gift of breathable air by releasing oxygen. But their capacity to renew the air polluted by industry has long reached its limit. If we lack the air necessary for a healthy life, it is because we have filled it with chemicals and undercut the ability of plants to regenerate it. As we know, rapid deforestation combined with the massive burning of fossil fuels is an explosive recipe for an irreversible disaster.The fight over the appropriation of resources will lead the entire planet to hell unless humans learn to share life, both with each other and with plants. This task is simultaneously ethical and political because it can be discharged only when each takes it upon herself or himself and only when it is accomplished together with others. The lesson taught by plants is that sharing life expands and enhances the sphere of the living, while dividing life into so-called natural or human resources diminishes it. We must come to view the air, the plants and ourselves as the contributors to the preservation of life and growth, rather than a web of quantifiable objects or productive potentialities at our disposal. Perhaps then we would finally begin to live, rather than being concerned with bare survival.61. What does the author assume might be the primary reason that people would struggle with each other?A) To get their share of clean air. B) To pursue a comfortable life.C) To gain a higher social status. D) To seek economic benefits.62. What does the author accuse western politicians of?A) Depriving common people of the right to clean air.B) Giving priority to theory rather than practical action.C) Offering preferential treatment to wealthy countries.D) Failing to pass laws to curb environmental pollution.63. What does the author try to draw our closest attention to?A) The massive burning of fossil fuels. B) Our relationship to the plant world.C) The capacity of plants to renew polluted air.D) Large-scale deforestation across the world.64. How can human beings accomplish the goal of protecting the planet according to the author?A) By showing respect for plants. B) By preserving all forms of life.C) By tapping all natural resources. D) By pooling their efforts together.65. What does the author suggest we do in order not just to survive?A) Expand the sphere of living. B) Develop nature's potentials.C) Share life with nature. D) Allocate the resources.答案解析56．【定位】NN-P0的many people和the biggest『c)[解析l细节辨认题。

2015年英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(6)

46．what will be the consequence of his direct study of raw chemical components?如果他直接研究原材料的化学成分又会是什么结果呢?47．What we really need for survival is the nutritional elements of food instead of the food itself．人们真正需要的不是食物本身，而是食物能带给我们的营养成分。

48．The concept of life hacking is to encourage people to live reasonably and to be yourself．生活黑客的概念鼓励人们合理生活、勇做自己。

49．Soylent is not prepared for our Sunday potlucks，but an alternative options for junk food．Soylent不是为我们的周末聚餐而准备的，而是垃圾食品的备选项。

50．Rent is definitely a cost you paid without the possibility ofregain．租金的确是一项支付了就没法再获得的支出。

51．I feel that I have become a man who could not be better than before in physical condition．我觉得我的身体状况比起以前来，好得不能再好了。

52．Soylent has predicted the bleak future offood，the end offood．Soylent预示着食物的未来不容乐观，甚至是食物的终结。

53．Food is trouble．making and time．consuming．食物很麻烦和费时。

2015大学英语六级阅读理解练习题

2015大学英语六级阅读理解练习题Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language; but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this， some obvious，some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce， and consequently neverset about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill—one that needs careful training of a special kind， and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language，while recognizing the importance of a good accent， tend to neglect， in their practical teaching， the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this， and should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So， there should be occasions when other aspects of English， such as grammar or spelling， are allowed for the moment to take second place.Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation， there are two other requirements for the teacher： the first， knowledge; the second， technique.It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech， and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible inthis way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages， between the speech habits of English people and those， say， of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture， any comments he may make on his students‘ pronunciation are unlik ely to be of much use， and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.26. What does the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign languages?A. Only a few people are really proficient.B. No one is really an expert in the skill.C. There aren’t many people who are even fairly good.D. There are even some people who are moderately proficient.27. The writer argues that going about the problem of pronunciation in the wrong way isA. an obvious cause of not grasping the problem correctlyB. a fundamental consequence of not speaking wellC. a consequence of not grasping the problem correctlyD. not an obvious cause of speaking poorly28. The best way of learning to speak a foreign language， he suggests， is by_______.A. picking it up naturally as a childB. learning from a native speakerC. not concentrating on pronunciation as suchD. undertaking systematic work29. The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends upon_______.A. how closely he attends to the matterB. whether it is English that is being taughtC. his teacher‘s approach to pronunciationD. the importance normally given to grammar and spelling30. How might the teacher find himself wasting lesson time?A. By spending lesson time on pronunciation.B. By making ill-informed comments upon pronunciation.C. By not using books on phonetics in the classroom.D. By not giving students a clear mental picture of the difference between sounds.答案：26. C 27. C 28. D 29. C。

大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配习题

大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配习题大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配习题It's Time to Pay Attention to SleepA. After being diagnosed with brain and lung cancer in 2011, Lynn Mitchell, 68, was averaging about an hour of solid sleep a night. Stressed about her treatments, she was paying for it in hours of lost sleep.B. The brain cancer was already affecting her mobility--Mitchell was often dizzy and would lose her balance--but the lack of sleep made things worse. Even walking became increasingly difficult.Exhausted in the mornings, she was practically incoherent (精神恍惚). When her doctors recommend she see a sleep therapist, Mitchell was relieved at how benign it sounded in comparison to the chemotherapy (化学疗法)she had undergone and the gene therapy trial she was undergoing, which had side effects like nausea and fatigue.C. For about nine weeks, Mitchell worked with the sleep therapist to adjust her sleep habits. She went to bed only when she was extremely fired. She quit watching TV in bed. She stopped drinking caffeinated (含咖啡因的) coffee in the evening. She also learned breathing exercises to relax and help her fall asleep. It was all quite simple and common sense, and most importantly, noninvasive and didn't require taking any pills.D. "It's common knowledge that sleep is needed for day to day function," says Dr. David Rapoport, director of the Sleep Medicine Program at NYU School of Medicine. "What isn't common knowledge is that it really matters--it's not just cosmetic." Rapoport has long seen people seek sleep therapybecause they're chronically fired or suffering from insomnia, but an increasing number of patients are being referred to his center for common diseases, disorders, and mental health.E. Researchers have known for some time that sleep is critical for weight maintenance and hormone balance. And too little sleep is linked to everything from diabetes (糖尿病) to heart disease to depression. Recently, mounting evidence indicates that sleep plays a role in nearly every aspect of health. Beyond chronic illnesses, a child's behavioral problems at school could be rooted in mild sleep apnea (呼吸暂停). And studies have shown children with ADHD (注意力缺陷多动症) are more likely to get insufficient sleep. A recent study published in the journal SLEEP found a link between older men with poor sleep quality and cognitive decline. Another study shows sleep is essential in early childhood for development, learning, and the formation and retention of memories.F. But to many of us, sleep is easily sacrificed, especially since lack of it isn't seen as life threatening.Over time, sleep deprivation can have serious consequences, but we mostly sacrifice a night of sleep here and there, and always say that we'll "catch up." Luckily, it is possible to make up for sleep debt (though it can take a very long time), but most Americans are still chronically sleep deprived.G. While diet and exercise have been a part of public health messaging for decades, doctors and health advocates are now beginning to argue that getting quality sleep may be just as important for overall health. "Sleep is probably easier to change than diet or exercise," says Dr. Michael Grandner , a sleep researcher at the University of Pennsylvania. "It may also give you more of an immediate reward if it helps you get through yourday." Sleep experts claim that it is one of the top three, and sometimes the most, important lifestyle adjustments one can make, in addition to diet and exercise. And while there's more evidence linking diet and exercise as influential health factors, sleep is probably more important in terms of brain and hormonal function. "Among a small group of sleep researchers, it's always been said that eating, exercise, and sleep are the three pillars of health," says Dr. Rapoport.H. In our increasingly professional and digital lives, carving out time for sleep is not only increasingly difficult, but also more necessary. Using technology before bed stimulates us and interferes with our sleep, yet 95% of Americans use some type of electronics like a computer, TV, or cell phone at least a few nights a week within the hour before we go to bed, according to a 2011 National Sleep Foundation survey. "Many doctors, lawyers, and executives stay up late and get up early and bum the candle at both ends," says Dr. Richard Lang, chair of Preventative Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic. "Making sure they pay attention to sleep in the same way they pay attention to diet and exercise is crucial."I. To some, sleep has become a powerful cure to mental health. Arianna Huffington, president and editor-in-chief of the Huffington Post Media Group, advocates that sleep is the secret to success, happiness, and peak performance. After passing out a few years ago from exhaustion and cracking a cheekbone against her desk, Huffington has become something of a sleep evangelist (传道者). In a 2010 TED Women conference, Huffington said, "The way to a more productive, more inspired, more joyful life is getting enough sleep." Research linking high-quality sleep with better mental health is growing; a 2013 study found that treating depressed patients for insomnia can double theirlikelihood of overcoming the disorder.J. While 70% of physicians agree that inadequate sleep is a major health problem, only 43% counsel their patients on the benefits of adequate sleep. But there's growing pressure on primary care physicians to address, and even prescribe, sleep during routine check-ups. In a recent study published in the journal The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, the researchers concluded that health professionals should prescribe sleep to prevent and treat metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes.K. On the other hand, overlooking sleep as a major health issue can also have deadly consequences. It was recently reported that the operator of the Metro-North train that derailed in New York last year, killing four people and injuring more than 70, had an undiagnosed case of sleep apnea.L. Sleep therapies can range from simply learning new lifestyle behaviors to promote sleep, to figuring out how to position oneself in bed. More drastic measures involve surgery to open up an airway passage for people suffering from disorders like sleep apnea. Sleeping pills can be prescribed too, to get much needed rest, but sleep therapists tend to favor other approaches because of possible dependencies developing.M. A large part of reaping the benefits of sleep is known when you're not getting the right amount.According to a 2013 Gallup survey, 40% of Americans get less than the recommended seven to eight hours a night. While the typical person still logs about 6.8 hours of sleep per night, that's a drop from the 7.9 Americans were getting in the 1940s.N. When it comes to adequate sleep, it's much more personalized than previously thought. Some people feel great on five hours of rest, while others need ten. The best way todetermine if you're getting the right amount, doctors say, is to find out how many hours of sleep you need to be able to wake up without an alarm and feel rested, refreshed, and energetic throughout the day.O. Since reforming her sleep habits, Mitchell has been clocking up to seven hours of shuteye a night for the past two months. "I'm alert in the morning, my balance is better, and I feel more energetic," says Mitchell. Getting enough sleep has helped her better deal with her cancers, and its symptoms. The best news is that she recently found out that her brain tumor is shrinking, and there are fewer cancerous spots on her lungs.46. According to Rapoport, people fail to fully realize the importance of sleep.47. The amount of time for an adequate sleep actually varies from person to person, and thus relies on personal judgment.48. The positive role of sleep therapy in treating depression indicates that sleep also contributes to mental health.49. Compared to the sleep therapy, the other therapies that Mitchell has to go through have some negative side effects.50. Now work and electronic products may play a role in depriving Americans of time for sleep.51. Mitchell has benefited much from sleep therapy in the fight against her brain and lung cancers.52. Among the various methods in sleep therapy, sleeping pills are usually the last choice by health professionals.53. It is recommended that physicians should adopt sleep asa way to prevent or treat some illnesses.54. It is now argued that high-quality sleep is no less important than diet and exercise in affecting health.55. Recent studies show that sleep is related to thebehavioral problems of the kids and the cognitive abilities of the old.答案与解析：46. D. According to Rapoport，people fail to fully realize the importance of sleep.根据拉波波特的观点，人们没有充分意识到睡眠的重要性。

六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(八)

六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(八)导读：本文六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(八)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Save for College[ A ] In this article, we'll look at the rules for 529 Qualified State Tuition Plans. We'll explore the difference between this savings vehicle and some of the other traditional education savings methods and see why this plan is the best yet !The cost of college[ B ] You may never have thought you could get excited about big sums of money you won't be spending on yourseff until you read about this new college savings plan. The 529 plan offers the most painless way to save money for higher education to date. And ff the child decides not to go to college, you can roll it over to someone else that does want to go, including yourself! The 529 Plan is a savings plan for college education. You have a couple of options when you open an account.* One option lets you prepay tuition at a qualified educational institution at today's tuition rates.* Another option lets you save money in a tax deferred account ( earnings only) to be used to pay for education at future tuition rates.[C] The idea, with either option, is that the investment earnings will grow to meet the higher costs of future education. The savings account option is typically considered the more attractive of the two and is what we will focus on in this article. The 529 plan is a state sponsored investment program. That is, the state sets up the plan with an asset management company of its choice, and you open a 529 account with that asset management company according to the state's predetermined plan features. You are the owner of the account, and the child for whom the account is set up is the beneficiary (收益人). You won't deal directly with the state, but rather with the asset management/investment company.State-to-state variations[D] Because each state can control some of the features of its own plan, there are variations from state to state. Most plans follow the same general scheme (and federal requirements), but make sure you compare plans among states other than your own. Most states don't require residency in order to participate, so shop around different states for the best deal.The benefits: tax treatment．[E] All of the account's earnings are exempt from federal tax when they are withdrawn if they are used for qualified education expenses. This means that, unlike the taxes you have to pay on earnings from regular stock investments, you won't pay any tax on the 529 account earnings unless you end up using the money for something other than higher education. Earnings are currently tax deferred in moststates, as well.[F] A break on the earnings tax isn't the only tax advantage, either. Although your contributions aren't pre-tax ( you pay state and federal tax on the money you put into the account), there are some states that let you deduct a portion of your contributions from your state taxes. More states will probably follow suit in the coming years.The benefits: account control[G] Unlike Education Savings Accounts ( ESA．, the account owner always has control of the money. This helps lessen that parental anxiety that the juniorwill take the money and tour Europe or buy a Porsche instead of going to college. There are no restrictions on who can open an account for whom.You can open an account for your child, a friend's child, a relative, the paper boy, or even yourself.The benefits: income eligibility[H] Did you know that with an ESA, you aren't eligible to contribute if you make more than $ ll0,0OO per year ( $ 220,000 for married couples)? Unlike ESA, your income does not affect your eligibility to open a 529 account. Contributions to 529 plans also qualify for the $11,000 ( $ 22,000 for married couples in 2002 ) annual gift tax exclusion. You can also contribute up to five years of gifts during the first year, meaning you can put in up to $55,000 ( $110,000 for married couples). This is a great benefit in situations where inheritance money enters the picture. Your account can grow up to $ 268,000 in some states. You can contribute as little as $ 25 to $ 50 per month.The benefits: how the money can be used[ I ] In most states, there is no age limit or time limit for when the money has to be used. Your child can put off college indefinitely, in which case you have the option of rolling the account over to another child as long as that child is in the same family of the first beneficiary. In case you're wondering just who is considered "family", the plan defines family members as "the original beneficiary's spouse, children, sisters, brothers, nephews, nieces, first cousins, and any spouses of those persons. "[J] Your child can go to any accredited (官方认可的) degree granting educational institution, whether it is public, private, two-year, or four:year. There are even some international schools that qualify. In most states, qualified education costs include tuition, books, room, board, transportation, and even computers. In the event that your child gets a scholarship, then the remainder of the 529 account can be rolled over to another sibling ( or relative), or it can be cashed out with no penalty other than the tax paid ( at your rate) on the earnings. The same rule applies in the event of the child's death or disability.The benefits: investment control[K] If the thought of turning over your hard earned money to the state makes you a little uneasy, rest assured that the state doesn't control your money. In fact, most states are signing on with well known, successful investment companies such as TIAA CREF, Vanguard and Fidelity. The number and types of investment options vary by state, and once you select your option you can't change it.You can, however, roll your money over into another state's plan if you're not happy with your chosen investment option. There is no penalty to roll the money over into another state's plan, and you can do it once every 12 months. Most states have no residence requirementfor their 529 plans.[L] Many plans are also offering investment choices that are age-based. This means that if you're starting early, perhaps when your child is age one to three, the investments can begin aggressively in stocks then gradually shift to bonds and money market accounts as your child gets closer to college age.Some state plans offer several levels of options for aggressive, moderate and conservative investments.[M] If you can't reach the risk level you want in one plan, you can always open a second 529 account in the same or another state. You can have as many accounts as you want and can also contribute to both a 529 plan and an ESA. That way, you can diversify your investments in the event that the plan doesn't offer the investment mix you would like.46. If a child fail to use the 529 plan savings for college, the money can be transferred to another child in the family.47. In order to select the most favorable 529 plan, you'd better compare plans in other states.48. Transferring the money into another state's 529 plan is limited to once every 12 months.49. The state makes out the plan and assigns an asset management company in the 529 plan.50. The 529 account owner always controls the money to avoid spending on other things.51. The 529 plan aims at helping to save money for higher education.52. Your 529 account investment can be graded into three risk levels as aggressive,moderate and conservative.53. You don't need to pay tax for the 529 plan earnings if you use it for higher education.54. The 529 plan doesn't impose strict regulations on the income of applicants.55. ff your child gets a scholarship, the rest of 529 account can be either cashed out or given to another sibling or relative.。

2015年英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习

2015年英语四级长篇阅读段落信息匹配题练习Section BDirections：In this section，you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Driver’s License Test TipsA.This article will provide you with some simple tips for passing your driver’s license test.Adequate preparation is absolutely essential，without which any number of driver’s license test tips will be redundant.B.Getting a driver’s license is a big step in anyone’s life.It gives an individual the luxury to drive a car anytime he or she pleases，as driving without passing a driver’s license test is against the law.For some people，the stress can be too much to handle and as a result they may mess up on the driver’s license test.There are some simple driver’s license test tips that anyone canfollow,to be assured of passing the test and getting their driver’s license.C.The most important of all the tips for passing your driver’s license test is to be prepared.This can only be achieved by you through hours and hours of sincere and diligent practice.If you are not sufficiently prepared for your driver’s license test，all the driver’s license tips for passing your driver’slicense test will be utterly pointless and redundant.You can read as many drivers’license test tips as you want，but if you are not practicing enough，then all these driving test tips will be in vain.Enroll ing yourself in driving schools is advisable for this purpose.D.Now，if you’re wondering how to prepare for your driving test，the first thing you need to know is what the driving test instructors and officials are going to be looking for.The following are the qualities that the instructors will be on the lookout for and also the parameters that the scoring will be conducted on.E)Starting the vehicle：The instructor will be observing you right from the time you start the vehicle.He will note if you tum your head to look back and if you follow all the safety regulations that are required to befollowed while starting a vehicle.Here are some tips on learning to drive a car.F)Control of the vehicle：He will pay close attention to how much control you actually have over the vehicle.Your abilities with the gas pedal，the brake，the steering wheel and other controls will be scrutinized.G)Steering：Not many road test tips stress on the importance of steering.This quality is closely analyzed by the instructor and obviously if your steering is wayward(任性的)，the chances of passing the driver’s license test are very slim.H)Driving in traffic：Keeping calm and avoiding panic attacks while driving in traffic is of utmost importance.Many people get extremely stressed and nervous，when they are in the midst of traffic and one of the very crucial tips to pass road test for driv er’s license is to stay calm and compos ed when driving in traffic.Also read more on road safety and car safety.I)Traffic signs and lane discipline：This is another area that the instructors will be rating you on.Your ability to observe lane discipline and your recognition of the various traffic signs plays a major role in your passing the test.Keep these driver’s license test tips in mind to pass the test in your veryfirst attempt.J)Stopping：Stopping the car smoothly and at the right place is a critical skill to have.When the in. structor asks you to stop the car，the timing，the positioning and the technique of doing so are important driving test tips to bear in mind.K)Backing up and distance judgment：Your backing up skills and your ability to judge the distances between your vehicle and other entities will also be carefully scrutinized.If you cannot back up your vehicle satisfactorily ,parking would be very troublesome for you and a major source of hazard to you and to others around you.L)Hill parking：One of the essential tips for passing your driver’s license test is to master the art of hill parking.This is not as easy as it seems and can become a major source of anxiety in a driver.If you can display good skills at hill parking，it proves that you have developed good control over the vehicle.M)Arm signals and driving etiquette：Another aspect that you will be judged on is your efficiency at giving the right arm signals at the right time.Your respect for other drivers on the road and the amount of courtesy you show them also plays a part in yo ur final rating on the driver’s license test.Read more about defensive driving techniques and tips anddefensive driving courses.N)Drivers who are well aware and informed about all the rules and regulations that need to be followed have a beRer chance of clearing their driver’s license test.The primary goal of these driver，slicense test tips is to instill(慢慢灌输)a responsible and mature frame of mind in every individual.These road test tips will be pointless unless you develop a calm demeanor and tmless you are aware of all the rules that must be followed while driving.O)Here are a few more basic drivers’license test tips that you should keep in mind when vou，re leaming how to prepare for your driving test.Always use the restroom before your test begins.Not doing so will cause more anxiety during the test.Memorize all the traffic signs and their significance well in advance before the e your rear view mirrors efficiently and regularly.Ensure that you are well on time for your test and are carrying all the required documents and paperwork.Get adequate sleep the previous night and do not give the test with an empty stomach.Stick to the permitted speed limit.Do not drive too fast and do not drive too slow either.P)Passing a driver’s license test is not simple and unless you are well versed in driver education.You could face a lotof difficulties.At the end of the day,remember that the instructors also want you to pass the test，so do your best to stay calm and composed and believe in your ability to pass the test.This cannot be reinstated enough，but the key to passing your driver’s license test is practice.46.According to this article，the importance of steering is emphasized by not many road test tips.47.Your timing，positioning and technique should be considered by yourself when you stoD your test car.48.Some people may fail their driver’s license tests because they have too much stress.49.Hill parking as one of the essential tips for your license test seems easV.50.The tips in this article primarily aimed at instillinga responsible and mature frame of mind in you.51.In order to pass your driver’s license test.you should practice.52.Your driver’s license test begins in practice when you start your test car.53.During the preparation process，a few more basic tipsshould be kept in mind.54.You should sleep adequately the night before your test.55.A lot of difficulties could be faced if you are not well versed in driver education.。

12月英语六级真题及答案长篇阅读

12月英语六级真题及答案长篇阅读2015年12月英语六级真题及答案（长篇阅读）Section BFirst-Generation College-Goers: Unprepared and BehindKids who are the first in their families to brave the world of higher education come on campus with little academic know-how and are much more likely than their peers to drop out before graduation.A) When Nijay Williams entered college last fall as a fires-generation student and Jamaican immigrant, he was academically unprepared for the rigors of higher education. Like many first-generation student, he enrolled in a medium-sized state university many of his high school peers were also attending, received a Pell Grant, and board and the closeness of the school to his family, he chose to live at home and worded between 30 and 40 hours a week while taking a full class schedule.B) What Nijay didn't realize about his school—Tennessee State University—was its frighteningly low graduation rate: a mere 29 percent for its first-generation students. At the end of his first year, Nijay lost his Pell Grant of over $5,000 after narrowly missing the 2.0 GPA cut-off, making it impossible for him to continue paying for school.C) Nijay represents a large and growing group of Americans: first-generation college students who enter school unprepared or behind. To make matters worse, these schools are ill-equipped to graduate these students—young adults who face specific challenges and obstacles. They typically carry financial burdens that outweigh those of their peers, are more likely to work while attending school, and often require significant academicremediation(补习).D) Matt Rubinoff directs I'm First, a nonprofit organization launched last October to reach out to this specific population of students. He hopes to distribute this information and help prospective college-goers find the best post-secondary fit. And while Rubinoff believes there are a good number of four-year schools that truly care about these students and set aside significant resources and programs for them, he says that number isn't high enough.E) "It's not only the selective and elite institutions that provide those opportunities for a small subset of this population," Rubinoff said, adding that a majority of first-generation under graduates tend toward options such as online programs, two-year colleges, and commuter stand schools. "Unfortunately, there tends to be a lack of information and support to help students think bigger and broader."F) Despite this problem, many students are still drawn to these institutions—and two-year schools in particular. As a former high school teacher, I saw students choose familiar, cheaper options year after year. Instead of skipping out on higher education altogether, they chose community colleges or state schools with low bars for admittance.G) "They underestimate themselves when selecting a university," said Dave Jarrat, a marketing executive for Inside Track, a for-profit organization that specializes in coaching low-income students and supporting colleges in order to help students thrive. "The reality of it is that a lot of low-income kids could be going to elite universities on a full ride scholarship and don't even realize it."H) "Many students are coming from a situation where no onearound them has the experience of successfully completing higher education, so they are coming in questioning themselves and their college worthiness," Jarrat continued. That helps explain why, as I'm First's Rubinoff indicated, the schools to which these students end up resorting can end up being some of the poorest matches for them. The University of Tennessee and Tennessee State are worth comparing. Tennessee State's overall graduation rate is a tiny 39 percent, but at least it has a smaller gap between the outcomes for first-generation students and those of their peers.I) Still, the University of Tennessee deserves credit for being transparent. Many large institutions keep this kind of data secret—or at least make it incredibly difficult to find. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, for instance, admits only that the graduation rate for its first-generation pupils is "much lower" than the percentage of all students who graduate within four years (81 percent).J) It is actually quite difficult to find reliable statisties on the issue for many schools. Higher education institutions are, under federal law, required to report graduation rates, but these reports typically only include Pell recipient numbers—not necessarily rates specific to first-generation students. Other initiatives fail to break down the data, too. Imagine how intimidating it can be for prospective students unfamiliar with the complexities of higher education to navigate this kind of information and then identify which schools are the best fit.K) It was this lack of information that prompted the launch of I'm First in 2013, originally as an arm of its umbrella organization, the Center For Student Opportunity. "If we can help to direct students to more of these types of campuses and helpstudents to understand them to be realistic and accessible places, have them apply to these schools at greater frequency and ultimately get in and enroll, we are going to raise the success rate,"Rubinoff said, citing a variety of colleges ranging from large state institutions to smaller private schools.L) Chelsea Jones, who now directs student programming at I'm First, was a first-generation college student at Howard. Like other student new to the intimidating higher-education world, she often struggled on her path to college. "There wasn't really a college-bound culture at my high school," she said. "I want to go to college but I didn't really know the process." Jones became involved with a college-access program through Princeton University in high school. Now she attributes much of her understanding of college to that:" But once I got to campus, it was a completely different ball game that no one really prepared me for."M) She was fortunate, though. Howard, a well-regarded historically black college, had an array of resources for its first-generation students, including matching kids with counselors, connecting first-generation students to one another, and TRIO, a national program that supported 200 students on Howard's campus. Still, Jones represents a small percentage of first-generation students who are able to gain entry into more elite universities, which are often known for robust financial aid packages and remarkably high graduation rates for first-generation students. (Harvard, for example, boasts a six-year graduation rate for underrepresented minority groups of 98 percent.)N) Christian Vazquez, a first-generation Tale graduate, is another exception, his success story setting him far apart fromstudents such as Nijay. "There is a lot of support at Yale, to an extent, after a while, there is too much support." he said, half-joking about the countless resources available at the school. Students are placed in small groups with counselors (trained seniors on campus); they have access to cultural and ethnic affinity(联系)groups, tutoring centers and also have a summer orientation specifically for first-generation students (the latter being one of the most common programs for students).O) "Our support structure was more like:' You are going to get through Yale; you are going to do well.'" he said, hinting at mentors(导师),staff, and professors who all provided significant support for students who lacked confidence about "belonging" at such a top institution.46.【题干】Many first-generation college-goers have doubts about their abilities to get a college degree.【答案】H【解析】H段第一句"Many students are coming from a situation where no one around them has the experience of successfully completing higher education, so they are coming in questioning themselves and their college worthiness,"47.【题干】First-generation college students tend to have much heavier financial burdens than their peers.【答案】C【解析】C段最后一句话They typically carry financial burdens that outweigh those of their peers, are more likely to work while attending school, and often require significant academic remediation(补习).48.【题干】The graduation rate of first-generation students at Nijay's university was incredibly low.【答案】B【解析】B段第一句What Nijay didn't realize about his school—Tennessee State University—was its frighteningly low graduation rate.49.【题干】Some top institutions like Yale seem to provide first-generation students with more support than they actually need.【答案】N【解析】"There is a lot of support at Yale, to an extent, after a while, there is too much support." he said, half-joking about the countless resources available at the school.50.【题干】On entering college, Nijay Williams had no idea how challenging college education was.【答案】A【解析】A段第一句When Nijay Williams entered college last fall as a fires-generation student and Jamaican immigrant, he was academically unprepared for the rigors of higher education.51.【题干】Many universities simply refuse to release their exact graduation rates for first-generation students.【答案】J【解析】J段第一句It is actually quite difficult to find reliable statistics on the issue for many schools.52.【题干】According to a marketing executive, many students from low-income families dot's know they could have a chance of going to an elite university.【答案】G【解析】G段最后一句"The reality of it is that a lot of low-income kids could be going to elite universities on a full ride scholarship and don't even realize it."53.【题干】Some elite university attach great importance to building up the first-generation students' self-confidence.【答案】O【解析】O段最后一句hinting at mentors(导师),staff, and professors who all provided significant support for students who lacked confidence about "belonging" at such a top institution.54.【题干】I'm First distributes information to help first-generation college-goers find schools that are most suitable for them.【答案】D【解析】D段第一句提到了First，随后He hopes to distribute this information and help prospective college-goers find the best post-secondary fit.也可以看出和题干匹配。

2015年英语四级长篇阅读匹配练习题(7)

laws and inefficient courts．由于其错误百出的商法和低效率的法庭，中国和印度完全没有竞争力。

【解析】E) 根据题目中同时出现的China，competition和India可以将答案定位在E段的额句首。

竞争通常是无力的：中国的多数商法是由中共官员所撰写，并且错误百出，即使印度已经大量引进了英国普通法，他们的法庭是出名的没效率。

由此可知本题为此句的句意压缩型同义转换。

故选E）47．The exorbitant privilege of issuing world’s“reserve law”make American and Britain the absolute winners in global business resorting to their laws．英美可以制定世界“储备法”的过分特权使其在国际贸易中成为绝对的赢家，他们的法律是完成国际贸易的依据。

【解析】B) 题中的exorbitant privilege和reserve law就是该题的题眼，由此答案锁定在B段。

美国从发行世界储备货币中受益，因此，他和其起前殖民宗主国英国都在享受着凌驾于世界“储备法”之上的特权。

国家贸易多以英美法律为据，这表明该题目为此段落的句意总结。

故选B)48．On the contrary,domestic arbitration is considered as legal standards to be adopted immediately．相反地，国内仲裁被看作是合法的标准，应该立刻被采纳。

49．America and Britain mostly gain profits from their leading role in providing legal rulings．英美大部分的收益源于其在提供合法裁决方面的领先地位。

50．The lawyers，middlemen ofrich world，took a share of spoils in the deal．作为发达国家的中间人，律师也在这次交易中分得一杯羹。

2015年12月英语六级阅读真题及答案

2015年12⽉英语六级阅读真题及答案第⼀套：第⼆套第三套选词填空 As it is，sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge on Plus， we live in a culturethat（36） to the late neighter， from 24 hour grocery store to ? shopping site that never close。

It’s no surprise，then， that more than half of American adults get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as （37）by sleep experts。

Whether or not we can catch up on sleep on the weekend， say- is a hotly （38） among sleep researchers。

The latest evidence suggests that while it isn’t （39）， it might ? when Liu， the UCLA sleep researcher and professor of medicine，brought （40） sleep-rest people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they lagged about 10 hours per night。

showed （41）in the ability of insulin（胰岛素） to process blood sugar。

That suggests up sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep （42） causes， which is encouraging ? given how many adults don’t get the hours they need each night。

CET6长篇阅读(段落匹配)练习题(一).doc

CET6长篇阅读（段落匹配）练习题（一）Passage OneEarthquakesA）An earthquake is one of the most terrifying phenomena that nature can dish up. We generally think of the ground we stand on as "rock-sol id" and completely stable・ An earthquake can shatter （粉碎）that perception instantly, and often with extreme violence・B） Up until relatively recently, scientists only had unproven guesses as to what actually caused earthquakes. Even today there is still a certain amount of mystery surrounding them, but scientists have a much clearer understanding・ There has been enormous progress in the past century. Scientists have identified the forces that cause earthquakes, and developed technology that can tell us an earthquake^ s magnitude and origin. The next hurdle is to find a way of predicting earthquakes, so they don't catch people by surprise- Tn this article, we' 11 find out what causes earthquakes, and we，11 also find out why they can have such a devastating effect on us.C）An earthquake is a vibrati or）（震动）that travels through the earth's crust. Technically, a large truck that rumbles down the street is causing a mini-earthquake, if you feel your house shaking as it goes by; but we tend to think of earthquakes as events that affect a fairly large area, such as an entire city. Al 1 kinds of things can cause earthquakes: volcanic eruptions, meteor（流星）impacts, underground explosions （an underground nuclear test, for example）, collapsing structures （such as a collapsing mine）. But the majority of naturally-occurring earthquakes are caused by movements of the earth's plates・D）We only hear about earthquakes in the news every once in a whi1e, but they are actual 1y an everyday occurrenee on our planet. According to the United States Geological Survey, more than 3 mil 1 ion earthquakes occur every year. That's about 8,000 a day, or one every 11 seconds! The vast majority of these 3 million quakes are extremely weak・ The law of probability also causes a good number of stronger quakes to happe n in unin habited places where no ono feels them ・ It is the bigquakes that occur in highly populated areas that get our attention.E）Earthquakes have caused a great deal of property damage over the years, and they have claimed many lives. In the last hundred years alone, there have been more than 1.5 million earthquake-related fatalities・ Usually, it，s not the shaking ground itself that claims lives; it's the associated destruction of man-made structures and other natural disasters it causes, such as tsunamis, avalanches（雪崩）and Iandslides・F）The biggest scientific breakthrough in the history of seismology一the study of earthquakes一came in the middle of the 20th century, with the development of the theory of plate tectonics （筑造学）.Scientists proposed the idea of plate tectonics to explain a number of peculiar phenomena on earth, such as the apparent movement of continents over time, the clustering of volcanic activity in certain areas and the presenee of huge ridges at the bottom of the ocean.G）The basic theory is that the surface layer of the earth一the lithosphere一is comprised of many plates that slide over the lubricating（润滑的）asthenosphere layer. At the boundaries between these huge plates of soil and rock, three different things can happen.H）Plates can move apart. Tf two plates are moving apart from each other, hot, molten rock flows up from the layers of man tie below the lithosphere ・ This magma comes out on the surface （mostly at the bottom of the ocean）, where it is called 1 ava（熔岩）.As the lava cools, it hardens to form new 1 ithosphere material, filling in the gap. This is called a divergent plate boundary.I）Plates can push together. If the two plates are moving toward each other, one plate typically pushes un der the other one. This plate be 1 ow sinks into the lower man tie layers, where it me Its ・ At some boundarieswhere two plates meet, neither plate is in a position to push under the other, so they both push against each other to form mountains. The lines where plates push toward each other are cal led convergent plate boundaries.J) Plates slide against each other. At other boundaries, plates simply slide by each other一one moves north and one moves south, for example. While the plates don，t drift directly into each other at these transform boundaries, they are pushed tightly together. A great deal of tension builds at the boundary.K) We understand earthquakes a lot better than we did even 50 years ago, but we still can，t do much about them. They are caused by fundamental, powerful geological processes that are far beyond our contro1. These processes are al so fairly unpredictabl e, so it's not possibl e at this time to tel 1 people exactly when am earthquake is going to occur. The first detected earthquake waves will tell us that more powerful vibrations are on their way, but this only gives us a few minutes' warning, at most.L)So what can we do about earthquakes? The major advances over the past 50 years have been in preparedness, particularly in the field of construction engineering. In 1973, the Uniform Building Code, an international set of standards for building construction, 7 added7 specifications7 to7 strengthen7 buildings7 against7 the7 force7 of7 earthquake7 waves. 7 This7 includes7 strengthening? support7 material? as7 well7 as7 designing buildings so they are flexible enough to absorb vibrations without falling or deteriorating・ It/ s very important to design structures that can undergo this sort of attack, particularly in earthquake -prone areas.M) An other compo nent of prepared ness is educating the public. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) and other government agencies have produced several brochures explaining the processes involved in an earthquake and giving instructions on how to prepare your house for a possible earthquake, as well as what to do when a quake hits.N) Tn the future, improvements in prediction and preparedness should further minimi^e the 1 oss of 1 ife and property associated with earthquakes. But it wi 11 be a long time, if ever, before we'll be ready for every substantial earthquake that might occur. Just like severe weather and disease, earthquakes are an unavoidable force generated by the powerful natural processes that shape our planet. All we can do is increase our undorstanding of the phonomcnon and develop better ways to deal with it.L Earthquake-related fatalities are usually caused by buildings, collapse and other ensuing natural disasters, not by the shaking ground itself.2.Besides movements of the earth" s plates, other forces such as volcanic eruptions，meteor impacts and so on, canalso cause earthquakes.3.Earthquakes actually occur every day; most of them are not big enough to get our attention.4.People generally think the ground beneath their feet is completely stable, but earthquakes shatter that idea in notime.5.We cannot prevent earthquakes but we can actively find better ways to face them.6.Earthquakes are hardly predictable, and people cannot be told when an earthquake is going to occur.7.Scientists have found out forces that cause earthquakes through years of efforts.8.Architects now have designed flexible buildings to minimize the damages of earthquakes.9.Scientists use the theory of plate tectonics to explain the apparent movement of continents over time.10.The convergent plate boundaries refer to the lines where plates push toward each other.Passage TwoPaper--More than Meets the EyeA)We are surrounded by so much paper and card that it is easy to forget just how complex it is. There are manyvarieties and grades of paper materials, and whilst it is fairly easy to spot the varieties, it is far more difficult to spot the grades・B)Tt needs to be understood that most paper and card is manufactured for a specific purpose, so thatHowever, the reality is rather more complicated, makers will add bleach and other materials such A further problem with wood is that it con tains 1ignin. This isessential for the tree since it Tn order to give us our white paper and card, the aschina clay and additional chemicals.a material that is not cellulose ・ Something called holds the cellulosefibres together, but if it iswhi1st the corn-flake packet may look smart, it is clearly not something destined for the archives ・ It is made to 1 ook good, but only needs a 1 imited 1 ife span ・ It is also much cheaper to manufacture than high grade card.C) Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods,cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very special ized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based ・Paper from WoodD) In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced ・ It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshel 1, is the essence of paper making from wood.incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem ・ Lignin eventually breaksdown and releases acid products into the paper. This wi 11 weaken the bond between the cel lulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books ・ It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a 1ife of not greater than fifty years ・ Not what we need for our archives.F) Since the 1 ignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is 〃why is it left in the paper?" The answer 1 ies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can in crease his paper yield from a tree to some 95%・ Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applicat ions.G) Tt al so means, of course, that 1 ignin-free paper i s going to be more expensive, but that i s nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his suppl ies. There is no point whatsoever in careful ly placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!H) So, how do we tel 1 a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the labe1. 〃Acid-free 〃 might be true in asmuch as a test on the paper may in di cate that it is a n eutral mat erial at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormous1y ・I) Added to this, as T have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during nuinu facture such as bleach, china clay, chemical white nets and size ・ This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppl iers who will guarantee the material that they selL If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on, the correct material then this is probably the only way.J) Tncidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.Paper from RagK) Paper is also comm only made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lign in-fro® but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper ・ You wi 11 sti 11 need to purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.L) A rel iable source for qual i ty rag papers is a recogni/ed art stockiest ・ Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.M)The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.IL The corn-flake packet is cheaper than high grade card.12.There are a lot of mat erials which can be used for making paper, but the superior ity ones are soft wood,cotton and rags.13.During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from a pulp of cellulose fibres.14.In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add bleach.15.Liguin is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.16.Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because leaving the lignin will make more paperfrom a tree.17.Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials.18.If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be more expensive.19.Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paperbecause there is much less cotton and rag than trees>20.What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had bet ter buy archival materials from specialist suppliers.Passage ThreeInto the UnknownThe world has never seen population ageing before. Can it cope?A)Un til the earl y 1990s nobody much thought about whole populati ons getti ng older. The UN had the foresight toconvene a world assembly on ageing” back in 1982, but that came and went・ By 1994 the World Bank had noticed that something big was happening. Tn a report entitled “Averting the 01 d Age Crisis", it argued that pension arrangements in most countries were unsustainable.B)For the next ten years a succession of books, mainly by Americans, sounded the alarm・ They had titles 1 ikeYoung Old, Gray Dawn and The Coming Goncrational Storm, and their message was blunt: health-care systems were heading for the rocks, pensioners were taking young people to the cleaners, and soon there would be i ntergenerati onal warfare-C)Since then the debate has become loss emotional, not least because a lot more is known about the subject・ Books,conferences and research papers have multiplied・ International organizations such as the OECD and the EU issue regular reports・ Population ageing is on every agenda, from G8 economic conferencos to NATO summits. The World Economic Forum plans to consider the future of pensions and health care at its presti^ious Davos conference early next year. The media, including this newspaper, are giving the subject extensive coverage.D)Whether all that altontion has translated into sufficient action is another question. Governments in richcountrios now accept that their pension and health-care promises wi11 soon become unaffordable, and many of them have embarked on reforms, but so far only timidly. That is not surprising: politicians with an eye on the next election will hardly rush to introduce unpopular measures that may not bear fruit for years, perhaps decades-E)The outlinc of the changes needed is cl ear. To avoid fiscal (M®C0\l)nielldown, public pensions and health-careprovision wi 11 have to be reined back severely and taxes may have to go up. By far the most effective method to restrain pension spending is to give people the opportunity to work Ionger, because it increases tax revonues and reduces spending on pensions at the same timc. It may oven keep them al i ve Ion ger. John Rother, the AARP' s head of pol icy and strategy, points to studies showing that other things being equal, people who remain at work have 1ower death rates than their retired peers.F)Younger people today mostly accept that they will have to work for longer and that their pensions will be lessgenerous・ Employers still need to be persuaded that older workers are worth holding on to. That may be because they have had plenty of younger ones to choose from, partly thanks to the post-war baby-boom and partly becauseover the past few decades many more women have entered the 1 abour force, increasing employers' choice. But the reservoir of women able and willing to take up paid work is running low, and the baby-boomers are going grey.G)Tn many countries immigrants have been filling such gaps in the labour force as have already emerged (and rememberthat the real shortage is still around ten years off). Immigration in the developed world is the highest it has ever been, and it is making a useful difference. Tn sti 11-fertile America it currently accounts for about 40% of total population growth, and in fast-ageing western Europe for about 90%.H)On the face of it, it seems the perfect solution. Many developing countries have lots of young people in need ofjobs; many rich countries need helping hands that will boost tax revenues and keep up economic growth. But over the next few decades 1 abour forces in rich countries are set to shrink so much that inflows of immigrants would have to increase enormously to compensate: to at least twice their current size in western Europe" s most youthful countries, and three times in the older ones. Japan would need a large multiple of the few immigrants it has at present・ Public opinion polls show that people in most rich countries already think that immigration is too high.Further big increases would be politically unfeasible-I)To tackle the problem of ag eing populations at its root, “old” countries would have to rejuvenate 年轻)themselves by having more of their own children. A number of them have tried, some more successfullythanothers・ But it is not a simple matter of offering financial inccnlivos or providing more chi Id care・ Modern urbsn life in rich countries is not we 11 adapted to large fami 1 ies. Women find it hard to combine family and career. They often compromise by having just one child.J)And if fertility in ageing countries docs not pick up? It will not be the end of the world, at least not for quitea while yet, but the world will slowly become a different place・ Older societies may be less inno vativc and morestr on gly disincl inod to take risks tha n younger ones. By 2025 at the latest, about half the voters in America and most of those in western European countries wi 11 be over 50一and older peopl e turn out to vote in much greater rm mb er tha n younger ones. Academic studies have found no evidence so far that older voters have used their power at the ballot box to push for policies that specifically benefit them, though if in future there are many more of them they might start doing so.K)Nor is there any sig n of the in ter generational warfare predicted in the 1990s. After all, older people themselves mostly have families. In a recent study of parents and grown-up children in 11 European countries, Karsten Hank of Mannheim University found that 85% of them 1 ived within 25km of each other and the majority of them were in touch at least once a week.L)Evon so, the shift in the centre of gravity to older age groups is bound to have a profound effect on societies, n ot just economical ly a nd pol i tical ly but in al 1 sorts of other ways to o・ Richard Jackso n and Neil Howe of America，s CSIS, in a thoughtful book called The Graying of the Great Powers, argue that, among other things, the ageing of the developed countries will have a number of serious security implications.M)For example, the shortage of young adults is likely to make countries more reluctant to commit the few they have to mi 1itary service・ In the decades to 2050, America wi11 find itself playing an ever-increasing role in the developed world? sdefence effort. Because America^ s population will still be growing when that of most other developed countries is shrinking, America wi 11 be the only developed country that stil 1 matters geopolitically(地缘政治上).Ask me in 2020N)There is little that can be done to stop population ageing, so the world will have to live with it. But some of the consequences can be alleviated・ Many experts now believe that given the right policies, the effects, though grave, need not be catastrophic・ Most countries have recognizod the need to do something and are beginning to act. O)But even then there is no guarantee that their efforts will work. What is happening now is historically unprecedented・ Ronald Lee, director of the Centre on the Economics and Demography of Ageing at the University of California, Berkeley, puts it briefly and clearly: “We don' t really kn ow what population ageing will be like, because nobody has done it yet. ”21.Employers should realize it is important to keep older workers in the workforce.22. A recent study found that most old people in some European countries had regular weekly contact with their adultchildren.23.Few governments in rich countries have launched bold reforms to tackle the problem of population ageing.24.In a report published some 20 years ago, the sustainab订ity of old age pension systems in most countries wascalled into doubt.25.Countries that have a shortage of young aduIts will be less willing to send them to war.26.One-child families are more common in ageing societies due to the stress of urban life and the difficulties ofbalancing family and career.27. A series of books, mos tly aut hored by Americans, warned of conflicts bet ween the older and youngergenerations.pared with younger ones, older societies tend to be less innovative and take fewer risks.29.The best solution to the pension crisis is to postpone the retirement age.30.Immigration as a means to boost the shrinking labour force may meet with resistance in some rich countries.CET6长篇阅读（段落匹配）练习题（一）答案Passage one1.E本题是对E段最后一句话的同义转述。

2015备考——英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题

2015备考——英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题2015备考——英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题Section B[A] We apply for credit for many reasons-maybe it's to b uy a new car, house, computer, or get a student loan. Howeve r, that there is a special number that can determine whether yo u can do these things, or at least how much it will cost you.A credit score is a number that is calculated based on your cr edit history to give lenders a simpler "lend/don't lend" answer for people who are applying for credit or loans. This number helps the lender identify the level of risk they may be taking i f they lend to someone. The credit score is quicker and less s ubjective. It's the credit score that makes it possible to get inst ant credit at places like electronics stores and department store s.[B] Although there are several scoring methods, the method most commonly used by lenders is known as a FICO because of its origins with Fair Isaac Corporation. Fair Isaac is an in dependent company that came up with the scoring method and software used by banks and lenders, insurers and other busine sses. Each of the three major credit bureaus (Experian, Equifaxand TransUnion) worked with Fair Isaac in the early 1980's t o come up with the scoring method.[C] The three national credit bureaus each have their own version of the FICO score with their own names. Equifax has the Beacon system, TransUnion has the Empirica system, and Experian has the Experian/Falr Isaac system. Each is based on the original Fair Isaac FICO scoring method and produces eq uivalent numerical results for any given credit report. Some len ders alsohave their own scoring methods. Other scoring metho ds may include information such as your income or how long you've been at the same job.[D] Think of your credit score, like your grade in school.A teacher calculates grades by taking scores from tests, home work, attendance and anything else they want to use, weighting each one according to importance in order to come up with a final single number (or letter)score. Your credit score is calcul ated in a very similar manner. Instead of using the scores fro m pop quizzes and reports you wrote, it uses the information i n your credit report.[E] 35 percent of the score is based on your payment hist ory. This makes sense since one of the primary reasons a lend er wants to see the score is to find out if (and how timely)yo u pay your bills. The score is affected by how many bills hav e been paid late, how many were sent out for collection, any bankruptcies, etc. When these things happened also comes into play. The more recent, the worse it will be for your overall s core.[F] 30 percent of the score is based on outstanding debt. How much do you owe on car or home loans? How many cre dit cards do you have that are at their credit limits? The more cards you have at their limits, the lower your score will be. The rule of thumb is to keep your card balances at 25% or le ss of their limits.[G] 15 percent of the score is based on the length of tim e you've had credit. The longer you've had established credit, t he better it is for your overall credit score. Why? Because mor e information about your past payment history gives a more ac curate prediction of your future actions.[H] 10 percent of the score is based on the number of in quiries on your report. If you've applied for a lot of credit car dsor loans, you will have a lot of inquiries on your credit re port. These are bad for your score because they indicate that y ou may be in some kind of financial trouble or may be taking on a lot of debt (even if you haven't used the cards or gotte n the loans). The more recent these inquiries are, the worse fo r your credit score. FICO scores only count inquiries from the past years.[I] 10 percent of the score is based on the types of credit you currently have. The number of loans and available credit from credit cards you have makes a difference. There is no m agic number or combination of types of accounts that you sho uldn't have. These actually come more into play if there isn't a s much other information on your credit report on which to ba se the score. This information is compared to the credit perfor mance of other consumers with similar histories and profiles.[J] Your credit score doesn't just affect whether or not yo u get a loan; it also affects how much that loan is going to c ost you. As your credit score increases, your credit risk decrea ses. This means your interest rate decreases. There are other fa ctors that influence the interest rate you get for a loan besides your credit score. Things like the type of property you are us ing the loan to buy, how much of your own money is going i nto it, the costs the lender has to make the loan, etc.[K] In. addition to banks and lenders, there are landlords, merchants, employers and insurance companies jumping on the credit score bandwagon (风靡的活动). Of all of these, the fact that insurance rates are being determined by credit scores is c ausing consumers the most alarm. To most, it seems that your credit history and your driving record have little in common. Insurers, on the other hand, have found that using credit scores to predict how likely someone is to pay premiums has helped them cut theirlosses. They don't use the same score that ban ks and lenders use, however. They use a slightly different for mula for their calculations and actually call it an "insurance sc ore".[ LJ Credit scores aren't static numbers. Because they are calculated based on your current credit report, they change ever y time your credit report changes. While this change may be v ery slight, it can also be much more dramatic. Here are some things some financial advisers say to do to try to improve you r score.[M] Review your credit report and correct any errors you find. Getting rid of inaccurate information can sometimes impr ove your score dramatically.[N] Advice used to be given to close old and unused cred it card accounts in order to reduce your "potential" available cr edit, which could change your debt ratio after you've been app roved for a loan. Now, however, the ratio of your debt to you r credit limit is more critical, so closing old accounts only rais es that ratio-which you don't want to do. Some people have m oved debt from several credit cards to one card and then close d the old accounts. Since creditors look at the debt-to- credit l imit ratio, this can have a bad affect on your credit score beca use you have the same amount of debt but less available credi t. So don't close old credit card accounts just because you're n ot using them.[O] Creditors also now look at the average age of your acco unts so, again, keep those old accounts. Reduce your balances on credit cards to 75% or less of your available credit (25% i s preferable). Pay your bills on time. (This is probably the mo st important of all!)Don't let anyone make an inquiry on your credit report unless you absolutely have to. The more inquiries, the lower your score. Don't open new credit card accounts jus t to increase your available credit in the hopes of raising your score.Also, remember that some improvements-such as better efforts at making payments on time-may take time to impact y our score. So, time is also a factor.46. The credit score based on one's payment history accountsf or 35 percent.47. FICO is the most frequently used credit scoring method.48. The credit score is calculated based on one's credit reports.49. Too many times of application for loans suggest that one may have some financial trouble.50. Credit score not only determines whether one can get a lo an, but also affects how much one pays interest rate.51. To improve credit score, one should lay great effort not to delay the payment of bills.52. The basic role of a credit score is to determine whether ap plicants can get credit or loans.53. Credit score is a dynamic number that. varies with the cha nge of one's current credit report.54. If you have more outstanding debt, you will get lower cre dit score.55. Closing old credit card accounts raises the debt-to-credit li mit ratio, because the amount of available credit is reducing.。

大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(四)

大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(四)导读：本文大学英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题(四)，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。

Section BHow "Second Brain" Influences Mood and Well-Being[A] As Olympians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar feeling of "butterflies" in the stomach. Underlying this sensation is an often-overlooked network of neurons (神经元)lining our guts that is so extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our "second brain". A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than merely handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. The little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body.[B] Although its influence is far-reaching, the second brain is not the seat of any conscious thoughts or decision-making. "The second brain doesn't help with the great thought processes ... religion, philosophy and poetry is left to the brain in the head," says Michael Gershon, chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center, author of the 1998 book The Second Brain.[C] Technically known as the enteric (肠内的)nervous system, the second brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The second brain contains some 100million neurons, Gershon says. This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to "feel" the inner world of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste requires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line.[D] Thus equipped with its own reactions and senses, the second brain can control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to perform digestion and ejection "on site," rather than remotely from our brains through the middleman of the spinal cord (脊髓). "The brain in the head doesn't need to get its hands dirty with the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut," Gershon says. He and other researchers explain, however, that the second brain's complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone.[E] "The system is way too complicated to have evolved only to make sure things move out of your bowel," says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles ( U. C. L. A. ). For example, scientists were shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the primary gut nerve, the vagus (迷走神经), carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. "Some of that information is decidedly unpleasant," Gershon says.[F] The second brain informs our state of mind in other more obscure ways, as well. "A big part of our emotions are probably influenced by the nerves in our gut,"Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomach-signaling in the gut as part of our physiological stress response, Gershon says--is but one example. Although gastrointestinal (肠胃)(GI)chaos can sour one's moods, everyday emotional well-being may rely on messages from the brain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve-a useful treatment for depression-may mimic these signals, Gershon says.[G] Given the two brains' commonalities, other depression treatments that target the mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous system uses more than 30 neurotransmitters, just like the brain, and in fact 95 percent of the body's serotonin (血清素)is found in the bowels.Because antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( 选择性无羟色胺再摄取抑制剂)(SSRIs)increase serotonin levels, it's little wonder that reeds (椎间盘镜)meant to cause chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndrome-which afflicts more than two million Americans-also arises in part from too much serotonin in our guts, and could perhaps be regarded as a "mental illness" of the second brain.[H] Scientists are learning that the serotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprising diseases: In a new Nature Medicine study published online February 7, a drug that inhibited the release of serotonin from the gut counteracted the bone-deteriorating disease osteoporosis (骨质疏松症). "It was totally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could use this regulation to cure osteoporosis," says Gerard Karsenty, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and Development at ColumbiaUniversity Medical Center.[I] Serotonin penetrating from the second brain might even play some part in autism (孤独症), the developmental disorder often first noticed in early childhood. Gershon has discovered that the same genes involved in synapse formation (突触形成)between neurons in the brain are involved in the digestive synapse formation. "of these genes are affected in autism," he says, "it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in addition to elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood. "[J] Down the road, the blossoming field of neurogastroenterology will likely offer some new insight into the workings of the second brain-and its impact on the body and mind." We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous system in relating damages in it to diseases like they have for the central nervous system", Gershon says. One day, perhaps there will be well-known connections between diseases and damages in the gut's nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis.[K] Cutting-edge research is currently investigating how the second brain mediates the body's immune response; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders. U. C. L. A. 's Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut "communicate" with enteric nervous system cells (which they greatly outnumber). His work with the enteric nervous system has led him to think that in coming years psychiatry will need to expand to treat the second brain in addition to the one above the shoulders.[L] So for those physically skilled and mentally strong enough to compete in theOlympic Games-as well as those watching at home-it may well necessary for us all to pay more heed to our so-called "gut feelings" in the future.46. The second brain does not deal with the activities of advanced thinking.47. Some scientists have called the network of neurons in guts "second brain".48. Apart from elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood, children with autism are believed to have GI disorder.49. Meds often provoke GI issues as a side effect in that SSRIs increase serotonin levels.50. The author suggested that athletes in the Olympics and audience should pay more attention to gut feelings.51. Cutting-edge research is now focusing on the way the second brain adjusts the body's immune response.52. Many of our emotions may be brought about by the second brain.53. The second brain with its own reactions and senses is certain to give direction to gut system independently.54. It will soon be necessary for psychiatry to treat both the brain in the head and the second brain.55. The second brain enables us to feel the inner world of our body through multitude of neurons.。

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2015备考——英语六级长篇阅读匹配练习题Section B[A] We apply for credit for many reasons-maybe it's to b uy a new car, house, computer, or get a student loan. Howeve r, that there is a special number that can determine whether yo u can do these things, or at least how much it will cost you.A credit score is a number that is calculated based on your cr edit history to give lenders a simpler "lend/don't lend" answer for people who are applying for credit or loans. This number helps the lender identify the level of risk they may be taking i f they lend to someone. The credit score is quicker and less s ubjective. It's the credit score that makes it possible to get inst ant credit at places like electronics stores and department store s.[B] Although there are several scoring methods, the method most commonly used by lenders is known as a FICO because of its origins with Fair Isaac Corporation. Fair Isaac is an in dependent company that came up with the scoring method and software used by banks and lenders, insurers and other busine sses. Each of the three major credit bureaus (Experian, Equifaxand TransUnion) worked with Fair Isaac in the early 1980's t o come up with the scoring method.[C] The three national credit bureaus each have their own version of the FICO score with their own names. Equifax has the Beacon system, TransUnion has the Empirica system, and Experian has the Experian/Falr Isaac system. Each is based on the original Fair Isaac FICO scoring method and produces eq uivalent numerical results for any given credit report. Some len ders also have their own scoring methods. Other scoring metho ds may include information such as your income or how long you've been at the same job.[D] Think of your credit score, like your grade in school.A teacher calculates grades by taking scores from tests, home work, attendance and anything else they want to use, weighting each one according to importance in order to come up with a final single number (or letter)score. Your credit score is calcul ated in a very similar manner. Instead of using the scores fro m pop quizzes and reports you wrote, it uses the information i n your credit report.[E] 35 percent of the score is based on your payment hist ory. This makes sense since one of the primary reasons a lender wants to see the score is to find out if (and how timely)yo u pay your bills. The score is affected by how many bills hav e been paid late, how many were sent out for collection, any bankruptcies, etc. When these things happened also comes into play. The more recent, the worse it will be for your overall s core.[F] 30 percent of the score is based on outstanding debt. How much do you owe on car or home loans? How many cre dit cards do you have that are at their credit limits? The more cards you have at their limits, the lower your score will be. The rule of thumb is to keep your card balances at 25% or le ss of their limits.[G] 15 percent of the score is based on the length of tim e you've had credit. The longer you've had established credit, t he better it is for your overall credit score. Why? Because mor e information about your past payment history gives a more ac curate prediction of your future actions.[H] 10 percent of the score is based on the number of in quiries on your report. If you've applied for a lot of credit car ds or loans, you will have a lot of inquiries on your credit re port. These are bad for your score because they indicate that you may be in some kind of financial trouble or may be taking on a lot of debt (even if you haven't used the cards or gotte n the loans). The more recent these inquiries are, the worse fo r your credit score. FICO scores only count inquiries from the past years.[I] 10 percent of the score is based on the types of credit you currently have. The number of loans and available credit from credit cards you have makes a difference. There is no m agic number or combination of types of accounts that you sho uldn't have. These actually come more into play if there isn't a s much other information on your credit report on which to ba se the score. This information is compared to the credit perfor mance of other consumers with similar histories and profiles.[J] Your credit score doesn't just affect whether or not yo u get a loan; it also affects how much that loan is going to c ost you. As your credit score increases, your credit risk decrea ses. This means your interest rate decreases. There are other fa ctors that influence the interest rate you get for a loan besides your credit score. Things like the type of property you are us ing the loan to buy, how much of your own money is going i nto it, the costs the lender has to make the loan, etc.[K] In. addition to banks and lenders, there are landlords, merchants, employers and insurance companies jumping on the credit score bandwagon (风靡的活动). Of all of these, the fact that insurance rates are being determined by credit scores is c ausing consumers the most alarm. To most, it seems that your credit history and your driving record have little in common. Insurers, on the other hand, have found that using credit scores to predict how likely someone is to pay premiums has helped them cut their losses. They don't use the same score that ban ks and lenders use, however. They use a slightly different for mula for their calculations and actually call it an "insurance sc ore".[ LJ Credit scores aren't static numbers. Because they are calculated based on your current credit report, they change ever y time your credit report changes. While this change may be v ery slight, it can also be much more dramatic. Here are some things some financial advisers say to do to try to improve you r score.[M] Review your credit report and correct any errors you find. Getting rid of inaccurate information can sometimes impr ove your score dramatically.[N] Advice used to be given to close old and unused cred it card accounts in order to reduce your "potential" available cr edit, which could change your debt ratio after you've been app roved for a loan. Now, however, the ratio of your debt to you r credit limit is more critical, so closing old accounts only rais es that ratio-which you don't want to do. Some people have m oved debt from several credit cards to one card and then close d the old accounts. Since creditors look at the debt-to- credit l imit ratio, this can have a bad affect on your credit score beca use you have the same amount of debt but less available credi t. So don't close old credit card accounts just because you're n ot using them.[O] Creditors also now look at the average age of your acco unts so, again, keep those old accounts. Reduce your balances on credit cards to 75% or less of your available credit (25% i s preferable). Pay your bills on time. (This is probably the mo st important of all!)Don't let anyone make an inquiry on your credit report unless you absolutely have to. The more inquiries, the lower your score. Don't open new credit card accounts jus t to increase your available credit in the hopes of raising your score. Also, remember that some improvements-such as betterefforts at making payments on time-may take time to impact y our score. So, time is also a factor.46. The credit score based on one's payment history accounts f or 35 percent.47. FICO is the most frequently used credit scoring method.48. The credit score is calculated based on one's credit reports.49. Too many times of application for loans suggest that one may have some financial trouble.50. Credit score not only determines whether one can get a lo an, but also affects how much one pays interest rate.51. To improve credit score, one should lay great effort not to delay the payment of bills.52. The basic role of a credit score is to determine whether ap plicants can get credit or loans.53. Credit score is a dynamic number that. varies with the cha nge of one's current credit report.54. If you have more outstanding debt, you will get lower cre dit score.55. Closing old credit card accounts raises the debt-to-credit li mit ratio, because the amount of available credit is reducing.。

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