英语论文写作分析
英语议论文写作修辞模式问题及成因探析
2012年第10期吉林省教育学院学报No.10，2012第28卷JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JILIN PROVINCEVol .28（总286期）Total No .286收稿日期：2012—07—08作者简介：厉凌华（1980—），女，山东日照人，滁州学院，硕士，助教。
研究方向：二语写作。
项目简介：滁州学院校级项目议论文写作篇章汉英修辞模式对比研究。
英语议论文写作修辞模式问题及成因探析厉凌华(滁州学院外国语学院，安徽滁州239000)摘要：在英语议论文写作中，许多学生存在论点不清、缺少论证等问题。
他们一方面受母语文化迁移的影响，另一方面对英美文化下的思维方式及英语修辞模式了解不够，对目的语的掌握程度也影响着其写作。
教师需引导学生关注语言与文化的密切关系。
关键词：议论文写作;问题;成因中图分类号：G642文献标识码：A文章编号：1671—1580(2012)10—0071—02一、引言语言与思维存在密切关系。
中国学生要写好英语作文，应了解英语的修辞模式。
卡普兰（1966）发现不同文化下的学生话语模式不同：英语是直线型语篇而东方语言是螺旋型语篇。
因此将二语写作研究从词句提升到篇章，并将文化引入修辞，该理论引起很大反响。
一直以来，英语专业学生英语议论文写作出现诸多问题，如生搬硬套作文模式，死记硬背相关句子等。
虽然学生在语法方面没什么大问题，但在修辞模式方面存在着主题不清、逻辑性差等毛病。
本文将分析英语专业学生在议论文修辞模式方面存在的问题，探讨问题的原因并尝试找出解决问题的对策。
二、英语议论文写作修辞模式问题在议论文写作授课前，作者以裸婚和网恋为话题要求75名英语专业大二学生任选一话题写一篇英语议论文。
作者在批阅过程中发现学生在篇章组织方面存在以下问题：一半左右的学生论点不突出或无鲜明论点。
论文论证方面，约有一半文章从正反方面来介绍他人的观点，最后一段提出自己的观点；还有大约一半的学生在文章主体部分分析网恋或裸婚的优缺点，最后一段提出自己的观点，这与主题鲜明突出、重视论证过程的英文篇章有很大不同。
英语议论文写作结构分析及模板句型
英语议论文写作一、文章结构I.引言（Introduction）：引出话题II.正文（Body）：阐明观点a.阐述理由b.分析利弊c.提出举措d.列举实例III.结论/倡议（Conclusion）：重申观点/发出倡议二、段落组织每个段落紧扣一个主题展开。
（段落的首句为本段的主题句）写作范文：Nowadays, with more and more people going to work in the city in the hope of earning money, the phenomenon of left-behind children has become more and more common., which gives rise to a series of problems.First of all, neither will the kids who are left at home with their grandparents be well looked after because of their grandparents old age, nor will they have anyone to turn to for advice/guidance in times of difficulty. Besides, these kids have to help with the farm work, which takes up a lot of their time for study, so their study will have to suffer. What is worse is that some of them may even lose interest in study and so drop out of at an early age.As the problem is getting more and more serious, I do think it is necessary for the government as well as the parents to take some actions to improve the situation for the poor children.Children are the future of our nation, save them before it is too late!三、常用表达方式I.引言（Introduction）：引出话题1.Nowadays, with the development of ___n.____, the phenomenon of _____n.____ is becomingmore and more common, which gives rise to public concern./ which results in a series of problems.2.As ______句子______, the problem/issue _____of + n.______/ ___that+同位语从句____is getting more and more serious, which raises a storm of controversy./ which leads to heated debates.3.Recently, there has been a growing tendency(趋势) ___that+同位语从句____, on whichpeople’s opinions vary/differ (from person to person).4.As the famous saying goes, ____名言警句____.5.Recently, the problem ___of+n____ / ____that+ 同位语从句____ has been brought intofocus/attention.6.There has been a public debate on/over the issue ____of +n____ these days.7.Nowadays, it is commonly /generally/ widely /increasingly held /believed /accepted/acknowledged that _______观点_______。
英语论文写作技巧
一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。
在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。
也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction写得好坏。
因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。
学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。
这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。
Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。
它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。
标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。
读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。
因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。
本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。
6.1 标题的长度标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 22) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 03) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 314) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Survey 6 4 0 25) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 26) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为8—12个单词左右。
英语议论文的写作特点
【 评析 】 本文紧扣题 目， 先写水资源的短缺 ， 再写有限水源的污染及其导致 的结果 ， 层层深
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文体 特 点
议论 文是以议论说理为主要表达方式对某个问题或某件事进行分析 、 评论 ， 表明作者的观 点、 立场 、 态度 、 看法 、 主张的文体。通常要具备论点 、 论据和论证三个要素 。 论 点 的基 本 要 求 是 ： 观 点 正确 ， 见解 新 鲜 ； 概括全面 ， 有实 际 意 义 ； 要 恰 当地 综 合运 用 各 种 论证方法。 论据的基本要求是 ： 真实可靠 ， 充分典型。 论证 的基本要求是 ： 推理必须合乎逻辑 ， 论 证要 讲究 顺 序 ， 要符 合 正确 的推 理形 式 。 二、 写 作技 巧 议论文的写作是一个创造性 的完整过程。它大体上可 以分为摄取 、 构思 、 表达和修改 四个 阶段 。 构思是把客体材料转变为作者主观认识的转化阶段 ， 表达是通过遣词造句将作者的思想 “ 物 化 为文 章” 的实 施 阶段 ， 修改 是 最后 完善 提高 文 章 的过 程 。 在 对这 四个 阶段 的具 体运 作过 程 中， 一定要进行恰 当地分析 ， 提高 自觉性 。在具体 的写作过程 中， 要注意以下几点 ： １ ． 把 握 三个要 素 ， 即论点 、 论 据 和论 证 。 论 点要新 ， 要 有 鲜 明的时代 特 征 ， 能体现 时 代脉搏 。 认识问题 和分析问题 时， 应当褒扬新思想 ， 针砭时弊 ， 体现时代 的精神风貌。同时要把握事物的 本质特征 ， 揭示事物 的发展规律 ， 给人以厚重感。 论据要为论点服务 ， 注重摆事实 ， 讲道理。 在写 作 时要 充 分 利 用 事 实论 据 和道 理 论 据 ， 灵 活 采 用 多 种 论 证 方法 ， 如例 证 法 、 引证 法 、 对 比论 证 法、 比喻 论证 法 等让 文章 更具 说 服力 与雄 辩性 ， 让 读 者心服 口服 。 ２ ． 把 握三 性 ， 即 准确性 、 鲜 明性和 主动 性 。 在 写作 时要 善 于提 出 问题 ， 主动地 运用 准确 的论 据 和恰 当 的论证 方法 来 分析 问题 ， 水 到 渠成地 引 出 自己鲜 明 的观点 。 ３ ． 语 言运 用 时务 必 准确 、 言 简意赅 ， 行文 时要 注重 条理 性 和层次 性 。 三、 佳作 欣 赏
敏感性分析 Sensitivity Analysis 英语作文论文写作技巧
敏感性分析Sensitivity Analysis- Youramazing guide towardsSuccessHey guys. Lately, I have been talking about analysis a lot. It’s because analyses are really important before you take any major decisions. In this article, I will talk about another type of analysis that is Sensitivity analysis.Sensitivity analysis is a method which is used to identify, how various values of an independent variable make an impact on a particular variable which is dependent and is a given set of assumptions.Let’s now move on to the details.In this article,I will cover the following:What is Sensitivity analysis?Why should I use Sensitivity analysis? Constraints and Settings in Sensitivity analysis. Applications of Sensitivity analysis.Pitfalls in Sensitivity analyses.Le t’s get started. 1) What is Sensitivity analysis?Sensitivity analysis is a method to find out how the unpredictability in the results of a system ormodel can be alloted to different sources of unpredictability in its inputs.This method is used within some boundaries which depends on one or more input variables. It includes the effects that change in interest rates have on the bond prices.Sensitivity analysis is also seen as similar to simulation analysis. It is a way by which you can predict the outcome of a decision which is given in the form of a particular range of variables. With the creation of a set of variables, the analyst can identify that how changes in a variable put an impact on the outcome.A mathematical model like an economic model can be very hard to understand, and as a result, it’s relation to inputs and outputs will not beunderstood properly. In these kinds of cases, the model is viewed as a black box, i.e., the output is an uncertain way of its inputs.It often happens, that some of the model inputs are a source of uncertainty. It includes the absence of information, errors of measurements and poor or lesser information of the forces that derive the mechanisms. There should be no uncertainty as it effects your confidence and puts a limit in the response of the model.OverviewExample Of Sensitivity AnalysisWe all need that the efforts we put in should give results. They will give the result if you follow the method correctly. The best way of modelingpractice is when the modeler gives an evaluation of the confidence in a model.For this to happen, firstly you need a valuation of the uncertainty in any of the model results. This is also known as uncertainty analysis. Secondly, you need to evaluate how much each input is giving to the output uncertainty.Sensitivity analysis is a necessary forerunner. It addresses the 2nd of these issues. It also performs the role of ordering by focusing on strength and relevance of the inputs and also helps in determining the variations in the output.For models which involve many input variables, sensitivity analysis acts as an important ingredient for quality assurance and model building. Even the national and internationalcompanies now involve sensitivity analysis in their guidelines for impact assessment.Sensitivity analysis exampleJust imagine that Alex is a sales manager and he wants to understand the impact of customer traffic on overall sales. He made his mind that sales are a process of price and transaction volume. One gadget is $100, and Alex sold 50 this year, and the total sale cost came out to be $5,000.Alex was able to determine that there was a particular percentage of rising in customer traffic which led to the raise in the transaction volume as well. This info allowed him to make a financialmodel and sensitivity analysis. This can now tell him that what will happen if the customer traffic grows by 5%, 10% or up to 100%.The raise in customer traffic by these percentage will also show the rise in transaction volume or total sale. There will be an increase in transaction volume as well with some amount of numbers concerning the percentage increase in customer traffic. Thus, now you can understand that here, sensitivity analysis showcase that sales are highly sensitive to all variations in the customer traffic.2) Why should I use Sensitivity Analysis?Following points will make it very clear, that why you should use sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity analysis-Increases the understanding of the correlation between input and output variables in a model or system.Tests the strength of the output of a system or model in the presence of uncertainty.Search for the errors in the system or model by finding out the unexpected relation of the outputs with the inputs.Reduces uncertainty by identifying model inputs which cause uncertainty in the output. It should, therefore, be the center of attention to grow the strength. It can only happen by a deep research.Improves communication between modelers and decision makers. It happens by making recommendations which are moreunderstandable, credible, persuasive or compelling.Helps in model simplification by fixing the model inputs which have zero effect on the outputs. It may also happen by verifying and removing unnecessary parts of the model structure.Finds region in the space of input factors and for this, the model output is either minimum or maximum or it meets some other optimum criteria.Seeks to identify crucial connections between different observations, predictions or forecasts and model inputs, which leads to the development of better models.Eases the calibration stage by emphasizing the sensitive parameters. Sensitivity parameters should be known as without that the result can be, a total wastage of time being spent on the non-sensitive sections.3) Constraints and Settings in Sensitivity analysisThe method by which the sensitivity analysis will be done depends on some settings or problem constraints. I will be discussing the most common ones with you.Following are the constraints or settings:Computational expense: Sensitivity analysis is performed by running a possibly large model and some times. It is a sampling-basedinitialization. But, this can become an issue when-a single workout process of a model, takes a particular amount of time like few minutes, an hour or may longer than that. This happens with much difficult models.the a model has various number of uncertain inputs. Sensitivity analysis grows as the number of inputs grow.Some of the methods to reduce computational expense includes the use of screening methods to reduce the dimensionality of the issue and the use of emulators for larger models. Another method which can be used is to do an event based sensitivity analysis for variable selection while time-constrained applications.Correlated inputs: this is one of the most commonly used sensitivity analysis methods. It assumes independence inputs of models, but sometimes these inputs can be strongly interrelated.Nonlinearity: Sometimes, results based on linear regression can wrongly calculate sensitivity. It happens when the model’s depiction is nonlinear concerning the inputs.Model interactions: Interactions happen when the disruption of two or more inputs one after another, causes a difference in the results greater than that of changing each of the inputs all alone. The effect of this constraint can be calculated by the total-order sensitivity index.Multiple Outputs: Many models result or output a bigger number of possibly time-dependent data. However, for those models in which the outputs are interrelated, it becomes harder to interpret the sensitivity measures.Given data: In many cases, the person practicing, has access to the model. But, in some cases, a sensitivity analysis must be done with “given data.”It is where the values of the model inputs can’t be chosen by the analyst. This happens when the data is used for an uncertainty analysis or optimization or when the data is derived from a discrete source.Applications of Sensitivity AnalysisFollowing is the list of few examples of sensitivity analysis, performed in different disciplines:i. EnvironmentalEnvironmental computer models are vastly used in various varieties of studies and other applications. It includes Global Climate models which are used for both long-term climate change and short-term weather forecasts.Computer models are now highly being used for environmental decision making on a local scale like for examining the impact of a waste water treatment plant on a flowing river, etc. The analysis may help to understand these phenomena.ii. BusinessSensitivity analysis can help in various circumstances related to business. It helps to:Identify serious assumptions or helps to compare different model structures.Guide in for future data collections.Improve resources allotment.Improve the tolerance of manufactured parts in regard with the variations in the parameters.Multi-criteria decision makingMCDM, i.e., Multi-criteria decision making studies the issue of how to select the best one among some other alternative which competes. The criteria behind it are connected with weights of importance.There are some other discipline examples too like Social Sciences, Chemistry, Engineering, In the meta-analysis, Time-critical decision making and Model calibration and improvement. You will do something.Pitfalls in Sensitivity analysisSome of the common difficulties with sensitivity analysis are as follows:There are way too many model inputs which have to be analyzed. Screening is used to lessen up the dimensionality.The model takes a longer period to run. But, Emulators are used to lessening the number of model runs which are needed.This analysis provides lesser information to make probability distributions for the inputs.If there is an unclear purpose of the analysis, then many variants of measures and statistical tests are applied to the problem, and therefore different factors rankings are gained.Too many model outputs are taken. This may be accepted for quality assurance of sub-models. This should be ignored when presenting the outputs of the overall analysis.It is also known as piecewise sensitivity. It is when someone performs analysis on one sub-model at an individual time. This method is nonconservative as it might oversee interactions within factors in different sub-models.ConclusionSo, guys, this was all about Sensitivity analysis.I hope you guys liked this information.。
英语议论文写作要点
一、英语议论文写作要点议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者见解和主.作者对*一问题持有一种看法,为了使读者同意自己的看法,提出假设干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点: 1. 论点要鲜明、确切．一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点．论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证．2. 论据要充分、可靠．一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据．3. 论证要严密、得法．归纳法〔induction〕和演绎法〔deduction〕是议论文常用的论证方法．归纳法的例子为根底，从几个例子和现象中，归纳出*种道理和看法．例如：报纸是一种媒体〔medium 〕，人们可以从中得到现代信息；电视是一种媒体，人们也可以从中获得信息；播送也是媒体，人们同样可以从中获得现代信息．因此我们可以得出结论，其他媒体，如网络等，一定会给人们信息．演绎法以一个或多个看法为根底，从一般论断，演绎到不同事例，再加以论述，最后再回到一般论断上来．例如：所有的媒体都可以给人们提供信息，网络是媒体，因此人们可以从网络中获得信息．在归纳中要注意使用的例子要充分，不能以点概面．二、议论文的写作步骤:1. 引言(introduction)．由于英语作文受时间，字数的限制．因此，在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支援什么，反对什么．2. 主体段〔main body〕．主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据．〔adequate proofs〕来论证自己的观点．一般可提出一个或两个proofs, 并对此用一两句话分别进展阐述．3. 结论〔conclusion〕．结论段可以用一两句话来完毕文章．同时要注意与引言段照应，但不能照搬前面的原话．例：课本高二上P78 第一封信Tutorial center is helpful.I have studied at a tutorial center for two years. My mand of English has improved considerably since I started this course.At my center, the fees are reasonable. My tutors are qualified teachers. I have been helped a lot by them. They are sincere and kind.One of my teachers was British. At first, I could not say anything to her. But later I learned how to municate in English with a westerner.I think that the tutorial center has given me a lot of confidence in using English.评注: 第一段提出论点, 表达家教中心是helpful(段划线局部) ,主体段分别从几个方面(划线局部)来阐述家教中心确实有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用(划线局部),且语句表达与第一段中的不重复.三、议论文的写作模式1. 议论文的类型英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型: ①“一分为二〞的观点．如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响〞②“两者选一〞的观点．如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机〞③“我认为……〞型．如“你对课外阅读的看法〞④“怎样……〔how to〕〞型．如“怎样克制学习中碰到的困难〞．⑤图表作文．通过阅读图表中的数字与工程得出一个结论或形成一种看法．按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作．在第①种类型中命题涉及*一事物或现象的正反两个方面：通过正反两个方面的比照，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利．论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，假设利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点．反之亦然．在第②种类型中，命题要求在A或B两者之间作一比拟或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论局部有两种情况：a. 要么支持A，要么支持B;b. A、B优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论局部说清楚在什么条件选A, 在什么条件选B．下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.2. “一分为二〞观点的议论文模式Introduction第1段:Nowadays more and more people．．．/．．．plays an important part in．．．. like everythingelse, ．．．has/have both favorable and unfavorable aspects/both advantages and disadvantages. Generally, the favorable aspects/advantages can be listed as follows.Main body第2段：Firstly,.. Secondly,…In addition/What’s more…第3段: Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects/disadvantages are also apparent/obvious. To begin with…; To make matters worse…; Worse of all…Conclusion第4段: Through above analysis/All things considered, we can see that the positive aspects/advantages outweigh the negative ones/disadvantages. Therefore…例文1. 看电视的利与弊 Advantages and disadvantages of watching TVNowadays more and more people like to watch TV. So TV plays a very important part in our life. But watching TV has both advantages and disadvantages. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.Firstly, you can e*pand your knowledge by watching TV. As we all know, learning things by TV is much faster than by listening to the radio or just by reading books. Forit has colorful pictures as well as wonderful music. Secondly, you may know anybody you want to know such as famous singers, super stars, scientists and so on. What’s more, you can go everywhere by traveling programs. Let’s suppose, if you like traveling very much, but you have to work on weekends or holidays, you must be very sad. And now open your TV and it’ll take you to anywhere. Every coin has two sides. The disadvantages are also obvious. For e*ample, watching too much TV can easily bee short-sighted, especially for children and students. To make matters worse, some young students are keen on watching TV so that they give up their studies gradually. Through above analysis, I think watching TV is a way of studying, it is good for us to watch TV. But when we watchTV, we should make a plan otherwise watching TV will destroy our life.例文2. 谈谈出国留学的利与弊 Where to attend a collegeNowadays more and more young people are going to study abroad. Like everything else, studying abroad has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the favorable aspects can be listed as follows.Firstly, they think by attending a college in a foreign country they can learn not only useful knowledge, but also the culture and customs of other nations. Secondly, they can take advantage of this opportunity to gain a good mand of the foreign language they are learning very quickly. Moreover, they can meet different people and e*perience different cultures, which may help to broaden their views.Every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. The costs are much higher than those in their native country. Most overseas students have to work for a living, which can’t allow them to pay all their attention to study. What’s more, they may feel very lonely.Through above analysis, we can see that the positiveaspects outweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I am in favor of going abroad to study.写作练习：①谈谈校服〔school uniforms〕.提示：近年来，越来越多的中小学要求穿校服．对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论，请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点．Reference: some of the main arguments for and against school uniforms.FOR1.Students look neat and tidy.2.The public knows which school you are from.3.Parents all pay the same money.4.Students don’t worry about fashions.5.Teachers can identify students on school trips.AGAINST1.Uniforms are e*pensive.2.Children grow fast, need new uniforms.3.Some uniforms are very unfortable.4.Students all look the same, can’t be individuals.5.Get bored with same clothes every day.②说广告〔about advertisement〕.提示：有人说广告在现代社会是很重要，有人认为广告的促销成分太多，你认为……3.“两者选一〞观点的议论文模式模式⑴:A、B两者优劣势分析,要么选A,要么选B. Introduction第1段:Some people hold the opinion that (A) is superior to (B) in many ways. Others, however, argue that (B) is much better. Personally, I would prefer (A) because I think (A) has more advantages.Main body第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer (A). The main reason is that … Another reason is that…(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, choosing (B) also has advantages to some e*tent, (列出1~2个B的优势)Conclusion第4段: But if all these factors are considered, (A) iswe may finally draw the conclusion that …(总结观点)例文: Which is better“ Cars or bikes“Some people hold the opinion that private cars are superior to bicycles in many ways. Others, however, argue that the bicycle is much better. Personally, I would prefer the use of cars because I think cars have more advantages.There are many reasons why I prefer cars. The main reason is that cars bring convenience and mobility to the owners. What’s more, a car is far more fortable to travel in, especially in the changeable weather. Another reason is that, when more people buy cars, the automobile industry will develop more quickly. The growth of the automobile industry can motivate the rise of other related industries such as iron and steel production.Of course, bicycles can take you to anywhere you like in town and does not need a large parking place. Besides, it is not as e*pensive as a car and therefore every family can afford to buy.But if all these factors are considered, cars are muchwe may finally draw the conclusion that people can live better with the use of cars.模式⑵: A、B优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择A或B. Introduction第1段:Which would you prefer if you are faced with the choice between (A) and (B)“ Before you make the decision, you had better make a close parison.Main body第2段：It is true that(选择A的优势之一). It is also true that(选择A的优势之二). But (选择A的劣势).第3段: Though.(选择B的劣势), (选择B的优势之一). Furthermore, (选择B的优势之二).Conclusion第4段: Therefore, if you…, you should choose (A), but if you…, you should choose (B). (总结观点,提出建议)例文: Listening to the radio or reading the newspapers “Which would you prefer if you are faced with the choice between listening to the radio and reading the newspapers“ Before you make the decision, you hadbetter make a close parison.It is true that listening to the radio is quick and convenient. It is also true that we can listen to the radio while are doing something else. So we can save a lot of time. But radio programs have their own time schedule. You cannot get the information you need every time you turn on your radio.Though newspapers are not as quick as radio, reading from the newspaper can certainly bring us news more clearly and more e*actly. Furthermore, while reading, we have time to think about what we are reading, to judge it, to analyze it, and then we will be more aware of its cause and effect.We are living in an information age. We have to make full use of the information we can get if we are to achieve our goals.Therefore, if we want to get the latest news, we can listen to the radio, but if we want to get the e*act words, we’d better read the newspaper.写作练习:①安康与财富(Health and Wealth)提示: 安康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题(hottopic),请简述你的观点.②哪里住更好(Where to live“)提示: 有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬. 各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何“参考文献:。
英语专业本科毕业论文写作问题分析与对策
英语专业本科毕业论文写作问题分析与对策作者：吴琼军来源：《教书育人·高教论坛》2020年第08期[摘要] 英语专业本科毕业论文是检验学生综合运用英语专业知识与技能，进行初步系统研究与写作的重要手段。
目前，三峡大学科技学院英语专业本科毕业生在撰写毕业论文的过程中，存在的最主要问题是对学位论文是一个系统研究过程认识不清，往往忽略了这一过程中如确定选题、文献综述、理论框架、搜集确定研究对象、结合理论分析研究对象、得出结论等各个环节的相互联系，从而出现诸多问题。
本文将以翻译方向的本科毕业论文为例，针对具体写作过程中的问题进行分析，讨论解决对策，以期为论文写作提供一点参考。
[关键词] 本科毕业论文;系统研究过程;问题分析与对策[中图分类号]G642 [文献标志码] A [文章编号] 1008-2549（2020） 08-0108-02毕业论文是整个本科培养计划中最为重要的一项实践教学环节，其实践性和综合性是其他教学环节所不能替代的（王崇义，2004：73）。
对英语专业本科毕业生而言，撰写本科毕业论文是让学生综合运用所学专业知识与技能，进行初步的学术系统研究，是检验学生专业知识、研究能力、思辨能力及写作能力的重要手段。
目前，三峡大学科技学院英语专业本科毕业生在撰写毕业论文的过程中，存在诸多问题，但最主要的源头问题是对学位论文是一个系统研究过程认识不清。
本文通过对翻译方向的本科毕业论文具体写作过程中的问题进行分析，来讨论解决对策，以期为毕业论文写作提供一点参考。
一毕业论文写作是一个系统研究过程畢业论文不只是一篇学术文章，而是对整个研究过程的一个学术报告。
这一过程包含了确定选题、文献综述、理论框架、搜集确定研究对象、结合理论分析研究对象、得出结论等各个环节，是一个科学的系统过程。
所以如果毕业生对这一过程及相关要素认识不清的话，问题就会层出不穷，后续的各个环节会相互脱节，从而无法将研究过程进行下去。
指导教师要尽早帮助学生认识到这一核心问题，才能让各个环节相互关联，从而成为一个整体。
关于英语论文写作的问题及对策
关于英语论文写作的问题及对策摘要:是每个本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务。
通过对2004届英语专业学生毕业论文选题以及在撰写过程中出现有关选题、英文写作、格式规范、外文资料不足等问题的分析和探讨,提出了加强思想教育、建立健全的管理体系、加强论文撰写各个环节的指导和外文图书资料建设等一些富有建设性的对策。
关键词:英语专业;毕业论文;撰写;规范格式;指导英语毕业论文或学士学位论文是每个本科生在毕业之前最重要的一项学习任务;是高等学校本科教育的一个重要的综合性实践教学环节;是对大学学习成果的综合性总结和检阅;是学生在教师指导下运用所学理论知识和英语基本技能来探讨、分析、研究、解决本学科某一科学问题的科学实践的总结性报告;也是检验学生掌握知识的程度、分析问题和解决问题基本能力、写作能力的一份综合答卷。
但学生在实际的撰写过程中,出现了选题、英文写作、格式规范、外文资料不足等问题。
为了提高毕业论文的质量,解决存在的问题,作者提出了加强思想教育、建立健全的管理体系、加强论文撰写各个环节的指导和加强外文图书资料建设等一些富有建设性的对策。
一、存在的问题(一)选题方面在实际的论文指导和论文答辩过程中,我们发现许多学生在选题方面存在着以下几个方面的问题:1、选题过分集中。
2004届英语专业只有一个本科班,共有毕业生37人。
写文学方面的论文最多,共有14篇,占37. 84%,写语言和文化的分别有11篇和8篇,写教学和翻译方面的论文比较少。
其中文化方面论文题目相近的有5篇,文学方面论文题目相近的有4篇,语言2篇,这不仅仅是这一届的个别现象,往届和其他院校也有类似现象。
每年都有许多学生喜欢选文学方面的题目,因为文学方面的论文参考资料相对来说比较丰富,比较容易收集和查阅,又容易看懂。
这样一来,造成文学方面的选题很集中。
语言、文化对比、教学和翻译方面的论文相对较少,原因是这些方面的论文参考资料相对而言比较少,不容易收集,特别是像语言学等方面的资料比较专业,抽象难懂;教学方面的论文需要大量的数据收集和统计,甚至需要教学实验来验证,由于学生缺乏教学方面的经验和感性认识,所以难度比较大。
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2. Classification
2.1 按学位来分： 学士论文--别人知道，你也知道 （基础知识）
硕士论文--别人不知道，你知道 （研究技巧） 博士论文--别人不知道，你也不知道 （观点创新）
2.1 学士、硕士、博士论文
学士学位论文要求： 反映所学的专业基础知识 基本掌握进行科学研究的方法 题目范围不宜过宽 避免过小 有一定的创新性 篇幅不宜过长
博士学位论文要求 在导师的指导下，能够自己选择潜在的研究 方向，开辟新的研究领域 掌握渊博的本学科有关领域的理论知识 具有相当熟练的科学研究能力 对本学科能够提出创造性的见解 论文具有较高的学术价值，对学科的发展具 有重要的推动作用 能够对别人进行同类性质问题的研究和其他 问题的探讨有明显的启发性和引导性，在某 一学科领域中能起到先导、开拓的作用
---from Hatch, E. and Farhady, H. (1982). Research Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics. Rowley: Newbury House Publishers, INC.
3.2 The Steps for Doing Research
2.3 根据研究方法
毕业论文可分为理论性论文、实验性 论文、描述性论文和设计性论文。 后三种论文主要是理工科大学生可以 选择的论文形式。 文科大学生一般写的是理论性论文。
理论性论文具体又可分成两种：
一种是以纯粹的抽象理论为研究对象，其 研究方法是严密的理论推导和数学运算， 有的也涉及实验与观测，用以验证论点的 正确性。
3.3 Purpose of Writing Research Papers
Research papers are often required in college courses, particularly in the U.S. and U.K. Writing research papers is very crucial for graduate studies. The ability to write good research papers is often highly valuable for one’s future career.
Body parts
论文写作过程
本课程要完 成的内容
下学期完 成的内容
一、选题 二、开题报告 三、资料收集 四、第一稿 正文部分 五、第二稿 六、第三稿 七、答辩 八、完成
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Developing research questions Reading the literature Selecting research designs Collecting data Analyzing data Writing the research paper (e.g. thesis or dissertation)
博士学位论文 题目举例
International Intelligibility of ChineseAccented English 中国大学生英语发音的国际可理解性研究 (华中师大)
An Investigation into the Effects of Background Knowledge Intervention on English Reading Comprehension 背景知识对英语阅读理解干预效应的研究 (浙大)
英语论文写作
Writing A Research Paper
---English Academic Writing
---Lecture 1
Lecturer: Mrs. Huang Qundan Sep. 2014
Course Description
This course aims to introduce to the students English academic writing, in particular, the strategies for writing a research paper. The students are expected to understand the process and grasp the basic techniques of writing research papers.
3.5 Structure of a Research Paper
Title (C&E) Contents Abstract (C&E) Introduction Literature Review Method Analysis Results and Discussion Conclusions References Appendices
Warming-up Questions
What is research?
What’s the purpose of doing research?
How is research carried out? 3 Ws: What, Why, How?
3.1 Research
Research is “a detailed study of a subject or an aspect of a subject. If you do research, you collect data and analyze facts and information and try to gain new knowledge or new understanding” (p. 1231).
硕士学位论文要求： 独立从事科研的能力 较好地掌握本学科专业的研究方法和技能 论点有理论意义，结论有实践价值 有独立见解 篇幅稍长 需要阅读较多的文献 一些通俗性的、泛论性的、或单纯总数他人 成果的文章或翻译材料，不是硕士学位论文
硕士学位论文 题目举例
On the Balance in The Line of Beauty 《美丽曲线》中的平衡思想（青岛大学）
学士学位论文题目 举例 1. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese Intonation（英汉语调比较分析） 2. Remarks on D．H．Lawrence’s Psychological Analyses（浅谈劳伦斯的心理 分析描写） 3．Parallelism and Contrast of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Language（莎士比 亚戏剧的排比与对照用语） 4. The Tragic Color of Ernest Hemingway’s Novels（海明威小说的悲剧色彩）
另一种是以对客观事物和现象的调查、考 察所得观测资料以及有关文献资料数据为 研究对象，其研究方法是对有关资料进行 分析、综合、概括、抽象，通过归纳、演 绎、类比，提出某种新的理论和新的见解。
3. What is a Research Paper
A research paper is a piece of writing which is based on extensive research on a certain subject. The writer of a good research paper should be able to find, select, and weigh evidence, make inferences, and reach viable conclusions.
Course Plan
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What is a Research Paper How to Choose a Topic How to Write a Bibliography Writing a Research Proposal Writing Introduction Writing Literature Review How to Write Conclusion and Abstract Thesis defense
A Study of Dynamic Anaphora of Chinese Reflective Ziji 现代汉语反身代词 “自己”的动态照应研究（山大） 美国南方文化视域中身体隐喻的书写--美国 作家尤多拉韦尔蒂作品研究 （西南大学） 英语介词through多义的认知语义研究(苏大)
1. Why to write English Academic
Writing (for a bachelor degree)
更好地认识自己的不足和长处，加强对能力 培养 了解和学习进行科学研究的基本程序和方法 掌握如何检索文献；收集、整理和利用资料 了解进行调查研究的常用方法 增强开题报告、论文答辩时的口头表达能力 参与争鸣，大胆提出自己的独立见解和立论 根据
毕业论文是高等院校毕业生提交的一份有一 定学术价值的文章。 是大学生完成学业的标志性作业，是对学习 成果的综合性总结和检阅，是大学生从事科 学研究的最初尝试，是在教师指导下所取得 的科研成果的文字记录。 也是检验学生掌握知识的程度、分析问题和 解决问题基本能力的一份综合答卷. The last torment on campus
---from Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. (1987). England: Harper Collins Publishers.