发展心理学专业术语表

发展心理学专业术语表acceleration 加速accommodation 顺应acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 获得性免疫缺陷综合征active engagement 积极参与acute medical conditions 急性疾病adaptation 适应adolescence 青少年期adolescent growth spurt 青春期发育突进adolescent rebellion 青春期叛逆affordances 可用性alleles 等位基因altruism 利他主义ambivalent (resistant) attachment 矛盾型(抗拒型)依恋animism 泛灵论anorexia nervosa 神经性厌食症anoxia 缺氧症Apgar scale 阿普加量表art therapy 艺术疗法assimilation 同化asthma 哮喘attachment 依恋attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 注意力缺陷/多动症authoritarian 专制型authoritative 权威型autism 自闭症autobiographical memory 自传体记忆autonomy versus shame and doubt 自主对羞愧和怀疑autosomes 常染色体avoidant attachment 回避型依恋basic trust versus basic mistrust 基本信任对基本不信任Bayley Scales of Ifant Development 贝雷婴儿发展量表behavior therapy 行为治疗behavioral genetic 行为遗传学behaviorism 行为主义behaviorist approach 行为主义的方法bilingual 双语使用者bilingual education 双语教学bioecological theory 生态学理论birth trauma 产伤body image 身体意象brain growth spurts 脑的发育加速期Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales 布氏新生儿行为评价量表bulimia nervosa 神经性贪食症bullying 欺负canalization 定型化case study 个案研究cell death 细胞死亡central executive 中央执行central nervous system 中枢神经系统centration 中心化cephalocaudal principle 头尾原则cesarean delivery 剖腹产child-directed speech (CDS) 儿语化childhood depression 儿童郁抑症chromosomes 染色体chronic medical conditions 慢性疾病chronosystem 时序系统circular reaction 循环反应class inclusion类包含classical conditioning 经典条件作用code mixing 语码混用code switching 语码转换cognitive development 认知发展cognitive neuroscience approach 认知神经科学的方法cognitive neuroscience 认知神经科学cognitive perspective 认知理论cognitive-stage theory 认知发展阶段理论cohort 同辈commitment 承诺committed compliance 约束性顺从componential element 成分元素conceptual knowledge 概念性知识concordant 一致concrete operations 具体运算conduct disorder (CD) 品行障碍conscience 良心conservation 守恒constructive play 建构性游戏contextual element 情境元素contextual perspective 情境理论control group 控制组conventional morality (or morality of conventional role conformity) 习俗道德convergent thinking 聚合思维coregulation共同约束corporal punishment 体罚correlational study 相关研究creativity 创造力crisis危机critical period 关键期cross-modal transfer 跨通道迁移cross-sectional study 横断研究cultural bias 文化偏见culture文化culture-fair 文化公平culture-free 不受文化影响culture-relevant 文化相关decenter 去中心化declarative knowledge 陈述性知识decoding 解码deductive reasoning 演绎推理deferred imitation 延迟模仿Denver Developmental Screening Test 丹佛发展筛选测验deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 脱氧核糖核酸dependent variable 因变量depth perception 深度知觉differentiation 分化“difficult” children “困难型”儿童discipline 训练dishabituation 去习惯化disorganized-disoriented attachment 无组织-无目标依恋divergent thinking 发散思维dizygotic twins 双卵性双胞胎dominant inheritance 显性遗传Down syndrome 唐氏综合征drug therapy 药物治疗dual representation hypothesis 双重表征理论dyslexia 难语症early intervention 早期干预“easy” children “容易型”儿童ecological theory of perception 生态知觉理论egocentrism 自我中心主义elaboration 精细加工electronic fetal monitoring 胎心电子监护elicited imitation 诱导模仿embryonic stage 胚胎期emergent literacy 早期读写能力emotional maltreatment 情感虐待emotions 情绪empathy 同理心encoding 编码English-immersion 全英语教学enrichment 充实enuresis 尿床environment 环境episodic memory 情景记忆equilibration平衡ethnic gloss 种族曲解ethnographic study 人种志研究ethology 习性学evolutionary psychology 进化心理学evolutionary/sociobiological perception 进化论/社会生物学理论exosystem 在外系统experiential element 经验元素experiment 实验experiental group 实验组explicit memory 外显记忆extended family 大家庭external memory aids 外部记忆辅助手段family therapy 家庭治疗fast mapping 快速映射fertilization 受精fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS)胎儿酒精综合症fetal stage 胎儿期fine motor skills 精细动作技能foreclosure 同一性早闭formal operations 形式运算functional play 功能性游戏gateway drugs 入门毒品gender 性别gender constancy 性别恒常性gender identity 性别认同gender roles 性别角色gender stereotypes 性别刻板影响gender-schema theory 性别-图式理论gender-typing 性别原型generalized anxiety disorder 一般性焦虑障碍generic memory 通用记忆genes 基因genetic code 遗传密码genetic counseling 基因咨询genotype 基因型genotype-environment correlation 基因型-环境相关genotype-environment interaction 基因型-环境交互作用germinal stage 胚芽期goodness of fit 吻合度gross motor skills 粗略动作技能guided participation 引导性参与habituation 习惯化handedness 利手haptic perception 触觉感知heredity 遗传heritability 遗传力heterozygous 杂合的historical generation 特定历史时代的人holophrase 单词句Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment 家庭环境观察测评系统homozygous 纯合的horizontal decalage 水平滞差hostile aggressive 敌意性攻击human development 发展心理学hypertension 高血压hypotheses 假设hypothetical-deductive reasoning 假设-演绎推理ideal self 理想自我identification 认同identity 同一性identity achievement 同一性获得identity diffusion 同一性扩散identity statuses 同一性状态identity versus identity confusion 同一性对同一性混乱imaginary audience 假象观众implicit memory 内隐记忆imprinting 印刻incomplete dominance 不完全显性independent variable 自变量individual differences 个体差异individual psychotherapy个别心理治疗inductive reasoning 归纳推理inductive techniques 诱导技术industry versus inferiority 勤奋对自卑infant mortality rate 婴儿死亡率information-processing approach 信息加工取向initiative versus guilt 主动对内疚instrumental aggression 工具性攻击integration 整合intelligent behavior 智力行为internalization 内化invisible imitation 不可见模仿IQ(intelligence quotient)tests 智商测验irreversibility 不可逆性Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children 考夫曼儿童成套评估测验laboratory Observation 实验室观察language 语言language acquisition device(LAD) 语言习得机制lateralization 单侧化优势learning perspective 学习理论life-span development 毕生发展linguistic speech 语言式讲话literacy 读写能力longitudinal study 纵向研究long-term memory 长时记忆low birth weight 低体重儿macrosystem 宏观系统maturation 成熟mechanistic model 机械论发展模型menarche 月经初期mental retardation 精神发育迟滞mesosystem 中观系统metamemory 元记忆microsystem 微观系统monozygotic twins 单卵性双胞胎moratorium 同一性延缓multifactorial transmission 多因素传递mutations 突变mutual regulation 相互调节myelination 髓鞘化nativism 先天论natural childbirth 自然分娩naturalistic observation 自然观察neglect 忽视neonatal jaundice 新生儿黄疸neonatal period 新生儿期neonate 新生儿neurons 神经元niche-picking 匹配选择nonnormative 非常态的nonshared environmental effects 非共享环境影响normative 常态的nuclear family 核心家庭obesity 肥胖object permanence 客体永久性observational learning 观察学习obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 强迫症open adoption 公开领养operant conditioning 操作性条件作用operational definition 操作定义oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) 对立违抗性障碍organismic model 有机论发展模型organization 组织Otis-Lennon School Ability Test 欧提斯-列农学业能力测试overt aggression 外显攻击participant observation 参与观察parturition 分娩permissive 放任型personal fable 个人神话phenotype 表现型phonetic, or code-emphasis approach 语音或编码强调法physical abuse 身体虐待physical development 生理发展Piagetian approach 皮亚杰理论的方法plasticity 可塑性play therapy 游戏疗法polygenic inheritance 多基因遗传postconvertional morality (or morality of autonomous moral principles)后习俗道德postmature 胎儿过度成熟power assertion 强制命令pragmatics 语用学preconventional morality 前习俗道德prejudice 偏见prelinguistic speech 前语言式讲话preoperational stage 前运算阶段prepared childbirth 有准备的分娩pretend play 假装游戏preterm (premature)infants 早产儿primary sex characteristics 第一性征private speech 自言自语procedural knowledge 程序性知识prosocial behavior 亲社会行为protective factors 保护因素proximodistal principle 远近原则psychoanalytic perspective 精神分析理论psychological aggression 心理攻击psychometric approach 心理测量的方法psychosexual development 性心理发展psychosocial development 心理社会发展puberty 青春期punishment 惩罚qualitative change 质变qualitative research 定性研究quantitative change 量变quantitative research 定量研究reaction range 反应范围real self 真实自我recall 回忆recessive inheritance 隐性遗传recognition 再认reflex behaviors 反射行为rehearsal 复述reinforcement 强化relational aggression 关系攻击representational ability 表征能力representational mappings 表征映射representational systems 表征系统resilient children 韧性儿童retrieval 提取risk factors 风险因素rough-and-tumble play 追逐打闹游戏sample 样本scaffolding 脚手架schemes 图式schizophrenia 精神分裂症school phobia 学校恐惧症scientific method 科学方法script 脚本secondary sex characteristics 第二性征secular trend 长势趋势secure attachment 安全依恋型self-awareness 自我意识self-conscious emotions 自我意识情绪self-definition 自我定义self-efficacy 自我效能感self-esteem 自尊self-evaluative emotions 自我评价情绪self-regulation 自我调节sensitive periods 敏感期sensorimotor stage 感知运动阶段sensory memory 感觉记忆separation anxiety 分离焦虑separation anxiety disorder 分离焦虑障碍sequential study 序列研究seriation 排序sex chromosomes 性染色体sex-linked-inheritance 伴性遗传sexual abuse 性虐待sexual orientation 性取向sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) 性传播疾病single representations 单一表征situational compliance 情境性顺从“slow-to-warm-up”children“慢热型”儿童small-for-date(small-for-gestational age) infants 小于胎龄儿social capital 社会资本social cognition 社会认知social cognitive theory 社会认知理论social construction 社会建构social interaction model 社会互动模型social learning theory 社会学习理论social phobia 社交恐惧症social promotion 社会促动social referencing 社会参照social-contextual approach 社会情境的方法socialization 社会化sociocultural theory 社会文化理论socioeconomic status(SES) 社会经济地位spermarche 初精spontaneous abortion 自发性流产Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 斯坦福-比奈智力量表state of arousal 觉醒状态Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT)斯滕伯格三元能力测验“still-face”paradigm “冷面”范式storage 存储Strange Situation 陌生情境stranger anxiety 陌生人焦虑substance abuse 物质滥用substance dependence 物质依赖sudden infant death syndrome(SIDS)胎儿猝死综合症symbolic function 符号功能syntax 语法systems of action 动作系统tacit knowledge 内隐知识telegraphic speech 电报句temperament 气质teratogenic 致畸的theory 理论theoryof mind 心理理论theory of multiple intelligences 多元智力理论transduction 转换transitive inference 传递性关系推理triarchic theory of intelligence 智力三元理论two-way(dual-language)learning 双向学习ultrasound 超声波violation-of-expectations 期望悖反的范式visible imitation 可见的模仿visual cliff 视崖visual guidance 视觉引导visual preference 视觉偏好visual recognition memory 视觉认知记忆visually based retrieval 基于视觉的提取Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children(WISC-Ⅲ)韦氏儿童智力量表Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence,Revised(WPPSI-Ⅲ)修订版韦克奇勒学前和小学智力量表whole-language approach 全语言教学法withdrawal of love 收回爱working memory 工作记忆zone of proximal development (ZPD) 最近发展区zygote 受精卵。